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diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/15-years-of-free-software.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/15-years-of-free-software.html index ec36cc4..2f40fd2 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/15-years-of-free-software.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/15-years-of-free-software.html @@ -1,5 +1,8 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding fsmovement" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>15 Years of Free Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <meta http-equiv="Keywords" @@ -9,12 +12,14 @@ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/15-years-of-free-software.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>15 Years of Free Software</h2> -<p> - by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong> -</p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p> It is now just over 15 years since the beginning of the Free @@ -81,10 +86,11 @@ freedom for computer users, as well as developments affecting the GNU/Linux operating system. </p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -102,13 +108,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -129,7 +135,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1999, 2014, 2020 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 1999, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -139,10 +145,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/07/01 14:25:15 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 07:59:44 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ICT-for-prosperity.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ICT-for-prosperity.html index 13e6649..b2ef491 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ICT-for-prosperity.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ICT-for-prosperity.html @@ -1,35 +1,42 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="thirdparty" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Shaping Collaborative ICT Development and Initiatives for Global Prosperity - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ICT-for-prosperity.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Shaping Collaborative ICT Development and Initiatives for Global Prosperity</h2> -<p> -by <strong>Robert J. Chassell</strong> -</p> +<address class="byline">by Robert J. Chassell</address> +<div class="infobox"> <p> -[From a presentation given at the <!-- <br /> +From a presentation given at the <!-- <br /> <a href="http://www.globalknowledge.org.my/"> broken link, 1apr11 --> -Second Global Knowledge Conference<br /> -in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on 7 March 2000.] +Second Global Knowledge Conference +in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on 7 March 2000. </p> <!-- <p> [For a more extended discussion, see my<br /> <a href="http://www.teak.cc/Access-speech.html"> Free Software: Access and Empowerment</a>. </p> --> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> -The title of this presentation is ‘Shaping +The title of this presentation is “Shaping Collaborative ICT Development and Initiatives for Global -Prosperity’ and the themes of this conference are -‘access’, ‘empowerment’ and -‘governance’. +Prosperity” and the themes of this conference are +“access,” “empowerment” and +“governance.” </p> <p> What I want to do today is take one specific technology and talk about @@ -40,7 +47,7 @@ use the technology for better governance. </p> <p> The technology is software. The shaping has to do with copyright -licensing terms — its legal and institutional framework. +licensing terms—its legal and institutional framework. </p> <p> As a founder of the Free Software Foundation, I have been working for @@ -110,7 +117,7 @@ an Oxfam group that did this. People with older machines, even with the very old 80386 chips, can run efficient programs that do as much as programs that require a modern Pentium chip and expensive memory. And they can use these -machines as servers for Web pages and as routers — for +machines as servers for Web pages and as routers—for communications' infrastructure. </p> <p> @@ -151,7 +158,7 @@ audio and listen to it. <p> All these applications came on a CD-ROM that was, as it happens, given me at no charge. I have also paid for CDs with a different version of -the software — sometimes it is more convenient just to buy. And +the software—sometimes it is more convenient just to buy. And if you have a fast Internet connection, you can readily download the software, paying only your connection costs. </p> @@ -185,7 +192,7 @@ First, the right to copy. <p> Not many people own a factory that would enable them to copy a car. Indeed, to copy a car is so difficult that we use a different word, we -speak of ‘manufacturing’ a car. And there are not many +speak of “manufacturing” a car. And there are not many car manufacturers in the world. Far fewer than one in thirty people own or have ready access to a car factory. </p> @@ -193,7 +200,7 @@ own or have ready access to a car factory. But everyone with a computer owns a software factory, a device for manufacturing software, that is to say, for making new copies. Because copying software is so easy, we don't use the word -‘manufacturing’; we usually do not even think of it as a +“manufacturing”; we usually do not even think of it as a kind of manufacturing, but it is. </p> <p> @@ -367,7 +374,7 @@ redistribute the software. </p> <p> Because of the freedoms associated with it, this software is called -‘free software.’ +“free software.” </p> <p> While I am speaking of this phrase, let me clear up a verbal issue @@ -375,41 +382,41 @@ that sometimes confuses English speakers. </p> <p> The low price of free software leads some English speakers to think -that the word ‘free’ in the phrase ‘free -software’ means they can obtain it without cost. This is not +that the word “free” in the phrase “free +software” means they can obtain it without cost. This is not the definition, which is about <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">freedom</a>, but it is an easy misunderstanding. After all, I have been talking of frugal use of resources, software that is inexpensive. </p> <p> -The English word ‘free’ has several meanings. As a -Mexican friend of mine — and leader, by the way, of a major free -software project — once said to me, +The English word “free” has several meanings. As a +Mexican friend of mine—and leader, by the way, of a major free +software project—once said to me, </p> <blockquote><p> -English is broken; it does not distinguish between ‘free -beer’ and ‘free speech’. +English is broken; it does not distinguish between “free +beer” and “free speech.” </p></blockquote> <p> -Spanish, on the other hand, distinguishes between ‘gratis’ -and ‘libre’. Free software is ‘libre’ +Spanish, on the other hand, distinguishes between “gratis” +and “libre.” Free software is “libre” software. </p> <p> Likewise, the language of our hosts, Bahasa Melayu, distinguishes -between ‘pecuma’ and ‘kebebasa’. Free -software is ‘kebebasa’ software. +between “pecuma” and “kebebasa.” Free +software is “kebebasa” software. </p> <p> Incidentally, Eric Raymond and Bruce Perens invented the phrase -‘open source’ a few years ago as a synonym ‘free -software’. They wanted to work around the dislike many +“open source” a few years ago as a synonym “free +software.” They wanted to work around the dislike many companies have of free markets. The phrase is popular; Eric and Bruce succeeded in their purpose. </p> <p> -However, I prefer the term ‘free software’ since it better +However, I prefer the term “free software” since it better conveys the goal of freedom; the proposition that every man and woman, even a person who lives in a third world country, has the right to do first rate work, and must not be forbidden from doing so. @@ -428,7 +435,7 @@ such. Instead, and this is often not understood, a business enters the industry to make money in other ways. </p> <p> -Companies and people in the ‘software industry’ do not +Companies and people in the “software industry” do not sell software itself, but services associated with software or hardware or other solutions. </p> @@ -529,14 +536,14 @@ There is no need to acquire expensive, new hardware to run your software. </p> <p> -In conclusion — +In conclusion— </p> <p> I was asked to speak on </p> <p> -‘Shaping Collaborative ICT Development and -Initiatives for Global Prosperity’ +“Shaping Collaborative ICT Development and +Initiatives for Global Prosperity” </p> <p> Over the past 16 years, I have worked with people who shaped software @@ -588,10 +595,11 @@ will be law abiding and honest; free software encourages that. <p> Free software empowers people who previously were kept out. </p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -609,19 +617,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -636,21 +644,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013 Free -Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1996-1998, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:39:57 $ +$Date: 2021/09/09 20:25:34 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/about-gnu.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/about-gnu.html index 5718a80..1d079c0 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/about-gnu.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/about-gnu.html @@ -1,21 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> -<title>About the GNU Operating System +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>GNU in a Nutshell - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/about-gnu.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>About the GNU Operating System</h2> - -<blockquote> -<p>The name “GNU” is a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not -Unix!”; it is pronounced as <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html"> -one syllable with a hard g</a>.</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>[<a href="/gnu/gnu.html">Other historical and general articles about -GNU.</a>]</p> - -<p>GNU was launched by Richard Stallman (rms) in 1983, as an +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>GNU in a Nutshell</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> + +<p>GNU <a href="#f1">[1]</a> was launched by Richard Stallman (rms) in 1983, as an operating system which would be put together by people working together for the freedom of all software users to control their computing. rms remains the Chief GNUisance today.</p> @@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ But unlike Unix, GNU gives its users freedom.</p> <p><a href="/distros/free-distros.html">Completely free system distributions</a> (“distros”) meeting this goal are available today, many using the <a -href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/">Linux-libre kernel</a> (the <a +href="https://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/">Linux-libre kernel</a> (the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">relationship between GNU and the Linux kernel</a> is described more fully elsewhere). The <a href="/software/software.html">GNU packages</a> have been designed to @@ -50,10 +49,10 @@ today, and there are <a href="/help/help.html">many ways to contribute</a>, both technical and non-technical. GNU developers gather from time to time in <a href="/ghm/ghm.html">GNU Hackers Meetings</a>, sometimes as part of the larger free software community <a -href="http://libreplanet.org/">LibrePlanet</a> conferences.</p> +href="https://libreplanet.org/">LibrePlanet</a> conferences.</p> <p>GNU has been supported in several ways by the <a -href="http://www.fsf.org/">Free Software Foundation</a>, the nonprofit +href="https://www.fsf.org/">Free Software Foundation</a>, the nonprofit organization also founded by rms to advocate free software ideals. Among other things, the FSF accepts copyright assignments and disclaimers, so it can act in court on behalf of GNU programs. (To be @@ -65,10 +64,18 @@ the copyright, enforcement will be up to you.)</p> <p>The ultimate goal is to provide free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to do—and thus make proprietary software a thing of the past.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> + +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> +<ol> +<li id="f1">“GNU” is pronounced as <a +href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a hard <i>g</i></a>.</li> +</ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -86,13 +93,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -113,7 +120,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2014, 2017, 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2011, 2017, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -123,7 +130,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:34 $ +$Date: 2021/10/24 06:55:33 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/amazon-nat.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/amazon-nat.html index afa7f34..894d5ec 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/amazon-nat.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/amazon-nat.html @@ -1,26 +1,37 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Amazon Letter from Nat - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/amazon-nat.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Amazon Letter from Nat</h2> -<p>This is a letter from Nat Friedman regarding the Amazon Boycott. +<div class="infobox"> +<p><i>This is a letter from Nat Friedman regarding the Amazon Boycott. Please <a href="/philosophy/amazon.html">read more about this boycott</a> and support us by making a link from your own home -page!</p> +page!</i></p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> -<pre> -Date: Thu, 23 Dec 1999 17:26:30 -0500 (EST) -From: Nat Friedman <nat@nat.org> -To: Richard Stallman <rms@gnu.org> -Subject: Amazon Boycott Success! -Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii -Content-Length: 658 +<p class="infobox"> +Date: Thu, 23 Dec 1999 17:26:30 -0500 (EST)<br /> +From: Nat Friedman <nat@nat.org><br /> +To: Richard Stallman <rms@gnu.org><br /> +Subject: Amazon Boycott Success!<br /> +Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii<br /> +Content-Length: 658</p> +<p> Hello Richard, - +</p><p> It seems that your efforts to build resistance to Amazon's ludicrous one-click patent are really paying off! My father is a stock broker, and tonight he showed me a news item which came over his @@ -29,19 +40,20 @@ boycott and your roll in it. Apparently it has been widely distributed among the brokerage firms, and AMZN was down 7 points today on the news (at least, there was no other readily-apparent reason for the downturn). - +</p><p> Perhaps now that Amazon is getting hit in the pocketbook, they'll pay more attention. - +</p><p> Congratulations! Keep it up. - -As always, best wishes, +</p><p> +As always, best wishes,<br /> Nat -</pre> +</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -59,19 +71,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -86,20 +98,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1999, 2007, 2008, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1999, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:39:57 $ +$Date: 2021/09/02 08:55:39 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/amazon-rms-tim.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/amazon-rms-tim.html index 55a4146..b21409c 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/amazon-rms-tim.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/amazon-rms-tim.html @@ -1,55 +1,66 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> -<title>Amazon letter from RMS to Tim O'Reilly +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Amazon Letter from RMS to Tim O'Reilly - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/amazon-rms-tim.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Letter from RMS to Tim O'Reilly</h2> -<p> -Here's a message that <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard +<div class="infobox"> +<p><i>Here's a message that <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a> sent to Tim O'Reilly on March 11, 2000, in regard to the statement by Jeff Bezos, <abbr title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</abbr> -of Amazon, which called for software patents to last just 3 or 5 years.</p> +of Amazon, which called for software patents to last just 3 or 5 years.</i></p> +</div> +<div class="important"> <p> Please <a href="/philosophy/amazon.html">read more</a> about this boycott. </p> <p> Please also support us by making a link from your own home -page and sites to +page and sites to<br /> <a href="/philosophy/amazon.html"><strong>http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/amazon.html</strong></a>! </p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> -<pre> +<p> The idea that software patents should last 3 or 5 years has been proposed for a decade now, as a compromise that would eliminate most of the harm that software patents now do. Support for this idea from Jeff Bezos is a good thing, since it may bring us a step closer to action by Congress. Congratulations for helping to bring this about. - +</p><p> But such a law is far from imminent, and in the mean time, Amazon is still responsible for its actions. - +</p><p> We singled out Amazon for a boycott, among the thousands of companies that have obtained software patents, because Amazon is among the few that have gone so far as to actually sue someone. That makes them an egregious offender. Most software patent holders say they have -software patents "for defensive purposes", to press for +software patents “for defensive purposes.” to press for cross-licensing in case they are threatened with patent lawsuits. Since this is a real strategy for self-defense, many of these patent holders could mean what they say. But this excuse is not available for Amazon, because they fired the first shot. - +</p><p> Bezos's letter reaffirms Amazon's continuing intention to engage in unrestricted patent warfare, saying that the decision of when and -where to attack will be decided by "business reasons". I would gladly +where to attack will be decided by “business reasons.” I would gladly join Bezos in supporting a bill to limit software patents to 3 or 5 years, but I believe we must continue to criticize and boycott Amazon -until such a bill is actually adopted--or until Amazon makes some +until such a bill is actually adopted—or until Amazon makes some other suitable change in its own conduct to justify a change in ours. - +</p><p> This does not mean insisting that Amazon must go so far as to terminate its own patents. Deterrence with patents is an inadequate defense against aggressors armed with patents, but it is the only @@ -59,11 +70,12 @@ and other software patent holders should abjure the use of patents for aggression, and adopt a no-first-use policy. If Amazon does this, in an irrevocable and binding way, I would have no further criticism of Amazon. -</pre> +</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -81,13 +93,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -108,7 +120,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1999, 2007, 2008, 2014, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2000, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -118,10 +130,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/07/04 15:55:21 $ +$Date: 2021/09/02 08:55:39 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/amazon.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/amazon.html index 70f904d..502ea8c 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/amazon.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/amazon.html @@ -1,24 +1,31 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>(Formerly) Boycott Amazon! - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/amazon.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>(Formerly) Boycott Amazon!</h2> -<div class="comment"> +<div class="infobox"> <p> -The FSF decided to end its boycott of Amazon in September 2002. (We +<i>The FSF decided to end its boycott of Amazon in September 2002. (We forgot to edit this page at the time.) We could not tell the precise result of the lawsuit against Barnes & Noble, but it did not seem to be very harmful to the defendant. And Amazon had not attacked anyone -else.</p> +else.</i></p> <p> -Amazon has got a number of other menacing patents since then, but has +<i>Amazon has got a number of other menacing patents since then, but has not as yet used them for aggression. Perhaps it will not do so. If -it does, we will take a look at how to denounce it.</p> +it does, we will take a look at how to denounce it.</i></p> <p> -The rest of this page is as it was in 2001 while the boycott -was active.</p> +<i>The rest of this page is as it was in 2001 while the boycott +was active.</i></p> </div> <hr class="thin" /> @@ -40,7 +47,7 @@ patent (5,960,411)</a> on an important and obvious idea for E-commerce: an idea sometimes known as one-click purchasing. The idea is that your command in a web browser to buy a certain item can carry along information about your identity. (It works by sending the -server a “cookie”, a kind of ID code that your browser +server a “cookie,” a kind of ID code that your browser received previously from the same server.)</p> <p> Amazon has sued to block the use of this simple idea, showing that @@ -173,14 +180,14 @@ New information is added to the bottom of this section.</p> <p> Tim O'Reilly has sent Amazon an -<a href="http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a/oreilly/ask_tim/2000/amazon_patent.html">open +<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114095827/http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a/oreilly/ask_tim/2000/amazon_patent.html">open letter</a> disapproving of the use of this patent, stating the position about as forcefully as possible given an unwillingness to stop doing business with them.</p> <p> -<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a> has written a +<a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a> has written a <a href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html">letter to Tim O'Reilly</a> in regard to the statement by Jeff Bezos, <abbr title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</abbr> of Amazon, which called for software @@ -204,19 +211,20 @@ obnoxious things</a> in another courtroom, too.</p> <p> See <a -href="http://endsoftpatents.org">http://endsoftpatents.org</a> for +href="https://endsoftpatents.org">endsoftpatents.org</a> for more information about the broader issue of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329143651/http://progfree.org/Patents/patents.html"> software patents</a>.</p> <p> -<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010430183216/http://www.cpsr.org/links/bookstore/"> +<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010430183216/http://www.cpsr.org/links/bookstore/"> Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility have dropped their affiliation with Amazon</a>.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -234,13 +242,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -261,8 +269,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1999, 2001, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020 -Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -272,7 +279,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/07/01 15:25:23 $ +$Date: 2021/09/02 08:55:39 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/android-and-users-freedom.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/android-and-users-freedom.html index 40678ea..edc53ad 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/android-and-users-freedom.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/android-and-users-freedom.html @@ -1,29 +1,33 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs practice" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Android and Users' Freedom - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Android and Users' Freedom</h2> -<p>by Richard Stallman<br />First published in <em><a -href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/sep/19/android-free-software-stallman"> -The Guardian</a></em></p> -<hr class="thin" /> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<p class="comment"> +<p> To what extent does Android respect the freedom of its users? For a computer user that values freedom, that is the most important question to ask about any software system.</p> -<p>In the <a href="http://fsf.org">free/libre software movement</a>, we +<p>In the <a href="https://fsf.org">free/libre software movement</a>, we develop software that respects users' freedom, so we and you can escape from software that doesn't. By contrast, the idea of “open source” focuses on how to develop code; it is a different current of thought whose principal value is <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">code quality rather than freedom</a>. Thus, the concern here is not whether -Android is “<a href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">open</a>”, +Android is “<a href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">open</a>,” but whether it allows users to be free.</p> <p>Android is an operating system primarily for mobile phones and @@ -43,13 +47,15 @@ versions 1 and 2, as released by Google, is free software—but this code is insufficient to run the device. Some of the applications that generally come with Android are nonfree, too.</p> -<div class="announcement comment"> -<p><em>Support the <a href="http://FreeYourAndroid.org/">Free Your -Android</a> campaign.</em></p> +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<p>Support the <a href="https://fsfe.org/activities/android/">Free Your +Android</a> campaign.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> </div> <p>Android is very different from the <a -href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">GNU/Linux operating +href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">GNU/Linux operating system</a> because it contains very little of GNU. Indeed, just about the only component in common between Android and GNU/Linux is Linux, the kernel. People who erroneously think “Linux” refers to the @@ -102,12 +108,12 @@ talking to services such as YouTube and Google Maps. These are officially not part of Android, but that doesn't make the product ok. Many of the free applications available for earlier versions of Android have -been <a href="http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/10/googles-iron-grip-on-android-controlling-open-source-by-any-means-necessary/"> +been <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/10/googles-iron-grip-on-android-controlling-open-source-by-any-means-necessary/"> replaced by nonfree applications</a>; in 2013 Android devices appeared -which <a href="http://www.androidbeat.com/2013/12/new-google-play-edition-devices-lack-photo-gallery-app-use-google/"> +which <a href="https://www.androidbeat.com/2013/12/new-google-play-edition-devices-lack-photo-gallery-app-use-google/"> provided no way to view photos except through a nonfree Google+ app</a>. In 2014 Google announced -that <a href="http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/android-wear-auto-and-tv-save-you-from-skins-and-oems-from-themselves/">Android +that <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/android-wear-auto-and-tv-save-you-from-skins-and-oems-from-themselves/">Android versions for TVs, watches and cars would be largely nonfree.</a> </p> @@ -130,7 +136,7 @@ nonfree; it can't run on a free version of Android, such as Replicant. <p>If you value freedom, you don't want the nonfree apps that Google Play offers. To install free Android apps, you don't need Google Play, because you can get them -from <a href="http://f-droid.org">f-droid.org</a>. +from <a href="https://f-droid.org/">f-droid.org</a>. </p> <p>Android products also come with nonfree libraries. These are @@ -148,12 +154,12 @@ source version that they really use.</p> <p>One user discovered that many of the programs in the Android system that came with his phone -were <a href="http://www.beneaththewaves.net/Projects/Motorola_Is_Listening.html">modified +were <a href="https://www.beneaththewaves.net/Projects/Motorola_Is_Listening.html">modified to send personal data to Motorola.</a> Some manufacturers add -a <a href="http://androidsecuritytest.com/features/logs-and-services/loggers/carrieriq/"> +a <a href="https://androidsecuritytest.com/features/logs-and-services/loggers/carrieriq/"> hidden general surveillance package such as Carrier IQ.</a></p> -<p><a href="http://replicant.us">Replicant</a> is the free version of +<p><a href="https://replicant.us/">Replicant</a> is the free version of Android. The Replicant developers have replaced many nonfree libraries, for certain device models. The nonfree apps are excluded, but you certainly don't want to use those. By contrast, CyanogenMod @@ -196,7 +202,7 @@ software is that we have control of our software and our computing; a system with a back door doesn't qualify. While any computing system might <em>have</em> bugs, these devices can <em>be</em> bugs. (Craig Murray, -in <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2006/aug/12/politics">Murder +in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/aug/12/politics">Murder in Samarkand</a>, relates his involvement in an intelligence operation that remotely converted an unsuspecting target's non-Android portable phone into a listening device.)</p> @@ -222,14 +228,14 @@ to be done on some other system. The tools in Google's but it is hard work to check this. The definition files for certain Google APIs are nonfree. Installing the SDK requires signing a proprietary software license, which you should refuse to sign. -<a href="http://redmine.replicant.us/projects/replicant/wiki/ReplicantSDK"> +<a href="https://redmine.replicant.us/projects/replicant/wiki/ReplicantSDK"> Replicant's SDK</a> is a free replacement.</p> <p>Recent press coverage of Android focuses on the patent wars. During 20 years of campaigning for the abolition of software patents, we have warned such wars could happen. Software patents could force elimination of features from Android, or even make it unavailable. -See <a href="http://endsoftpatents.org">endsoftpatents.org</a> for more +See <a href="https://endsoftpatents.org/">endsoftpatents.org</a> for more information about why software patents must be abolished.</p> <p>However, the patent attacks and Google's responses are not directly @@ -240,14 +246,14 @@ short. This issue merits the attention of the press too.</p> <p>Android is a major step towards an ethical, user-controlled, free software portable phone, but there is a long way to go, and Google is taking it in the wrong direction. Hackers are working -on <a href="http://replicant.us">Replicant</a>, but it's a big job to +on <a href="https://replicant.us/">Replicant</a>, but it's a big job to support a new device model, and there remains the problem of the firmware. Even though the Android phones of today are considerably less bad than Apple or Windows phones, they cannot be said to respect your freedom.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -<hr class="thin" /> - +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> <ol> <li id="linuxnote">The extreme example of this confusion appears in the site linuxonandroid.com, which offers help to “install Linux @@ -259,15 +265,17 @@ distros</a>, we do not recommend it. </li> </ol> -<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, - all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about - verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking - with the webmasters first. - Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document - and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". --> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +First published in <cite><a +href="https://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/sep/19/android-free-software-stallman"> +The Guardian</a></cite>. +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -285,16 +293,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2011-2016, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -304,7 +329,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/02/09 07:43:36 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:52 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/anonymous-response.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/anonymous-response.html index f11135b..823113f 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/anonymous-response.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/anonymous-response.html @@ -1,19 +1,27 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> -<title>A Response Letter to the Word Attachments +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>A Response to Word Attachments - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, general, public, license, gpl, general public license, freedom, software, power, rights, word, attachment, word attachment, microsoft" /> <meta http-equiv="Description" content="This essay explains why Microsoft Word attachments to email are bad, and describes what you can do to help stop this practice." /> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/anonymous-response.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>A Response Letter to the Word Attachments</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>A Response to Word Attachments</h2> -<blockquote><p> -This letter recommends OpenOffice; LibreOffice did not exist then. +<div class="infobox"><p> +<em>This letter recommends OpenOffice; LibreOffice did not exist then. <a href="https://www.libreoffice.org/">LibreOffice</a> is what we -recommend. -</p></blockquote> +recommend.</em> +</p></div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> I'm sorry, but I was unable to read the Microsoft Word document you sent @@ -70,15 +78,16 @@ last to blame for this failure. PPPS: For further reasons why .doc should not be the format of choice when exchanging information electronically, I invite you to read <a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</a>. It may be +gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</a>. It may be long, but it certainly exposes the compromises both you, as the sender, and I, as the receiver, are making by exchanging Microsoft Word documents. </p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -96,19 +105,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -123,20 +132,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2003, 2014 Anonymous contributor</p> +<p>Copyright © 2003, 2013 Anonymous contributor</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:39:57 $ +$Date: 2021/10/02 08:22:57 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/applying-free-sw-criteria.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/applying-free-sw-criteria.html index 9e41e56..6fd7000 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/applying-free-sw-criteria.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/applying-free-sw-criteria.html @@ -1,13 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs practice" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Applying the Free Software Criteria - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/applying-free-sw-criteria.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Applying the Free Software Criteria</h2> -<p>by Richard Stallman</p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p>The four essential freedoms provide the criteria for <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">whether a particular piece of code is @@ -82,7 +88,7 @@ nonfree plug-ins</a>. When a program permits nonfree add-ons, it should at least not steer people towards using them. For instance, we choose LibreOffice over OpenOffice because OpenOffice suggests use of nonfree add-ons, while LibreOffice shuns them. We developed <a -href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/IceCat">IceCat</a> initially to +href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/IceCat">IceCat</a> initially to avoid proposing the nonfree add-ons suggested by Firefox.</p> <p>In practice, if the IceCat package explains how to run IceCat on @@ -269,10 +275,11 @@ freedom, in practice and in principle. By recommending only freedom-respecting programs, distros, and hardware products, and stating your policy, you can give much-needed support to the free software movement.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -290,13 +297,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -317,7 +324,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2015, 2016 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2015, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -327,10 +334,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2016/11/18 06:31:39 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 07:59:44 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/apsl.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/apsl.html index ad371be..7c5a627 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/apsl.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/apsl.html @@ -1,10 +1,18 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing non-cpleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>FSF's Opinion on the Apple Public Source License (APSL) - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/apsl.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>FSF's Opinion of the Apple Public Source License (APSL) 2.0</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p>The Apple Public Source License (APSL) version 2.0 qualifies as a free software license. Apple's lawyers worked with the FSF to produce a @@ -50,10 +58,11 @@ it does.</p> <p><a href="http://gnu-darwin.sourceforge.net/index.php">GNU-Darwin</a> is a combination of GNU and Darwin that is supposed to include only free software.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -71,13 +80,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -98,9 +107,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - -<p>Copyright © 1999, 2001, 2007, 2008, 2014, 2017, 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> - +<p>Copyright © 2003, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -110,7 +117,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 07:59:44 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/assigning-copyright.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/assigning-copyright.html index e2e3ef8..be5ce3d 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/assigning-copyright.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/assigning-copyright.html @@ -1,22 +1,31 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing copyleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>When a Company Asks For Your Copyright - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <link rel="canonical" - href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/assigning-copyright" /> + href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/assigning-copyright" /> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/assigning-copyright.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>When a Company Asks For Your Copyright</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p>Companies that develop free software and release it under the GNU GPL sometimes distribute some copies of the code in other ways. If they distribute the exact same code under a different license to certain users that pay for this, typically permitting including the code in -proprietary programs, we call it “selling exceptions”. If they +proprietary programs, we call it “selling exceptions.” If they distribute some version of the code solely in a proprietary manner, we call that releasing a purely proprietary version of the program.</p> -<p><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html</a> explains why +<p>“<a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">Selling exceptions +to the GNU GPL</a>” explains why selling exceptions is acceptable, though only barely. By contrast, releasing a purely proprietary version is outright wrong, like any other proprietary software.</p> @@ -83,11 +92,11 @@ contains your code, but refuse to let the company release purely proprietary versions containing your code, you can insist on a condition more or less like this:</p> -<blockquote> +<blockquote class="emph-box"> <p>Any program based on (as defined in GNU General Public License version 3) Hacker's code that FOO distributes shall be made - available by FOO under a) the “GNU General Public License (GPL), - version 2 or later”, or b) the licensing in (a), above, but with “2” + available by FOO under <b>(a)</b> the “GNU General Public License (GPL), + version 2 or later,” or <b>(b)</b> the licensing in (a), above, but with “2” replaced by any higher existing GPL version number. Provided FOO makes the program available as source code gratis to the public in this way, it may also distribute the identical program to some of @@ -100,11 +109,11 @@ condition more or less like this:</p> might be released solely in a proprietary version, you can insist on a condition more or less like this:</p> -<blockquote> +<blockquote class="emph-box"> <p>Any program based on (as defined in GNU General Public License version 3) Hacker's code that FOO distributes shall be made - available by FOO under a) the “GNU General Public License (GPL), - version 2 or later”, or b) the licensing in (a), above, but with “2” + available by FOO under <b>(a)</b> the “GNU General Public License (GPL), + version 2 or later,” or <b>(b)</b> the licensing in (a), above, but with “2” replaced by any higher existing GPL version number. Provided FOO makes the program available as source code gratis to the public in this way, it may also distribute the same version of Hacker's code @@ -112,10 +121,10 @@ condition more or less like this:</p> </blockquote> <p>If the program is released under the GNU Affero GPL, then add “Affero” -before “General”, change “GPL” to “AGPL”, change “2 or” to “3 or”, and +before “General,” change “GPL” to “AGPL,” change “2 or” to “3 or,” and it could make sense to replace “that FOO distributes” with “that FOO distributes, or deploys on a server accessible to users other than -FOO”.</p> +FOO.”</p> <p>The FSF has had these texts reviewed by a lawyer, but you should get your own legal advice before using them.</p> @@ -125,10 +134,11 @@ will show you how far it plans to depart from the principles of free software. Then you can respond to ensure your work will contribute to the free software community and not be diverted into proprietary software.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -146,30 +156,47 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2010, 2014, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/07/13 21:47:00 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/basic-freedoms.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/basic-freedoms.html index 03a1bb7..5caa2ae 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/basic-freedoms.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/basic-freedoms.html @@ -1,11 +1,18 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Freedom of Speech, Press and Association on the Internet - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/basic-freedoms.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Freedom of Speech, Press, and Association on the Internet</h2> - +<div class="thin"></div> <p> The Free Software Foundation supports the freedoms of speech, press, and association on the Internet. Please check out: @@ -34,14 +41,14 @@ </li> <li> - <a href="http://www.factnetglobal.org/">F.A.C.T.Net Inc.</a> + <a href="https://www.factnetglobal.org/">F.A.C.T.Net Inc.</a> is a non-profit Internet digest, news service, library, dialogue center, and archive dedicated to the promotion and defense of international free thought, free speech, and privacy rights. </li> <li> - The <a href="http://www.eff.org/blueribbon.html">Blue Ribbon Campaign</a> + The <a href="https://www.eff.org/pages/blue-ribbon-campaign">Blue Ribbon Campaign</a> for Online Freedom of Speech, Press and Association. </li> @@ -62,10 +69,11 @@ communications. </li> </ul> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -83,18 +91,35 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, -2007, 2014, 2016, 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2021 Free Software +Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -104,7 +129,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/bdk.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/bdk.html index fb7f649..4860740 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/bdk.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/bdk.html @@ -1,17 +1,24 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.97 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Ballad of Dennis Karjala - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/bdk.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<div class="breadcrumb" role="navigation"> + <a href="/"><img src="/graphics/icons/home.png" height="26" width="26" + alt="GNU Home" title="GNU Home" /></a> / + <a href="/fun/humor.html#content">GNU humor</a> / + <a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Philosophy</a> / +</div> +<div class="c"> <h2>The Ballad of Dennis Karjala</h2> -<blockquote> -<p>A political comment in the form of a broadside ballad, -by Timothy R. Phillips</p> -</blockquote> +<p>A political comment in the form of a broadside ballad,</p> +<address class="byline">by Timothy R. Phillips</address> -<div class="lyrics"> +<div class="lyrics" style="margin: 1em 0"> <p>Come all you brave songwriters, and listen unto me,<br /> I'll tell you of a man who fought all for our liberty.<br /> With nothing but a web site and a stout heart in his breast,<br /> @@ -64,13 +71,17 @@ But let us fight on 'til the day the barons in their greed<br /> are cast down from their seat, and song and letters will be freed.”</p> </div> +<div class="infobox nocenter" role="complementary"> +<hr /> <p> First posted January 27, 2000. </p> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -88,34 +99,17 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to - files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this - without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. - Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the - document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the - document was modified, or published. - - If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. - Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying - years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable - year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including - being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). - - There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers - Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - -<p>Copyright © 2000, 2014 Timothy R. Phillips</p> +<p>Copyright © 2000 Timothy R. Phillips</p> <p>The author thanks Peter Jaszi, Mary Brandt Jensen, and Dennis Karjala for allowing him to portray them in mythological garb. This @@ -126,10 +120,10 @@ this notice is included.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:39:58 $ +$Date: 2022/01/23 09:56:50 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/bill-gates-and-other-communists.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/bill-gates-and-other-communists.html index 7cff006..88abc4c 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/bill-gates-and-other-communists.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/bill-gates-and-other-communists.html @@ -1,18 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.78 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Bill Gates and Other Communists - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/bill-gates-and-other-communists.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Bill Gates and Other Communists</h2> -<p>by Richard Stallman</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>Originally published in 2005 in -<a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/bill-gates-and-other-communists/">CNET -News.com</a>.</p> -</blockquote> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p>Bill Gates discussed patents with CNET under the heading of “<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">intellectual @@ -89,11 +90,11 @@ these Communists have infiltrated even the Microsoft boardroom. Here's what Bill Gates told Microsoft employees in 1991:</p> <blockquote> -<p>“If people had understood how patents would be granted when +<p>If people had understood how patents would be granted when most of today's ideas were invented and had taken out patents, the -industry would be at a complete stand-still today...A future start-up +industry would be at a complete stand-still today. … A future start-up with no patents of its own will be forced to pay whatever price the -giants choose to impose.”</p> +giants choose to impose.</p> </blockquote> <p>Mr. Gates' secret is out now—he too was a @@ -110,9 +111,17 @@ Europe. We persuaded the European Parliament once—we even got support from right-wing MEPs—and with your help we will do it again.</p> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>Originally published in 2005 in <cite><a +href="https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/bill-gates-and-other-communists/"> +CNET.com</a></cite>.</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -130,13 +139,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -157,7 +166,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2005, 2015, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2005, 2021, 2022 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -167,10 +176,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/01/31 17:25:34 $ +$Date: 2022/03/05 13:55:25 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/boldrin-levine.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/boldrin-levine.html index 3959eee..2615b3c 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/boldrin-levine.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/boldrin-levine.html @@ -1,35 +1,42 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws noip" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against intellectual property” - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against intellectual property”</h2> -<p> -by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p> -<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michele_Boldrin/publication/4980956_The_Case_Against_Intellectual_Property/links/53f9c5c90cf20a45496a9040/The-Case-Against-Intellectual-Property.pdf?origin=publication_detail"> +<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4980956_The_Case_Against_Intellectual_Property"> The Case Against Intellectual Property</a>, by Boldrin and Levine, argues on economic grounds that authors can make money by selling their work even in a world where everyone can copy.</p> <p> You've probably heard the superficial argument that “If the -program is free, you will only sell one copy”. The obvious +program is free, you will only sell one copy.” The obvious response is that today there are companies that sell thousands of copies a month. But this paper provides another response: it shows why people who are fully aware of the economic consequences of the freedom to copy would pay a high price for “the first -copy”.</p> +copy.”</p> <p> <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">The term “intellectual property” is biased and spreads confusion.</a> The bias is easy to see—by calling copyright and -patents and trademarks “property”, it leads people to -think that criticizing them is “opposing property rights”. +patents and trademarks “property,” it leads people to +think that criticizing them is “opposing property rights.” The confusion is less evident: by lumping copyright and patents and trademarks together, it leads people to treat them as one thing, to ignore their large differences and consider them as a single issue in @@ -51,7 +58,7 @@ shows the gaps in it, gaps that the apparent simplicity tends to hide.</p> <p> I believe we should continue to reject the term “intellectual -property”. We need to call attention to the non-economic +property.” We need to call attention to the non-economic aspects of copyrights and the different non-economic aspects of patents. However, Boldrin and Levine's arguments will be useful for responding to people who insist on narrowing their values to @@ -60,10 +67,11 @@ economics.</p> <p> The paper is addressed to economists and somewhat mathematical. Popularization of its ideas would be useful.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -81,13 +89,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -108,7 +116,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2003, 2014, 2015, 2018 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2003, 2022 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -118,7 +126,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $ +$Date: 2022/04/12 13:27:51 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html index edd440b..2c06145 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html @@ -1,12 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural ns" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Bug Nobody is Allowed to Understand - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Bug Nobody is Allowed to Understand</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>In the 1980s, proprietary software users discovered the problem of <em>the bug that nobody is allowed to understand</em>. When a problem @@ -17,14 +25,15 @@ understand the bad interaction between them, and the bug is never fixed except by accident.</p> <p>According to <a -href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/joris-luyendijk-banking-blog/2012/may/30/former-it-salesman-voices-of-finance"> +href="https://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/joris-luyendijk-banking-blog/2012/may/30/former-it-salesman-voices-of-finance"> this article</a>, a similar problem now occurs between multiple instances of <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Service as a Software Substitute</a>.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -42,13 +51,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -69,7 +78,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2014, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2012, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -79,10 +88,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2015/10/16 13:25:20 $ +$Date: 2021/09/02 08:55:39 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/byte-interview.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/byte-interview.html index d8626a4..603ac8e 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/byte-interview.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/byte-interview.html @@ -1,15 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>BYTE Interview with Richard Stallman - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/byte-interview.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>BYTE Interview with Richard Stallman</h2> -<p>Conducted by David Betz and Jon Edwards</p> +<address class="byline">conducted by David Betz and Jon Edwards</address> -<h3>Richard Stallman discusses his public-domain Unix-compatible - software system with BYTE editors (July 1986) </h3> +<div class="introduction"> +<p>Richard Stallman discusses his public-domain Unix-compatible +software system with BYTE editors (July 1986).</p> +</div> +<hr class="no-display" /> <p>Richard Stallman has undertaken probably the most ambitious free software development project to date, the GNU system. In his GNU @@ -18,7 +28,7 @@ Stallman described GNU as a “complete Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it away free to everyone who can use it… Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system software free, just like air.” (GNU is an -acronym for GNU's Not Unix; the “G” is pronounced.)</p> +acronym for GNU's Not Unix; the <i>g</i> is pronounced.)</p> <p>Stallman is widely known as the author of EMACS, a powerful text editor that he developed at the <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute @@ -420,13 +430,13 @@ this interview and share it, too.</p> <p><strong>Stallman</strong>: Write to the Free Software Foundation, 675 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139.</p> -<p>[The current address (since 2005) is: - Free Software Foundation - 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor - Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA - Voice: +1-617-542-5942 +<address>[The current address (since 2005) is:<br /> + Free Software Foundation, + 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, + Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.<br /> + Voice: +1-617-542-5942<br /> Fax: +1-617-542-2652] -</p> +</address> <p><strong>BYTE</strong>: What are you going to do when you are done with the GNU system?</p> @@ -440,10 +450,11 @@ software industry?</p> working a little bit of the time just to live. I don't have to live expensively. The rest of the time I can find interesting people to hang around with or learn to do things that I don't know how to do.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -461,13 +472,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -488,8 +499,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2013, 2014, 2020 -Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1999, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -499,10 +509,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/07/01 15:25:22 $ +$Date: 2021/11/02 11:26:31 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/can-you-trust.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/can-you-trust.html index d6a504c..58de5e6 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/can-you-trust.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/can-you-trust.html @@ -1,17 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural drm" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Can You Trust Your Computer? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/can-you-trust.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Can You Trust Your Computer?</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p> Who should your computer take its orders from? Most people think their computers should obey them, not obey someone else. With a plan -they call “trusted computing”, large media corporations +they call “trusted computing,” large media corporations (including the movie companies and record companies), together with computer companies such as Microsoft and Intel, are planning to make your computer obey them instead of you. (Microsoft's version of this @@ -141,12 +149,13 @@ situation only in terms of individual action (take it or leave it). To oppose treacherous computing, we must join together and confront the situation as a collective choice.</p> <p> -For further information about treacherous computing, see -<a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html</a>.</p> +For further information about treacherous computing, see the +<a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/tcpa-faq.html"> +“Trusted Computing” Frequently Asked Questions</a>.</p> <p> To block treacherous computing will require large numbers of citizens to organize. We need your help! Please support -<a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Defective by Design</a>, the +<a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/">Defective by Design</a>, the FSF's campaign against Digital Restrictions Management.</p> <h3>Postscripts</h3> @@ -210,9 +219,9 @@ quotation marks, recognizing that this is somewhat of an absurdity in the context of Palladium.</p> <p> The presentation made frequent use of other terms that we frequently -associate with the context of security, such as “attack”, -“malicious code”, “spoofing”, as well as -“trusted”. None of them means what it normally means. +associate with the context of security, such as “attack,” +“malicious code,” “spoofing,” as well as +“trusted.” None of them means what it normally means. “Attack” doesn't mean someone trying to hurt you, it means you trying to copy music. “Malicious code” means code installed by you to do what someone else doesn't want your machine to @@ -261,16 +270,16 @@ is harmless only because it failed in the attempt to make remote attestation feasible. We must not presume that all future attempts will fail too.</p> -<hr class="thin" /> - -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This essay is published -in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -288,16 +297,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2002, 2007, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2002, 2007, 2015, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -307,10 +333,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/12/08 20:06:40 $ +$Date: 2021/09/11 09:37:22 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/categories.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/categories.html index 5c4dbcb..75826d1 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/categories.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/categories.html @@ -1,32 +1,40 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays term" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> -<style type="text/css" media="screen"> -<!-- -#content #diagram { overflow: auto; margin: 2em 0; } -#diagram img { width: 31.7em; } ---> -</style> +<style type="text/css" media="screen"><!-- +#diagram { width: 32em; max-width: 100%; margin: 2.5em auto 2em; } +#diagram img { width: 29.9em; height: auto; overflow: auto; } +#diagram p { font-size: .88em; text-align: justify; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/categories.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>Categories of free and nonfree software</h2> - -<p>Also see <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing - Words which You Might Want to Avoid</a>.</p> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software</h2> <!-- GNUN: localize URL /philosophy/category.png --> -<p id="diagram" class="c"> +<div id="diagram" class="c" role="figure" aria-labelledby="caption"> <img src="/philosophy/category.png" alt=" [Categories of software] " /> -</p> - - <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several + <p id="caption"> + This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several others since, explains the different categories of software. It's available as a <a href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector Graphic</a> and as an <a href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig document</a>, under the terms of any of the GNU GPL v2 or later, the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p> +</div> + +<div class="announcement" role="complementary"> +<p>Also see <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing + Words which You Might Want to Avoid</a>.</p> +</div> <h3 id="FreeSoftware">Free software</h3> @@ -69,7 +77,7 @@ <p>Many languages have two separate words for “free” as in freedom and “free” as in zero price. For example, French has “libre” and - “gratuit”. Not so English; there is a word + “gratuit.” Not so English; there is a word “gratis” that refers unambiguously to price, but no common adjective that refers unambiguously to freedom. So if you are speaking another language, we suggest you translate @@ -122,7 +130,7 @@ mean <a href="#FreeSoftware">“free”</a> or “available gratis.” However, “public domain” is a legal term and means, precisely, “not - copyrighted”. For clarity, we recommend using + copyrighted.” For clarity, we recommend using “public domain” for that meaning only, and using other terms to convey the other meanings.</p> @@ -162,7 +170,7 @@ However, in actual practice nearly all copylefted software uses the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a>. Two different copyleft licenses are usually - “incompatible”, which means it is illegal to merge + “incompatible,” which means it is illegal to merge the code using one license with the code using the other license; therefore, it is good for the community if people use a single copyleft license.</p> @@ -180,7 +188,7 @@ a <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software product.</p> - <p>The <a href="http://www.x.org">X Window System</a> + <p>The <a href="https://www.x.org/wiki/">X Window System</a> illustrates this. The X Consortium released X11 with distribution terms that made it noncopylefted free software, and subsequent developers have mostly followed the @@ -247,13 +255,13 @@ <p>“GNU programs” is equivalent to <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU software.</a> A program Foo is a GNU program if it is GNU software. We also sometimes say it - is a “GNU package”.</p> + is a “GNU package.”</p> <h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3> <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU software</a> is - software that is released under the auspices of the <a href= - "/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>. If a program is GNU + software that is released under the auspices of the <a + href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>. If a program is GNU software, we also say that it is a GNU program or a GNU package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say it is one; also, the <a href="/directory">Free Software @@ -264,9 +272,9 @@ all GNU software must be <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>.</p> - <p>Some GNU software was written by <a href= - "http://www.fsf.org/about/staff/">staff</a> of - the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/">Free Software + <p>Some GNU software was written by <a + href="https://www.fsf.org/about/staff/">staff</a> of + the <a href="https://www.fsf.org/">Free Software Foundation</a>, but most GNU software comes from many <a href="/people/people.html">volunteers</a>. (Some of these volunteers are paid by companies or universities, but they are @@ -298,9 +306,9 @@ <p>Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software. In the past we subdivided nonfree software into - “semifree software”, which could be modified and + “semifree software,” which could be modified and redistributed noncommercially, and “proprietary - software”, which could not be. But we have dropped that + software,” which could not be. But we have dropped that distinction and now use “proprietary software” as synonymous with nonfree software.</p> @@ -402,16 +410,11 @@ software is possible. You can do this by making an effort not to say “commercial” when you mean “proprietary.”</p> +</div> -<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, --> -<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about --> -<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking --> -<!-- with the webmasters first. --> -<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document --> -<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." --> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -429,16 +432,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Free +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1996-1998, 2001-2005, 2007, 2009-2012, 2015, 2019, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" @@ -449,7 +469,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/02/21 01:56:25 $ +$Date: 2021/09/11 09:37:22 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/censoring-emacs.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/censoring-emacs.html index f4c0829..53bbbc3 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/censoring-emacs.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/censoring-emacs.html @@ -1,15 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Censoring My Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/censoring-emacs.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Censoring My Software</h2> -<p> -by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a> -<br /> -[From Datamation, March 1 1996]</p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p> Last summer, a few clever legislators proposed a bill to @@ -97,9 +102,15 @@ Look in their Web site http://www.vtw.org/ for background information and political action recommendations. Censorship won in February, but we can beat it in November.</p> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>From <cite>Datamation</cite>, March 1 1996</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -117,19 +128,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -144,20 +155,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 2014 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 1996, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:39:58 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 07:59:44 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/compromise.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/compromise.html index 9887f7a..9559993 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/compromise.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/compromise.html @@ -1,67 +1,38 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.94 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Avoiding Ruinous Compromises - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> -<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"> -<!-- - .quote { - font-size: 90%; - max-width: 30em; - padding: .5em 1.5em; - background-color: #ececec; - border-radius: 1em; - -moz-border-radius: 1em; - -khtml-border-radius: 1em; - -webkit-border-radius: 1em; - -opera-border-radius: 1em; - } - .quote.imgright { margin: .3em 1em 1em 1em; } - .quote { - font-style: italic; - } - .quote b { - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - } - .imgleft { - width: 18em; - max-width: 100%; - } - -@media (max-width:50em) { - .imgleft, .imgright { - float: none; - display: block; - margin: auto; - } - .quote { - max-width: none; width: auto; - margin: 1em 10%; - } +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- + .imgleft, .imgright { display: block; height: 4.25em; width: auto; } +@media (max-width:25em) { + .imgleft, .imgright { float: none; margin: 0 auto; } } -@media (min-width:50em) { - .quote { max-width: 40%; } -} ---> -</style> +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/compromise.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Avoiding Ruinous Compromises</h2> <address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<blockquote class="quote imgright"><p>“Twenty-five years +<p class="introduction">Twenty-five years ago <a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">on September 27, 1983, I announced a plan</a> to create a completely free operating system -called GNU—for ‘GNU's Not Unix’. As part of the +called GNU—for “GNU's Not Unix.” As part of the 25th anniversary of the GNU system, I have written this article on how our community can avoid ruinous compromises. In addition to avoiding such compromises, there are many ways you can <a href="/help/help.html"> help GNU</a> and free software. One way is to say no to the use of a nonfree program or an online disservice as often as you can or <a href="/philosophy/saying-no-even-once.html"> -even once.</a>”—<b>Richard Stallman</b></p></blockquote> - +even once</a>.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> <p>The free software movement aims for a social change: <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">to make all software @@ -71,13 +42,16 @@ unjust power over the users. Our goal is to put an end to that injustice.</p> <p>The road to freedom -is <a href="http://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2008/spring/the-last-mile-is-always-the-hardest/"> +is <a href="https://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2008/spring/the-last-mile-is-always-the-hardest/"> a long road</a>. It will take many steps and many years to reach a world in which it is normal for software users to have freedom. Some of these steps are hard, and require sacrifice. Some of them become easier if we make compromises with people that have different goals.</p> -<p>Thus, the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/">Free Software +<img src="/graphics/gplv3-with-text-136x68.png" alt=" [GPL Logo] " +class="imgright" /> + +<p>Thus, the <a href="https://www.fsf.org/">Free Software Foundation</a> makes compromises—even major ones. For instance, we made compromises in the patent provisions of version 3 of the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a> @@ -85,7 +59,8 @@ the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a> GPLv3-covered software and thus bring some patents under the effect of these provisions. </p> -<img src="/graphics/gplv3-large.png" alt=" [GPLv3 Logo] " class="imgleft" /> +<img src="/graphics/lgplv3-with-text-154x68.png" alt=" [LGPL Logo] " +class="imgleft" /> <p><a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">The Lesser GPL</a>'s purpose is a compromise: we use it on certain chosen free libraries to permit their @@ -144,13 +119,15 @@ values, and this affirms and reinforces them. That's why we <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">do not advocate open source.</a></p> +<div class="pict narrow"> <img src="/graphics/gnulaptop.png" - alt=" [Levitating Gnu with a laptop] " class="imgright" /> + alt=" [Levitating Gnu with a laptop] " /> +</div> <p>To establish a free community fully and lastingly, we need to do more than get people to use some free software. We need to spread the idea of judging software (and other things) on “citizen -values”, based on whether it respects users' freedom and +values,” based on whether it respects users' freedom and community, not just in terms of convenience. Then people will not fall into the trap of a proprietary program baited by an attractive, convenient feature.</p> @@ -207,10 +184,10 @@ reinforce consumer values. We must reject these compromises if we wish to keep our values straight.</p> <p>If you want to move to free software without compromising the goal -of freedom, look at <a href="http://www.fsf.org/resources">the FSF's +of freedom, look at <a href="https://www.fsf.org/resources">the FSF's resources area</a>. It lists hardware and machine configurations that work with free software, <a href="/distros/distros.html"> totally free -GNU/Linux distros</a> to install, and <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/"> +GNU/Linux distros</a> to install, and <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/"> thousands of free software packages</a> that work in a 100 percent free software environment. If you want to help the community stay on the road to freedom, one important way is to publicly uphold citizen @@ -226,13 +203,14 @@ but beware of compromises that lead away from the goal.</p> <p> For a similar point in a different area of life, see <a -href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/19/nudge-is-not-enough-behaviour-change"> +href="https://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/19/nudge-is-not-enough-behaviour-change"> “Nudge” is not enough</a>. </p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -250,17 +228,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2008, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 -<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a>.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2008, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -270,7 +264,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/27 08:30:32 $ +$Date: 2021/09/11 09:37:22 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/computing-progress.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/computing-progress.html index e50f707..5232f70 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/computing-progress.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/computing-progress.html @@ -1,20 +1,30 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural society" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Computing ‘Progress’: Good and Bad - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/computing-progress.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>Computing ‘progress’: good and bad</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Computing ‘Progress’: Good and Bad</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> +<div class="infobox" role="complementary"> <p><i> The BBC invited me to write an article for their column series, The Tech Lab, and this is what I sent them. (It refers to a couple of other articles published in that series.) The BBC was ultimately unwilling to publish it with a copying-permission notice, so I have published it here.</i></p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> Bradley Horowitz of Yahoo proposed here that every object in our world @@ -36,7 +46,7 @@ will surely turn this information over to the police. If your phone reports you bought a wooden stick and a piece of poster board, the phone company's system will deduce that you may be planning a protest, and report you automatically to the police so they can accuse you of -“terrorism”.</p> +“terrorism.”</p> <p> In the UK, it is literally an offense to be suspect—more precisely, @@ -82,8 +92,8 @@ location.</p> <p> My vision of the world is different. I would like to see a world in -which all the software in our computers — in our desktop PCs, our -laptops, our handhelds, our phones — is under our control and +which all the software in our computers—in our desktop PCs, our +laptops, our handhelds, our phones—is under our control and respects our freedom. In other words, a world where all software is <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html"><em>free</em></a> software.</p> @@ -123,9 +133,11 @@ designed to spy on users and restrict them. We should collect all the copies of Windows, and of MacOS and iPlayer for the same reason, and send them to Alpha Centauri at the slowest possible speed. Or just erase them.</p> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -143,29 +155,46 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2007, 2014 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:39:58 $ +$Date: 2021/09/11 09:37:22 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/contradictory-support.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/contradictory-support.html index a043369..5cb7506 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/contradictory-support.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/contradictory-support.html @@ -1,13 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Beware of Contradictory “Support” - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/contradictory-support.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Beware of Contradictory “Support”</h2> -<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p>There are organizations that proclaim support for free software or the GNU Project, and teach classes in use of nonfree software.</p> @@ -50,10 +57,11 @@ choose free software, not legitimize nonfree software.</p> teacher, that gives you an opportunity to <a href="/philosophy/saying-no-even-once.html"> say no</a> for a change.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -71,13 +79,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -98,7 +106,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2016, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2016, 2020, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -108,10 +116,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/12/19 16:11:48 $ +$Date: 2021/09/02 08:55:39 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/copyright-and-globalization.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/copyright-and-globalization.html index 70b46e9..2d8681b 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/copyright-and-globalization.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/copyright-and-globalization.html @@ -1,28 +1,35 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks</h2> -<p> -<i>The following is an edited transcript from a speech given +<div class="infobox"> +<p>The following is an edited transcript from a speech given at <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> in -the Communications Forum on Thursday, April 19, 2001 from 5:00pm - -7:00pm</i></p> +the Communications Forum on Thursday, April 19, 2001.</p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> <b>DAVID THORBURN, moderator</b>: Our speaker today, Richard Stallman, is a legendary figure in the computing world, and my experience in trying to find a respondent to share the podium with him was -instructive. One distinguished <abbr>MIT</abbr> professor told me +instructive. One distinguished MIT professor told me that Stallman needs to be understood as a charismatic figure in a -biblical parable — a kind of Old Testament anecdote-lesson. -“Imagine,” he said, “a Moses or a Jeremiah — -better a Jeremiah.” And I said, “Well, that's very -admirable.”</p> -<p> +biblical parable—a kind of Old Testament anecdote-lesson. +“Imagine,” he said, “a Moses or a Jeremiah—better +a Jeremiah.” And I said, “Well, that's very +admirable. That sounds wonderful. It confirms my sense of the kind of contribution he has made to the world. Then why are you reluctant to share the podium with him?” His answer: “Like Jeremiah or @@ -63,7 +70,7 @@ free?”</p> Well, what does that mean? Should you be free to copy it and change it? Well, as for changing it, if you buy the microphone, nobody is going to stop you from changing it. And as for copying it, nobody has -a microphone copier. Outside of “Star Trek,” those things +a microphone copier. Outside of <cite>Star Trek</cite>, those things don't exist. Maybe some day there'll be nanotechnological analyzers and assemblers, and it really will be possible to copy a physical object, and then these issues of whether you're free to do that will @@ -101,8 +108,8 @@ They knew, say, that this play was written by Sophocles but in between writing a book and copying a book, there were other useful things you could do. For instance, you could copy a part of a book, then write some new words, copy some more and write some new words and on and on. -This was called “writing a commentary” — that was a -common thing to do — and these commentaries were +This was called “writing a commentary”—that was a +common thing to do—and these commentaries were appreciated.</p> <p> You could also copy a passage out of one book, then write some other @@ -192,8 +199,8 @@ the benefit of more books' being written and published.</p> <p> Now, is this an advantageous trade? Well, when the general public can't make copies because they can only be efficiently made on -printing presses — and most people don't own printing presses -— the result is that the general public is trading away a +printing presses—and most people don't own printing presses—the +result is that the general public is trading away a freedom it is unable to exercise, a freedom that is of no practical value. So if you have something that is a byproduct of your life and it's useless and you have the opportunity to exchange it for something @@ -229,8 +236,8 @@ computer, the publishers consider restricting you to be their highest priority. Copyright was easy to enforce because it was a restriction only on publishers who were easy to find and what they published was easy to see. Now the copyright is a restriction on each and everyone -of you. To enforce it requires surveillance — an intrusion -— and harsh punishments, and we are seeing these being enacted +of you. To enforce it requires surveillance—an intrusion—and +harsh punishments, and we are seeing these being enacted into law in the U.S. and other countries.</p> <p> And copyright used to be, arguably, an advantageous trade for the @@ -265,7 +272,7 @@ maybe it would take 10 or 20 years before we all switched to e-books. Clearly, this kind of campaign comes from somebody paying for it. Now why are they doing that? I think I know. The reason is that e-books are the opportunity to take away some of the residual freedoms that -readers of printed books have always had and still have — the +readers of printed books have always had and still have—the freedom, for instance, to lend a book to your friend or borrow it from the public library or sell a copy to a used bookstore or buy a copy anonymously, without putting a record in the database of who bought @@ -286,8 +293,8 @@ taken away and when they might have fought back to retain them.</p> <p> We see at the same time efforts to take away people's freedom in using other kinds of published works. For instance, movies that are on DVDs -are published in an encrypted format that used to be secret — it -was meant to be secret — and the only way the movie companies +are published in an encrypted format that used to be secret—it +was meant to be secret—and the only way the movie companies would tell you the format, so that you could make a DVD player, was if you signed a contract to build certain restrictions into the player, with the result that the public would be stopped even from fully @@ -316,8 +323,8 @@ not surprising when you consider why the Digital Millennium Copyright Act was passed in the first place. The reason is the campaign finance system that we have in the U.S., which is essentially legalized bribery where the candidates are bought by business before they even -get elected. And, of course, they know who their master is — -they know whom they're working for — and they pass the laws to +get elected. And, of course, they know who their master is—they +know whom they're working for—and they pass the laws to give business more power.</p> <p> What will happen with that particular battle, we don't know. But @@ -329,14 +336,14 @@ distributing information that's been published.</p> <p> The U.S. though is not the first country to make a priority of this. The Soviet Union treated it as very important. There this -unauthorized copying and redistribution was known as Samizdat and to +unauthorized copying and redistribution was known as <i>samizdat</i> and to stamp it out, they developed a series of methods: First, guards watching every piece of copying equipment to check what people were copying to prevent forbidden copying. Second, harsh punishments for anyone caught doing forbidden copying. You could be sent to Siberia. Third, soliciting informers, asking everyone to rat on their neighbors and co-workers to the information police. Fourth, collective -responsibility — You! You're going to watch that group! If I +responsibility—You! You're going to watch that group! If I catch any of them doing forbidden copying, you are going to prison. So watch them hard. And, fifth, propaganda, starting in childhood to convince everyone that only a horrible enemy of the people would ever @@ -429,7 +436,7 @@ interfering with their profits in the other country. So foreign companies have more power than citizens of the country.</p> <p> There are attempts being made to extend this -beyond <abbr>NAFTA</abbr>. For instance, this is one of the goals of +beyond NAFTA. For instance, this is one of the goals of the so-called free trade area of the Americas, to extend this principle to all the countries in South America and the Caribbean as well, and the multilateral agreement on investment was intended to @@ -543,24 +550,24 @@ works is not a socially useful activity. And so verbatim copying is the only thing that people really need to be allowed to do.</p> <p> The next question is: Should people have the right to do commercial -verbatim copying? Or is non-commercial enough? You see, these are +verbatim copying? Or is noncommercial enough? You see, these are two different activities we can distinguish, so that we can consider -the questions separately — the right to do non-commercial +the questions separately—the right to do noncommercial verbatim copying and the right to do commercial verbatim copying. Well, it might be a good compromise policy to have copyright cover commercial verbatim copying but allow everyone the right to do -non-commercial verbatim copying. This way, the copyright on the -commercial verbatim copying, as well as on all modified versions -— only the author could approve a modified version — would +noncommercial verbatim copying. This way, the copyright on the +commercial verbatim copying, as well as on all modified versions—only +the author could approve a modified version—would still provide the same revenue stream that it provides now to fund the writing of these works, to whatever extent it does.</p> <p> -By allowing the non-commercial verbatim copying, it means the +By allowing the noncommercial verbatim copying, it means the copyright no longer has to intrude into everybody's home. It becomes an industrial regulation again, easy to enforce and painless, no longer requiring draconian punishments and informers for the sake of -its enforcement. So we get most of the benefit — and avoid most -of the horror — of the current system.</p> +its enforcement. So we get most of the benefit—and avoid most +of the horror—of the current system.</p> <p> The third category of works is aesthetic or entertaining works, where the most important thing is just the sensation of looking at the @@ -621,7 +628,7 @@ the sale. The same publishers that are demanding total power over the public in the name of the authors and musicians are giving those authors and musicians the shaft all the time.</p> <p> -I recommend you read Courtney Love's article in “Salon” +I recommend you read Courtney Love's article in <cite>Salon</cite> magazine, an article about pirates that plan to use musicians' work without paying them. These pirates are the record companies that pay musicians 4% of the sales figures, on the average. Of course, the @@ -805,7 +812,7 @@ participating, it might work.</p> The other thing is, we do not have this digital cash payment system; so we can't really try it today. You could try to do something a little bit like it. There are services you can sign up for where you -can pay money to someone — things like PayPal. But before you +can pay money to someone—things like PayPal. But before you can pay anyone through PayPal, you have to go through a lot of rigmarole and give them personal information about you, and they collect records of whom you pay. Can you trust them not to misuse @@ -826,7 +833,7 @@ copy the tapes. They didn't even lose their record sales.</p> We are gradually moving from the age of the printing press to the age of the computer network, but it's not happening in a day. People are still buying lots of records, and that will probably continue for many -years — maybe forever. As long as that continues, simply having +years—maybe forever. As long as that continues, simply having copyrights that still apply to commercial sales of records ought to do about as good a job of supporting musicians as it does today. Of course, that's not very good, but, at least, it won't get any @@ -853,9 +860,9 @@ this.”</p> Well, clearly, that's not the way to make the public feel like sending you money. You've got to make them love you, not fear you.</p> <p> -<b>SPEAKER</b>: The details were that he required a certain percentage -— I don't know the exact percentage, around 90% sounds correct -— of people to send a certain amount of money, which, I believe, +<b>SPEAKER</b>: The details were that he required a certain percentage—I +don't know the exact percentage, around 90% sounds correct—of +people to send a certain amount of money, which, I believe, was a dollar or two dollars, or somewhere in that order of magnitude. You had to type in your name and your e-mail address and some other information to get to download it and if that percentage of people was @@ -869,7 +876,7 @@ plagiarizing?</p> <p> <b>STALLMAN</b>: No. That's not what I proposed. Remember, I'm proposing that there should be copyright covering commercial distribution and -permitting only verbatim redistribution non-commercially. So anyone +permitting only verbatim redistribution noncommercially. So anyone who modified it to put in a pointer to his website, instead of a pointer to the real author's website, would still be infringing the copyright and could be sued exactly as he could be sued today.</p> @@ -884,8 +891,8 @@ copyright powers, not abolish them.</p> <b>THORBURN</b>: I guess one question that occurred to me while you were speaking, Richard, and, again, now when you're responding here to this question is why you don't consider the ways in which the -computer, itself, eliminates the middle men completely — in the -way that Stephen King refused to do — and might establish a +computer, itself, eliminates the middle men completely—in the +way that Stephen King refused to do—and might establish a personal relationship.</p> <p> <b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, they can and, in fact, this voluntary donation @@ -989,7 +996,7 @@ economy and the laws. So, in effect, it's a chicken-or-the-egg problem, you know. Which do we do first? How do we get the world where people don't have to desperately get money except by removing the control by business? And how can we remove the control by -business except — Anyway, I don't know, but that's why I'm +business except—Anyway, I don't know, but that's why I'm trying to propose first a compromise copyright system and, second, the voluntary payment supported by a compromise copyright system as a way to provide a revenue stream to the people who write those works.</p> @@ -1035,7 +1042,7 @@ teacher of media, my access to images has been restricted in recent years in a way that had never been in place before. If I write an essay in which I want to use still images, even from films, they are much harder to get permission to use, and the prices charged to use -those still images are much higher — even when I make arguments +those still images are much higher—even when I make arguments about intellectual inquiry and the legal category of “fair use.” So I think, in this moment of extended transformation, the longer-term prospects may, in fact, not be as disturbing as what's @@ -1079,7 +1086,7 @@ machine. So maybe that's what affected their thinking.</p> care to lay out for us?</p> <p> <b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, the idea of giving everyone permission for -non-commercial verbatim copying of two kinds of works, certainly, may +noncommercial verbatim copying of two kinds of works, certainly, may be thought of as extending what fair use is. It's bigger than what's fair use currently. If your idea is that the public trades away certain freedoms to get more progress, then you can draw the line at @@ -1091,18 +1098,18 @@ entertainment fields, we have the concept of a public presentation. So, for example, copyright does not prevent us from singing Christmas carols seasonally but it prevents the public performance. And I'm wondering if it might be useful to think about instead of expanding -fair use to unlimited, non-commercial, verbatim copying, to something +fair use to unlimited, noncommercial, verbatim copying, to something less than that but more than the present concept of fair use.</p> <p> <b>STALLMAN</b>: I used to think that that might be enough, and then Napster convinced me otherwise because Napster is used by its users for -non-commercial, verbatim redistribution. The Napster server, itself, +noncommercial, verbatim redistribution. The Napster server, itself, is a commercial activity but the people who are actually putting -things up are doing so non-commercially, and they could have done so +things up are doing so noncommercially, and they could have done so on their websites just as easily. The tremendous excitement about, interest in, and use of Napster shows that that's very useful. So I'm convinced now that people should have the right to publicly -non-commercially, redistributed, verbatim copies of everything.</p> +noncommercially, redistributed, verbatim copies of everything.</p> <p> <b>QUESTION</b>: One analogy that was recently suggested to me for the whole Napster question was the analogy of the public library. I @@ -1149,7 +1156,7 @@ So that's a tremendously important issue, but it's a totally different issue. There's just one area where an issue arises with patents that is actually similar to these issues of freedom to copy, and that is in the area of agriculture. Because there are certain patented things -that can be copies, more or less — namely, living things. They +that can be copies, more or less—namely, living things. They copy themselves when they reproduce. It's not necessarily exact copying; they re-shuffle the genes. But the fact is, farmers for millennia have been making use of this capacity of the living things @@ -1191,8 +1198,8 @@ This tremendously boosts it. But I don't know how much it will work in various different areas, but I think that in the area of education, when you're looking for textbooks, I think I see a way it can be done. There are a lot of teachers in the world, teachers who are not at -prestigious universities — maybe they're in high-school; maybe -they're in college — where they don't write and publish a lot of +prestigious universities—maybe they're in high-school; maybe +they're in college—where they don't write and publish a lot of things and there's not a tremendous demand for them. But a lot of them are smart. A lot of them know their subjects well and they could write textbooks about lots of subjects and share them with the world @@ -1200,7 +1207,7 @@ and receive a tremendous amount of appreciation from the people who will have learned from them.</p> <p> <b>QUESTION</b>: That's what I proposed. But the funny thing is, I do -know the history of education. That's what I do — educational, +know the history of education. That's what I do—educational, electronic media projects. I couldn't find an example. Do you know of one?</p> <p> @@ -1249,16 +1256,16 @@ in terms of the size of the whole job. Think in terms of the piece that you're going to do. That will show people it can be done, and so others will do other pieces.</p> - -<hr /> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This speech is published -in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This speech is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -1276,13 +1283,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -1303,7 +1310,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2018, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2001, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -1313,7 +1320,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/12/08 11:48:20 $ +$Date: 2021/10/14 13:02:23 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/copyright-versus-community-2000.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/copyright-versus-community-2000.html index 9035a0d..809b00a 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/copyright-versus-community-2000.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/copyright-versus-community-2000.html @@ -1,15 +1,23 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community-2000.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks (2000)</h2> -<blockquote><p> +<div class="infobox"><p> This is a transcription from an audio recording, prepared by Douglas Carnall, July 2000. -</p></blockquote> +</p></div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p><em> Mr Stallman arrives a few minutes after the appointed hour of commencement of his talk to address a hushed and respectful audience. @@ -300,7 +308,7 @@ entirely because there are various different actions that can be done with a copyright and there are various situations in which you might do them, and each of those is an independent question. Should copyright cover this or not? In addition, there is a question of -“How long?”. +“How long?” <span class="gnun-split"></span>Copyright used to be much shorter in its period or duration, and it's been extended over and over again in the past fifty years or so and in fact in now appears that the owners of @@ -1062,10 +1070,11 @@ so</p> <p>RMS stands in silence. There is a pause before the outbreak of applause. RMS turns to applaud the stuffed fabric gnu he placed on the overhead projector at the beginning of the talk.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -1083,13 +1092,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -1110,7 +1119,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2000, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -1120,7 +1129,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/08/17 07:55:31 $ +$Date: 2021/09/02 08:55:39 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/copyright-versus-community.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/copyright-versus-community.html index 8cde539..11e23fb 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/copyright-versus-community.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/copyright-versus-community.html @@ -1,25 +1,29 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks</h2> <address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<p><em>Keynote speech at LIANZA conference, Christchurch Convention Centre, 12 +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Keynote speech at LIANZA conference, Christchurch Convention Centre, 12 October 2009.<br /> There is an <a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html">older -version</a> of this talk, from 2000.</em></p> - -<blockquote class="announcement" style="margin-bottom: 2.5em"><p> -<a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list -about the dangers of e-books</a>. -</p></blockquote> +version</a> of this talk, from 2000.</p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> -<dl> -<dt>BC:</dt> -<dd><p>Tena koutou, tena koutou, tena koutou katoa. Today I have the +<p><b>BC: </b> +Tena koutou, tena koutou, tena koutou katoa. Today I have the privilege of introducing Richard Stallman, whose keynote speech is being sponsored by the School of Information Management at Victoria University of Wellington.</p> @@ -33,13 +37,13 @@ realize it or not, Richard's work has touched all of your lives.</p> <p>I like to describe him as the most influential person most people have never heard of, although he tells me that that cannot possibly be -true because it cannot be tested.</p></dd> +true because it cannot be tested.</p> -<dt>RMS:</dt> -<dd>We can't tell.</dd> +<p><b>RMS: </b> +We can't tell.</p> -<dt>BC:</dt> -<dd><p>I said that—I still like it. His ideas about software +<p><b>BC: </b> +I said that—I still like it. His ideas about software freedom and free access to information were used by Tim Berners-Lee when he created the world's first web server, and in 1999 his musings about a free online encyclopedia inspired Jimmy Wales to set up what @@ -47,12 +51,21 @@ is now Wikipedia.</p> <p>Today Richard will be talking to us about copyright vs community in the age of computer networks, and their implications for libraries. -Richard.</p></dd> +Richard.</p> -<dt>RMS:</dt> -<dd><p>I've been in New Zealand for a couple of weeks, and in the +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<p> +<a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list +about the dangers of e-books</a>. +</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> + +<p><b>RMS: </b> +I've been in New Zealand for a couple of weeks, and in the North Island it was raining most of the time. Now I know why they -call gumboots “Wellingtons”. And then I saw somebody who +call gumboots “Wellingtons.” And then I saw somebody who was making chairs and tables out of ponga wood, and he called it fern-iture. Then we took the ferry to get here, and as soon as we got off, people started mocking and insulting us; but there were no hard @@ -65,7 +78,7 @@ extend to other kinds of works. But in order for that to make sense, I'd better tell you briefly what free software means.</p> <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price, so think of -“free speech”, not “free beer”. Free software +“free speech,” not “free beer.” Free software is software that respects the user's freedom, and there are four specific freedoms that the user deserves always to have.</p> @@ -221,7 +234,7 @@ and arguably beneficial for society.</p> <p>It was easy to enforce, because it only had to be enforced against publishers. And it's easy to find the unauthorized publishers of a book—you go to a bookstore and say “where do these copies -come from?”. You don't have to invade everybody's home and +come from?” You don't have to invade everybody's home and everybody's computer to do that.</p> <p>It was uncontroversial because, as the readers were not restricted, @@ -280,7 +293,7 @@ they will propose to go to prosecute the War on Sharing.</p> <p>It's no longer uncontroversial. There are political parties in several countries whose basic platform is “freedom to -share”.</p> +share.”</p> <p>It's no longer beneficial because the freedoms that we conceptually traded away (because we couldn't exercise them), we now can exercise. @@ -335,7 +348,7 @@ Mickey Mouse Copyright Act.</p> <p>The movie companies say they want perpetual copyright, but the US Constitution won't let them get that officially. So they came up with a way to get the same result unofficially: “perpetual copyright -on the installment plan”. Every 20 years they extend copyright +on the installment plan.” Every 20 years they extend copyright for 20 more years. So that at any given time, any given work has a date when it will supposedly fall into the public domain. But that date is like tomorrow, it never comes. By the time you get there they @@ -370,7 +383,7 @@ requirements, all of which are malicious towards us.</p> <p>It worked for a while, but then some people figured out the secret format, and published free software capable of reading the movie on a DVD and playing it. Then the publishers said “since we can't -actually stop them, we have to make it a crime”. And they +actually stop them, we have to make it a crime.” And they started that in the US in 1998 with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which imposed censorship on software capable of doing such jobs.</p> @@ -389,7 +402,7 @@ instance, in 2011 it's going to be forbidden to make analog video outputs. So all video outputs will have to be digital, and they will carry the signal encrypted into a monitor specially designed to keep secrets from the user. That is malicious hardware. They say that the -purpose of this is to “close the analog hole”. I'll show +purpose of this is to “close the analog hole.” I'll show you a couple of analog holes (Stallman takes off his glasses): here's one and here's another, that they'd like to poke out permanently.<a href="#footnote1">[1]</a></p> @@ -539,7 +552,7 @@ ebooks; that didn't go so well.</p> ebooks really popular if they started it with my biography. So they found an author and the author asked me if I'd cooperate, and I said “Only if this e-book is published without encryption, without -DRM”. The publisher wouldn't go along with that, and I just +DRM.” The publisher wouldn't go along with that, and I just stuck to it—I said no. Eventually we found another publisher who was willing to do this—in fact willing to publish the book under a free license giving you the four freedoms—so the book @@ -547,7 +560,7 @@ was then published, and sold a lot of copies on paper.</p> <p>But in any case, e-books failed at the beginning of this decade. People just didn't want to read them very much. And I said, -“they will try again”. We saw an amazing number of news +“they will try again.” We saw an amazing number of news articles about electronic ink (or is it electronic paper, I can never remember which), and it occurred to me probably the reason there's so many is the publishers want us to think about this. They want us to @@ -705,14 +718,14 @@ same four freedoms [for all functional works], not just for software. And you'll notice that for recipes, practically speaking, cooks are always sharing and changing recipes just as if the recipes were free. Imagine how people would react if the government tried to stamp out -so-called “recipe piracy”.</p> +so-called “recipe piracy.”</p> <p>The term “pirate” is pure propaganda. When people ask me what I think of music piracy, I say “As far as I know, when pirates attack they don't do it by playing instruments badly, they do -it with arms. So it's not music “piracy”, because piracy +it with arms. So it's not music “piracy,” because piracy is attacking ships, and sharing is as far as you get from being the -moral equivalent of attacking ships”. Attacking ships is bad, +moral equivalent of attacking ships.” Attacking ships is bad, sharing with other people is good, so we should firmly denounce that propaganda term “piracy” whenever we hear it.</p> @@ -882,7 +895,7 @@ really happy to support the artists.</p> <p>An idea just came to me. The player could also give you a certificate of having supported so-and-so, and it could even count up how many times you had done it and give you a certificate that says -“I sent so much to these artists”. There are various ways +“I sent so much to these artists.” There are various ways we could encourage people who want to do it.</p> <p>For instance, we could have a PR campaign which is friendly and @@ -920,17 +933,17 @@ to fit in with existing legal systems better to make it easier to enact.</p> <p>Be careful of proposals to “compensate the rights -holders”, because when they say “compensate”, +holders,” because when they say “compensate,” they're trying to presume that if you have appreciated a work, you now have a specific debt to somebody, and that you have to “compensate” that somebody. When they say “rights -holders”, it's supposed to make you think it's supporting +holders,” it's supposed to make you think it's supporting artists while in fact it's going to the publishers—the same publishers who basically exploit all the artists (except the few that you've all heard of, who are so popular that they have clout).</p> <p>We don't owe a debt; we have nobody that we have to -“compensate”. [But] supporting the arts is still a useful +“compensate.” [But] supporting the arts is still a useful thing to do. That was the motivation for copyright back when copyright fit in with the technology of the day. Today copyright is a bad way to do it, but it's still good to do it other ways that respect @@ -941,28 +954,27 @@ They shouldn't replace the three strikes punishment<a href="#footnote3">[3]</a>, good, and they've got to get rid of the censorship for the software to break DRM. Beware of ACTA—they're trying to negotiate a treaty between various countries, for all of these countries to attack their citizens, and we don't -know how because they won't tell us.</p></dd> - -</dl> +know how because they won't tell us.</p> <div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3 style="font-size: 1.2em">Footnotes</h3> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> <ol> <li id="footnote1">In 2010, the encryption system for digital video output was -definitively cracked.<br /><a href="http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp">http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp</a></li> +<a href="https://www.pcmag.com/archive/hdcp-master-key-confirmed-blu-ray-content-vulnerable-254650"> +definitively cracked</a>.</li> <li id="footnote2">2015: I included scientific papers because I thought that publishing modified versions of someone else's paper would cause harm; however, publishing physics and math papers under the Creative Commons Attribution License -on <a href="//arxiv.org/">arXiv.org</a> and many libre journals seems to +on <a href="https://arxiv.org/">arXiv.org</a> and many libre journals seems to have no problems. Thus, I subsequently concluded that scientific papers ought to be free.</li> <li id="footnote3">New Zealand had enacted a system of punishment without trial for Internet users accused of copying; then, facing popular protest, the government did not implement it, and announced a plan to implement a modified unjust punishment system. The point here -was that they should not proceed to implement a replacement — -rather, they should have no such system. However, the words I used +was that they should not proceed to implement a replacement—rather, +they should have no such system. However, the words I used don't say this clearly. <br /> The New Zealand government subsequently implemented the punishment @@ -973,10 +985,11 @@ name of the book being read to Amazon servers; thus, Amazon knows every book that you read on the device, regardless of where you got the book.</li> </ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -994,13 +1007,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -1021,7 +1034,8 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2021 Free Software +Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -1031,7 +1045,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/06 08:25:53 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 07:59:44 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/correcting-france-mistake.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/correcting-france-mistake.html index 55f65be..38c91c1 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/correcting-france-mistake.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/correcting-france-mistake.html @@ -1,18 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural drm" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Correcting My Mistake about French Law - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/correcting-france-mistake.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Correcting My Mistake about French Law</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>For several years I've said in my speeches that it was a crime in France, punishable by imprisonment, to have a copy of the free software that can decrypt the video on a DVD. That encryption is an example of DRM (Digital Restrictions Management), the malicious -features <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org/">designed to restrict +features <a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/">designed to restrict users</a>.</p> <p>That is what Sarkozy's DADVSI law said when it was adopted, but I @@ -49,10 +56,11 @@ of playing DVDs that have DRM.</p> <p>However, I think I won't do it. I have got used to avoiding encrypted DVDs, and this has the bonus of giving Hollywood no money with which to lobby for nasty laws like SOPA. Why change?</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -70,19 +78,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -97,20 +105,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2012, 2014 Richard M. Stallman.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2012, 2021 Richard Stallman.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:39:59 $ +$Date: 2021/09/02 08:55:39 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/danger-of-software-patents.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/danger-of-software-patents.html index 2b95d27..e891742 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/danger-of-software-patents.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/danger-of-software-patents.html @@ -1,15 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Danger of Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Danger of Software Patents</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> -<p>This is the transcript of a talk presented by Richard M. Stallman -on 8 October 2009 at Victoria University of Wellington.</p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> + +<div class="infobox"> +<p>This is the transcript of a talk presented on 8 October 2009 at +Victoria University of Wellington.</p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <dl> <dt>SF:</dt> @@ -25,7 +36,7 @@ at this moment because she's doing what we do in universities which is teach.</p> <p>So it's my pleasure to welcome you to the lecture “The Danger -of Software Patents”. Richard Stallman has a suite of lectures +of Software Patents.” Richard Stallman has a suite of lectures that he offers, and after discussion with Brenda, I chose this topic precisely because for the first real time in New Zealand history, we have a somewhat prolonged, but important, debate about patent law @@ -247,10 +258,10 @@ the wrong number in it. I looked in it again, and sure enough it said, started to read it to see if it was indeed the wrong patent. I read the claims, and sure enough it was the natural order recalculation patent, but it didn't use those terms. It didn't use the term -“spreadsheet”. In fact, what the patent prohibited was +“spreadsheet.” In fact, what the patent prohibited was dozens of different ways of implementing topological sort—all the ways they could think of. But I don't think it used the term -“topological sort”.</p> +“topological sort.”</p> <p>So if you were writing a spreadsheet and you tried to find relevant patents by searching, you might have found a lot of patents. But you @@ -371,7 +382,7 @@ by avoiding the two patents.</p> <p>Now there is GIF format, for images. That uses the LZW algorithm also. It didn't take long for people to define another image format, called PNG, which stands for “PNG's Not -GIF”. I think it uses the gzip algorithm. And we +GIF.” I think it uses the gzip algorithm. And we started saying to people, “Don't use GIF format, it's dangerous. Switch to PNG.” And the users said, “Well, maybe some day, but the browsers don't implement it @@ -448,8 +459,10 @@ that patent is not to implement that feature. For instance, the users of the word processor Xywrite once got a downgrade in the mail, which removed a feature. The feature was that you could define a list of abbreviations. For instance, if you define “exp” as an -abbreviation for “experiment”, then if you type “exp-space“ or “exp-comma”, the “exp” would change automatically to -“experiment”.</p> +abbreviation for “experiment,” then if you type +“exp-space“ or “exp-comma,” the +“exp” would change automatically to +“experiment.”</p> <p>Then somebody who had a patent on this feature threatened them, and they concluded that the only thing they could do was to take the @@ -488,7 +501,7 @@ threatened by a patent holder who wanted to make his business shut down. He sent me the patent. Claim 1 was something like “a network with a multiplicity of computers, in which each computer supports a multiplicity of games, and allows a multiplicity of game -sessions at the same time”.</p> +sessions at the same time.”</p> <p>Now, I'm sure in the 1980s there was a university that set up a room with a network of workstations, and each workstation had some @@ -599,7 +612,7 @@ brilliant designer of whatever, who's been working for years by himself in his attic coming up with a better way to do whatever it is. And now that it's ready, he wants to start a business and mass-produce this thing; and because his idea is so good his company will -inevitably succeed— except for one thing: the big companies will +inevitably succeed—except for one thing: the big companies will compete with him and take all his market the away. And because of this, his business will almost certainly fail, and then he will starve.</p> @@ -734,7 +747,7 @@ circumstances, so some of the time, none of them is possible; and when that happens, your project is dead.</p> <p>But lawyers in most countries tell us, “Don't try to find the -patents in advance”, and the reason is that the penalty for +patents in advance,” and the reason is that the penalty for infringement is bigger if you knew about the patent. So what they tell you is “Keep your eyes shut. Don't try to find out about the patents, just go blindly taking your design decisions, and @@ -1237,7 +1250,7 @@ a central processing unit, a memory, input/output facilities, instruction-fetching facilities, and means to perform this particular computation. In effect they've written explicitly into the patent all the parts of an ordinary computer, and then they say, “Well, -this is a physical system which we would like to patent”, but +this is a physical system which we would like to patent,” but really it's just patenting certain software on a computer. There are many subterfuges that they've used.</p> @@ -1277,7 +1290,7 @@ patent.</dd> patents are to all software developers. I don't like what Microsoft does, but that's an issue that's irrelevant for this purpose. It's not good that somebody can sue a software developer and say “I -won't let you distribute such software”.</dd> +won't let you distribute such software.”</dd> <dt>Q.</dt> <dd>Obviously we live in an imperfect world, and in some cases we run @@ -1353,7 +1366,7 @@ course there were nowhere near as many computer users.</p> <p>How many computer users were there in 1982, even in the US? It was a small fraction of the public. But there were software developers. -They weren't saying, “We desperately want patents”. They +They weren't saying, “We desperately want patents.” They weren't getting sued for patent infringement after they developed their programs. But there is a bit of [economic] research that I saw that apparently software patents resulted not in an increase in @@ -1400,15 +1413,16 @@ you Richard.</dd> </dl> -<hr /> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This speech is published -in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This speech is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -1426,13 +1440,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -1453,7 +1467,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2009, 2010, 2014, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2009, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -1463,10 +1477,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/26 13:08:00 $ +$Date: 2021/09/11 09:37:22 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/dat.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/dat.html index 29ff7cb..dc1efe0 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/dat.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/dat.html @@ -1,20 +1,28 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural funding" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Right Way to Tax DAT - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/dat.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Right Way to Tax DAT</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> +<div class="infobox"> <p><em>[This article does not concern software, not directly. It concerns a parallel issue about sharing copies of music.]</em></p> -<p><em>[The article was first published in Wired magazine in 1992; the +<p><em>[The article was first published in <cite>Wired</cite> magazine in 1992; the text has not been changed; instead, I have added notes, in square brackets and with italics or other emphasis.]</em></p> @@ -29,6 +37,8 @@ assistance, which includes some of these ideas, is called the Global Patronage system (in French, Mécénat Global). I support both solutions; that is to say, I favor adopting either one.]</em></p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p>Record company magnates don't like the digital audio tape recorder (<abbr title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</abbr>), which can make @@ -84,7 +94,7 @@ lawyer specializing in the field knows this is a misunderstanding, a view rejected by the American legal system.</p> <p>The stated purpose of copyright, given in the U.S. Constitution, is -to “promote the progress of science and the useful arts”. +to “promote the progress of science and the useful arts.” Progress in music means new and varied music for the public to enjoy: copyright is supposed to promote a public good, not a private one.</p> @@ -337,17 +347,18 @@ In order for this alternative, or any alternative, to have a chance, we must first prevent the hasty adoption of the record company plan. To help accomplish this, please write letters to:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Congressman Barney Frank<br /> +<address> +Congressman Barney Frank<br /> 437 Cherry St<br /> -West Newton, MA 02165</p> -<p>Senator Metzenbaum<br /> +West Newton, MA 02165</address> +<address> +Senator Metzenbaum<br /> United States Senate<br /> -Washington, DC 20510</p> -<p>House Subcommittee on Intellectual Property<br /> +Washington, DC 20510</address> +<address> +House Subcommittee on Intellectual Property<br /> House of Representatives<br /> -Washington, DC 20515</p> -</blockquote> +Washington, DC 20515</address> <p>Urge Congress to reject the record company bill so that this and other alternatives can be properly considered. It takes just a few @@ -358,11 +369,12 @@ people's letters it can do a great deal of good.</p> copies of this article. Many musicians prefer this alternative to the record company tax plan, and they are strongly motivated to act on their concern.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -380,17 +392,34 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 1992, 2010, 2014, 2020 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1992, 2009, 2010, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -400,10 +429,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/07/01 15:25:23 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/devils-advocate.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/devils-advocate.html index dfd5482..dffc70c 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/devils-advocate.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/devils-advocate.html @@ -1,11 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Devil's Advocate - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/devils-advocate.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Why the Devil's Advocate Doesn't Help Reach the Truth</h2> -<p>by Richard Stallman</p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p>Playing the devil's advocate means challenging a position by saying what a hypothetical adversary would say. I encounter this frequently @@ -78,17 +86,18 @@ that you adopt the goal of “probing the issues.” And if you are asked how you would answer if someone else asked a hostile question, perhaps this essay is a good response.</p> -<hr class="thin" /> -<h3 style="font-size:1.2em">Footnote</h3> +<hr class="column-limit" /> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> <ol> <li id="ft1">The author uses the gender-neutral third person singular pronouns “person,” “per,” and “pers.”</li> </ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -106,13 +115,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -133,7 +142,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2012, 2017 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2012, 2017, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -143,10 +152,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2017/11/07 21:09:49 $ +$Date: 2021/09/02 08:55:39 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html index 3f78ea9..dd2744e 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html @@ -1,17 +1,23 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural society" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Is Digital Inclusion a Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +ul i { color: brown; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Is Digital Inclusion a Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</h2> <address class="byline">by -<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> - -<p><em>This essay was first published in the proceedings of the ITU's 2009 -Kaleidoscope conference in Mar del Plata, Argentina.</em></p> -<hr class="thin" /> +<a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> <h3 id="intro">INTRODUCTION</h3> @@ -180,21 +186,21 @@ freedom, not price.</p> <p>A program is free/libre if it gives the user these four essential freedoms:<a id="tex2html29" href="#foot113"><sup>16</sup></a></p> -<ul> -<li>0. Freedom to run the program as you wish.</li> +<ul class="no-bullet"> +<li><i>0.</i> Freedom to run the program as you wish.</li> -<li>1. Freedom to study the source code, and change it to make the +<li><i>1.</i> Freedom to study the source code, and change it to make the program do what you wish.</li> -<li>2. Freedom to redistribute and/or republish exact copies. (This +<li><i>2.</i> Freedom to redistribute and/or republish exact copies. (This is the freedom to help your neighbor.)</li> -<li>3. Freedom to distribute and/or publish copies of your modified +<li><i>3.</i> Freedom to distribute and/or publish copies of your modified versions. (This is the freedom to contribute to your community.)</li> </ul> <p>When software is free/libre, the users control what it does. A -non-free or <em>proprietary</em> program is under the control of its +nonfree or <em>proprietary</em> program is under the control of its developer, and functions as an instrument to give the developer control over the users. It may be convenient, or it may not, but in either case it imposes on its users a social system that keeps them @@ -225,7 +231,7 @@ programs,<a id="tex2html34" href="#foot115"><sup>18</sup></a> and millions of users<a id="tex2html36" href="#foot116"><sup>19</sup></a> run the GNU/Linux<a id="tex2html38" -href="#foot117"><sup>20</sup></a>operating system. Thousands of +href="#foot117"><sup>20</sup></a> operating system. Thousands of programmers write useful free software as volunteers.<a id="tex2html40" href="#foot118"><sup>21</sup></a> Companies such as Red Hat, IBM, Oracle, and Google pay programmers to @@ -233,7 +239,7 @@ write free software. I do not know even approximately how many paid free software developers there are; studying the question would be useful. Alexandre Zapolsky of the free software business event Paris Capitale du Libre (<a -href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140402120239/http://paris-libre.org/">http://www.paris-libre.org</a>) said +href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402120239/http://paris-libre.org/">www.paris-libre.org</a>) said in 2007 that the free software companies of France had over 10,000 employees.</p> @@ -316,8 +322,10 @@ however, is that it is no better. For users to have control of their computing, they must avoid SaaS just as they must avoid proprietary software.</p> +<!-- 2021-08-22 http://pdf-express.org unreachable. Now at +https://www.ieee.org/conferences/publishing/pdfexpress.html --> <p>For the preparation of this paper I was invited to use an IEEE site -called <a href="http://pdf-express.org">pdf-express.org</a> to convert +called pdf-express.org to convert my PDF file into one with the embedded fonts required for the conference proceedings. Looking at that site, I concluded that it was an instance of software as a service, and therefore I should not use @@ -532,7 +540,7 @@ digital technology also offers new ways to support the arts.</p> <p>The singer Jane Siberry offers her music for download through her own web site, called <a id="tex2html71" -href="http://janesiberry.com">janesiberry.com</a> in 2010, allowing people to pay +href="https://janesiberry.com">janesiberry.com</a> in 2010, allowing people to pay whatever amount they wish. The average price paid per song was earlier reported to be more than the $.99 that the major record companies charge.<a id="tex2html72" @@ -650,12 +658,12 @@ independently developed free software to access DRM formats should be lawful.</p> <p>To make these changes in laws happen, we need to organize. The -Electronic Frontier Foundation (<a href="http://eff.org">eff.org</a>) +Electronic Frontier Foundation (<a href="https://www.eff.org/">eff.org</a>) campaigns against censorship and surveillance. End Software Patents -(<a href="http://endsoftpatents.org">endsoftpatents.org</a>) campaigns against +(<a href="https://endsoftpatents.org/">endsoftpatents.org</a>) campaigns against software patents. The Free Software Foundation campaigns against DRM through the site -<a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">DefectiveByDesign.org</a>.</p> +<a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/">DefectiveByDesign.org</a>.</p> <h4 id="personally">Defending freedom personally</h4> @@ -705,22 +713,23 @@ This means using free, documented formats, without DRM. It also means not exposing the supposed beneficiaries to surveillance or censorship through the computing practices to which they are being introduced.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3> +<h3 id="footnotes" class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> -<dl> +<dl class="compact" style="font-size:1rem"> <dt id="foot100">… cafe.<a href="#tex2html1"><sup>1</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/beijing-requires-photo-registration-at-all-internet-cafes-by">http://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/beijing-requires-photo-registration-at-all-internet-cafes-by</a>. + href="https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/beijing-requires-photo-registration-at-all-internet-cafes-by">cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/beijing-requires-photo-registration-at-all-internet-cafes-by</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot101">… police<a href="#tex2html3"><sup>2</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/remotely_eavesd_1.html">http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/remotely_eavesd_1.html</a>. + href="https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/remotely_eavesd_1.html">schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/remotely_eavesd_1.html</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot102">… individuals.<a @@ -728,21 +737,21 @@ introduced.</p> <dd>See <!--<a Dead link as of 2021-01-30 href="http://www.newarkspeaks.com/forum/showthread.php?t=5379">--> -http://www.newarkspeaks.com/forum/showthread.php?t=5379<!--</a>-->. +newarkspeaks.com/forum/showthread.php?t=5379<!--</a>-->. </dd> <dt id="foot103">… groups<a href="#tex2html7"><sup>4</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="https://www.aclu.org/fbi-jttf-spying">http://www.aclu.org/fbi-jttf-spying</a>. + href="https://www.aclu.org/fbi-jttf-spying">aclu.org/fbi-jttf-spying</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot104">… “terrorism.”<a href="#tex2html9"><sup>5</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://democracynow.org/2008/9/4/eight_members_of_rnc_activist_group">http://democracynow.org/2008/9/4/eight_members_of_rnc_activist_group</a>. + href="https://www.democracynow.org/2008/9/4/eight_members_of_rnc_activist_group">democracynow.org/2008/9/4/eight_members_of_rnc_activist_group</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot105">… “terrorists.”<a @@ -750,7 +759,7 @@ http://www.newarkspeaks.com/forum/showthread.php?t=5379<!--</a>-->. <dd>See <a href="http://web-old.archive.org/web/20160722044945/http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=7891929"> -http://abcnews.go.com/international/story?id=7891929</a>. +abcnews.go.com/international/story?id=7891929</a> (archived). </dd> <dt id="foot20">… dissidents.<a @@ -763,33 +772,33 @@ http://abcnews.go.com/international/story?id=7891929</a>. href="#tex2html14"><sup>8</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/whos_watching_you/8064333.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/whos_watching_you/8064333.stm</a>. + href="https://www.bbc.com/news/2/hi/programmes/whos_watching_you/8064333.stm">bbc.com/news/2/hi/programmes/whos_watching_you/8064333.stm</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot107">… site.<a href="#tex2html16"><sup>9</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918142631/https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/302161/watchdog_threatens_online_rights_group_11k_fine">https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/302161/watchdog_threatens_online_rights_group_11k_fine</a> (archived). + href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918142631/https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/302161/watchdog_threatens_online_rights_group_11k_fine">computerworld.com.au/article/302161/watchdog_threatens_online_rights_group_11k_fine</a> (archived). </dd> <dt id="foot108">… list.<a href="#tex2html18"><sup>10</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="https://www.smh.com.au/technology/banned-hyperlinks-could-cost-you-11-000-a-day-20090317-gdtf8j.html">https://www.smh.com.au/technology/banned-hyperlinks-could-cost-you-11-000-a-day-20090317-gdtf8j.html</a>. + href="https://www.smh.com.au/technology/banned-hyperlinks-could-cost-you-11-000-a-day-20090317-gdtf8j.html">smh.com.au/technology/banned-hyperlinks-could-cost-you-11-000-a-day-20090317-gdtf8j.html</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot109">… censorship.<a href="#tex2html20"><sup>11</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://netzpolitik.org/2009/the-dawning-of-internet-censorship-in-germany/">http://netzpolitik.org/2009/the-dawning-of-internet-censorship-in-germany/</a>. + href="https://netzpolitik.org/2009/the-dawning-of-internet-censorship-in-germany/">netzpolitik.org/2009/the-dawning-of-internet-censorship-in-germany/</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot110">… Internet.<a href="#tex2html22"><sup>12</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Govt-gearing-up-to-gag-news-websites/articleshow/4562292.cms">http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Govt-gearing-up-to-gag-news-websites/articleshow/4562292.cms</a>. + href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Govt-gearing-up-to-gag-news-websites/articleshow/4562292.cms">timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Govt-gearing-up-to-gag-news-websites/articleshow/4562292.cms</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot28">… animals.<a @@ -803,8 +812,8 @@ http://abcnews.go.com/international/story?id=7891929</a>. href="#tex2html25"><sup>14</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/article24476581.html"> - http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/article24476581.html</a>. + href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922143213/https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/article24476581.html"> + mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/article24476581.html</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot112">… ways.<a @@ -812,22 +821,22 @@ http://abcnews.go.com/international/story?id=7891929</a>. <dd>See <a href="https://www.networkworld.com/article/2255678/20-years-after-tiananmen--china-containing-dissent-online.html"> - http://www.networkworld.com/article/2255678/lan-wan/20-years-after-tiananmen--china-containing-dissent-online.html</a>. + networkworld.com/article/2255678/20-years-after-tiananmen--china-containing-dissent-online.html</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot113">… freedoms:<a href="#tex2html29"><sup>16</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">http://gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>. + href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot114">… divided.<a href="#tex2html31"><sup>17</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="/philosophy/why-free.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a> and + href="/philosophy/why-free.html">gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a> and <a - href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html</a> for other + href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html</a> for other arguments. </dd> @@ -835,56 +844,56 @@ http://abcnews.go.com/international/story?id=7891929</a>. href="#tex2html34"><sup>18</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://directory.fsf.org">http://directory.fsf.org</a>. + href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Main_Page">directory.fsf.org/wiki/Main_Page</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot116">… users<a href="#tex2html36"><sup>19</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption</a>. + href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption">wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot117">… GNU/Linux<a href="#tex2html38"><sup>20</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">http://gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html</a>. + href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot118">… volunteers.<a href="#tex2html40"><sup>21</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/fs-motives.html</a> + href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">gnu.org/philosophy/fs-motives.html</a> for some of their motives. </dd> <dt id="foot119">… user,<a href="#tex2html43"><sup>22</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a -href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313214751/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/08/21/spotify_worse_than_the_nsa/"> -https://web.archive.org/web/20160313214751/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/08/21/spotify_worse_than_the_nsa</a>. +href="https://www.theregister.com/2015/08/21/spotify_worse_than_the_nsa"> +theregister.com/2015/08/21/spotify_worse_than_the_nsa</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot120">… files,<a href="#tex2html45"><sup>23</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://badvista.org">http://badvista.org</a>. + href="https://badvista.fsf.org/">badvista.fsf.org/</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot121">… time.<a href="#tex2html47"><sup>24</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://www.informationweek.com/microsoft-updates-windows-without-user-permission-apologizes/d/d-id/1059183">http://www.informationweek.com/microsoft-updates-windows-without-user-permission-apologizes/d/d-id/1059183</a>. + href="https://www.informationweek.com/government/microsoft-updates-windows-without-user-permission-apologizes">informationweek.com/government/microsoft-updates-windows-without-user-permission-apologizes</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot122">… own.<a href="#tex2html49"><sup>25</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2009/05/microsoft_update_quietly_insta.html">http://voices.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2009/05/microsoft_update_quietly_insta.html</a>. + href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2009/05/microsoft_update_quietly_insta.html">voices.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2009/05/microsoft_update_quietly_insta.html</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot123">… reference.<a @@ -893,36 +902,36 @@ https://web.archive.org/web/20160313214751/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/08/ is only available to be “leased”; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423155515/http://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/IndividualLicenseAgreementforSMPTE_EngineeringDocuments.pdf"> -http://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/IndividualLicenseAgreementforSMPTE_EngineeringDocuments.pdf</a>. +smpte.org/sites/default/files/IndividualLicenseAgreementforSMPTE_EngineeringDocuments.pdf</a> (archived). </dd> <dt id="foot124">… patented.<a href="#tex2html53"><sup>27</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a -href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120307122114/http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/176/n_06-08-17_pr.pdf"> -http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/176/n_06-08-17_pr.pdf</a> (archived). +href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307122114/http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/176/n_06-08-17_pr.pdf"> +mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/176/n_06-08-17_pr.pdf</a> (archived). </dd> <dt id="foot125">… million.<a href="#tex2html56"><sup>28</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/06/jammie-thomas-retrial-verdict.ars">http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/06/jammie-thomas-retrial-verdict.ars</a>. + href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2009/06/jammie-thomas-retrial-verdict/">arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2009/06/jammie-thomas-retrial-verdict/</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot126">… Council.<a href="#tex2html58"><sup>29</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://www.laquadrature.net/fr/hadopi-is-dead-three-strikes-killed-by-highest-court">http://www.laquadrature.net/fr/hadopi-is-dead-three-strikes-killed-by-highest-court</a>. + href="https://www.laquadrature.net/en/2009/06/10/hadopi-is-dead-three-strikes-killed-by-highest-court/">laquadrature.net/en/2009/06/10/hadopi-is-dead-three-strikes-killed-by-highest-court/</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot127">… them.<a href="#tex2html60"><sup>30</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/11/canadian-wish-list-for-secret-acta-treaty-long-varied.ars">http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/11/canadian-wish-list-for-secret-acta-treaty-long-varied.ars</a>. + href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2008/11/canadian-wish-list-for-secret-acta-treaty-long-varied/">arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2008/11/canadian-wish-list-for-secret-acta-treaty-long-varied/</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot128">… “piracy,”<a @@ -936,54 +945,54 @@ http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/176/n_06-08-17_p href="#tex2html64"><sup>32</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">http://gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html</a> for why this propaganda + href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html</a> for why this propaganda term is harmful. </dd> <dt id="foot130">… purpose.<a href="#tex2html66"><sup>33</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/tcpa-faq.html">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/tcpa-faq.html</a>. + href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/tcpa-faq.html">www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/tcpa-faq.html</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot66">… DRM.<a href="#tex2html68"><sup>34</sup></a></dt> <dd>Those publishers, in an act of doublespeak, call it “Digital - Rights Management”. + Rights Management.” </dd> <dt id="foot131">… 200.<a href="#tex2html69"><sup>35</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://www.boingboing.net/2009/01/23/monty-pythons-free-w.html">http://www.boingboing.net/2009/01/23/monty-pythons-free-w.html</a>. + href="https://boingboing.net/2009/01/23/monty-pythons-free-w.html">boingboing.net/2009/01/23/monty-pythons-free-w.html</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot132">… charge.<a href="#tex2html72"><sup>36</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://www.37signals.com/svn/posts/419-jane-siberrys-you-decide-what-feels-right-pricing">http://www.37signals.com/svn/posts/419-jane-siberrys-you-decide-what-feels-right-pricing</a>. + href="https://signalvnoise.com/posts/419-jane-siberrys-you-decide-what-feels-right-pricing">signalvnoise.com/posts/419-jane-siberrys-you-decide-what-feels-right-pricing</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot133">… days.<a href="#tex2html74"><sup>37</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://www.boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html">http://www.boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html</a>. + href="https://boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html">boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot134">… support.<a href="#tex2html76"><sup>38</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php">http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php</a>. + href="https://kk.org/thetechnium/1000-true-fans/">kk.org/thetechnium/1000-true-fans/</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot135">… revenue.<a href="#tex2html78"><sup>39</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="/philosophy/dat.html">http://gnu.org/philosophy/dat.html</a> + href="/philosophy/dat.html">gnu.org/philosophy/dat.html</a> for my 1992 proposal. </dd> @@ -996,7 +1005,7 @@ http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/176/n_06-08-17_p href="#tex2html81"><sup>41</sup></a></dt> <dd>See <a - href="http://stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html">http://stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html</a>. + href="https://stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html">stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html</a>. </dd> <dt id="foot137">… MP3<a @@ -1006,9 +1015,16 @@ reportedly expired. </dd> </dl> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>This essay was first published in the proceedings of the ITU's 2009 +Kaleidoscope conference in Mar del Plata, Argentina.</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -1026,13 +1042,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -1053,7 +1069,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2009, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2009, 2013, 2022 Richard M. Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -1063,7 +1079,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/01/31 17:25:34 $ +$Date: 2022/04/13 13:37:33 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/dmarti-patent.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/dmarti-patent.html index e7516fa..8a9a2c1 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/dmarti-patent.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/dmarti-patent.html @@ -1,16 +1,27 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="thirdparty" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Patent Reform Now - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/dmarti-patent.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Patent Reform Now! Mail USPTO before 12 April 2001!</h2> -<p>by Don Marti <a href="mailto:dmarti@ssc.com"><dmarti@ssc.com></a></p> +<address class="byline">by Don Marti <<a +href="mailto:dmarti@ssc.com">dmarti@ssc.com</a>></address> +<div class="infobox"> <p><em> [This page remains here for historical interest; we will post the results - of this campaign when we hear who who has been put on the committee.] + of this campaign when we hear who has been put on the committee.] </em></p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> 3 April 2001 @@ -28,11 +39,11 @@ doesn't take long, and you can do it by e-mail. <p> Richard M. Stallman, inventor of notable software innovations including the Emacs editor and the software distribution model -“copyleft”, is our choice for the committee. Stallman has +“copyleft,” is our choice for the committee. Stallman has shown reasoned opposition not only to the current trends of patenting other people's work and trivial new developments, but also to the patentability of mathematical algorithms and business -methods. <a href="http://stallman.org/biographies.html#serious">“A serious +methods. <a href="https://stallman.org/biographies.html#serious">“A serious bio”</a> from his web site is the resume he offers; it summarizes his achievements. </p> @@ -56,7 +67,7 @@ advocates. </p> <p>Here is the original notice from the Federal Register (converted from the -<a href="http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/notices/pubadvcomnom.pdf"> +<a href="https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/notices/pubadvcomnom.pdf"> original PDF file</a> on the USPTO site.) </p> @@ -66,7 +77,7 @@ href="mailto:PPACnomination@uspto.gov"><PPACnomination@uspto.gov></a> today. </p> -<hr /> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> <b>DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE @@ -91,7 +102,7 @@ Office </p> <p>On November 29, 1999, the President signed into law the Patent -and Trademark Office Efficiency Act (the ``Act''), Pub. L. 106113, +and Trademark Office Efficiency Act (the “Act”), Pub. L. 106113, Appendix I, Title IV, Subtitle G, 113 Stat. 1501A 572, which, among other things, established two Public Advisory Committees to review the policies, goals, performance, budget and user fees of the United States @@ -150,15 +161,15 @@ terms.</li> <p>The Public Advisory Committees are each composed of nine (9) voting members who are appointed by the Secretary of Commerce (the -``Secretary'') and who have ``substantial backgrounds and achievement in +“Secretary”) and who have “substantial backgrounds and achievement in finance, management, labor relations, science, technology, and office -automation.'' 35 U.S.C. 5(b)(3). The Public Advisory Committee members +automation.” 35 U.S.C. 5(b)(3). The Public Advisory Committee members must be United States citizens and represent the interests of diverse users of the USPTO both large and small entity applicants in proportion to the number of such applications filed. In the case of the Patent Public Advisory Committee, at least twenty-five (25) percent of the -members must represent ``small business concerns, independent inventors, -and nonprofit organizations,'' and at least one member must represent +members must represent “small business concerns, independent inventors, +and nonprofit organizations,” and at least one member must represent the independent inventors' community. 35 U.S.C. 5(b)(2). Each of the Public Advisory Committees also includes three (3) non-voting members representing each labor organization recognized by the USPTO. @@ -239,10 +250,11 @@ Acting Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office.</i></p> <br /> BILLING CODE 351016U </p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p> @@ -265,13 +277,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -296,7 +308,7 @@ of this article.</p> This article is reprinted here with permission from Don Marti. </p> <p> -Copyright © 2001, 2014, Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc. All rights +Copyright © 2001, Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc. All rights reserved.</p> <p> First published on the Linux Journal web site 3 April 2001. Verbatim @@ -308,10 +320,10 @@ medium, provided this notice is preserved. <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/12/26 14:28:40 $ +$Date: 2021/09/02 08:42:02 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/drdobbs-letter.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/drdobbs-letter.html index f34fe4a..8d8aaee 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/drdobbs-letter.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/drdobbs-letter.html @@ -1,17 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-open" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Letter to the Editor of Dr. Dobb's Journal - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Letter to the Editor of Dr. Dobb's Journal</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p> Dear Editor, </p> <p> I am sure you don't realize how ironic it is to associate me and Tim -O'Reilly with “open source”. +O'Reilly with “open source.” </p> <p> If the House Un-American Activities Committee asked me, “Are you @@ -33,7 +41,7 @@ free software movement. </p> <p> Years later, in 1998, another group began operating under the term -“open source”. They have contributed to the free software +“open source.” They have contributed to the free software community in practical ways, but they stand for very different views. They studiously avoid the issues of freedom and principle that we raise in the free software movement; they cite only short-term @@ -72,15 +80,16 @@ Please don't lump us in with the other movement in our community. <p> Sincerely, </p> -<p> - Richard Stallman -President, -Free Software Foundation -</p> +<address> +—<br /> +Richard Stallman<br /> +President,<br /> +Free Software Foundation</address> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -98,19 +107,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -125,20 +134,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2000, 2007, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2000, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:39:59 $ +$Date: 2021/09/11 09:37:22 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html index 6abe5a9..e39819d 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html @@ -1,32 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural access" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>E-books must increase our freedom, not decrease it - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>E-books must increase our freedom, not decrease it</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a></p> - -<p><em>This essay was originally published by <cite>The Guardian</cite>, on 17 April 2012, -as “<a -href="//www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/apr/17/sharing-ebooks-richard-stallman">Technology -Should Help Us Share, Not Constrain Us</a>”, with some surprise editing. This -version incorporates parts of that editing while restoring parts of the original -text.</em></p> - -<div class="announcement"> -<p>Also consider reading <a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html"> -E-Books: Freedom Or Copyright</a>.</p> -</div> -<hr /> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>I love The Jehovah Contract, and I'd like everyone else to love it too. I have lent it out at least six times over the years. Printed books let us do that.</p> -<p>I couldn't do that with most commercial e-books. It's “not allowed”. +<p>I couldn't do that with most commercial e-books. It's “not allowed.” And if I tried to disobey, the software in e-readers has malicious features called Digital Restrictions Management (DRM, for short) to restrict reading, so it simply won't work. The e-books are encrypted so that only @@ -39,7 +33,7 @@ users can't buy a book anonymously with cash. “Kindle” books are typically available from Amazon only, and Amazon makes users identify themselves. Thus, Amazon knows exactly which books each user has read. In a country such as the UK, where you can be <a -href="http://www.stallman.org/archives/2012-mar-jun.html#07_April_2012_%28Wrong_book%29">prosecuted for +href="https://www.stallman.org/archives/2012-mar-jun.html#07_April_2012_%28Wrong_book%29">prosecuted for possessing a forbidden book</a>, this is more than hypothetically Orwellian.</p> @@ -67,13 +61,20 @@ that's not Libre. If a Libre program had malicious features like those, some users skilled at programming would remove them, then provide the corrected version to all the other users. Users can't change non-Libre software, which makes it <a -href="http://www.bostonreview.net/forum/protecting-internet-without-wrecking-it/root-problem-software-controlled-its-developer"> an ideal -instrument for exercising power over the public</a>.</p> +href="https://bostonreview.net/forum_response/root-problem-software-controlled-its-developer/"> +an ideal instrument for exercising power over the public</a>.</p> <p>Any one of these encroachments on our freedom is reason aplenty to say no. If these policies were limited to Amazon, we'd bypass them, but the other e-book dealers' policies are roughly similar.</p> +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<p><a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list +about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> + <p>What worries me most is the prospect of losing the option of printed books. The Guardian has announced “digital-only reads”: in other words, books available only at the price of freedom. I will not read @@ -121,14 +122,27 @@ to be legal, and preventing sharing is no excuse to make e-books into handcuffs for readers. If e-books mean that readers' freedom must either increase or decrease, we must demand the increase.</p> -<blockquote class="announcement"><p> -<a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list -about the dangers of eBooks</a>. -</p></blockquote> +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<p>Also consider reading <a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html"> +E-Books: Freedom Or Copyright</a>.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> + +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>This essay was originally published by <cite>The Guardian</cite>, on 17 April 2012, +as “<a +href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/apr/17/sharing-ebooks-richard-stallman">Technology +Should Help Us Share, Not Constrain Us</a>,” with some surprise editing. This +version incorporates parts of that editing while restoring parts of the original +text.</p> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -146,13 +160,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -173,7 +187,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2012, 2021, 2022 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -183,10 +197,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2017/09/25 09:55:45 $ +$Date: 2022/01/01 17:25:38 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ebooks.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ebooks.html index b7830ec..7c6053d 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ebooks.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ebooks.html @@ -1,23 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural access" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>E-Books: Freedom Or Copyright - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ebooks.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>E-Books: Freedom Or Copyright</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a></p> - -<p><em>This is a slightly modified version of an article published -in <cite>Technology Review</cite> in 2000.</em></p> - -<div class="announcement"> -<p>Also consider reading <a -href="/philosophy/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html">E-books must -increase our freedom, not decrease it</a>.</p> -</div> -<hr /> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>Once upon a time, in the age of the printing press, an industrial regulation was established to cover the business of writing and @@ -68,9 +65,16 @@ Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, a law giving them total legal power over almost anything a reader might do with an e-book. Even reading it without authorization is a crime.</p> +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<p><a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list +about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> + <p>We still have the same old freedoms in using paper books. But if e-books replace printed books, that exception will do little good. -With “electronic ink”, which makes it possible to download +With “electronic ink,” which makes it possible to download new text onto an apparently printed piece of paper, even newspapers could become ephemeral. Imagine: no more used book stores; no more lending a book to your friend; no more borrowing one from the public @@ -108,19 +112,28 @@ as well, since that encourages society to improve them.</p> <p>Eventually, when computer networks provide an easy way to send someone a small amount of money, the whole rationale for restricting verbatim copying will go away. If you like a book, and it pops up a -box saying, “Click here to give the author one dollar”, +box saying, “Click here to give the author one dollar,” wouldn't you click? Copyright for books and music, as it applies to distributing verbatim unmodified copies, will be entirely obsolete. And not a moment too soon!</p> -<blockquote class="announcement"> -<p><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing -list about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</p> -</blockquote> +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<p>Also consider reading <a +href="/philosophy/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html">E-books must +increase our freedom, not decrease it</a>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>This is a slightly modified version of an article published in +<cite>Technology Review</cite> in 2000.</p> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -138,16 +151,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2000, 2016 Richard Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2000, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -157,10 +187,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2016/11/18 06:31:39 $ +$Date: 2021/09/11 09:37:22 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/eldred-amicus.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/eldred-amicus.html index 107f3eb..28ddb50 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/eldred-amicus.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/eldred-amicus.html @@ -1,27 +1,44 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.78 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae, Eldred v. Ashcroft - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +#content .emph-box { background: none; } +#content h3 { text-align: center; } +.signature { text-align: right; margin-right: 10%; } +.signature address { display: inline-block; text-align: left; font-style: normal; } +.infobox h4 { font-weight: normal; font-size: 1em; text-indent: -1em; } +.infobox ul, .infobox ul li { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } +--></style> <meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, GNU, Linux, freedom, software, power, rights, copyright, extension, opinion, eldred, ashcroft, mickey mouse, law, disney, sonny bono, retroactive, perpetual" /> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> -<h2>FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae, Eldred v. Ashcroft</h2> - +<h2 class="c">FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae, Eldred v. Ashcroft</h2> <!-- original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds * revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan * with significant contributions from: Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others --> -<p> -[ This file is also available +<div class="infobox"> +<p class="c"> +[This document is also available in <a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.ps">PostScript</a> -and <a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.pdf">PDF</a> formats. ] +and <a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.pdf">PDF</a> formats.] </p> +</div> -<p style="text-align:center"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="emph-box c" style="background: none"> +<p> No. 01-618 <br /> <br /> @@ -55,8 +72,9 @@ in Support of Petitioners</b> <br /> </p> -<ul> -<li>E<small>BEN </small>M<small>OGLEN</small> +<div class="signature"> +<address> +E<small>BEN </small>M<small>OGLEN</small> <br /> <i>Counsel of record</i> <br /> 435 West 116th Street @@ -65,12 +83,12 @@ New York, NY 10027 <br /> (212) 854-8382 <br /> <br /> Counsel for <i>Amicus Curiae</i> - -</li> -</ul> +</address> +</div> +</div> -<h3 style="text-align:center" -id="SECTION01000000000000000000">Question Presented</h3> +<div class="emph-box"> +<h3 id="SECTION01000000000000000000">Question Presented</h3> <ol> <li>Did the Court of Appeals err in holding that, under the Copyright @@ -78,45 +96,47 @@ Clause, Congress may indefinitely extend the term of existing copyrights by <i>seriatim</i> adoption of nominally “limited” extensions?</li> </ol> +</div> -<h4 id="SECTION02000000000000000000">Contents</h4> +<div class="toc"> +<h3 id="SECTION02000000000000000000">Contents</h3> <!--Table of Contents--> <ul> <li><a id="tex2html16" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION01000000000000000000">Question + href="#SECTION01000000000000000000">Question Presented</a></li> <li><a id="tex2html17" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION02000000000000000000">Contents</a></li> + href="#SECTION02000000000000000000">Contents</a></li> <li><a id="tex2html18" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION03000000000000000000">Table of + href="#SECTION03000000000000000000">Table of Authorities</a></li> <li><a id="tex2html19" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION04000000000000000000">Interest + href="#SECTION04000000000000000000">Interest of <i>Amicus Curiae</i></a></li> <li><a id="tex2html20" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION05000000000000000000">Summary of + href="#SECTION05000000000000000000">Summary of Argument</a></li> <li><a id="tex2html21" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06000000000000000000">Argument</a> + href="#SECTION06000000000000000000">Argument</a> <ul> <li><a id="tex2html22" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06010000000000000000">The Framers + href="#SECTION06010000000000000000">I. The Framers Intended Copyright to Be a Statutory Monopoly Awarded to Works of Authorship For A Strictly Limited Time</a></li> <li><a id="tex2html23" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06020000000000000000">The Historical + href="#SECTION06020000000000000000">II. The Historical Policy Embodied in the Copyright Clause is Absolutely Essential to Reconcile the Copyright Monopoly with the System of Free Expression</a> <ul> <li><a id="tex2html24" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06021000000000000000">Indefinite + href="#SECTION06021000000000000000">A. Indefinite Extension of the Term of Monopoly on Existing Works of Authorship is Incompatible with Both the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment</a></li> <li><a id="tex2html25" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06022000000000000000">The Fifth + href="#SECTION06022000000000000000">B. The Fifth Amendment Prohibits Legislative Action Such as This With Respect to Physical Property Rights, and There Is No Constitutional Justification for Permitting What Cannot Be Done with Mere Property @@ -124,99 +144,107 @@ copyrights by <i>seriatim</i> adoption of nominally </ul> </li> <li><a id="tex2html26" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06030000000000000000">Particular + href="#SECTION06030000000000000000">III. Particular Dangers of Abuse and Corruption Justify Strict Constitutional Scrutiny When the Term of Statutory Monopolies is Extended</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a id="tex2html27" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION07000000000000000000">Conclusion</a></li> + href="#SECTION07000000000000000000">Conclusion</a></li> </ul> <!--End of Table of Contents--> +</div> + +<div class="infobox c"> <h3 id="SECTION03000000000000000000">Table of Authorities</h3> -<p> +<div class="nocenter" style="display:inline-block"> +<h4> <i>Cases</i> -</p> +</h4> -<p> -Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919) 10 -<br /> +<ul> +<li>Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919) 10 +</li><li> Darcy v. Allen, (The Case of Monopolies), <br /> 11 Co. Rep. 84 (1603) 5 -<br /> +</li><li> Eldred v. Reno, 239 F.3d 372 (CADC 2001) 7, <i>passim</i> -<br /> +</li><li> Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone <br /> Service, Co., Inc., 499 U.S. 340 (1991) 7,11,12 -<br /> +</li><li> Goldstein v. California, 412 U.S. 546 (1973) 12 -<br /> +</li><li> Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation <br /> Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539 (1985) 9 -<br /> +</li><li> Hawaii Housing Authority v. <br /> Midkiff, 467 U.S. 229 (1984) 14 -<br /> +</li><li> New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) 10 -<br /> +</li><li> Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, <br /> 521 U.S. 844 (1997) 10 -<br /> +</li><li> San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. <br /> United States Olympic Committee, <br /> 483 U.S. 522 (1987) 9 -<br /> +</li><li> Schnapper v. Foley, 667 F.2d 102 (CADC 1981) 11 -<br /> +</li><li> Singer Mfg. Co. v. June Mfg. Co., 163 U.S. 169 (1896) 11 -<br /> +</li><li> Trademark Cases, 100 U.S. 82 (1879) 11 -<br /> +</li><li> West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, <br /> 319 U.S. 624 (1943) 10 -</p> +</li> +</ul> -<p> +<h4> <i>Constitutions, Statutes, and Regulations</i> -</p> +</h4> -<p> +<ul> +<li> U.S. Const. Art. I, §8, cl. 8 3, <i>passim</i> -<br /> +</li><li> U.S. Const. Amend. I 7, <i>passim</i> -<br /> +</li><li> U.S. Const. Amend. V 13,14 -<br /> +</li><li> Copyright Act of 1709 (Statute of Anne), <br /> 8 Anne, c. 19 6 -<br /> +</li><li> Copyright Act of 1790, 1 Stat. 124 6 -<br /> +</li><li> Sonny Bono Copyright Term <br /> Extension Act, Pub. L. No. 105-298, <br /> Title I, 112 Stat. 2827 3, <i>passim</i> -<br /> +</li><li> Statute of Monopolies, 21 Jac. I, c. 3 5 -</p> +</li> +</ul> -<p> +<h4> <i>Other Materials</i> -</p> +</h4> -<p> +<ul> +<li> Yochai Benkler, Free as the Air to Common <br /> Use: First Amendment Constraints on @@ -224,42 +252,47 @@ Use: First Amendment Constraints on Enclosure of the Public Domain, <br /> 74 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 354 (1999) 8 -<br /> +</li><li> William Blackstone, Commentaries on <br /> the Laws of England (1769) 5 -<br /> +</li><li> The Charter and General Laws of the Colony <br /> and Province of Massachusetts Bay (Boston, 1814) 6 -<br /> +</li><li> 144 Cong. Rec. H9951 (daily ed. Oct. 7, 1998) 3 -<br /> +</li><li> Thomas I. Emerson, The System of Freedom <br /> of Expression (1970) 9 -<br /> +</li><li> Max Farrand, The Records of the Federal <br /> Convention of 1787 (1937) 6 -<br /> +</li><li> George Lee Haskins, Law and Authority <br /> in Early Massachusetts (1960) 6 -<br /> +</li><li> Melville B. Nimmer, Does Copyright Abridge <br /> the First Amendment Guaranties of Free Speech <br /> and the Press?, 17 UCLA L. Rev. 1180 (1970) 8 -<br /> +</li><li> Mark Rose, Authors and Owners: <br /> The Invention of Copyright (1993) 6 -<br /> +</li><li> Cecily Violet Wedgwood, The King's Peace (1955) 5 -</p> +</li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="emph-box c"> <p> No. 01-618 <br /> @@ -293,6 +326,7 @@ in Support of Petitioners</b> <br /> <br /> </p> +</div> <h3 id="SECTION04000000000000000000">Interest of <i>Amicus Curiae</i></h3> @@ -393,9 +427,9 @@ our tradition demand no less.</p> <h3 id="SECTION06000000000000000000">Argument</h3> -<h3 id="SECTION06010000000000000000">The Framers Intended Copyright +<h4 id="SECTION06010000000000000000">I. The Framers Intended Copyright to Be a Statutory Monopoly Awarded to Works of Authorship For A -Strictly Limited Time</h3> +Strictly Limited Time</h4> <p> The words “for limited Times” appear in the Copyright @@ -475,9 +509,9 @@ cessation of enlargements to the public domain, capped by the statute before the Court, which postpones the reversion on every single existing copyright for decades.</p> -<h3 id="SECTION06020000000000000000">The Historical Policy Embodied +<h4 id="SECTION06020000000000000000">II. The Historical Policy Embodied in the Copyright Clause is Absolutely Essential to Reconcile the -Copyright Monopoly with the System of Free Expression</h3> +Copyright Monopoly with the System of Free Expression</h4> <p> As important as the principle of limited time is in the general @@ -579,9 +613,9 @@ and in relation to the purposes established by the Copyright Clause itself, the Court of Appeals failed in its duty to protect the invaluable interests of the system of free expression.</p> -<h4 id="SECTION06021000000000000000">Indefinite Extension of the +<h5 id="SECTION06021000000000000000">A. Indefinite Extension of the Term of Monopoly on Existing Works of Authorship is Incompatible with -Both the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment</h4> +Both the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment</h5> <p> Precisely because the creation of exclusive rights in expressions @@ -660,11 +694,11 @@ result rejected by this Court in <i>Feist</i>: telephone directories are undeniably “writings” in the same crabbed sense that the term extension contained in the CTEA is “limited.”</p> -<h4 id="SECTION06022000000000000000">The Fifth Amendment Prohibits +<h5 id="SECTION06022000000000000000">B. The Fifth Amendment Prohibits Legislative Action Such as This With Respect to Physical Property Rights, and There Is No Constitutional Justification for Permitting What Cannot Be Done with Mere Property to be Done with Free -Expression</h4> +Expression</h5> <p> On the logic of the Court of Appeals' holding, which is apparently @@ -728,9 +762,9 @@ law in effect at the time the particular statutory monopolies at issue were granted, had it not been for unconstitutional Congressional interference.</p> -<h3 id="SECTION06030000000000000000">Particular Dangers of Abuse and +<h4 id="SECTION06030000000000000000">III. Particular Dangers of Abuse and Corruption Justify Strict Constitutional Scrutiny When the Term of -Statutory Monopolies is Extended</h3> +Statutory Monopolies is Extended</h4> <p> During the first century of our Republic, the term of copyright was @@ -778,13 +812,11 @@ decision of the Court of Appeals should be reversed.</p> <p> Respectfully submitted. -<br /> -<br /> -<br /> </p> -<ul> -<li>E<small>BEN </small>M<small>OGLEN</small> +<div class="signature"> +<address> +E<small>BEN </small>M<small>OGLEN</small> <br /> <i>Counsel of record</i> <br /> 435 West 116th Street @@ -793,12 +825,12 @@ New York, NY 10027 <br /> (212) 854-8382 <br /> <br /> Counsel for <i>Amicus Curiae</i> -</li> -</ul> +</address> +</div> +<div class="infobox"> <hr /> - -<ul> +<ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="foot151" href="#tex2html1"><sup>1</sup></a> Counsel for both parties have consented to the filing of this brief, and those consents have been filed with the Clerk of this Court. No counsel for @@ -827,11 +859,12 @@ mandated requirement of originality: Congress cannot elect to preserve books, films, or music by conveying to the conservator a statutory monopoly of copying and distribution lasting decades.</li> </ul> - +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -849,13 +882,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -886,10 +919,10 @@ notice, and the copyright notice, are preserved.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/12/08 22:02:36 $ +$Date: 2021/09/04 09:33:04 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/enforcing-gpl.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/enforcing-gpl.html index e440c0e..55a0dd6 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/enforcing-gpl.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/enforcing-gpl.html @@ -1,12 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing copyleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Enforcing the GNU GPL - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/enforcing-gpl.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Enforcing the GNU GPL</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/"><strong>Eben Moglen</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/">Eben +Moglen</a> <a href="#moglen"><sup>[*]</sup></a></address> + <p><em>10 September 2001</em></p> <p>Microsoft's anti-GPL offensive this summer has sparked renewed @@ -180,14 +189,19 @@ has been as unusual as our way of doing software, but that's just the point. Free software matters because it turns out that the different way is the right way after all.</p> -<p><cite> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p id="moglen">[*] Eben Moglen is professor of law and legal history at Columbia University Law School. He serves without fee as General Counsel of the Free Software Foundation. -</cite></p> +</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -205,13 +219,13 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <p>Copyright © 2001 Eben Moglen</p> @@ -223,10 +237,10 @@ any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:00 $ +$Date: 2021/10/03 08:44:33 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/essays-and-articles.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/essays-and-articles.html index 411352b..1051e73 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/essays-and-articles.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/essays-and-articles.html @@ -1,68 +1,89 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> <!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> - <title>Essays and Articles - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +.toc { margin-bottom: 1em; } +.toc ul { font-weight: normal; } +.toc > ul > li { list-style-type: none; font-weight: bold; } +@media (min-width:55em) { .toc > ul > li { display: inline-block; width: 95%; }} +.reduced-width > h3 { margin-top: 1.5em; border-bottom: 2px solid #bbb; } + ul.no-bullet li { text-indent: -1.5em; } + .date-tag { font-size: .875em; position: relative; bottom: .05em; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - -<div id="education-content"> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.html" --> - -</div> <!-- id="education-content" --> <!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> -<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" --><!--#else --> -<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" --> -<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> -<!--#endif --> -<!--#endif --> +<div class="reduced-width"> <h2>Essays and Articles</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> -<div class="summary"> -<h3 class="no-display">Table of Contents</h3> -<ul> - <li><a href="#aboutfs">About Free Software</a></li> - <li><a href="#aboutgnu">About the GNU Operating System</a></li> - <li><a href="#LicensingFreeSoftware">Licensing Free Software</a></li> - <li><a href="#Laws">Laws and Issues</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="#patents">Patents</a></li> - <li><a href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li> - <li><a href="#drm">Digital Restrictions Management</a></li> - <li><a href="#noip">The propaganda term “Intellectual Property”</a></li> - <li><a href="#ns">Network Services</a></li> - <li><a href="#cultural">Cultural and Social Issues</a></li> - <li><a href="#misc">Misc</a></li> - </ul></li> - <li><a href="#terminology">Terminology and Definitions</a></li> - <li><a href="#upholding">Upholding Software Freedom</a></li> - <li><a href="#humor">Philosophical Humor</a></li> -</ul> -<hr class="no-display" /> -</div> - +<div class="comment"> <p>This page lists a series of articles describing the philosophy of the free software movement, which is the motivation for our development of the free software operating system GNU.</p> -<p>A <a href="/philosophy/latest-articles.html">list of the latest -published articles</a> is also available.</p> +<p>The most important articles are marked with asterisks, and listed first +in each category. The other ones are in reverse chronological order.</p> +</div> -<p> -<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... --> -<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">We</a> -<a id="FreedomOrganizations">also</a> -<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the --> -<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users --> -<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len --> -keep a list of -<a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations -that Work for Freedom in -Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>.</p> +<div class="toc"> +<h3 class="no-display">Table of Contents</h3> +<ul class="columns"> + <li><a href="#aboutfs">About Free Software</a> + <ul> + <li><a href="#principles">Principles</a></li> + <li><a href="#practice">Practice</a></li> + <li><a href="#extension">Extension to other areas</a></li> + <li><a href="#mix">Mixing free and nonfree</a></li> + <li><a href="#free-open">Free software and open source</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#upholding">Upholding Software Freedom</a> + <ul> + <li><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">The GNU Project</a></li> + <li><a href="#fsmovement">The free software movement</a></li> + <li><a href="#need">The need for free software</a></li> + <li><a href="#action">Guide for action</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#LicensingFreeSoftware">Licensing Free Software</a> + <ul> + <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.html">General information</a></li> + <li><a href="#copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> + <li><a href="#non-copyleft">Non-copyleft</a></li> + <li><a href="#traps">Licensing traps</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#Laws">Legal Issues</a> + <ul> + <li><a href="#patents">Patents</a></li> + <li><a href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li> + <li><a href="#noip">The propaganda term “Intellectual + Property”</a></li> + <li><a href="#sco">Response to SCO's attacks</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#cultural">Cultural and Social Issues</a> + <ul> + <li><a href="#society">Digital society</a></li> + <li><a href="#drm">Digital restrictions management</a></li> + <li><a href="#ns">Network services</a></li> + <li><a href="#access">Accessing culture</a></li> + <li><a href="#funding">Funding cultural works</a></li> + <li><a href="#evils">Surveillance, censorship, lock-in, etc.</a></li> + <li><a href="/proprietary/proprietary.html">Proprietary malware</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#terminology">Terminology and Definitions</a></li> + <li><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Philosophical Humor</a></li> +</ul> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> <h3 id="aboutfs">About Free Software</h3> <p> @@ -73,555 +94,983 @@ gasoline—in that it can be copied and changed much more easily. These possibilities make software as useful as it is; we believe software users should be able to make use of them.</p> -<ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free Software?</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Why - Software Should Not Have Owners</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">Why - Software Should Be Free</a> (This is an older and longer - essay about the same topic as the previous one)</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Why Free Software Needs - Free Documentation</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/when-free-depends-on-nonfree.html"> - When Free Software Depends on Nonfree</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free Software</a> is OK!</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and - Non-Free Software</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html"> FLOSS and FOSS</a></li> - <li><a href="/software/reliability.html">Free Software is More Reliable!</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/when-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.html"> - When Free Software Isn't (Practically) Superior</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why - “Open Source” misses the point of Free Software</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">How Free Software and - Open Source Relate as Categories of Programs</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html">Linux, GNU, and - Freedom</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/gnutella.html" - id="Gnutella">Regarding Gnutella</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/schools.html">Why Schools Should Use - Exclusively Free Software</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/my_doom.html">MyDoom and You</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html"> - 15 Years of Free Software</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.html">Free Software movement</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html"> - Your Freedom Needs Free Software</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html"> - Motives For Writing Free Software</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Measures - Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/uruguay.html">Lesson from Uruguay</a>. The FSF - learned something from a bill presented in Uruguay.</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/programs-must-not-limit-freedom-to-run.html"> - Why programs must not limit the freedom to run them</a> — - Freedom 0 must not be limited.</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/imperfection-isnt-oppression.html"> - Imperfection is not the same as oppression</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.html"> - Applying the Free Software Criteria</a></li> +<h4 id="principles">Principles</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1996… ]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html"> + What is Free Software?</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2015]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"> + Free Software Is Even More Important Now</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1996]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/selling.html"> + Selling Free Software</a> + — This is OK!</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2012]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/programs-must-not-limit-freedom-to-run.html"> + Why programs must not limit the freedom to run them</a> + (by RMS) + — Freedom 0 must not be limited.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2007]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html"> + Your Freedom Needs Free Software</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1994]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/why-free.html"> + Why Software Should Not Have Owners</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1991]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html"> + Why Software Should Be Free</a> + (by RMS) + — An older and longer essay about the same topic as the + previous one.</li> </ul> -<h3 id="aboutgnu">About the GNU Operating System</h3> - -<ul> - <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Initial announcement of - the GNU Operating System</a></li> - <li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">The GNU Manifesto</a></li> - <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">Brief history of the GNU Project</a></li> - <li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">The GNU Project</a>, - a longer and more complete description of the project and its - history.</li> - <li><a href="/fsf/fsf.html">The official website of the Free Software Foundation</a></li> - <li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></li> +<h4 id="practice">Practice</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1999-2011]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/when-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.html"> + When Free Software Isn't (Practically) Superior</a> + (by Benjamin Mako Hill)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2015]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.html"> + Applying the Free Software Criteria</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2014]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/imperfection-isnt-oppression.html"> + Imperfection is not the same as oppression</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2011]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html"> + Android and Users' Freedom</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1997-2011]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/software/reliability.html"> + Free Software is More Reliable!</a></li> </ul> -<h3 id="LicensingFreeSoftware">Licensing Free Software</h3> - -<ul> - <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.html">General information on licensing - and copyleft</a></li> - <li><a href="/licenses/license-list.html">A list of free and nonfree - licenses, with comments</a>.</li> - <li><a href="/licenses/gpl-faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions About - the GNU Licenses</a></li> - <li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">Why You Shouldn't Use the - Lesser GPL for Your Next Library</a></li> - <li><a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">Copyleft</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">Why Copyleft?</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/university.html">Releasing Free Software if - You Work at a University</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">Javascript Trap</a>. - You may be running nonfree programs on your computer - every day without realizing it—through your web browser.</li> - <li><a href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html"> - Censorship envy and licensing</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/x.html">The X Window System Trap</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/apsl.html">The Problems of the Apple License</a></li> - <li><a href="/licenses/bsd.html">The BSD License Problem</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html">The Netscape Public License - Has Serious Problems</a>. An <a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html"> - earlier version of this article</a> is also available.</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/udi.html">The Free Software Movement and UDI</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.html">It's not the Gates, it's the - bars</a>, an article by Richard Stallman published in BBC News in - 2008.</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">Is Microsoft the Great Satan?</a> - (An <a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">older version</a> of - this article is also available.)</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.html">The Microsoft - Antitrust Trial and Free Software</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.html">On the Microsoft Verdict</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.html"> - Microsoft's New Monopoly</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html"> - Lest CodePlex perplex</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.html" id="PlanNineLicense"> - The Problems of the Plan 9 License</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/motif.html" id="MotifLicense"> - The New Motif License</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/using-gfdl.html" id="UsingGFDL">Using the GNU FDL</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html" id="GPLAmericanWay"> - The GNU GPL and the American Way</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.html" id="GPLAmericanDream"> - The GNU GPL and the American Dream</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html" id="EnforcingGPL"> - Enforcing the GNU GPL</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html"> - On Selling Exceptions to the GNU GPL</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html" id="FreedomOrPower"> - Freedom or Power?</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html" id="NoWordAttachments"> - We Can Put an End to Word Attachments</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html" id="JavaTrap"> - Free But Shackled - The Java Trap</a> (Although Sun has - <a href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html"> - relicensed</a> most of its Java platform reference implementation - under the GNU General Public License, the issue described in this - article still remains important.)</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.html">GPL-compliant version - of RTLinux Open Patent License in Works</a></li> +<h4 id="extension">Extension to other areas</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1996]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html"> + Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2020]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/free-software-rocket.html"> + Should Rockets Have Only Free Software? Free Software and Appliances</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2015]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.html"> + Free Hardware and Free Hardware Designs</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2015]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/loyal-computers.html"> + What Does It Mean for Your Computer to Be Loyal?</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2012]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html"> + Network Services Aren't Free or Nonfree; They Raise Other Issues</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2000]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/gnutella.html" id="Gnutella"> + Regarding Gnutella</a></li> </ul> -<h3 id="Laws">Laws and Issues</h3> - -<p><a href="/philosophy/stallmans-law.html">Stallman's Law</a></p> - -<h4 id="patents">Patents</h4> - -<ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html">Giving the Software - Field Protection from Patents</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/w3c-patent.html">FSF's Position on W3 - Consortium “Royalty-Free” Patent Policy</a> - rewritten</li> - - <li>How to Protect the <a href="/philosophy/protecting.html">Right - to Write Software</a> (whether it's free or not).</li> - - <li>In <a href="https://www.eff.org/press/releases/princeton-scientists-sue-over-squelched-research"> - Felten v. RIAA</a>, scientists are asking a court to rule that the - Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) does not prohibit them from - publishing their research.</li> - - <li><a href="https://www.eff.org/search/site/dvd cases/">EFF - “Intellectual Property”: MPAA (Motion Picture Association of - America) DVD Cases Archive</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">Patent - Reform Is Not Enough</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.html">Saving Europe from - Software Patents</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">Europe's - “unitary patent” could mean unlimited software patents</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon.html">Boycott Amazon!</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon-nat.html">Amazon Boycott Success!</a>, a - letter from Nat Friedman to Richard Stallman.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html">Letter from RMS to Tim - O'Reilly</a> in regard to a statement by Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon, on - the duration of software patents.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/amazonpatent.html">Amazon's patent on a system - for placing a purchase order over the internet</a>, with notes by Richard - Stallman.</li> - - <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064858/http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf" - id="SequentialIPandI">Sequential Innovation, Patents, and - Imitation</a> is a paper that presents a mathematical model showing - how patents can impede progress in fields like software.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/hague.html">Harm from the Hague</a>.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.html">Opposing The European - Software Patent Directive</a>, a slightly modified version of the - article originally published in <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/international"> - The Guardian</a> of London, by Richard Stallman and Nick Hill.</li> - - <li><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/aug/02/comment.business"> - Soft sell</a>. Richard Stallman's comments on the defeat of the EU - software patenting directive. Published in <i>The Guardian</i> in 2005.</li> - - <li><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.insideit"> - Patent absurdity</a>, an article by Richard M. Stallman published in - <i>The Guardian</i> in 2005.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/bill-gates-and-other-communists.html">Bill Gates - and Other Communists</a>. An article by Richard Stallman published - in CNET News.com in 2005.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html">The Anatomy of a - Trivial Patent</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html" id="FightingSoftwarePatents"> - Fighting Software Patents - Singly and Together</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/software-patents.html">Software patents — - Obstacles to software development</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html" id="SoftwareLiteraryPatents"> - Software Patents and Literary Patents</a>, by Richard M. Stallman. - Speaking of patenting artistic techniques, US patent (6,935,954) - covers making game characters start to hallucinate when (according to - the game) they are being driven insane. That is getting pretty close - to the hypothetical examples cited in this article.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/gif.html">Why there are no GIF files on GNU web - pages</a>. While this story is a historical illustration of the danger of - software patents, these particular patents are now no longer a concern. - For details of our website - <a href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics"> - policies regarding GIFs</a>, see our <a href="/server/standards/"> - web guidelines</a>.</li> +<h4 id="mix">Mixing free and nonfree</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2016]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/when-free-depends-on-nonfree.html"> + When Free Software Depends on Nonfree</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2013]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.html"> + Is It Ever a Good Thing to Use a Nonfree Program?</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.html"> + Thank You, Larry McVoy</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1998]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/udi.html"> + The Free Software Movement and UDI</a> + (by RMS)</li> </ul> -<h4 id="copyright">Copyright</h4> - -<ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">When a Company Asks - For Your Copyright</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">Why I Will Not Sign - the Public Domain Manifesto</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.html">How the Swedish Pirate Party - Platform Backfires on Free Software</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">Misinterpreting - Copyright</a> is another essay by Richard Stallman about the - flaws in popular defenses of copyright law.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html">FSF's Brief Amicus - Curiae in the Eldred v. Ashcroft Supreme Court case</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html">Science must - “push copyright aside”</a>, another work of <a - href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard Stallman</a> that appeared in - the <a - href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050729110347/http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html"> - Nature Webdebates</a> in 2001, explains how copyright is impeding - progress in scientific research. You may also be interested in <a - href="https://www.plos.org/">The Public Library of - Science</a>, which is dedicated to making scientific research freely - available to all on the Internet.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html">Reevaluating - Copyright: The Public must prevail</a></li> - - <li><a href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/cyber/complaint_orig.html"> - Eldred v. Reno</a> is about a lawsuit to overturn a law that extends - copyright by 20 extra years.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html">Freedom-Or - Copyright?</a>, by Richard Stallman (an <a - href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.html">older version</a> of - this essay remains online as well.)</li> - - <li>An <a href="https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/archive/downloads/research/gpl/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf"> - English translation of the famous - decision of the District Court of Munich</a> regarding the enforceability and - validity of the GPL. The translation was done by the Oxford Internet - Institute.</li> - <!-- This link is broken - <li><a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm">Examples of - Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li> - --> +<h4 id="free-open">Free software and open source</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2007-2021]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> + Why “Open Source” Misses the Point of Free Software</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2015]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html"> + How Free Software and Open Source Relate as Categories of Programs</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2013]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html"> + FLOSS and FOSS</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2002]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html"> + Linux, GNU, and Freedom</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html"> + Letter from RMS to the Editor of Dr. Dobb's Journal</a> + on the distinction between open source and the free software movement.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1998]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html"> + “Open Source Software” or “Free Software”?</a> + (replaced by <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> + Why “Open Source” Misses the Point of Free Software</a>)</li> </ul> -<h4 id="drm">Digital Restrictions Management</h4> -<ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/correcting-france-mistake.html"> - Correcting My Mistake about French Law</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">The problem is - software controlled by its developer</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">Computing - “progress”: good and bad</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.html">Opposing Digital Rights - Mismanagement</a>, by Richard M. Stallman, answers a few common - questions about DRM.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html">Ebooks: Freedom Or - Copyright</a> a slightly modified version of the article, originally - published in Technology Review in 2000, by Richard Stallman</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html"> - Ebooks must increase our freedom, not decrease it</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">Can you trust your - computer?</a>, a work by Richard Stallman about the so-called - “trusted computing” initiatives.</li> +<h3 id="upholding">Upholding Software Freedom</h3> - <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">The Right to Read: A - Dystopian Short Story</a> by Richard Stallman.</li> +<h4>The GNU Project</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">The GNU Operating System</a> + — History, relationship with Linux, etc.</li> </ul> -<h4 id="noip">The propaganda -term <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty"> -“Intellectual Property”</a></h4> - -<ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">The Curious History of - Komongistan (Busting the term “intellectual property”)</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html">Don't Let - “Intellectual Property” Twist Your Ethos</a>, by - Richard Stallman.</li> - - <li>Comments from Richard Stallman - on <a href="/philosophy/ipjustice.html">the ICLC's rejection of the - IP Enforcement Directive</a></li> - - <li>Richard Stallman has - written <a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html">a review of - Boldrin and Levine's “The case against intellectual - property.”</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">Did You Say - “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive Mirage</a>. - An essay on the true meaning of the phrase “Intellectual - Property”, by Richard M. Stallman.</li> +<h4 id="fsmovement">The free software movement</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a href="https://www.fsf.org/"> + The official website of the Free Software Foundation</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2004]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/use-free-software.html"> + The Free Software Community After 20 Years</a> + (by RMS) + — With great but incomplete success, what now?</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html"> + 15 Years of Free Software</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.html"> + Free Software Movement</a></li> </ul> -<h4 id="ns">Network Services</h4> -<ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html"> - Network Services Aren't Free or Nonfree; They Raise Other Issues</a> an - article by Richard Stallman.</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who - does that server really serve?</a> by Richard Stallman published - in <a href="http://www.bostonreview.net/richard-stallman-free-software-DRM"> - Boston Review.</a></li> +<h4 id="need">The need for free software</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2011-2017]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html"> + Measures Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2009-2014]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/education/edu-schools.html"> + Why Schools Should Use Exclusively Free Software</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2014]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html"> + Technological Neutrality and Free Software</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2013]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/uruguay.html"> + Lesson from Uruguay</a> + — The FSF learned something from a bill presented in Uruguay.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html"> + Free Software and (e-)Government</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/fs-and-sustainable-development.html"> + Free Software and Sustainable Development</a> + (by RMS) + — A short article regarding the use of proprietary software in + cultural development.</li> </ul> -<h4 id="cultural">Cultural and Social Issues</h4> - -<ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.html">Anonymous - Payment by Phone</a></li> - - <li><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/03/facebook-abusing-data-law-privacy-big-tech-surveillance"> - A radical proposal to keep your personal data safe</a>, by Richard - Stallman</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/surveillance-testimony.html">Surveillance - Testimony</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.html"> - Why the Devil's Advocate Doesn't Help Reach the Truth</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/hackathons.html"> +<h4 id="action">Guide for action</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2020]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/saying-no-even-once.html"> + Saying No to unjust computing even once is help</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2009]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html"> + Motives For Writing Free Software</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2002-2020]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html" id="NoWordAttachments"> + We Can Put an End to Word Attachments</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2019]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/install-fest-devil.html"> + Install Fests: What to Do about the Deal with the Devil</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2019]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/upgrade-windows.html"> + What Is the Right Way to Upgrade an Installation of Windows?</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2018]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/kind-communication.html"> + GNU Kind Communications Guidelines</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2017]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/hackathons.html"> Why Hackathons Should Insist on Free Software</a> - by Richard Stallman</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html"> - Technological Neutrality and Free Software</a> - by Richard Stallman</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">How Much - Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand?</a> by Richard Stallman</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/nonfree-games.html">Nonfree DRM'd Games on - GNU/Linux: Good or Bad?</a> by Richard Stallman.</li> - - <li> <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman"> - Digital economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh - away</a>, by Richard Stallman.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html"> - Is Digital Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</a> - By Richard Stallman.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/wsis.html">World Summit on the Information - Society</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/wassenaar.html">Encryption software - volunteers needed in countries without export control</a>.</li> - - <li>How to Protect the <a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html"> - Freedoms of Speech, Press, and Association</a> on the Internet.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/privacyaction.html">Protect Postal - Privacy</a>, a campaign to resist the proposed rule by the United - States Postal Service to collect private information from - customers.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.html">Why We Must Fight UCITA</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">Free Software and - (e-)Government</a> — an article from The Guardian, by Richard - Stallman (originally published under the title “Second - Sight”).</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-and-sustainable-development.html"> - Free Software and Sustainable Development</a> — A short - article by Richard Stallman regarding the use of proprietary - software in cultural development.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html"> - Keep control of your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a></li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html"> - A wise user judges each Internet usage scenario carefully</a></li> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2014]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/contradictory-support.html"> + Beware of Contradictory “Support”</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2012]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.html"> + Why the Devil's Advocate Doesn't Help Reach the Truth</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2010]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/practical.html"> + The Advantages of Free Software</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2009]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.html"> + How the Swedish Pirate Party Platform Backfires on Free Software</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2009]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html"> + Lest CodePlex perplex</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2008]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/ucita.html"> + Why We Must Fight UCITA</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2008]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/compromise.html"> + Avoiding Ruinous Compromises</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2007]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/social-inertia.html"> + Overcoming Social Inertia</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2004]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/my_doom.html"> + MyDoom and You</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/kevin-cole-response.html"> + A Response Letter to the Word Attachments</a> + (by Kevin Cole)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/anonymous-response.html"> + A Response to Word Attachments</a></li> +</ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">The Danger of E-Books</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.html"> - Is It Ever a Good Thing to Use a Nonfree Program?</a> By - Richard Stallman.</li> +<h3 id="LicensingFreeSoftware">Licensing Free Software</h3> - <li><a href="/philosophy/contradictory-support.html"> - Beware of Contradictory “Support”</a></li> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.html"> + Licenses</a> + — General information on licensing and copyleft</li> </ul> +<h4 id="copyleft">Copyleft</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2003]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html"> + Why Copyleft?</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1998]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> + Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2009-2017]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html"> + On Selling Exceptions to the GNU GPL</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2014]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html"> + When a Company Asks For Your Copyright</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html"> + Censorship envy and licensing</a> + (by David “Novalis” Turner, on <i>fsf.org</i>)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2004]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228133128/https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/archive/downloads/research/gpl/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf"> + English translation of the famous decision of the District Court of + Munich</a> regarding the enforceability and validity of the GPL (by + the translators of the Oxford Internet Institute, on + <i>oii.ox.ac.uk</i>)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2002]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/university.html"> + Releasing Free Software if You Work at a University</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html" id="GPLAmericanWay"> + The GNU GPL and the American Way</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.html" id="GPLAmericanDream"> + The GNU GPL and the American Dream</a> + (by Bradley M. Kuhn)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html" id="FreedomOrPower"> + Freedom or Power?</a> + (by Bradley M. Kuhn and RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.html"> + GPL-compliant version of RTLinux Open Patent License in Works</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html" id="EnforcingGPL"> + Enforcing the GNU GPL</a> + (by Eben Moglen)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/using-gfdl.html" id="UsingGFDL"> + Using the GNU FDL</a> + (by RMS)</li> +</ul> -<h4 id="misc">Misc</h4> - -<ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/posting-videos.html">Posting Videos</a></li> +<h4 id="non-copyleft">Non-copyleft</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/apsl.html"> + FSF's Opinion of the Apple Public Source License (APSL) 2.0</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2000]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.html" id="PlanNineLicense"> + The Problems of the (Earlier) Plan 9 License</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1998]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html"> + On the Netscape Public License</a> + (by RMS) + [<a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html">older version</a>]</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1998]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/netscape.html"> + Netscape and Free Software</a> + — An old article that clarifies some misunderstandings about an + announcement by Netscape.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1997]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/motif.html" id="MotifLicense"> + The Motif License</a> + (by RMS)</li> +</ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/proprietary.html">Clearly established - cases of proprietary software that does nasty things to the - users</a>.</li> +<h4 id="traps">Licensing traps</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2009-2019]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html"> + JavaScript Trap</a> + (by RMS) + — You may be running nonfree programs on your computer every day + without realizing it—through your web browser.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2004-2015]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html" id="JavaTrap"> + Free But Shackled - The Java Trap</a> + (by RMS) + — Although Sun has + <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html"> + relicensed</a> most of its Java platform reference implementation under + the GNU General Public License, the issue described in this article + still remains important.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1998-2009]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/x.html"> + The X Window System Trap</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2006]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html"> + The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time</a> + (by RMS)</li> +</ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">The advantages of free - software</a>.</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">The - Bug Nobody is Allowed to Understand</a>, By Richard Stallman.</li> +<h3 id="Laws">Legal issues</h3> - <li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html">The Curious - Incident of Sun in the Night-Time</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li> +<h4 id="patents">Patents</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2012]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html"> + Giving the Software Field Protection from Patents</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2011]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html"> + Europe's “unitary patent” could mean unlimited software + patents</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2000-2007]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="https://www.eff.org/search/site/dvd%20cases/"> + EFF “Intellectual Property”: MPAA (Motion Picture + Association of America) DVD Cases Archive</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2006]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html"> + The Anatomy of a Trivial Patent</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.html"> + Microsoft's New Monopoly</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/aug/02/comment.business"> + Soft sell</a> + (by RMS, on <i>theguardian.com</i>) + — Comments on the defeat of the EU software patenting directive.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/bill-gates-and-other-communists.html"> + Bill Gates and Other Communists</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html" id="SoftwareLiteraryPatents"> + Software Patents and Literary Patents</a> + (by RMS) + — Speaking of patenting artistic techniques, US patent (6,935,954) + covers making game characters start to hallucinate when (according to the + game) they are being driven insane. That is getting pretty close to the + hypothetical examples cited in this article.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2004]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html" id="FightingSoftwarePatents"> + Fighting Software Patents—Singly and Together</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.insideit"> + Patent absurdity</a> + (by RMS, on <i>theguardian.com</i>)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/w3c-patent.html"> + FSF's Position on W3 Consortium “Royalty-Free” Patent Policy</a> + (rewritten)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.html"> + Opposing The European Software Patent Directive</a> + (by RMS and Nick Hill)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="https://www.eff.org/press/releases/princeton-scientists-sue-over-squelched-research"> + Princeton Scientists Sue Over Squelched Research</a> + (press release on <i>eff.org</i>) + — In <cite>Felten v. RIAA</cite>, scientists ask a court to rule that the + Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) does not prohibit them from + publishing their research.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/hague.html"> + Harm from the Hague</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2000]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064858/http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf" + id="SequentialIPandI"> + Sequential Innovation, Patents, and Imitation</a> + (by James Bessen and Eric Maskin, on <i>researchoninnovation.org</i>, archived) + — This paper presents a mathematical model showing how patents can + impede progress in fields like software.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html"> + Letter from RMS to Tim O'Reilly</a> + in regard to a statement by Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon, on the duration of + software patents.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/amazon-nat.html"> + Amazon Boycott Success!</a> + (a letter from Nat Friedman to RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/amazon.html"> + (Formerly) Boycott Amazon!</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/amazonpatent.html"> + Method and system for placing a purchase order via a communications + network</a> + — Amazon patent with notes by RMS</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1997]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/gif.html"> + Why There Are No GIF Files on GNU Web Pages</a> + — While this story is a historical illustration of the danger of + software patents, these particular patents are now no longer a concern. + For details of our website policies regarding GIFs, see our <a + href="/server/standards/gnu-website-guidelines.html#UseofGraphics">web + guidelines</a>.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.html"> + Saving Europe from Software Patents</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/protecting.html"> + Help Protect the Rights to Write Both Nonfree and Free Software</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html"> + Patent Reform Is Not Enough</a></li> +</ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.html">SCO, GNU, and - Linux</a>, by Richard Stallman, discusses how SCO's lawsuit against - IBM pertains to the work of the GNU project. Please see - the <a href="/philosophy/sco/sco.html">FSF SCO Response Page</a> for - more details on this subject.</li> +<h4 id="copyright">Copyright</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2002]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html"> + Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors</a> + (by RMS) + — About the flaws in popular defenses of copyright law.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1996]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html"> + Reevaluating Copyright: The Public Must Prevail</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2010]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html"> + Why I Will Not Sign the Public Domain Manifesto</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2008]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html"> + Freedom—or Copyright?</a> + (by RMS) + [<a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.html">older version</a>]</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2002]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html"> + FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae in the <cite>Eldred v. Ashcroft</cite> Supreme Court case</a> + (by Eben Moglen)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html"> + Science must “push copyright aside”</a> + (by RMS, first published in <a + href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050729110347/http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html"> + <cite>Nature WebDebates</cite></a> in 2001) + — This article explains how copyright is impeding progress in + scientific research. You may also be interested + in <a href="https://plos.org/">The Public Library of Science</a>, + which is dedicated to making scientific research freely available to all + on the Internet.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030604075825/http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm"> + Examples of Excellent Copyright Policies</a> + (on <i>humaninfo.org</i>, archived)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/cyber/complaint_orig.html"> + Original complaint in <cite>Eldred v. Reno</cite></a> + (on <i>harvard.edu</i>) + — A lawsuit to overturn a law that extends copyright by 20 extra + years.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html"> + Comments on Roderick Long's Article</a> + (by RMS)</li> +</ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html">FSF's Statement in - Response to Proposed Revised Final Judgment in Microsoft vs. United - States, submitted to the US Department of Justice under the Tunney - Act</a>.</li> +<h4 id="noip">The propaganda term “<a +href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">Intellectual +Property</a>”</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2004]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> + Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive Mirage</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2015]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html"> + The Curious History of Komongistan (Busting the term “intellectual + property”)</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2006]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html"> + Don't Let “Intellectual Property” Twist Your Ethos</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/ipjustice.html"> + Reject IP Enforcement Directive</a> + — Comments on the rejection of this directive by the International + Civil Liberties Coalition.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html"> + Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The Case Against Intellectual + Property”</a> + (by RMS)</li> +</ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.html">U.S. Congress Threatens - to Establish a New Kind of Monopoly</a>, an attempt of the Congress - to create a private monopoly over repeating publicly known - information.</li> +<h4 id="sco">Response to SCO's attacks</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003-2004]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/sco/sco.html"> + FSF's Position regarding SCO's attacks on Free Software</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.html"> + SCO, GNU, and Linux</a> + (by RMS) + — How SCO's lawsuit against IBM pertains to the work of the + GNU project.</li> +</ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/dat.html">The Right Way to Tax DAT</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html">Censoring My - Software</a>, by Richard Stallman.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html">Funding - Art vs Funding Software</a>, by Richard Stallman.</li> +<h3 id="cultural">Cultural and Social Issues</h3> + +<h4 id="society">Digital society</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2012]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/stallmans-law.html"> + Stallman's Law</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2009]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html"> + Is Digital Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2007]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html"> + Computing “progress”: good and bad</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/wsis.html"> + World Summit on the Information Society</a> + (by RMS)</li> +</ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html"> - Android and Users' Freedom</a></li> +<h4 id="drm">Digital restrictions management</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2006]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.html"> + Opposing Digital Rights Mismanagement</a> + (by RMS) + — Answers to a few common questions about DRM.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2002]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html"> + Can You Trust Your Computer?</a> + (by RMS) + — About the so-called “trusted computing” initiatives.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2013]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/nonfree-games.html"> + Nonfree DRM'd Games on GNU/Linux: Good or Bad?</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2012]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/correcting-france-mistake.html"> + Correcting My Mistake about French Law</a> + (by RMS)</li> +</ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.html">Ubuntu Spyware: What to Do?</a></li> +<h4 id="ns">Network Services</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2010-2020]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html"> + Who does that server really serve?</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2020]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/posting-videos.html"> + Posting Videos</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2015]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html"> + What's Wrong with YouTube</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2014]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html"> + The Bug Nobody is Allowed to Understand</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2011]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html"> + A wise user judges each Internet usage scenario carefully</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2011]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html"> + Keep control of your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a> + (by RMS)</li> +</ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html">What's Wrong with - YouTube</a></li> +<h4 id="access">Accessing culture</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1996-2016]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html"> + The Right to Read: A Dystopian Short Story</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2012]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html"> + Ebooks must increase our freedom, not decrease it</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2011]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html"> + The Danger of E-Books</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2010]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman"> + Digital economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh away</a> + (by RMS, on <i>theguardian.com</i>)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2000]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html"> + Ebooks: Freedom Or Copyright</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2000]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.html"> + The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.html"> + U.S. Congress Threatens to Establish a New Kind of Monopoly</a> + — An attempt of the Congress to create a private monopoly over + repeating publicly known information.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/stophr3028.html"> + Stop H.R. 3028 - Protect the Net - Stop the Trademark Monopolists</a> + (by Marc Rotenberg)</li> +</ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape.html">Netscape and Free Software</a>, - an old article that clarifies some misunderstandings about an - announcement by Netscape.</li> +<h4 id="funding">Funding cultural works</h4> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2013]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html"> + Funding Art vs Funding Software</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1992]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/dat.html"> + The Right Way to Tax DAT</a> + (by RMS)</li> +</ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">Comments on - Roderick Long's Article</a>.</li> +<h4 id="evils">Surveillance, censorship, lock-in, etc.</h4> + +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2013… ]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/proprietary/proprietary.html"> + Proprietary Software Is Often Malware</a> + — Clearly established cases of proprietary software that does + nasty things to the users.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2015-2019]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html"> + How Much Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand?</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2021]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/wwworst-app-store.html"> + The WWWorst App Store</a> + (by Alexandre Oliva)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2018]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.html"> + Anonymous Payment by Phone</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2018]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/03/facebook-abusing-data-law-privacy-big-tech-surveillance"> + A radical proposal to keep your personal data safe</a> + (by RMS, on <i>theguardian.com</i>)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2018]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/surveillance-testimony.html"> + Surveillance Testimony</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2012]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.html"> + Ubuntu Spyware: What to Do?</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2009]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html"> + Is Microsoft the Great Satan?</a> + [<a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">older version</a>]</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2008]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html"> + The Problem Is Software Controlled By Its Developer</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2008]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/gates.html"> + It's not the Gates, it's the bars</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2002]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/wassenaar.html"> + The Wassenaar Arrangement</a> + — Encryption software volunteers needed in countries without + export control.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2002]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html"> + FSF's Statement in Response to Proposed Revised Final Judgment in + <cite>Microsoft v. United States</cite></a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2000]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.html"> + On the Microsoft Verdict</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.html"> + The Microsoft Antitrust Trial and Free Software</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/privacyaction.html"> + Protect Postal Privacy</a> + (by Kathleen Ellis) + — A campaign to resist the proposed rule by the United States + Postal Service to collect private information from customers.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html"> + Freedoms of Speech, Press, and Association</a> + — How to protect these freedoms on the Internet.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html"> + Censoring My Software</a> + (by RMS)</li> </ul> + <h3 id="terminology">Terminology and Definitions</h3> -<ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.html"> - Free Hardware and Free Hardware Designs</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words</a> - which You Might Want to Avoid</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html"> - Public Awareness of Copyright, WIPO, June 2002</a>. On how WIPO - recognizes that their system is designed to restrict the public, and - how they propose to modify terminology so that people won't notice.</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why - “Open Source” misses the point of Free Software</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">“Open - Source Software” or “Free Software”?</a> - (This is an older essay about the same topic as the previous one.)</li> - <li>Richard Stallman wrote <a href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html"> - letter to the editor</a> of Dr. Dobb's Journal in June 2001 which further - explains the distinction between the Free Software and Open Source - movements.</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and - Non-Free Software</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/loyal-computers.html"> - What Does It Mean for Your Computer to Be Loyal?</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">Translations of the - term “free software”</a> into various languages.</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">Why call it the - Swindle</a></li> +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1996… ]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html"> + Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999… ]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html"> + Translations of the term “free software”</a> + into various languages.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996-2019]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/categories.html"> + Categories of Free and Nonfree Software</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2013]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html"> + Why Call It The Swindle?</a> + (by RMS)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2002]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html"> + Public Awareness of Copyright, WIPO, June 2002</a> + (by RMS) + — How WIPO recognizes that their system is designed to restrict + the public, and how they propose to modify terminology so that people + won't notice.</li> </ul> -<h3 id="upholding">Upholding Software Freedom</h3> - -<ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/saying-no-even-once.html">Saying No to unjust - computing even once is help</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/install-fest-devil.html">Install Fests: - What to Do about the Deal with the Devil</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/upgrade-windows.html">What Is the Right Way to - Upgrade an Installation of Windows?</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/use-free-software.html">The Free Software - Community After 20 Years</a>, With great but incomplete success, - what now?</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.html">Thank You, Larry McVoy</a>, - by Richard M. Stallman.</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/social-inertia.html"> - Overcoming Social Inertia</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">Avoiding Ruinous Compromises</a></li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"> - Free Software Is Even More Important Now</a></li> -</ul> <h3 id="humor">Philosophical humor</h3> -<ul> -<li><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Philosophy Humor</a>. - We don't have to be serious <i>all</i> the time.</li> -</ul> +<p><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Laugh along with GNU (Philosophy)</a> +— We don't have to be serious <i>all</i> the time.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -639,16 +1088,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 1996-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1996-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -658,7 +1124,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/05/04 18:56:21 $ +$Date: 2022/01/01 17:25:38 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/europes-unitary-patent.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/europes-unitary-patent.html index ebd7a7a..fd162ba 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/europes-unitary-patent.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/europes-unitary-patent.html @@ -1,17 +1,23 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> -<title>Europe's “unitary patent” Could Mean Unlimited +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Europe's “Unitary Patent” Could Mean Unlimited Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>Europe's “unitary patent” could mean unlimited -software patents</h2> -<p>by Richard Stallman<br />First published in <a -href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/22/european-unitary-patent-software-warning"> -The Guardian</a></p> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Europe's “Unitary Patent” Could Mean Unlimited +Software Patents</h2> + +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p>Just as the US software industry is experiencing <a -href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/tal-when-patents-attack">the +href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/tal-when-patents-attack">the long anticipated all-out software patent wars</a> that we have anticipated, the European Union has a plan to follow the same course. When the Hargreaves report urged the UK to avoid software patents, the @@ -20,12 +26,12 @@ UK had already approved plan that is likely to impose them on UK.</p> <p>Software patents are dangerous to software developers because they impose monopolies on software ideas. It is not feasible or safe to develop nontrivial software if you must thread a maze of patents. See -“Software Patents and Literary Patents”, Guardian, June 20, -2005.</p> +“<a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html">Software +Patents and Literary Patents</a>.”</p> <p>Every program combines many ideas; a large program implements thousands of them. Google recently estimated there <a -href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/04/apple-patents-android-expensive-google">might +href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/aug/04/apple-patents-android-expensive-google">might be 250,000 patented ideas</a> in a smartphone. I find that figure plausible because in 2004 I estimated that the GNU/Linux operating system implemented around 100,000 actually patented ideas. (Linux, the @@ -42,8 +48,8 @@ them, but the Council of Europe had undone those amendments.</p> <p>The Commission's text was written in a sneaky way: when read by laymen, it appeared to forbid patents on pure software ideas, because it required a patent application to have a physical aspect. However, it -did not require the “inventive step”, the advance that -constitutes a patentable “invention”, to be physical.</p> +did not require the “inventive step,” the advance that +constitutes a patentable “invention,” to be physical.</p> <p>This meant that a patent application could present the required physical aspect just by mentioning the usual physical elements of the computer on @@ -86,7 +92,7 @@ life as it can get away with. With external limits (such as national courts) removed, the EPO could impose software patents, or any other controversial kind of patents. For instance, if it chooses to decide that natural genes are patentable, as <a -href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110729/16573515324/appeals-court-says-genes-are-patentable-because-theyre-separate-your-dna.shtml">a +href="https://www.techdirt.com/2011/07/29/appeals-court-says-genes-are-patentable-because-theyre-separate-your-dna/">a US appeals court just did</a>, no one could reverse that decision except perhaps the European Court of Justice.</p> @@ -95,7 +101,7 @@ been made, and can be seen in action. The EPO has issued tens of thousands of software patents, in contempt for the treaty that established it. (See “<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120193501/https://webshop.ffii.org/">Your -web shop is patented</a>”.) At present, though, each state decides +web shop is patented</a>.”) At present, though, each state decides whether those patents are valid. If the unitary patent system is adopted and the EPO gets unchecked power to decide, Europe will get US-style patent wars.</p> @@ -116,13 +122,13 @@ are not worth a disaster; harmonization is a misguided goal if it means doing things wrong everywhere.</p> <p>The UK government seems to wish for the disaster, since <a -href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140603093549/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/commissairebarnier.pdf">it stated in +href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20140603093549/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/commissairebarnier.pdf">it stated in December 2010 [archived]</a> that it wanted the ECJ not have a say over the system. Will the government listen to Hargreaves and change its mind about this plan? Britons must insist on this.</p> <p>More information about the drawbacks and legal flaws of this plan can be -found in <a href="http://unitary-patent.eu">unitary-patent.eu</a>.</p> +found in <a href="https://www.unitary-patent.eu/">unitary-patent.eu</a>.</p> <p>You will note that the term “intellectual property” has not been used in this article. That term spreads confusion because it is @@ -131,11 +137,19 @@ and copyright law, they are so different in their requirements and effects that generalizing about the two is a mistake. Absolutely nothing in this article pertains to copyright law. To avoid leading people to generalize about disparate laws, I never use the term -“intellectual property”, and I never miss it either.</p> +“intellectual property,” and I never miss it either.</p> + +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>First published in <a +href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/aug/22/european-unitary-patent-software-warning"> +<cite>The Guardian</cite></a></p> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -153,13 +167,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -180,7 +194,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2011, 2019 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2011, 2022 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -190,10 +204,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/12/30 11:28:30 $ +$Date: 2022/04/12 11:15:30 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fighting-software-patents.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fighting-software-patents.html index d4c977f..af7851f 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fighting-software-patents.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fighting-software-patents.html @@ -1,12 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Fighting Software Patents - Singly and Together - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/fighting-software-patents.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Fighting Software Patents - Singly and Together</h2> -<p>by Richard Stallman</p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p> Software patents are the software project equivalent of land mines: @@ -27,8 +34,9 @@ usually be threatened by one patent at a time. When this happens, you may be able to escape unscathed if you find legal grounds to overturn the patent. You may as well try it; if you succeed, that will mean one less mine in the mine field. If this patent is particularly -threatening to the public, the <a href="http://www.pubpat.org">Public -Patent Foundation (pubpat.org)</a> may take up the case; that is its +threatening to the public, the <a +href="https://wiki.endsoftwarepatents.org/wiki/Public_Patent_Foundation"> +Public Patent Foundation</a> may take up the case; that is its specialty. If you ask for the computer-using community's help in searching for prior publication of the same idea, to use as evidence to overturn a patent, we should all respond with whatever useful @@ -47,7 +55,7 @@ Some of these mines are impossible to clear. Every software patent is harmful, and every software patent unjustly restricts how you use your computer, but not every software patent is legally invalid according to the patent system's criteria. The software patents we can overturn -are those that result from “mistakes”, where the patent +are those that result from “mistakes,” where the patent system's rules were not properly carried out. There is nothing we can do when the only relevant mistake was the policy of allowing software patents.</p> @@ -77,12 +85,14 @@ this has already reversed its vote. We must all do our utmost right now to convince an additional European country to change its vote, and to convince the newly elected members of the European Parliament to stand behind the previous vote. Please refer -to <a href="http://www.ffii.org/"> www.ffii.org</a> for more +to <a href="https://ffii.org/">ffii.org</a> for more information on how to help, and to get in touch with other activists.</p> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -100,29 +110,46 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2004 Richard Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2004, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:00 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:44:31 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fire.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fire.html index 6537d6c..334391f 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fire.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fire.html @@ -1,10 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> -<title>Copyrighting fire! +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.97 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Copyrighting Fire! - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/fire.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>Copyrighting fire!</h2> +<div class="breadcrumb" role="navigation"> + <a href="/"><img src="/graphics/icons/home.png" height="26" width="26" + alt="GNU Home" title="GNU Home" /></a> / + <a href="/fun/humor.html#content">GNU humor</a> / + <a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Philosophy</a> / +</div> +<div class="reduced-width"> +<h2>Copyrighting Fire!</h2> + +<address class="byline">by Ian Clarke</address> <p>I was in the pub last night, and a guy asked me for a light for his cigarette. I suddenly realised that there was a demand here and money to be @@ -18,17 +29,17 @@ for a light and to my outrage he gave his cigarette to his friend and pirated my fire! I was furious, I started to make my way over to that side of the bar but to my added horror his friend then started to light other people's cigarettes left, right, and centre! Before long that whole side of the bar -was enjoying MY fire without paying me anything. Enraged I went from person +was enjoying <strong>my</strong> fire without paying me anything. Enraged I went from person to person grabbing their cigarettes from their hands, throwing them to the ground, and stamping on them.</p> <p>Strangely the door staff exhibited no respect for my property rights as they threw me out the door.</p> +</div> -<p>--Ian Clarke</p> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -46,34 +57,17 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to - files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this - without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. - Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the - document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the - document was modified, or published. - - If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. - Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying - years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable - year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including - being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). - - There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers - Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - -<p>Copyright © 2014 Ian Clarke</p> +<p>Copyright © 2000 Ian Clarke</p> <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p> @@ -82,10 +76,10 @@ permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:00 $ +$Date: 2022/01/23 09:53:43 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/first-hackers-conference-1984.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/first-hackers-conference-1984.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1ec6147 --- /dev/null +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/first-hackers-conference-1984.html @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.97--> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Richard Stallman at the First Hackers Conference in 1984 +- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/first-hackers-conference-1984.translist" --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Richard Stallman at the First Hackers Conference in 1984</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> + +<p>The first Hackers Conference was held in Sausalito, California, in +November 1984. The makers of the documentary <cite>Hackers: Wizards of +the Electronic Age</cite> interviewed Richard Stallman at the event. +They included only parts of the interviews in the film, but made some +other footage available. Stallman's statements at the conference went +beyond what he had written in the <a +href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">initial announcement of GNU</a>.</p> + +<p>It was at this conference that Richard Stallman first publicly and +explicitly stated the idea that <em>all software should be free</em>, +and makes it clear that “free” refers to freedom, not price, +by saying that software should be <em>freely</em> accessible to +everyone. This was probably the first time he made that distinction to +the public.</p> + +<p>Stallman continues by explaining why it is wrong to agree to accept a +program on condition of not sharing it with others. So what can one +say about a business based on developing nonfree software and luring +others into accepting that condition? Such things are bad for society +and shouldn't be done at all. (In later years he used stronger +condemnation.)</p> + +<p>Here are the things he said:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p><i>“My project is to make all software free.”</i></p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote> + <p><i>“Imagine if you bought a house and the basement was locked + and only the original building contractor had the key. If you needed + to make any change, repair anything, you'd have to go to him, and if + he was too busy doing something else he'd tell you to get lost and + you'd be stuck. You are at that person's mercy and you become + downtrodden and resigned. That's what happens when the blueprints to a + computer program are kept secret by the organization that sells it. + That's the usual way things are done.”</i> + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-at-first-hackers-conference-1984.webm"> + Video</a></p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote> + <p><i>“If I'm offered a chance to use a piece of software + provided I would agree not to share it with anyone, I feel that it + would be wrong, it would spiritually <a href="#Note1" id="Note1-rev">[1]</a> + hurt me to agree. So I don't want them investing in software that's owned. + And I don't believe that anything is justified to encourage them to invest in + software that's owned. I think the really great software has been done by + hackers who were doing it because they loved it, because it was playful + cleverness, and that will continue in any case. I think there are + alternative ways of arranging for some amount of money to go into + paying salaries of people, paying them to spend their time writing + programs. If people want certain kinds of programs to be written, they + can come up with other forms of organization—I can suggest a + few—but the important thing is there are lots of alternative + ways of doing things. This one has been chosen because it gets the + people investing in software companies the most profits of any of the + available ways.”</i> + <a + href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107235202/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/at-the-first-hackers-conference-in-1984-richard-stallman-news-footage/146485179">Video</a></p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote> + <p><i>“I don't think it's a social imperative to give them the + most possible profit. I think the social imperative is that + information that's developed should be accessible to everyone as freely + as possible. If we look at the principle underlying—the incentive + principle, give people incentives to do the things you wish to + encourage—and then we say, ‘what are we giving people + incentives for?’ we see that we are not giving them any + incentives to do the things that benefit society most. If a person has + a choice, he can write a program and then encourage everyone to use it + in any way that's good for him or he can write the program and then + market it hoarding the plans, telling people they are not allowed to + share it with their neighbors, being very obnoxious and obstructive. + We see he has an incentive to be obnoxious and obstructive, he doesn't + have an incentive to cooperate. I think that's sick, I think that's a + bad social organization, because we are encouraging most what's not + good for us.”</i> + <a + href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108001731/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/at-the-first-hackers-conference-in-1984-richard-stallman-news-footage/146484701">Video</a></p> + </blockquote> + +<hr class="thin" /> + +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> + +<p> <a href="#Note1-rev" id="Note1">[1]</a> +Subsequently Stallman decided to stop using the word “spiritually,” +so that people would not think he meant to refer to anything supernatural.</p> + +</div> +</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> +<div class="unprintable"> + +<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to +<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. +There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> +the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent +to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> + +<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, + replace it with the translation of these two: + + We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality + translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. + Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard + to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> + <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> + + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of + our web pages, see <a + href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations + README</a>. --> +Please see the <a +href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations +of this article.</p> +</div> + +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> + +<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> + +<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> + +<p class="unprintable">Updated: +<!-- timestamp start --> +$Date: 2022/06/27 10:09:10 $ +<!-- timestamp end --> +</p> +</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/floss-and-foss.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/floss-and-foss.html index 279c88f..eeaf586 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/floss-and-foss.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/floss-and-foss.html @@ -1,11 +1,18 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-open" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>FLOSS and FOSS - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/floss-and-foss.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>FLOSS and FOSS</h2> -<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p>The two political camps in the free software community are the free software movement and open source. The free software movement is a @@ -53,14 +60,13 @@ source, and clear about them, the way to achieve that is to say <p>We in the free software movement don't use either of these terms, because we don't want to be neutral on the political question. We stand for freedom, and we show it every time—by saying -“free” and “libre”— or “free -(libre)”.</p> +“free” and “libre”—or “free +(libre).”</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> - <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> - -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -78,18 +84,35 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2013, 2015, 2016 Richard Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2013, 2015, 2016, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -99,10 +122,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2016/11/18 06:31:40 $ +$Date: 2021/09/11 09:37:22 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-digital-society.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-digital-society.html index 3a73a3b..f9944a4 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-digital-society.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-digital-society.html @@ -1,21 +1,38 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>A Free Digital Society - What Makes Digital Inclusion Good or Bad? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="screen"><!-- +@media (min-width: 55em) { + .toc li a { + display: inline-block; width: 100%; + vertical-align: top; + position: relative; bottom: .15em; + } +} +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-digital-society.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>A Free Digital Society - What Makes Digital Inclusion Good or Bad?</h2> <address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<p><em>Transcription of a lecture at Sciences Po Paris, October 19, 2011</em> (<a -href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/stallman-sciencespo-freesociety.webm">video</a>)</p> -<hr class="thin" /> +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Transcription of a lecture at Sciences Po Paris, October 19, 2011 (<a +href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/stallman-sciencespo-freesociety.webm">video</a>)</p> +</div> -<div class="summary" style="margin-top: 1em"> +<div class="toc"> <h3 class="no-display">Table of Contents</h3> -<ul> +<ul class="columns"> <li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="#surveillance">Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="#censorship">Censorship</a></li> @@ -62,7 +79,7 @@ doing surveillance. There are features in Windows that send data to some server, data about the use of the computer. A surveillance feature was discovered in the iPhone a few months ago, and people started calling it the “spy-phone.” Flash player has a surveillance feature -too, and so does the Amazon Swindle.” They call it the Kindle, but +too, and so does the Amazon “Swindle.” They call it the Kindle, but I call it “<a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">the Swindle</a>,” <em>l'escroc</em>, because it's meant to swindle users out of their freedom. It makes @@ -184,7 +201,7 @@ they do? This is a very harsh system of censorship.</p> officials to arbitrarily shut down an Internet site in Spain, or impose filtering to block access to a site outside of Spain. And they can do this without any kind of trial. This was one of the motivations for the -<cite>Indignados</cite>, who have been protesting in the street.</p> +<i>Indignados</i>, who have been protesting in the street.</p> <p>There were protests in the street in Turkey as well, after that announcement, but the government refused to change its policy.</p> @@ -272,15 +289,15 @@ free, but statements of opinion are different.</p> <p>Now this leads me to the next threat which comes from software that the users don't have control over. In other words, software that isn't -free, that is not <cite>libre</cite>. In this particular point French +free, that is not <i>libre</i>. In this particular point French is clearer than English. The English word “free” means -<cite>libre</cite> and <cite>gratuit</cite>, but what I mean when I say -“free software” is <cite>logiciel libre</cite>. I don't mean -<cite>gratuit</cite>. I'm not talking about price. Price is a side +<i>libre</i> and <i>gratuit</i>, but what I mean when I say +“free software” is <i>logiciel libre</i>. I don't mean +<i>gratuit</i>. I'm not talking about price. Price is a side issue, just a detail, because it doesn't matter ethically. You know, if I have a copy of a program and I sell it to you for one euro or a hundred euros, who cares? Right? Why should anyone think that's good or -bad? Or suppose I gave it to you <cite>gratuitement</cite>… +bad? Or suppose I gave it to you <i>gratuitement</i>… Still, who cares? But whether this program respects your freedom, that's important!</p> @@ -295,8 +312,8 @@ through it, has <em>power</em> over the users. </p> <p>So, a nonfree program is an instrument to give somebody <em>power</em> over a lot of other people, and this is unjust power that nobody should -ever have. This is why nonfree software <cite>(les logiciels privateurs, -qui privent de la liberté)</cite>, why proprietary software is +ever have. This is why nonfree software <i>(les logiciels privateurs, +qui privent de la liberté)</i>, why proprietary software is an injustice and should not exist; because it leaves the users without freedom.</p> @@ -443,14 +460,14 @@ people to demand freedom, to be ready to stand up for their freedom the next time someone threatens to take it away.</p> <p>Nowadays, you can tell who doesn't want to discuss these ideas of -freedom because they don't say <cite>logiciel libre</cite>. They don't -say <cite>libre</cite>, they say “open source.” That term +freedom because they don't say <i>logiciel libre</i>. They don't +say <i>libre</i>, they say “open source.” That term was coined by the people like Mr Torvalds who would prefer that these ethical issues don't get raised. And so the way you can help us raise -them is by saying <cite>libre</cite>. You know, it's up to you where you +them is by saying <i>libre</i>. You know, it's up to you where you stand, you're free to say what you think. If you agree with them, you can say open source. If you agree with us, show it, say -<cite>libre</cite>!</p> +<i>libre</i>!</p> <h3 id="education">Free software and education</h3> @@ -1066,18 +1083,19 @@ Software Foundation. You can go there and find many ways you can help us, for instance. You can also become a member of the Free Software Foundation through that site. […] There is also the Free Software Foundation of Europe fsfe.org. You can join FSF Europe also. […]</p> - <div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3 id="footnotes" style="font-size: 1.2em">Footnotes</h3> + +<h3 id="footnotes" class="footnote">Footnote</h3> <ol> <li id="f1">As of 2017 the patents on playing MP3 files have reportedly expired.</li> </ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -1095,13 +1113,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -1122,7 +1140,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2011, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2011, 2014, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -1132,7 +1150,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/06 08:25:53 $ +$Date: 2021/10/15 14:13:51 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-doc.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-doc.html index dcca67c..7c9777b 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-doc.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-doc.html @@ -1,21 +1,18 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> -<title>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs extension" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-doc.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - -<h2>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation</h2> - -<blockquote class="announcement"><p> -<a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list -about the dangers of eBooks</a>. -</p></blockquote> - -<ul> -<li><a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></li> -</ul> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p> The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the @@ -53,12 +50,19 @@ restrict it so that we cannot use it.</p> Given that writing good English is a rare skill among programmers, we can ill afford to lose manuals this way.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="announcement" role="complementary"><p> +<a href="https://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list +about the dangers of eBooks</a>. +</p></div> +<hr class="no-display" /> + <p> Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not price. The problem with these manuals was not that O'Reilly Associates charged a price for printed copies—that in itself is fine. (The Free Software Foundation -<a href="http://shop.fsf.org/category/books/">sells printed +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/category/books/">sells printed copies</a> of free <a href="/doc/doc.html">GNU manuals</a>, too.) But GNU manuals are available in source code form, while these manuals are available only on paper. GNU manuals come with permission to copy and @@ -71,6 +75,10 @@ Redistribution (including commercial redistribution) must be permitted, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program, on line or on paper. Permission for modification is crucial too.</p> +<ul> +<li><a href="/licenses/fdl.html">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></li> +</ul> + <p> As a general rule, I don't believe that it is essential for people to have permission to modify all sorts of articles and books. The issues @@ -147,10 +155,11 @@ prefer copylefted manuals to noncopylefted ones.</p> <p> [Note: We maintain a <a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">page that lists free books available from other publishers</a>].</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -168,13 +177,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -195,8 +204,8 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, -2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2015, 2016, 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1996, 2019, 2021 Free Software +Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -206,10 +215,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/12/27 22:55:30 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 07:59:45 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-hardware-designs.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-hardware-designs.html index 9e862ea..3887189 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-hardware-designs.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-hardware-designs.html @@ -1,24 +1,27 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs extension" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Free Hardware and Free Hardware Designs - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-hardware-designs.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Free Hardware and Free Hardware Designs</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a></p> - -<!-- rms: I deleted the links because of Wired's announced - anti-ad-block system --> -<blockquote> -<p>Most of this article was published in two parts in Wired in -March 2015.</p> -</blockquote> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> +<div class="introduction"> <p>To what extent do the ideas of free software extend to hardware? Is it a moral obligation to make our hardware designs free, just as it is to make our software free? Does maintaining our freedom require rejecting hardware made from nonfree designs?</p> +</div> <h3 id="definitions">Definitions</h3> @@ -53,7 +56,7 @@ means you can get a copy gratis. Many free programs are available for zero price, since it costs you nothing to download your own copy, but that's not what “free” means here. (In fact, some spyware programs such as <a -href="/philosophy/proprietary/proprietary-surveillance.html">Flash +href="/proprietary/proprietary-surveillance.html">Flash Player and Angry Birds</a> are gratis although they are not free.) Saying “libre” along with “free” helps clarify the point.</p> @@ -69,7 +72,7 @@ denies freedom to its users is worth less than nothing.</p> <p>We can use the term “libre hardware” as a concise equivalent for “hardware made from a free (libre) -design”.</p> +design.”</p> <p>The terms “open hardware” and “open source hardware” are used by some with the same concrete meaning as @@ -113,10 +116,22 @@ consequences.</p> <p>There is a gray area between hardware and software that contains firmware that <em>can</em> be upgraded or replaced, but is not meant -ever to be upgraded or replaced once the product is sold. In -conceptual terms, the gray area is rather narrow. In practice, it is -important because many products fall in it. We can treat that -firmware as hardware with a small stretch.</p> +ever to be upgraded or replaced once the product is sold. Or perhaps +it is possible but unusual, or the manufacturer can release a +replacement but you can't. In conceptual terms, the gray area is +rather narrow. In practice, it is important because many products +fall in it. Indeed, nowadays keyboards, cameras, disk drives and USB +memories typically contain an embedded nonfree program that could be +replaced by the manufacturer.</p> + +<p>We can treat that firmware as hardware with a small stretch, but we +must not try to have it both ways. If we treat certain firmware as +impossible to change, since it is not realistically possible to avoid +that firmware, we must also treat it as impossible to change when we +might wish it could be changed. That entails refusing all upgrades or +patches to that firmware. That is what I do, and this is the reason I +do it. Until we can get computers with entirely free firmware, there +is no feasible way to do better than this.</p> <p>Some have said that preinstalled firmware programs and Field-Programmable Gate Array chips (FPGAs) “blur the boundary @@ -135,8 +150,9 @@ gate pattern file that gets loaded into the FPGA is secret. For many years there was no model of FPGA for which those files could be produced without nonfree (proprietary) tools.</p> -<p>As of 2015, free software tools are available for -<a href="http://www.clifford.at/icestorm/">programming the Lattice +<p>As of 2015, free software tools are available for <a +href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106213411/http://www.clifford.at/icestorm/"> +programming the Lattice iCE40</a>, a common model of FPGA, from input written in a hardware description language (HDL). It is also possible to compile C programs and run them on the Xilinx Spartan 6 LX9 FPGA @@ -167,15 +183,15 @@ program.</p> <p>Be careful to choose 3D printers that work with exclusively free software; the Free Software Foundation <a -href="http://fsf.org/resources/hw/endorsement">endorses such +href="https://ryf.fsf.org/">endorses such printers</a>. Some 3D printers are made from free hardware designs, but <a -href="http://www.cnet.com/news/pulling-back-from-open-source-hardware-makerbot-angers-some-adherents/">Makerbot's +href="https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/pulling-back-from-open-source-hardware-makerbot-angers-some-adherents/">Makerbot's hardware designs are nonfree</a>.</p> <h3 id="reject-nonfree">Must We Reject Nonfree Digital Hardware?</h3> -<p>Is a nonfree digital <a href="#fn1">(*)</a> hardware design an +<p>Is a nonfree digital <a href="#fn1">[1]</a> hardware design an injustice? Must we, for our freedom's sake, reject all digital hardware made from nonfree designs, as we must reject nonfree software?</p> @@ -213,8 +229,8 @@ computer. Constructing a big circuit is a lot of painstaking work, and that's once you have the circuit board. Fabricating a chip is not feasible for individuals today; only mass production can make them cheap enough. With today's hardware technology, users can't download -and run John H Hacker's modified version of a digital hardware design, -as they could run John S Hacker's modified version of a program. +and run a modified version of a widely used digital hardware design, +as they could run a modified version of a widely used program. Thus, the four freedoms don't give users today collective control over a hardware design as they give users collective control over a program. That's where the reasoning showing that all software must be @@ -242,12 +258,6 @@ software will then apply to nonfree hardware designs too.</p> <p>That future is years away, at least. In the meantime, there is no need to reject hardware with nonfree designs on principle.</p> -<hr /> - -<p id="fn1">* As used here, “digital hardware” includes -hardware with some analog circuits and components in addition to -digital ones.</p> - <h3 id="free-designs">We Need Free Digital Hardware Designs</h3> <p>Although we need not reject digital hardware made from nonfree @@ -323,9 +333,9 @@ ideal future we will want the design be free at all levels. Under present circumstances, just making one level free is a significant advance.</p> -<p>However, if a design at one level combines free and nonfree parts -— for example, a “free” HDL circuit that -incorporates proprietary “soft cores” — we must +<p>However, if a design at one level combines free and nonfree +parts—for example, a “free” HDL circuit that +incorporates proprietary “soft cores”—we must conclude that the design as a whole is nonfree at that level. Likewise for nonfree “wizards” or “macros,” if they specify part of the interconnections of chips or programmably @@ -367,9 +377,9 @@ from the drawing. As far as copyright is concerned, everyone is free to make them and use them (and that's a freedom we need very much). In the US, copyright does not cover the functional aspects that the design describes, but <a -href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap13.html#1301">does cover decorative +href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap13.html#1301">does cover decorative aspects</a>. When one object has decorative aspects and functional -aspects, you get into tricky ground <a href="#fn2">(*)</a>.</p> +aspects, you get into tricky ground <a href="#fn2">[2]</a>.</p> <p>All this may be true in your country as well, or it may not. Before producing objects commercially or in quantity, you should @@ -384,16 +394,6 @@ common. This is why the term “<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">intellectual property</a>” is pure confusion and should be totally rejected.</p> -<hr /> - -<p id="fn2">* An article by Public Knowledge gives useful information -about this <a -href="https://www.publicknowledge.org/assets/uploads/documents/3_Steps_for_Licensing_Your_3D_Printed_Stuff.pdf"> -complexity</a>, for the US, though it falls into the common mistake of -using the bogus concept of “intellectual property” and the -propaganda term “<a -href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection">protection</a>.”</p> - <h3 id="promoting">Promoting Free Hardware Designs Through Repositories</h3> <p>The most effective way to push for published hardware designs to be @@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ or any of the CC licenses.</p> <p>The repository should require all designs to be published as source code, and source code in secret formats usable only by proprietary design programs is not really adequate. For a 3D model, the <a -href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STL_%28file_format%29">STL +href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STL_%28file_format%29">STL format</a> is not the preferred format for changing the design and thus is not source code, so the repository should not accept it, except perhaps accompanying real source code.</p> @@ -442,10 +442,35 @@ manufacturer.</p> free. What we need is to recognize as a community that this is what we should do and to insist on free designs when we fabricate objects ourselves.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> + +<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> +<ol> +<li id="fn1">As used here, “digital hardware” includes +hardware with some analog circuits and components in addition to +digital ones.</li> + +<li id="fn2">An article by Public Knowledge gives useful information +about this <a +href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203021432/https://www.publicknowledge.org/assets/uploads/documents/3_Steps_for_Licensing_Your_3D_Printed_Stuff.pdf"> +complexity</a>, for the US, though it falls into the common mistake of +using the bogus concept of “intellectual property” and the +propaganda term “<a +href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection">protection</a>.”</li> +</ol> + +<!-- rms: I deleted the links because of Wired's announced + anti-ad-block system --> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>Most of this article was published in two parts in <cite>Wired</cite> in +March 2015.</p> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -463,13 +488,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -490,7 +515,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2015, 2021, 2022 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -500,7 +525,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/12/30 11:28:30 $ +$Date: 2022/03/05 13:35:13 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-open-overlap.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-open-overlap.html index d3a6c04..2c10bd1 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-open-overlap.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-open-overlap.html @@ -1,17 +1,24 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-open" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>How Free Software and Open Source Relate as Categories of Programs - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-open-overlap.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="reduced-width"> <h2>How Free Software and Open Source Relate as Categories of Programs</h2> <p>Here's how <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">free software and open source</a> relate as categories of programs:</p> +<div style="max-width:max-content; padding:1em 1.5em; background:#f3f3f3"> <pre> -<code> /----------------------------------------------\ / | | \ / | | \ @@ -29,8 +36,8 @@ free | X11, expat, Python, MPL, etc., | \---------------------------------------------- / | tivoized (tyrant) devices | O | / ----------------------------------------------/ -</code> </pre> +</div> <p>Among all programs that are open source, only a minuscule fraction are not free. If the bottom row were drawn to scale, its text would @@ -51,10 +58,11 @@ of software released under those licenses. We don't know whether they are still used.</p> <p>Most nonfree licenses are not open source either.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -72,30 +80,47 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2015, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2015/01/08 15:59:31 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-even-more-important.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-even-more-important.html index 8b6d676..6032bda 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-even-more-important.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-even-more-important.html @@ -1,31 +1,22 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.94 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs principles" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Free Software Is Even More Important Now - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> + <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-software-even-more-important.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Free Software Is Even More Important Now</h2> -<address class="byline">by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> -<p><em>A substantially edited version of this article was published in <a -href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/09/why-free-software-is-more-important-now-than-ever-before"> -Wired</a>.</em></p> - -<p><em>Watch a <a -href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/20140407-geneva-tedx-talk-free-software-free-society/"> -14-min video presentation</a> of these ideas.</em></p> - -<div class="announcement"> -<p> -<a href="/help/help.html">Suggested ways you can help the free software -movement</a> -</p> -</div> -<hr class="thin" /> - <p>Since 1983, the Free Software Movement has campaigned for computer users' freedom—for users to control the software they use, rather than vice versa. When a program respects users' freedom @@ -38,12 +29,20 @@ such as the Uber app, are available gratis—but that's a minor detail. Either way, they give the program's developer power over the users, power that no one should have.</p> +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<p><em>Watch a <a +href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/20140407-geneva-tedx-talk-free-software-free-society/"> +14-min video presentation</a> of these ideas.</em></p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> + <p>Those two nonfree programs have something else in common: they are both <em>malware</em>. That is, both have functionalities designed to mistreat the user. Proprietary software nowadays is often malware because <a href="/malware">the developers' power -corrupts them</a>. That directory lists around 500 different -malicious functionalities (as of January, 2021), but it is surely just +corrupts them</a>. That directory lists around 550 different +malicious functionalities (as of November, 2021), but it is surely just the tip of the iceberg.</p> <p>With free software, the users control the program, both individually @@ -80,11 +79,11 @@ something important in your life.</p> <p>(0) The freedom to run the program as you wish, for whatever purpose.</p> -<p>(1) The freedom to study the program's “source code”, +<p>(1) The freedom to study the program's “source code,” and change it, so the program does your computing as you wish. Programs are written by programmers in a programming language—like English combined with algebra—and that form -of the program is the “source code”. Anyone who knows +of the program is the “source code.” Anyone who knows programming, and has the program in source code form, can read the source code, understand its functioning, and change it too. When all you get is the executable form, a series of numbers that are efficient @@ -152,12 +151,12 @@ that can erase books.</p> would turn it into the <a href="https://archive.ieet.org/articles/rinesi20150806.html"> “internet of telemarketers”</a> as well as the -“internet of snoopers”.</p> +“internet of snoopers.”</p> <p>With the goal of ending the injustice of nonfree software, the free software movement develops free programs so users can free themselves. We began in 1984 by developing the free operating system <a -href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">GNU</a>. Today, millions of computers +href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">GNU</a>. Today, millions of computers run GNU, mainly in the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux combination</a>.</p> @@ -210,7 +209,7 @@ on someone else's computer.</p> <p>Another harm of using nonfree programs and SaaSS is that it rewards the perpetrator, encouraging further development of that program or -“service”, leading in turn to even more people falling +“service,” leading in turn to even more people falling under the company's thumb.</p> <p>All the forms of indirect harm are magnified when the user is a @@ -231,9 +230,9 @@ entity other than the state). And they must not entrust it to a service programmed and run by an entity other than the state, since this would be SaaSS.</p> -<p>Proprietary software has no security at all in one crucial case -— against its developer. And the developer may help others attack. -<a href="http://arstechnica.com/security/2013/06/nsa-gets-early-access-to-zero-day-data-from-microsoft-others/"> +<p>Proprietary software has no security at all in one crucial +case—against its developer. And the developer may help others attack. +<a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/06/nsa-gets-early-access-to-zero-day-data-from-microsoft-others/"> Microsoft shows Windows bugs to the NSA</a> (the US government digital spying agency) before fixing them. We do not know whether Apple does likewise, but it is under the same government pressure as Microsoft. @@ -285,7 +284,7 @@ much aware of the importance of the freedom to cooperate because our work consists of organized cooperation. If your friend comes to visit and sees you use a program, she might ask for a copy. A program which stops you from redistributing it, or says you're “not supposed -to”, is antisocial.</p> +to,” is antisocial.</p> <p>In computing, cooperation includes redistributing exact copies of a program to other users. It also includes distributing your changed @@ -325,9 +324,25 @@ we now have the free GNU/Linux operating system that anyone—programmer or not—can use. Join our cause, as a programmer or an activist. Let's make all computer users free.</p> +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<p> +<a href="/help/help.html">Suggested ways you can help the free software +movement</a> +</p> +</div> + +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>A substantially edited version of this article was published in <a +href="https://www.wired.com/2013/09/why-free-software-is-more-important-now-than-ever-before/"> +<cite>Wired</cite></a>.</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -345,13 +360,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -372,7 +387,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2013-2015, 2017, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -382,7 +397,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/03/10 15:06:21 $ +$Date: 2021/11/05 05:58:21 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-for-freedom.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-for-freedom.html index 269ece3..68c7e66 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-for-freedom.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-for-freedom.html @@ -1,17 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-open" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Why “Free Software” is better than “Open Source” - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Why “Free Software” is better than “Open Source”</h2> -<div class="announcement"> -<blockquote><p>This article has been superseded by a major rewrite, +<div class="infobox" style="font-style: italic"> +<p>This article has been superseded by a major rewrite, <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">“Open Source” misses the point of Free Software</a>, which is much -better. We keep this version for historical reasons.</p></blockquote> +better. We keep this version for historical reasons.</p> </div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> While free software by any other name would give you the same @@ -20,7 +28,7 @@ freedom, it makes a big difference which name we use: different words <p> In 1998, some of the people in the free software community began using -the term <a href="https://opensource.org/">“open source +the term <a href="https://opensource.org">“open source software”</a> instead of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">“free software”</a> to describe what they do. The term “open source” quickly became associated with a different approach, a different @@ -36,8 +44,8 @@ values, their ways of looking at the world. For the Open Source movement, the issue of whether software should be open source is a practical question, not an ethical one. As one person put it, “Open source is a development methodology; free software is a social -movement.” For the Open Source movement, non-free software is a -suboptimal solution. For the Free Software movement, non-free +movement.” For the Open Source movement, nonfree software is a +suboptimal solution. For the Free Software movement, nonfree software is a social problem and free software is the solution.</p> <h3 id="relationship">Relationship between the Free Software @@ -72,7 +80,7 @@ and our philosophy, not with theirs. We want to be heard, not obscured behind a group with different views. To prevent people from thinking we are part of them, we take pains to avoid using the word “open” to describe free software, or its contrary, -“closed”, in talking about non-free software.</p> +“closed,” in talking about nonfree software.</p> <p> So please mention the Free Software movement when you talk about the @@ -83,7 +91,7 @@ work we have done, and the software we have developed—such as the <p> This rest of this article compares the two terms “free software” and -“open source”. It shows why the term “open source” does not solve +“open source.” It shows why the term “open source” does not solve any problems, and in fact creates some.</p> <h3 id="ambiguity">Ambiguity</h3> @@ -200,7 +208,7 @@ can be useful for the community, but we must have plenty of freedom talk too.</p> <p> -At present, we have plenty of “keep quiet”, but not enough +At present, we have plenty of “keep quiet,” but not enough freedom talk. Most people involved with free software say little about freedom—usually because they seek to be “more acceptable to business.” Software distributors especially show @@ -213,8 +221,8 @@ backwards from freedom.</p> <p> We are failing to keep up with the influx of free software users, failing to teach people about freedom and our community as fast as -they enter it. This is why non-free software (which Qt was when it -first became popular), and partially non-free operating system +they enter it. This is why nonfree software (which Qt was when it +first became popular), and partially nonfree operating system distributions, find such fertile ground. To stop using the word “free” now would be a mistake; we need more, not less, talk about freedom.</p> @@ -250,13 +258,13 @@ example, one IBM announcement, about a program that did not fit the official definition, said this:</p> <blockquote><p> -As is common in the open source community, users of the ... -technology will also be able to collaborate with IBM ... +As is common in the open source community, users of the … +technology will also be able to collaborate with IBM… </p></blockquote> <p> This did not actually say that the program <em>was</em> “open -source”, but many readers did not notice that detail. (I should note +source,” but many readers did not notice that detail. (I should note that IBM was sincerely trying to make this program free software, and later adopted a new license which does make it free software and “open source”; but when that announcement was made, the program did @@ -275,19 +283,19 @@ launched two products into the [GNU/]Linux marketplace. <p> Unlike IBM, Cygnus was not trying to make these packages free software, and the packages did not come close to qualifying. But -Cygnus didn't actually say that these are “open source software”, +Cygnus didn't actually say that these are “open source software,” they just made use of the term to give careless readers that impression.</p> <p> These observations suggest that a trademark would not have truly -prevented the confusion that comes with the term “open source”.</p> +prevented the confusion that comes with the term “open source.”</p> <h3 id="newinnovember">Misunderstandings(?) of “Open Source”</h3> <p> The Open Source Definition is clear enough, and it is quite clear that -the typical non-free program does not qualify. So you would think +the typical nonfree program does not qualify. So you would think that “Open Source company” would mean one whose products are free software (or close to it), right? Alas, many companies are trying to give it a different meaning.</p> @@ -314,16 +322,16 @@ the community would stand for.)</p> <p> Over the years, many companies have contributed to free software -development. Some of these companies primarily developed non-free +development. Some of these companies primarily developed nonfree software, but the two activities were separate; thus, we could ignore -their non-free products, and work with them on free software projects. +their nonfree products, and work with them on free software projects. Then we could honestly thank them afterward for their free software contributions, without talking about the rest of what they did.</p> <p> We cannot do the same with these new companies, because they won't let us. These companies actively invite the public to lump all their -activities together; they want us to regard their non-free software as +activities together; they want us to regard their nonfree software as favorably as we would regard a real contribution, although it is not one. They present themselves as “open source companies,” hoping that we will get a warm fuzzy feeling about them, and that we will be @@ -339,11 +347,11 @@ the door for this.</p> <p> At a trade show in late 1998, dedicated to the operating system often referred to -as <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">“Linux”</a>, the +as “<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux</a>,” the featured speaker was an executive from a prominent software company. He was probably invited on account of his company's decision to “support” that system. Unfortunately, their form of -“support” consists of releasing non-free software that +“support” consists of releasing nonfree software that works with the system—in other words, using our community as a market but not contributing to it.</p> @@ -378,9 +386,8 @@ That's why we stick to the term “free software” in the GNU Project, so we can help do that job. If you feel that freedom and community are important for their own sake—not just for the convenience they bring—please join us in using the term -“free software”.</p> - -<hr /> +“free software.”</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> <!-- The archived version is truncated. <p> @@ -388,24 +395,25 @@ Joe Barr wrote an article called <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080703140137/http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4">Live and let license [archived]</a> that gives his perspective on this issue.</p> --> - +<h3 class="footnote">Note</h3> <p> Lakhani and Wolf's -<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf">paper on the +<a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf">paper on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This was despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</p> -<hr /> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This essay is published -in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -423,16 +431,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2007, 2016, 2020 Free Software Foundation, +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1998-2003, 2007, 2010, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" @@ -443,10 +468,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/26 13:25:22 $ +$Date: 2021/09/11 09:37:22 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-intro.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-intro.html index c44402c..cdb2a5b 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-intro.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-intro.html @@ -1,9 +1,16 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding fsmovement" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Free Software movement - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-software-intro.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Free Software Movement</h2> <p> @@ -31,7 +38,7 @@ publishing improved versions so that other people can use them. <p> Whether a program is free software depends mainly on its license. -However, a program can also be non-free because you don't have access +However, a program can also be nonfree because you don't have access to its source code, or because hardware won't let you put a modified version into use (this is called “tivoization”). </p> @@ -61,11 +68,13 @@ decline to operate under their name.</p> <p> If you think that freedom and community are important for their own sake, please join us in proudly using the term “free -software”, and help spread the word. +software,” and help spread the word. </p> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -83,18 +92,18 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -109,21 +118,21 @@ information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +<p>Copyright © 1999, 2008, 2009, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. </p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:01 $ +$Date: 2021/09/11 09:37:22 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-rocket.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-rocket.html index 6b58f45..9cadaf9 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-rocket.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-software-rocket.html @@ -1,10 +1,16 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.94 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs extension" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Should Rockets Have Only Free Software? Free Software and Appliances - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-software-rocket.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Should Rockets Have Only Free Software? Free Software and Appliances </h2> @@ -111,7 +117,7 @@ your computing activities to them, by labeling those activities as control. Even things as minutely directed by the user as text editing! This is a scheme to get you to substitute their power for your freedom. We call that “Service as a Software -Substitute”, SaaSS for short (see +Substitute,” SaaSS for short (see “<a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who does that server really serve?</a>”), and we reject it.</p> @@ -126,11 +132,11 @@ your copy of free software on your own computer.</p> non-computational service of transporting cargoes, and you could use it sometimes; or you could choose some other method, perhaps to buy a spaceship and operate it yourself.</p> - +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -175,7 +181,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2020, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -185,7 +191,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/11/14 16:23:28 $ +$Date: 2021/09/14 16:25:47 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-sw.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-sw.html index fa1541f..11a58d3 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-sw.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-sw.html @@ -1,51 +1,27 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> -<title>What is free software? +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs principles" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>What is Free Software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- -.note { margin-left: 6%; margin-right: 6%; } -@media (min-width: 48em) { - .note { margin-top: .8em; } -} +.toc > ul > li { list-style-type: none; font-weight: bold; } +.toc ul { font-weight: normal; } +#History ~ p, #History ~ ul { font-size: 1rem; } --></style> <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" /> <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." /> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>What is Free Software?</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> -<h2>What is free software?</h2> - -<div class="article"> -<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3> - -<blockquote class="note" id="fsf-licensing"><p style="font-size: 80%"> -Have a question about free software licensing not answered here? -See our other <a href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing">licensing resources</a>, -and if necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab -at <a href="mailto:licensing@fsf.org">licensing@fsf.org</a>.</p> -</blockquote> - -<div class="comment"> -<p> -The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a -particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to -time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions -about subtle issues. See the <a href="#History">History section</a> -below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free -software. -</p> - -<p> -“Open source” is something different: it has a very -different philosophy based on different values. Its practical -definition is different too, but nearly all open source programs are -in fact free. We explain the -difference in <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> -Why “Open Source” misses the point of Free Software</a>. -</p> -</div> - +<div class="important"> <p> “Free software” means software that respects users' freedom and community. Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the @@ -53,13 +29,21 @@ freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software</b>. Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free speech,” not as in -“free beer”. We sometimes call it “libre +“free beer.” We sometimes call it “libre software,” borrowing the French or Spanish word for “free” as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software is gratis. </p> <p> +You may have paid money to get copies of a free program, or you may +have obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your +copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, +even to <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>. +</p> +</div> + +<p> We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the @@ -70,8 +54,76 @@ program <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"> an instrument of unjust power</a>. </p> -<h4> The four essential freedoms</h4> +<p> +“Open source” is something different: it has a very +different philosophy based on different values. Its practical +definition is different too, but nearly all open source programs are +in fact free. We explain the +difference in <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> +Why “Open Source” misses the point of Free Software</a>. +</p> + +<div class="toc"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<h3 class="no-display">Table of contents</h3> +<ul> + <li><a href="#fs-definition">The Free Software Definition</a> + <ul> + <li><a href="#four-freedoms">The four essential freedoms</a></li> + <li><a href="#selling">Free software <em>can</em> be commercial</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#clarifying">Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree</a> + <ul> + <li><a href="#run-the-program">The freedom to run the program as you + wish</a></li> + <li><a href="#make-changes">The freedom to study the source code and make + changes</a></li> + <li><a href="#redistribute">The freedom to redistribute if you wish: + basic requirements</a></li> + <li><a href="#copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> + <li><a href="#packaging">Rules about packaging and distribution + details</a></li> + <li><a href="#exportcontrol">Export regulations</a></li> + <li><a href="#legal-details">Legal considerations</a></li> + <li><a href="#contracts">Contract-based licenses</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#in-practice">The Free Software Definition in Practice</a> + <ul> + <li><a href="#interpretation">How we interpret these criteria</a></li> + <li><a href="#get-help">Get help with free licenses</a></li> + <li><a href="#terminology">Use the right words when talking about free + software</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#beyond-software">Beyond Software</a></li> + <li><a href="#History">History</a></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<div class="edu-note" id="fsf-licensing" role="complementary"> +<p style="font-size:80%"> +Have a question about free software licensing not answered here? +See our other <a href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing">licensing resources</a>, +and if necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab +at <a href="mailto:licensing@fsf.org">licensing@fsf.org</a>.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> + + +<h3 id="fs-definition">The Free Software Definition</h3> + +<p> +The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a +particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to +time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions +about subtle issues. See the <a href="#History">History section</a> +below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free +software. +</p> +<h4 id="four-freedoms">The four essential freedoms</h4> <p> A program is free software if the program's users have the four essential freedoms: <a href="#f1">[1]</a> @@ -108,8 +160,11 @@ implies users will need B, so we need to judge whether both A and B are free. However, if we plan to modify A so that it doesn't use B, only A needs to be free; B is not pertinent to that plan.</p> + +<h4 id="selling">Free software <em>can</em> be commercial</h4> + <p> -“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. +“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.” On the contrary, a free program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, and commercial distribution. This policy is of fundamental importance—without this, free software could not @@ -145,20 +200,14 @@ them, is tantamount to not granting the freedoms in question, and thus renders the program nonfree. </p> -<p> -You may have paid money to get copies of a free program, or you may -have obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your -copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, -even to <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>. -</p> -<h3>Clarifying the boundary between free and nonfree</h3> +<h3 id="clarifying">Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree</h3> <p>In the rest of this article we explain more precisely how far the various freedoms need to extend, on various issues, in order for a program to be free.</p> -<h4>The freedom to run the program as you wish</h4> +<h4 id="run-the-program">The freedom to run the program as you wish</h4> <p> The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person @@ -191,7 +240,7 @@ arbitrary nuisance code.</p> all” if that is what you wish. So there is no need for a separate “freedom not to run a program.”</p> -<h4>The freedom to study the source code and make changes</h4> +<h4 id="make-changes">The freedom to study the source code and make changes</h4> <p> In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the @@ -203,12 +252,18 @@ as source code. </p> <p> +Source code is defined as the preferred form of the program for making +changes in. Thus, whatever form a developer changes to develop +the program is the source code of that developer's version. +</p> + +<p> Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to -run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a -practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”, +run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours—a +practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown,” or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure -boot” — freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a +boot”—freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a practical reality. These binaries are not free software even if the source code they are compiled from is free. </p> @@ -216,8 +271,8 @@ software even if the source code they are compiled from is free. <p> One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you -cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it -requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the +cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module—for instance, if it +requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add—then the license is too restrictive to qualify as free. </p> @@ -233,7 +288,8 @@ returns after doing nothing, or make it invoke some other program. Thus, freedom 1 includes the “freedom to delete the program.” </p> -<h4>The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic requirements</h4> +<h4 id="redistribute">The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic +requirements</h4> <p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either @@ -254,7 +310,7 @@ notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way. Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be -a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a +a <a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify as a free license. </p> @@ -270,12 +326,12 @@ freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to make them. </p> -<h4>Copyleft</h4> +<h4 id="copyleft">Copyleft</h4> <p> Certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central -freedoms. For example, <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> +freedoms. For example, <a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> (very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it @@ -295,7 +351,7 @@ Software</a> for a description of how “free software,” relate to each other. </p> -<h4>Rules about packaging and distribution details</h4> +<h4 id="packaging">Rules about packaging and distribution details</h4> <p> Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, @@ -330,10 +386,10 @@ sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an alias for the modified version.</p> -<h4>Export regulations</h4> +<h4 id="exportcontrol">Export regulations</h4> <p> -Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a> +Sometimes government export control regulations and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do @@ -354,7 +410,7 @@ export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the software nonfree. </p> -<h4>Legal considerations</h4> +<h4 id="legal-details">Legal considerations</h4> <p> In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and @@ -367,7 +423,7 @@ cause, the software is not free. <p> A free license may not require compliance with the license of a nonfree program. Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to -comply with the licenses of “all the programs you use”, in +comply with the licenses of “all the programs you use,” in the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the license nonfree. @@ -378,7 +434,7 @@ It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both. </p> -<h4>Contract-based licenses</h4> +<h4 id="contracts">Contract-based licenses</h4> <p> Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits @@ -399,23 +455,12 @@ legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude it is nonfree. </p> -<h4>Use the right words when talking about free software</h4> - -<p> -When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms -like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply that -the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such -as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See -<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that -are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have -a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of -“free software”</a> into various languages. -</p> +<h3 id="in-practice">The Free Software Definition in Practice</h3> -<h4>How we interpret these criteria</h4> +<h4 id="interpretation">How we interpret these criteria</h4> <p> -Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software +Note that criteria such as those stated in this free software definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license, we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their @@ -428,7 +473,7 @@ a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify. </p> -<h4>Get help with free licenses</h4> +<h4 id="get-help">Get help with free licenses</h4> <p> If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free @@ -452,6 +497,27 @@ help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license and avoid various practical problems. </p> +<h4 id="terminology">Use the right words when talking about free software</h4> + +<p> +When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms +like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply that +the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such +as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See +<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that +are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have +a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of +“free software”</a> into various languages. +</p> + +<p id="open-source"> +Another group uses the term “open source” to mean +something close (but not identical) to “free software.” We +prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that +it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The +word “open” never refers to freedom. +</p> + <h3 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h3> <p> @@ -462,9 +528,9 @@ manuals are in effect part of the software. <p> The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of -practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, +practical use—that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, such as educational works and reference -works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known +works. <a href="https://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known example. </p> @@ -474,18 +540,6 @@ has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/"> free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works. </p> -<h3 id="open-source">Open Source?</h3> - -<p> -Another group uses the term “open source” to mean -something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We -prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that -it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The -word “open” <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> -never refers to freedom</a>. -</p> -</div> - <h3 id="History">History</h3> <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is @@ -494,84 +548,84 @@ was changed.</p> <ul> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.168&r2=1.169">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.168&r2=1.169">Version 1.169</a>: Explain more clearly why the four freedoms must apply to commercial activity. Explain why the four freedoms imply the freedom not to run the program and the freedom to delete it, so there is no need to state those as separate requirements.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.164&r2=1.165">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.164&r2=1.165">Version 1.165</a>: Clarify that arbitrary annoyances in the code do not negate freedom 0, and that freedoms 1 and 3 enable users to remove them.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.152&r2=1.153">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.152&r2=1.153">Version 1.153</a>: Clarify that freedom to run the program means nothing stops you from making it run.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.140&r2=1.141">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.140&r2=1.141">Version 1.141</a>: Clarify which code needs to be free.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.134&r2=1.135">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.134&r2=1.135">Version 1.135</a>: Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program as you wish.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.133&r2=1.134">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.133&r2=1.134">Version 1.134</a>: Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's functionality.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.130&r2=1.131">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.130&r2=1.131">Version 1.131</a>: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree license of another program.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.128&r2=1.129">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.128&r2=1.129">Version 1.129</a>: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum specifications are allowed. (This was always our policy.)</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.121&r2=1.122">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.121&r2=1.122">Version 1.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.117&r2=1.118">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.117&r2=1.118">Version 1.118</a>: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify, not on what modifications you have made. And modifications are not limited to “improvements”</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version 1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105">Version 1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point (already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified version for your computing.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92">Version 1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90">Version 1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate in someone else's development project.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89">Version 1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as free software.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80">Version 1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical; i.e., no tivoization.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77">Version 1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete replacement.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74">Version 1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated in some places but not reflected everywhere: <ul> -<li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can +<li>“Improvements” does not mean the license can substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release. Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li> <li>The right to merge in existing modules @@ -581,38 +635,38 @@ refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li> </ul> </li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57">Version -1.57</a>: Add "Beyond Software" section.</li> +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57">Version +1.57</a>: Add “Beyond Software” section.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46">Version 1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run the program for any purpose.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41">Version 1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40">Version 1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other available free software to create your modifications.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39">Version 1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to provide source for versions of the software you put into public use.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31">Version 1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor clarifications throughout the text.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23">Version 1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based licenses.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16">Version 1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11">Version +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11">Version 1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of versions you distribute to previous developers on request.</li> @@ -623,10 +677,11 @@ other changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its interpretations. For instance, the list does not include changes in asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page. You can review the complete list of changes to the page through -the <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb +the <a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb interface</a>.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3 style="font-size:1em">Footnote</h3> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> <ol> <li id="f1">The reason they are numbered 0, 1, 2 and 3 is historical. Around 1990 there were three freedoms, numbered 1, 2 and 3. Then we realized that @@ -634,10 +689,11 @@ the freedom to run the program needed to be mentioned explicitly. It was clearly more basic than the other three, so it properly should precede them. Rather than renumber the others, we made it freedom 0.</li> </ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -655,13 +711,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -682,7 +738,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2004-2007, 2009-2019, 2021 +<p>Copyright © 1996-2002, 2004-2019, 2021, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" @@ -693,7 +749,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/02/03 12:31:45 $ +$Date: 2022/06/25 20:55:18 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-world-notes.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-world-notes.html index fdf104b..978e401 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-world-notes.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-world-notes.html @@ -1,24 +1,27 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="thirdparty" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Free World Notes - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-world-notes.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Free World Notes</h2> -<blockquote> -<p>This file contains supplemental notes to the manifesto “Only -the Free World Can Stand Up to Microsoft”, currently published -at <a href="/philosophy/free-world.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-world.html</a>.</p> -</blockquote> +<address class="byline">by Tom Hull <a +id="hull-rev" href="#hull"><sup>[*]</sup></a></address> -<p> -You may write the author, Tom -Hull <a href="mailto:ftwalk@contex.com"><ftwalk@contex.com></a>. Hull is -also the author of the Ftwalk programming language, a script -programming language which is free software available for Unix -systems.</p> +<div class="infobox"> +<p>This page contains supplemental notes to the manifesto “<a +href="/philosophy/free-world.html">Only the Free World Can Stand Up to +Microsoft</a>.”</p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> In general, this critique reflects a more general line of thought, @@ -262,9 +265,19 @@ Microsoft et al. are “The Evil Empire.” That's a joke, of course, but if it didn't harbor a shred of truth it wouldn't be funny.</p> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p><a id="hull" href="#hull-rev">[*]</a> You may contact Tom Hull at <a +href="mailto:ftwalk@contex.com"><ftwalk@contex.com></a>. He is +also the author of the Ftwalk programming language, a script +programming language, which is free software available for Unix +systems.</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p> @@ -287,13 +300,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -323,10 +336,10 @@ electronically.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/08/03 14:55:12 $ +$Date: 2021/09/09 19:56:08 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-world.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-world.html index 5ae9c32..0983c58 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-world.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-world.html @@ -1,18 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="thirdparty" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Only the Free World Can Stand Up to Microsoft - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-world.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Only the Free World Can Stand Up to Microsoft</h2> -<p>by <strong>Tom Hull</strong></p> - -<div class="announcement"> -<blockquote><p>This article is part of our section -of <a href="/philosophy/third-party-ideas.html">Third Party -Ideas</a>.</p></blockquote> -</div> +<address class="byline">by Tom Hull</address> <ol> <li>The reproduction and distribution cost of software is zero at @@ -87,8 +88,8 @@ today's tasks, and which they can collaboratively build on to handle future needs. Free software is the one thing that not even Microsoft can compete with.</li> <li>Still, there is one core problem: who pays for developing free -software? The usual answer — which leads to all of the trouble -above — is that investors pay for development, which they +software? The usual answer—which leads to all of the trouble +above—is that investors pay for development, which they recover from their profits. The only real answer is that development costs must be paid for by users. The key point here is that what is paid for is not the distribution or use of the software, but its @@ -122,8 +123,8 @@ organizations to budget a small fraction of their annual software outlays for proposals. Set up a review group for intellectual property issues, challenge dubious claims, and investigate the feasibility of buying and releasing rights to valid claims. Encourage the -development of more local organizations — local to place, to -industry, to niche, to taste — with the initial group breaking +development of more local organizations—local to place, to +industry, to niche, to taste—with the initial group breaking up or fading away: common methods and procedures, but no centralized control.</li> <li>Let's call this organization, this whole framework, “The @@ -133,15 +134,16 @@ contribution. You have nothing to lose but <kbd>CTL-ALT-DEL</kbd>.</li> </ol> -<hr /> +<hr class="column-limit" /> <p>Additional notes can be found at <a href="/philosophy/free-world-notes.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-world-notes.html</a>.</p> +gnu.org/philosophy/free-world-notes.html</a>.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p> @@ -164,33 +166,16 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to - files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this - without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. - Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the - document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the - document was modified, or published. - - If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. - Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying - years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable - year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including - being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). - - There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers - Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - <p>Copyright © 1997 Tom Hull</p> <p>You may link to this document and/or redistribute it @@ -200,10 +185,10 @@ electronically.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/08/03 14:52:39 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:44:32 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/freedom-or-copyright-old.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/freedom-or-copyright-old.html index 0b55b7f..94e2157 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/freedom-or-copyright-old.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/freedom-or-copyright-old.html @@ -1,23 +1,29 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Freedom—or Copyright? (Old Version) - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright-old.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Freedom—or Copyright? (Old Version)</h2> -<div class="announcement"> -<blockquote><p>There is an <a +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> + +<div class="infobox"> +<p>There is an <a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html"> updated version</a> of -this article.</p></blockquote> +this article.</p> </div> +<hr class="thin" /> -<p> - by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong> -</p> - -<blockquote> +<div class="introduction"> <p> The brave new world of e-books: no more used book stores, no more lending a book to your friend, no more borrowing one from the public @@ -25,7 +31,7 @@ library, no purchasing a book except with a credit card that identifies what you read. Even reading an e-book without authorization is a crime. </p> -</blockquote> +</div> <p> Once upon a time, in the age of the printing press, an industrial @@ -84,7 +90,7 @@ crime.</p> <p> We still have the same old freedoms in using paper books. But if e-books replace printed books, that exception will do little -good. With “electronic ink”, which makes it possible to +good. With “electronic ink,” which makes it possible to download new text onto an apparently printed piece of paper, even newspapers could become ephemeral. Imagine: no more used book stores; no more lending a book to your friend; no more borrowing one from the @@ -100,7 +106,7 @@ political issues raised by this futuristic technology. Besides, the public has been taught that copyright exists to “protect” the copyright holders, with the implication that the public's interests do not count. (The biased term -“<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> intellectual +“<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">intellectual property</a>” also promotes that view; in addition, it encourages the mistake of trying to treat several laws that are almost totally different—such as copyright law and patent law—as @@ -135,12 +141,14 @@ Eventually, when computer networks provide an easy way to send someone a small amount of money, the whole rationale for restricting verbatim copying will go away. If you like a book, and a box pops up on your computer saying “Click here to give the author one -dollar”, wouldn't you click? Copyright for books and music, as +dollar,” wouldn't you click? Copyright for books and music, as it applies to distributing verbatim unmodified copies, will be entirely obsolete. And not a moment too soon!</p> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -158,29 +166,46 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 1999, 2008 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1999, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:05 $ +$Date: 2021/09/16 16:56:20 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/freedom-or-copyright.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/freedom-or-copyright.html index c96ddc6..44099cc 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/freedom-or-copyright.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/freedom-or-copyright.html @@ -1,17 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Freedom or Copyright? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Freedom—or Copyright?</h2> <address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> +<div class="infobox"> <p><em>This essay addresses how the principles of software freedom apply in some cases to other works of authorship and art. It's included here since it involves the application of the ideas of free software.</em></p> +</div> <hr class="thin" /> <p> @@ -113,7 +122,7 @@ The organizations that profit most from copyright legally exercise it in the name of the authors (most of whom gain little). They would have you believe that copyright is a natural right of authors, and that we the public must suffer it no matter how painful it is. They -call sharing “piracy”, equating helping your neighbor with +call sharing “piracy,” equating helping your neighbor with attacking a ship.</p> <p> @@ -130,17 +139,17 @@ dissatisfied with that amount and called the experiment a failure, but it looks like a success to me.) Radiohead made millions in 2007 by inviting fans to copy an album and pay what they wished, while it was also shared on peer-to-peer networks. In -2008, <a href="http://www.boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html"> +2008, <a href="https://boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html"> Nine Inch Nails released an album with permission to share copies</a> and made $750,000 in a few days.</p> <p> The possibility of success without oppression is not limited to bestsellers. Many artists of various levels of fame now make an -adequate living through <a href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20091119/1634117011.shtml">voluntary +adequate living through <a href="https://www.techdirt.com/2010/01/25/future-music-business-models-those-who-are-already-there/">voluntary support</a>: donations and merchandise purchases of their fans. Kevin Kelly estimates the artist need only find around -<a href="http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php"> +<a href="https://kk.org/thetechnium/1000-true-fans/"> 1,000 true fans</a>. </p> @@ -149,7 +158,7 @@ When computer networks provide an easy anonymous method for sending someone a small amount of money, without a credit card, it will be easy to set up a much better system to support the arts. When you view a work, there will be a button you can press saying, “Click -here to send the artist one dollar”. Wouldn't you press it, at +here to send the artist one dollar.” Wouldn't you press it, at least once a week?</p> <p> @@ -171,7 +180,7 @@ the arts.</p> <p> The <a -href="http://stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html">Global +href="https://stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html">Global Patronage</a> proposal combines aspects of those two systems, incorporating mandatory payments with voluntary allocation among artists.</p> @@ -188,10 +197,11 @@ DRM. But until we win this battle, you must protect yourself: don't buy any products with DRM unless you personally have the means to break the DRM. Never use a product designed to attack your freedom unless you can nullify the attack.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -209,16 +219,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2008, 2010, 2011, 2019, 2020 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2008, 2010, 2022 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -228,10 +255,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/06 08:25:53 $ +$Date: 2022/04/12 11:15:30 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/freedom-or-power.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/freedom-or-power.html index a0dcc32..64967d1 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/freedom-or-power.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/freedom-or-power.html @@ -1,21 +1,28 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing copyleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Freedom Or Power? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +.epigraph { margin: 2em 0 2em 15%; color: #444; } +--></style> <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, general, public, license, gpl, general public license, freedom, software, power, rights" /> <meta http-equiv="Description" content="In this essay, Freedom or Power?, Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman discuss the reasons that the free software movement doesn't advocate the so-called freedom to choose any license you want for software you write." /> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Freedom or Power?</h2> -<p> -by <strong>Bradley M. Kuhn</strong> and <strong>Richard -M. Stallman</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman</address> -<blockquote> +<blockquote class="epigraph"> <p>The love of liberty is the love of others; the love of power is the -love of ourselves.<br /> --- William Hazlitt</p> +love of ourselves. —<i>William Hazlitt</i></p> </blockquote> <p> @@ -75,14 +82,15 @@ freedom.</p> Discussions of rights and rules for software have often concentrated on the interests of programmers alone. Few people in the world program regularly, and fewer still are owners of proprietary software -businesses. But the entire developed world now needs and uses -software, so software developers now control the way it lives, -does business, communicates, and is entertained. The ethical and +businesses. But most of humanity now uses computers (specifically, smartphones) and thus uses +software, so software developers now control the way they live, +do business, communicate, and are entertained. The ethical and political issues are not addressed by the slogan of “freedom of choice (for developers only).”</p> <p> -If “code is law,” <a href="#f1">(1)</a> then the real question we face is: who should control the +If “code is law,” <a href="#f1">(1)</a> then the real +question we face is: who should control the code you use—you, or an elite few? We believe you are entitled to control the software you use, and giving you that control is the goal of free software.</p> @@ -94,7 +102,7 @@ us in the position of power over users of our code, whether we like it or not. The ethical response to this situation is to proclaim freedom for each user, just as the Bill of Rights was supposed to exercise government power by guaranteeing each citizen's freedoms. That is what the <a -href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">GNU General Public License</a> is for: +href="/licenses/copyleft.html">GNU General Public License</a> is for: it puts you in control of your usage of the software while <a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">protecting you from others</a> who would like to take control of your decisions.</p> @@ -105,23 +113,25 @@ they too deserve freedom, they will see the importance of the freedoms we stand for, just as more and more users have come to appreciate the practical value of the free software we have developed.</p> -<h4>Footnotes</h4> - -<a id="f1"></a> William J. Mitchell, -<em>City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn </em> (Cambridge, +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> +<ol> +<li id="f1">William J. Mitchell, +<cite>City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn</cite> (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), p. 111, as quoted by Lawrence Lessig in -<em>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version 2.0</em> (New York, NY: -Basic Books, 2006), p. 5. +<cite>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version 2.0</cite> (New York, NY: +Basic Books, 2006), p. 5.</li> +</ol> -<hr /> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This essay is published -in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -139,16 +149,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2001, 2009, 2020 Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2001, 2009, 2021 Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman</p> <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted without royalty in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p> @@ -157,10 +184,10 @@ without royalty in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/26 13:25:22 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fs-and-sustainable-development.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fs-and-sustainable-development.html index 882a098..359bd74 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fs-and-sustainable-development.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fs-and-sustainable-development.html @@ -1,17 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural society" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Free Software and Sustainable Development - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/fs-and-sustainable-development.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Free Software and Sustainable Development</h2> -<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p> - -<p><em>First published on <a -href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721162054/http://www.insnet.org/ins_headlines.rxml?cust=212&id=967"> -insnet.org</a> in 2005.</em></p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p>Many organizations that aim to promote development by spreading the use of computers make a fundamental mistake: they promote the use of @@ -48,9 +51,17 @@ software is not development, it is electronic colonization.</p> <p>For more information on free software and the popular GNU/Linux operating system, see www.gnu.org.</p> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>First published on <a +href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060623003714/http://www.insnet.org/ins_headlines.rxml?cust=212&id=967"> +insnet.org</a> in 2005.</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -68,13 +79,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -95,7 +106,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2005, 2017, 2018, 2019 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2005, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -105,7 +116,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/12/30 11:28:30 $ +$Date: 2021/09/09 20:25:34 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fs-motives.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fs-motives.html index 8c98d3b..b83f41f 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fs-motives.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/fs-motives.html @@ -1,10 +1,18 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Motives For Writing Free Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/fs-motives.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Motives For Writing Free Software</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p>Don't make the mistake of supposing that all software development has one simple motive. Here are some of the motives we know influence @@ -70,7 +78,7 @@ criticism narrowly on Microsoft</a>. Indeed, Microsoft is evil, since it makes nonfree software. Even worse, it is often <a href="/philosophy/proprietary/malware-microsoft.html"> malware</a> in various ways including -<a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">DRM</a>. However, many other +<a href="https://DefectiveByDesign.org">DRM</a>. However, many other companies do these things, and the nastiest enemy of our freedom nowadays is <a href="/philosophy/proprietary/malware-apple.html">Apple</a>.<br /> @@ -103,10 +111,11 @@ please send email to <a href="mailto:campaigns@gnu.org"><campaigns@gnu.org></a>. If we think the other motives are likely to influence many developers, we will add them to the list.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -124,19 +133,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -151,20 +160,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2009, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/06/24 12:45:02 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 07:59:45 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html index 4d6a0ff..04ace5f 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html @@ -1,14 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural funding" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Funding Art vs Funding Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/funding-art-vs-funding-software.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Funding Art vs Funding Software</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>I've proposed two new systems to fund artists in a world where we have legalized sharing (noncommercial redistribution of exact copies) of @@ -27,9 +34,8 @@ works that are free.</p> <p>In my view, works designed to be used to do practical jobs must be free. The people who use them deserve to have control over the jobs they do, which requires control over the works they use to do them, -which requires the four freedoms (see <a -href="/philosophy/free-sw.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>). Works to do practical +which requires <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">the four freedoms</a>. +Works to do practical jobs include educational resources, reference works, recipes, text fonts and, of course, software; these works must be free.</p> @@ -122,10 +128,11 @@ support the foundation's work</a>, and we invite <a href="https://my.fsf.org/donate/directed-donations"> targeted donations for certain specific projects</a>. Other free software organizations do this too.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -143,13 +150,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -170,7 +177,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2013, 2017 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2013, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -180,10 +187,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2017/08/27 14:56:06 $ +$Date: 2021/09/16 16:56:20 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gates.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gates.html index 0669a71..f3cdbef 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gates.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gates.html @@ -1,21 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>It's not the Gates, it's the bars - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gates.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2> It's not the Gates, it's the bars</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a><br /> -Founder, Free Software Foundation -</p> - -<blockquote> -<p><em>(This article was <a -href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7487060.stm">published by -BBC News in 2008</a>.)</em></p> -</blockquote> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>To pay so much attention to Bill Gates' retirement is missing the point. What really matters is not Gates, nor @@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ BBC News in 2008</a>.)</em></p> degradation and illness in the same poor countries. (2010 update: The Gates Foundation is supporting a project with agribusiness giant Cargill on a <a - href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2010/sep/29/gates-foundation-gm-monsanto">project + href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2010/sep/29/gates-foundation-gm-monsanto">project that could involve pushing genetically modified crops in Africa</a>.)</p> <p>Many computerists specially hate Gates and Microsoft. They have @@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ BBC News in 2008</a>.)</em></p> UK, Microsoft established a major office in Gordon Brown's constituency. Both lawful, both potentially corrupting.)</p> - <p>Many users hate the “Microsoft tax”, the retail + <p>Many users hate the “Microsoft tax,” the retail contracts that make you pay for Windows on your computer even if you won't use it. (In some countries you can get a refund, but the effort required is daunting.) There's also the Digital Restrictions @@ -77,7 +76,7 @@ BBC News in 2008</a>.)</em></p> yourself or for someone else, you can't. If you're a business and you want to pay a programmer to make the software suit your needs better, you can't. If you copy it to share with your friend, which is simple - good-neighbourliness, they call you a “pirate”. + good-neighbourliness, they call you a “pirate.” Microsoft would have us believe that helping your neighbour is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship.</p> @@ -120,9 +119,17 @@ BBC News in 2008</a>.)</em></p> he helped create remain—for now. Dismantling them is up to us.</p> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>This article was <a +href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7487060.stm">published by +<cite>BBC News</cite> in 2008</a>.</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -140,19 +147,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -167,21 +174,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - -<p>Copyright © 2008 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2008, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:08 $ +$Date: 2021/09/10 10:58:36 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gif.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gif.html index 55904db..da8426a 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gif.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gif.html @@ -1,21 +1,32 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Why There Are No GIF Files on GNU Web Pages - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +a.ftn { font-size: .94em; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gif.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Why There Are No GIF Files on GNU Web Pages</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> - -<blockquote><p>There is no special patent threat to GIF format nowadays +<div class="introduction"> +<p><em>There is no special patent threat to GIF format nowadays as far as we know; <a href="#venuenote">the patents that were used to attack GIF have expired</a>. Nonetheless, this article will remain pertinent as long as programs can be forbidden by patents, since the same sorts of things could happen in any area of computing. See -<a href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics"> our web -site policies regarding GIFs</a>, and -our <a href="/server/standards/">web guidelines</a>.</p></blockquote> - +<a href="/server/standards/gnu-website-guidelines.html#UseofGraphics">our +website policies regarding GIFs</a>.</em></p> +</div> +<hr class="no-display" /> <p> There are no GIFs on the GNU web site because of the @@ -31,8 +42,8 @@ GNU does not use it or its format. Unisys and IBM both applied for patents in 1983. Unisys (and perhaps IBM) applied for these patents in a number of countries. Of the places whose patent databases we were able to search, the latest -expiration date seems to be 1 October 2006. -<sup><a id="returnnote" href="#venuenote">1</a></sup> Until then, +expiration date seems to be 1 October 2006 <a class="ftn" +href="#venuenote">[1]</a>. Until then, anyone who releases a free program for making GIF files is likely to be sued. We don't know any reason to think that the patent owners would lose these lawsuits. @@ -61,7 +72,7 @@ applies. Unisys will not pursue previous inadvertent infringement by developers producing versions of software products for the Internet prior to 1995. The company does not require licensing, or fees to be paid for non-commercial, non-profit offerings on the Internet, -including “Freeware”.</p></blockquote> +including “Freeware.”</p></blockquote> <p> Unfortunately, this doesn't permit @@ -83,10 +94,10 @@ terms. </p> <p> -The <a href="http://www.fsf.org">Free Software Foundation</a> is a +The <a href="https://www.fsf.org">Free Software Foundation</a> is a non-commercial, non-profit organization, so strictly speaking the -income from our sales of <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/">CD-ROMs</a> -is not “profit”. Perhaps this means we could include +income from our sales of <a href="https://shop.fsf.org/">CD-ROMs</a> +is not “profit.” Perhaps this means we could include a GIF program on our CD-ROM and claim to be acting within the scope of the Unisys permission—or perhaps not. But since we know that other redistributors of GNU would be unable to include it, @@ -197,7 +208,7 @@ patent-free compressed format, not large pseudo-GIFs. </p> <p> -The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics">PNG +The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics">PNG format</a> is a patent-free compressed format. We hope it will become widely supported; then we will use it. We do provide PNG versions of most of the <a href="/graphics/graphics.html">images on this server</a>. @@ -208,7 +219,7 @@ For more information about the GIF patent problems, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329143651/http://progfree.org/Patents/patents.html">the League for Programming Freedom GIF page</a>. Through that page you can find more information about the <a -href="http://endsoftpatents.org/">problem of software patents in +href="https://endsoftwarepatents.org/">problem of software patents in general.</a> </p> @@ -218,14 +229,17 @@ uncompressed gifs to circumvent the Unisys patent. </p> <p> -<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203193534/http://burnallgifs.org/">http://burnallgifs.org</a> is a +<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203193534/http://burnallgifs.org/"> +burnallgifs.org</a> is a web site devoted to discouraging the use of GIF files on the web. </p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3>Footnote:</h3> - -<p><a href="#returnnote" id="venuenote">1.</a> We were able to search +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> +<ol> +<li id="venuenote"> +<p>We were able to search the patent databases of the USA, Canada, Japan, and the European Union. The Unisys patent expired on 20 June 2003 in the USA, in Europe it expired on 18 June 2004, in Japan the patent expired on 20 June @@ -238,11 +252,14 @@ interfering with the use of static GIFs.</p> might cover them. However, we have not heard reports of threats against use of animated GIFs. Any software can be threatened by patents, but we have no reason to consider animated GIFs to be in -particular danger — no particular reason to shun them.</p> +particular danger—no particular reason to shun them.</p> +</li> +</ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -260,16 +277,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2015, 2018 Free +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1997-1999, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" @@ -280,7 +314,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $ +$Date: 2021/11/03 13:26:25 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-breadcrumb.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-breadcrumb.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..18a355d --- /dev/null +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-breadcrumb.html @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +<div class="breadcrumb" role="navigation"> +<!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' --><img src="/graphics/icons/home.png" height="26" width="26" + alt="GNU Home" title="GNU Home" /><span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/gnu/gnu.html#content">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->About GNU<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#if expr="$TAGS = /gnu-history/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/gnu/gnu.html#gnu-history">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->GNU history<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#elif expr="$TAGS = /gnulinux/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/gnu/gnu.html#gnulinux">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->GNU & Linux<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#elif expr="$TAGS = /gnu-structure/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/gnu/gnu.html#gnu-structure">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->GNU structure<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span><!--#endif +--></div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-history.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-history.html index afa4734..a332879 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-history.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-history.html @@ -1,18 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Overview of the GNU System - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free Software Foundation, History" /> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-history.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Overview of the GNU System</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p> The GNU operating system is a complete free software system, -upward-compatible with Unix. GNU stands for “GNU's Not Unix”. +upward-compatible with Unix. GNU stands for “GNU's Not Unix.” It is pronounced as <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a -hard g</a>. -<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> made the +hard <i>g</i></a>. +<a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> made the <a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Initial Announcement</a> of the GNU Project in September 1983. A longer version called the <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">GNU Manifesto</a> was published in @@ -22,9 +30,9 @@ March 1985. It has been translated into several <p> The name “GNU” was chosen because it met a few requirements; first, it was a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not -Unix”, second, because it was a real word, and third, it was fun +Unix,” second, because it was a real word, and third, it was fun to say (or -<a href="http://www.poppyfields.net/poppy/songs/gnu.html">Sing</a>).</p> +<a href="http://www.poppyfields.net/poppy/songs/gnu.html">sing</a>).</p> <p> The word “free” in “free software” pertains to @@ -40,7 +48,7 @@ physical act of transferring a copy, or you may give away copies.)</p> <p> The project to develop the GNU system is called the “GNU -Project”. The GNU Project was conceived in 1983 as a way of +Project.” The GNU Project was conceived in 1983 as a way of bringing back the cooperative spirit that prevailed in the computing community in earlier days—to make cooperation possible once again by removing the obstacles to cooperation imposed by the owners of @@ -75,7 +83,7 @@ A Unix-like operating system includes a kernel, compilers, editors, text formatters, mail software, graphical interfaces, libraries, games and many other things. Thus, writing a whole operating system is a very large job. We started in January 1984. -The <a href="http://fsf.org/"> Free Software Foundation</a> was +The <a href="https://www.fsf.org/"> Free Software Foundation</a> was founded in October 1985, initially to raise funds to help develop GNU.</p> @@ -86,26 +94,26 @@ Combining Linux with the almost-complete GNU system resulted in a complete operating system: the GNU/Linux system. Estimates are that tens of millions of people now use GNU/Linux systems, typically via <a href="/distros/distros.html">GNU/Linux distributions</a>. The principal -version of Linux now contains non-free firmware “blobs”; +version of Linux now contains nonfree firmware “blobs”; free software activists now maintain a modified free version of Linux, -called <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux"> +called <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux-libre"> Linux-libre</a>.</p> <p> However, the GNU Project is not limited to the core operating system. We aim to provide a whole spectrum of software, whatever many users want to have. This includes application software. See -the <a href="/directory">Free Software Directory</a> for a catalogue +the <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Main_Page">Free Software Directory</a> for a catalogue of free software application programs.</p> <p> We also want to provide software for users who are not computer experts. Therefore we developed a -<a href="http://www.gnome.org/">graphical desktop (called GNOME)</a> to help +<a href="https://www.gnome.org/">graphical desktop (called GNOME)</a> to help beginners use the GNU system.</p> <p>We also want to provide games and other recreations. Plenty of <a -href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Game">free games</a> are +href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Game">free games</a> are already available.</p> <p> @@ -114,11 +122,11 @@ when <a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">laws such as the patent system prohibit free software</a>. The ultimate goal is to provide free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to do—and thus make proprietary software a thing of the past.</p> - +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -136,13 +144,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -163,8 +171,8 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, -2009, 2012, 2014, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2017, 2021 +Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -174,10 +182,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2017/09/04 10:21:27 $ +$Date: 2021/11/02 13:25:56 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-linux-faq.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-linux-faq.html index 5d36592..5807955 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-linux-faq.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-linux-faq.html @@ -1,30 +1,30 @@ -<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> <!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnulinux" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>GNU/Linux FAQ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2 class="c">GNU/Linux FAQ</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>GNU/Linux FAQ</h2> -<address class="byline c">by Richard Stallman</address> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<div class="reduced-width"> -<hr class="no-display" /> -<div class="announcement"> -<p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read -our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>, our - page on <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a> -and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU -Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p> -</div> -<hr class="thin" /> - -<div class="article"> +<div class="introduction"> <p> When people see that we use and recommend the name GNU/Linux for a -system that many others call just “Linux”, they ask many questions. +system that many others call just “Linux,” they ask many questions. Here are common questions, and our answers.</p> +</div> +<div class="toc"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<h3 class="no-display">Table of Contents</h3> <ul> <li><a href="#why">Why do you call the system we use GNU/Linux and not Linux?</a></li> @@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ Here are common questions, and our answers.</p> <li><a href="#trademarkfee">I would have to pay a fee if I use “Linux” in the name of a product, and - that would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it - wrong if I use “GNU” without “Linux”, to + that would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux.” Is it + wrong if I use “GNU” without “Linux,” to save the fee?</a></li> <li><a href="#many">Many other projects contributed to the @@ -146,6 +146,9 @@ Here are common questions, and our answers.</p> “GNU/Linux” instead of “GNU Linux”?</a></li> +<li><a href="#linuxlibre">Does GNU have its own version of Linux, + the kernel?</a></li> + <li><a href="#pronounce">How is the name “GNU/Linux” pronounced?</a></li> @@ -156,7 +159,7 @@ pronounced?</a></li> rather than “Linux/GNU”?</a></li> <li><a href="#distronames0">My distro's developers call it - “Foobar Linux”, but that doesn't say anything about + “Foobar Linux,” but that doesn't say anything about what the system consists of. Why shouldn't they call it whatever they like?</a></li> @@ -268,14 +271,14 @@ is needed for the system to be GNU/Linux?</a></li> <li><a href="#deserve">Since you failed to put something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system - “GNU”, you deserve what happened; why are you + “GNU,” you deserve what happened; why are you complaining now?</a></li> <li><a href="#contradict">Wouldn't you be better off not contradicting what so many people believe?</a></li> <li><a href="#somanyright">Since many people call it - “Linux”, doesn't that make it right?</a></li> + “Linux,” doesn't that make it right?</a></li> <li><a href="#knownname">Isn't it better to call the system by the name most users already know?</a></li> @@ -285,7 +288,16 @@ is needed for the system to be GNU/Linux?</a></li> get more of their support by a different road?</a></li> </ul> -<hr class="thin" /> +</div> + +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read +our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU System</a>, our + page on <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a> +and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU +Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> <dl> @@ -326,10 +338,13 @@ practical importance of these ideals</a>.</p> <dt id="what">What is the real relationship between GNU and Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#what">#what</a>)</span></dt> -<dd>The GNU operating system and the Linux kernel are separate +<dd> +<p> +The GNU operating system and the Linux kernel are separate software projects that do complementary jobs. Typically they are packaged in a <a href="/distros/distros.html">GNU/Linux distribution</a>, and used -together.</dd> +together.</p> +</dd> <dt id="howerror">How did it come about that most people call the system “Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#howerror">#howerror</a>)</span></dt> @@ -352,7 +367,7 @@ picture of the system's origin, because people tend to suppose that the system's history was such as to fit that name. For instance, they often believe its development was started by Linus Torvalds in 1991. This false picture tends to reinforce the idea -that the system should be called “Linux”.</p> +that the system should be called “Linux.”</p> <p> Many of the questions in this file represent people's attempts to justify the name they are accustomed to using.</p> @@ -363,14 +378,14 @@ justify the name they are accustomed to using.</p> <dd> Not always—only when you're talking about the whole system. When you're referring specifically to the kernel, you should call it -“Linux”, the name its developer chose. +“Linux,” the name its developer chose. <p> -When people call the whole system “Linux”, as a consequence +When people call the whole system “Linux,” as a consequence they call the whole system by the same name as the kernel. This causes many kinds of confusion, because only experts can tell whether a statement is about the kernel or the whole system. -By calling the whole system “GNU/Linux”, and calling the kernel -“Linux”, you avoid the ambiguity.</p> +By calling the whole system “GNU/Linux,” and calling the kernel +“Linux,” you avoid the ambiguity.</p> </dd> <dt id="linuxalone">Would Linux have @@ -400,7 +415,7 @@ framework, a complete free operating system: GNU/Linux.</p> community if you did not divide people with this request? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#divide">#divide</a>)</span></dt> <dd> -When we ask people to say “GNU/Linux”, we are not dividing people. We +When we ask people to say “GNU/Linux,” we are not dividing people. We are asking them to give the GNU Project credit for the GNU operating system. This does not criticize anyone or push anyone away. <p> @@ -428,7 +443,7 @@ Source misses the point of Free Software</a>.</p> The disagreement over values partially aligns with the amount of attention people pay to the GNU Project's role in our community. People who value freedom are more likely to call the system -“GNU/Linux”, and people who learn that the system is “GNU/Linux” are +“GNU/Linux,” and people who learn that the system is “GNU/Linux” are more likely to pay attention to our philosophical arguments for freedom and community (which is why the choice of name for the system makes a real difference for society). However, the disagreement would @@ -442,11 +457,12 @@ are defeated entirely (let's hope not).</p> support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by any name that individual chooses? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#freespeech">#freespeech</a>)</span></dt> <dd> +<p> Yes, indeed, we believe you have a free speech right to call the operating system by any name you wish. We ask that people call it GNU/Linux as a matter of doing justice to the GNU project, to promote the values of freedom that GNU stands for, and to inform others that -those values of freedom brought the system into existence. +those values of freedom brought the system into existence.</p> </dd> <dt id="everyoneknows">Since everyone knows the role @@ -455,7 +471,7 @@ those values of freedom brought the system into existence. <dd>Experience shows that the system's users, and the computer-using public in general, often know nothing about the GNU system. Most -articles about the system do not mention the name “GNU”, or the ideals +articles about the system do not mention the name “GNU,” or the ideals that GNU stands for. <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a> explains further. @@ -463,7 +479,7 @@ Heard of GNU</a> explains further. The people who say this are probably geeks thinking of the geeks they know. Geeks often do know about GNU, but many have a completely wrong idea of what GNU is. For instance, many think it is a collection -of <a href="#tools">“tools”</a>, or a project to develop tools.</p> +of “<a href="#tools">tools</a>,” or a project to develop tools.</p> <p> The wording of this question, which is typical, illustrates another common misconception. To speak of “GNU's role” in developing @@ -476,11 +492,12 @@ this or some other activity, but not that of GNU.</p> why does it matter what name I use? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#everyoneknows2">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span></dt> <dd> +<p> If your words don't reflect your knowledge, you don't teach others. Most people who have heard of the GNU/Linux system think it is -“Linux”, that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that -it was intended to be “open source”. If you don't tell -them, who will? +“Linux,” that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that +it was intended to be “open source.” If you don't tell +them, who will?</p> </dd> <dt id="windows">Isn't shortening “GNU/Linux” @@ -508,10 +525,10 @@ GNU is an operating system.</p> People who think that Linux is an entire operating system, if they hear about GNU at all, often get a wrong idea of what GNU is. They may think that GNU is the name of a collection of programs—often they -say “programming tools”, since some of our programming tools became +say “programming tools,” since some of our programming tools became popular on their own. The idea that “GNU” is the name of an operating system is hard to fit into a conceptual framework in which that -operating system is labeled “Linux”. +operating system is labeled “Linux.” <p> The GNU Project was named after the GNU operating system—it's the project to develop the GNU system. (See <a @@ -540,7 +557,7 @@ running. The kernel also takes care of starting and stopping other programs.</p> <p> To confuse matters, some people use the term “operating system” to -mean “kernel”. Both uses of the term go back many years. The +mean “kernel.” Both uses of the term go back many years. The use of “operating system” to mean “kernel” is found in a number of textbooks on system design, going back to the 80s. At the same time, in the 80s, the “Unix operating system” was understood to include all @@ -551,12 +568,12 @@ use the term “operating system” in the same way.</p> Most of the time when people speak of the “Linux operating system” they are using “operating system” in the same sense we use: they mean the whole collection of programs. If that's what you are referring -to, please call it “GNU/Linux”. If you mean just the kernel, then +to, please call it “GNU/Linux.” If you mean just the kernel, then “Linux” is the right name for it, but please say “kernel” also to avoid ambiguity about which body of software you mean.</p> <p> If you prefer to use some other term such as “system distribution” for -the entire collection of programs, instead of “operating system”, +the entire collection of programs, instead of “operating system,” that's fine. Then you would talk about GNU/Linux system distributions.</p> </dd> @@ -587,16 +604,18 @@ essential module, that would be like the GNU system in 1992. <dt id="brain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#brain">#brain</a>)</span></dt> <dd> +<p> A computer system is not much like a human body, and no part of it plays a role comparable to that of -the brain in a human. +the brain in a human.</p> </dd> <dt id="kernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an operating system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#kernelmost">#kernelmost</a>)</span></dt> <dd> -No, many components take a lot of work. +<p> +No, many components take a lot of work.</p> </dd> <dt id="nokernel">An operating system requires a kernel. @@ -606,8 +625,8 @@ No, many components take a lot of work. <dd> The people who argue that way for calling the system “Linux” are using a double standard. An operating system -requires compilers, editors, window systems, libraries, and much more -— hundreds of programs, even to match what BSD systems included +requires compilers, editors, window systems, libraries, and much +more—hundreds of programs, even to match what BSD systems included in 1983. Since Torvalds didn't develop any of those, how can the system be “Linux”? @@ -628,7 +647,7 @@ The name “GNU/Linux” gives credit to each.</p> <dd> Many <a href="/distros/distros.html"> packaged and installable versions of GNU</a> are available. None of them is called simply -“GNU”, but GNU is what they basically are. +“GNU,” but GNU is what they basically are. <p> We expected to release the GNU system packaged for installation, but @@ -655,7 +674,7 @@ This includes repackaging a substantial part of the GNU system.</p> <p> We never took the last step of packaging GNU under the name -“GNU”, but that doesn't alter what kind of thing GNU is. +“GNU,” but that doesn't alter what kind of thing GNU is. GNU is an operating system.</p> </dd> @@ -665,11 +684,11 @@ GNU is an operating system.</p> <dd> That practice seems to be very rare—we can't find any examples other -than the misuse of the name “Linux”. Normally an operating system is +than the misuse of the name “Linux.” Normally an operating system is developed as a single unified project, and the developers choose a name for the system as a whole. The kernel usually does not have a name of its own—instead, people say “the kernel of such-and-such” or -“the such-and-such kernel”. +“the such-and-such kernel.” <p> Because those two constructions are used synonymously, the expression “the Linux kernel” can easily be misunderstood as meaning “the kernel @@ -682,22 +701,23 @@ avoid the possibility of this misunderstanding by saying or writing feel of Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#feel">#feel</a>)</span></dt> <dd> +<p> There is no such thing as the “feel of Linux” because Linux has no user interfaces. Like any modern kernel, Linux is a base for running programs; user interfaces belong elsewhere in the system. Human interaction with GNU/Linux always goes through other programs, -and the “feel” comes from them. +and the “feel” comes from them.</p> </dd> <dt id="long">The problem with “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long. How about recommending a shorter name? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long">#long</a>)</span></dt> <dd> -For a while we tried the name “LiGNUx”, which combines the words “GNU” -and “Linux”. The reaction was very bad. People accept “GNU/Linux” +For a while we tried the name “LiGNUx,” which combines the words “GNU” +and “Linux.” The reaction was very bad. People accept “GNU/Linux” much better. <p> -The shortest legitimate name for this system is “GNU”, but +The shortest legitimate name for this system is “GNU,” but we call it “GNU/Linux” <a href="#justgnu"> for the reasons given below</a>.</p> </dd> @@ -722,7 +742,7 @@ not read it.</p> <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long2">#long2</a>)</span></dt> <dd> -<p>It only takes a second to say or type “GNU/”. If you +<p>It only takes a second to say or type “GNU/.” If you appreciate the system that we developed, can't you take one second to recognize our work?</p> </dd> @@ -773,25 +793,25 @@ disagree with his political views, but we deal with that disagreement honorably and openly, rather than by trying to cut him out of the credit for his contribution to the system.</li> <li> -Since many people know of the system as “Linux”, if we say “GNU” they +Since many people know of the system as “Linux,” if we say “GNU” they may simply not recognize we're talking about the same system. If we -say “GNU/Linux”, they can make a connection to what they have heard +say “GNU/Linux,” they can make a connection to what they have heard about.</li> -</ul><p></p> +</ul> </dd> <dt id="trademarkfee">I would have to pay a fee if I use “Linux” in the name of a product, and that - would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it wrong if I use “GNU” - without “Linux”, to save the fee? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt> + would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux.” Is it wrong if I use “GNU” + without “Linux,” to save the fee? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt> <dd> There's nothing wrong in calling the system “GNU”; basically, that's what it is. It is nice to give Linus Torvalds a share of the credit as well, but you have no obligation to pay for the privilege of doing so. <p> -So if you want to refer to the system simply as “GNU”, to avoid paying -the fee for calling it “Linux”, we won't criticize you.</p> +So if you want to refer to the system simply as “GNU,” to avoid paying +the fee for calling it “Linux,” we won't criticize you.</p> </dd> <dt id="many">Many other projects contributed to @@ -821,7 +841,7 @@ we won't argue against it.</p> <p> Different threshold levels would lead to different choices of name for the system. But one name that cannot result from concerns of fairness -and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is “Linux”. +and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is “Linux.” It can't be fair to give all the credit to one secondary contribution (Linux) while omitting the principal contribution (GNU).</p> </dd> @@ -831,11 +851,12 @@ It can't be fair to give all the credit to one secondary contribution GNU/systemd/Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt> <dd> +<p> systemd is a fairly important component, but not as important as the kernel (Linux), nor as important as the basis of the system as a whole (GNU). However, if you want to emphasize the presence of systemd -by calling the system “GNU/systemd/Linux”, there is nothing -wrong with doing so. +by calling the system “GNU/systemd/Linux,” there is nothing +wrong with doing so.</p> </dd> <dt id="others">Many other projects contributed to @@ -859,7 +880,7 @@ framework on which the system was made.</p> In 2008, we found that GNU packages made up 15% of the “main” repository of the gNewSense GNU/Linux distribution. Linux made up 1.5%. So the same argument would apply even more -strongly to calling it “Linux”. +strongly to calling it “Linux.” <p> GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, and Linux is an @@ -896,7 +917,7 @@ instead of “GNU Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href=" <dd> Following the rules of English, in the construction “GNU Linux” the -word “GNU” modifies “Linux”. This can mean either “GNU's version of +word “GNU” modifies “Linux.” This can mean either “GNU's version of Linux” or “Linux, which is a GNU package.” Neither of those meanings fits the situation at hand. <p> @@ -907,22 +928,37 @@ Torvalds wrote Linux independently, as his own project. So the <p> We're not talking about a distinct GNU version of Linux, the kernel. The free GNU/Linux distros do have -a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux">separate version of -Linux</a>, since the “standard” version contains non-free -firmware “blobs”. If this were part of the GNU Project, +a <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux-libre">separate version of +Linux</a>, since the “standard” version contains nonfree +firmware “blobs.” If this were part of the GNU Project, it could be considered “GNU Linux”; but we would not want to call it that, because it would be too confusing.</p> <p> We're talking about a version of GNU, the operating system, distinguished by having Linux as the kernel. A slash fits the situation because it means “combination.” (Think of -“Input/Output”.) This system is the combination of GNU -and Linux; hence, “GNU/Linux”.</p> +“Input/Output.”) It's the GNU system, with the kernel +Linux underneath; hence, “GNU/Linux.”</p> <p> -There are other ways to express “combination”. If you +There are other ways to express “combination.” If you think that a plus-sign is clearer, please use that. In French, a -hyphen is clear: “GNU-Linux”. In Spanish, we sometimes -say “GNU con Linux”.</p> +hyphen is clear: “GNU-Linux.” In Spanish, we sometimes +say “GNU con Linux.”</p> +</dd> + +<dt id="linuxlibre">Does GNU have its own version of Linux, the kernel? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#linuxlibre">#linuxlibre</a>)</span></dt> + +<dd> +Yes and no. The free GNU/Linux distros use slightly modified versions +of Linux, modified to remove the nonfree firmware “blobs” +contained in the “standard” release of Linux. Some of +them use <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux-libre">GNU +Linux-Libre</a>, which is the GNU Project's freed version of Linux. +But this is not a fork; rather, it is a version of Linux—we +take the source of each standard Linux release and de-blob it. +<p> +Other free distros make their own arrangements to remove the blobs +from Linux.</p> </dd> <dt id="pronounce">How is the name “GNU/Linux” @@ -941,7 +977,7 @@ rather than “GNU/Emacs”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href= <dd> <p> Following the rules of English, in the construction “GNU -Emacs” the word “GNU” modifies “Emacs”. +Emacs” the word “GNU” modifies “Emacs.” That is the right way to describe a program called Emacs which is a GNU package.</p> <p> @@ -962,13 +998,13 @@ prior to Linux, we actually started the whole activity.</p> In addition, “GNU/Linux” fits the fact that Linux is the lowest level of the system and GNU fills technically higher levels.</p> <p> -However, if you prefer to call the system “Linux/GNU”, that is a lot +However, if you prefer to call the system “Linux/GNU,” that is a lot better than what people usually do, which is to omit GNU entirely and make it seem that the whole system is Linux.</p> </dd> <dt id="distronames0">My distro's developers call it - “Foobar Linux”, but that doesn't say anything about + “Foobar Linux,” but that doesn't say anything about what the system consists of. Why shouldn't they call it whatever they like? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#distronames0">#distronames0</a>)</span></dt> <dd> @@ -997,9 +1033,9 @@ encourage it to do the same.</p> anything but “Foobar Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#distronames1">#distronames1</a>)</span></dt> <dd><p>When they spread misinformation by changing “GNU” -to “Linux”, and call their version of it “Foobar -Linux”, it's proper for you to correct the misinformation by -calling it “Foobar GNU/Linux”.</p></dd> +to “Linux,” and call their version of it “Foobar +Linux,” it's proper for you to correct the misinformation by +calling it “Foobar GNU/Linux.”</p></dd> <dt id="companies">Wouldn't it be more effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to @@ -1020,7 +1056,7 @@ We can't make them do this right, but we're not the sort to give up just because the road isn't easy. You may not have as much influence at your disposal as IBM or Red Hat, but you can still help. Together we can change the situation to the point where companies will make -more profit calling it “GNU/Linux”.</p> +more profit calling it “GNU/Linux.”</p> </dd> <dt id="reserve">Wouldn't it be better to @@ -1028,13 +1064,13 @@ more profit calling it “GNU/Linux”.</p> free software? After all, that is the ideal of GNU. <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#reserve">#reserve</a>)</span></dt> <dd> -The widespread practice of adding non-free software to the GNU/Linux +The widespread practice of adding nonfree software to the GNU/Linux system is a major problem for our community. It teaches the users -that non-free software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit -of “Linux”. Many “Linux” User Groups make it part of their mission to -help users use non-free add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come +that nonfree software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit +of “Linux.” Many “Linux” User Groups make it part of their mission to +help users use nonfree add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come and make sales pitches for them. They adopt goals such as “helping -the users” of GNU/Linux (including helping them use non-free +the users” of GNU/Linux (including helping them use nonfree applications and drivers), or making the system more popular even at the cost of freedom. <p> @@ -1052,9 +1088,9 @@ exactly the opposite: to inform them that all these system versions <em>are</em> versions of GNU, that they all are based on a system that exists specifically for the sake of the users' freedom. With this understanding, they can start to recognize the distributions -that include non-free software as perverted, adulterated versions of +that include nonfree software as perverted, adulterated versions of GNU, instead of thinking they are proper and appropriate “versions of -Linux”.</p> +Linux.”</p> <p> It is very useful to start GNU/Linux User Groups, which call the system GNU/Linux and adopt the ideals of the GNU Project as a basis @@ -1081,7 +1117,7 @@ unless the new distribution had substantial practical advantages over other distributions, it would serve no purpose.</p> <p> Instead we help the developers of 100% free GNU/Linux distributions, -such as gNewSense and Ututo.</p> +such as Trisquel and Parabola.</p> </dd> <dt id="linuxgnu">Why not just say “Linux is @@ -1094,8 +1130,8 @@ in 1992. If we had realized, then, how long it would take to get the GNU Hurd to work, we might have done that. (Alas, that is hindsight.) <p> If we were to take an existing version of GNU/Linux and relabel it as -“GNU”, that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU system -and labeling it “Linux”. That wasn't right, and we don't +“GNU,” that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU system +and labeling it “Linux.” That wasn't right, and we don't want to act like that.</p> </dd> @@ -1114,7 +1150,7 @@ up for installation. <p> The people who had made the changes showed little interest in cooperating with us. One of them actually told us that he didn't care -about working with the GNU Project because he was a “Linux user”. +about working with the GNU Project because he was a “Linux user.” That came as a shock, because the people who ported GNU packages to other systems had generally wanted to work with us to get their changes installed. Yet these people, developing a system that was @@ -1122,7 +1158,7 @@ primarily based on GNU, were the first (and still practically the only) group that was unwilling to work with us.</p> <p> It was this experience that first showed us that people were calling a -version of the GNU system “Linux”, and that this confusion was +version of the GNU system “Linux,” and that this confusion was obstructing our work. Asking you to call the system “GNU/Linux” is our response to that problem, and to the other problems caused by the “Linux” misnomer.</p> @@ -1141,8 +1177,8 @@ distributors about this in 1994, and made a more public campaign in convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#allgpled">#allgpled</a>)</span></dt> <dd> -We never refer to individual programs as “GNU/<i>name</i>”. When a program -is a GNU package, we may call it “GNU <i>name</i>”. +We never refer to individual programs as “GNU/<i>name</i>.” When a program +is a GNU package, we may call it “GNU <i>name</i>.” <p> GNU, the operating system, is made up of many different programs. Some of the programs in GNU were written as part of the GNU Project or @@ -1195,17 +1231,17 @@ everything had to be written afresh. <p> No code in GNU comes from Unix, but GNU is a Unix-compatible system; therefore, many of the ideas and specifications of GNU do come from -Unix. The name “GNU”, which stands for “GNU's Not -Unix”, is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this, +Unix. The name “GNU,” which stands for “GNU's Not +Unix,” is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this, following a hacker tradition of recursive acronyms that started in the 70s.</p> <p> The first such recursive acronym was TINT, “TINT Is Not -TECO”. The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO +TECO.” The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO (there were already many of them, for various systems), but instead of -calling it by a dull name like “<em>somethingorother</em> TECO”, he +calling it by a dull name like “<em>somethingorother</em> TECO,” he thought of a clever amusing name. (That's what hacking -means: <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">playful +means: <a href="https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">playful cleverness</a>.)</p> <p> Other hackers enjoyed that name so much that we imitated the approach. @@ -1213,7 +1249,7 @@ It became a tradition that, when you were writing from scratch a program that was similar to some existing program (let's imagine its name was “Klever”), you could give it a recursive acronym name, such as “MINK” for “MINK Is Not Klever.” In this same spirit we called our -replacement for Unix “GNU's Not Unix”.</p> +replacement for Unix “GNU's Not Unix.”</p> <p> Historically, AT&T which developed Unix did not want anyone to give it credit by using “Unix” in the name of a similar @@ -1221,7 +1257,7 @@ system, not even in a system 99% copied from Unix. AT&T actually threatened to sue anyone giving AT&T credit in that way. This is why each of the various modified versions of Unix (all proprietary, like Unix) had a completely different name that didn't include -“Unix”.</p> +“Unix.”</p> </dd> <dt id="bsd">Should we say “GNU/BSD” @@ -1231,7 +1267,7 @@ too? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#bsd">#bsd</a>)</span></dt> We don't call the BSD systems (FreeBSD, etc.) “GNU/BSD” systems, because that term does not fit the history of the BSD systems. <p> -The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as non-free software in +The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as nonfree software in the 80s, and became free in the early 90s. A free operating system that exists today is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD system.</p> @@ -1252,7 +1288,7 @@ The connection between GNU/Linux and GNU is much closer, and that's why the name “GNU/Linux” is appropriate for it.</p> <p> There is a version of GNU which uses the kernel from NetBSD. Its -developers call it “Debian GNU/NetBSD”, but “GNU/kernelofNetBSD” +developers call it “Debian GNU/NetBSD,” but “GNU/kernelofNetBSD” would be more accurate, since NetBSD is an entire system, not just the kernel. This is not a BSD system, since most of the system is the same as the GNU/Linux system.</p> @@ -1262,22 +1298,24 @@ is the same as the GNU/Linux system.</p> on Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#othersys">#othersys</a>)</span></dt> <dd> -Not in the same sense that we mean by “GNU/Linux”. The tools of GNU +<p> +Not in the same sense that we mean by “GNU/Linux.” The tools of GNU are just a part of the GNU software, which is just a part of the GNU system, and underneath them you would still have another complete operating system which has no code in common with GNU. All in all, -that's a very different situation from GNU/Linux. +that's a very different situation from GNU/Linux.</p> </dd> <dt id="justlinux">Can't Linux be used without GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt> <dd> +<p> Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some appliances. These small software systems are a far cry from the GNU/Linux system. Users do not install them on PCs, for instance, and would find them rather disappointing. It is useful to say that these appliances run just Linux, to show how different those small platforms -are from GNU/Linux. +are from GNU/Linux.</p> </dd> <dt id="howmuch">How much of the GNU system is needed for the system @@ -1312,7 +1350,7 @@ Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system—because the two have very little code in common. In fact, the only thing they have in common is Linux.</p> <p> -If you call the whole GNU/Linux system “Linux”, +If you call the whole GNU/Linux system “Linux,” you will find it necessary to say things like, “Android contains Linux, but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux [sic] libraries and utilities [meaning the GNU system].”</p> @@ -1331,22 +1369,22 @@ Far from it. That usage is so strained that people will not understand the intended meaning. <p> The public will find it very strange to speak of using Android as -“using Linux”. It's like having a conversation, then +“using Linux.” It's like having a conversation, then saying you were conversing with the person's intestines or the person's circulatory system.</p> <p> The public <em>will</em> understand the idea of “using Linux” when it's really GNU/Linux, by way of the usual misunderstanding: thinking of the whole system as -“Linux”.</p> +“Linux.”</p> <p> Use of Android and use of GNU/Linux are totally different, as different as driving a car and riding a bicycle. The fact that the first two both contain Linux is irrelevant to using them, just as the fact that a car and a bicycle both have a structure of metal is irrelevant to using those two. If you wish to talk about using cars -and bikes, you wouldn't speak of “riding metal objects” -— not unless you're playing games with the reader. You would +and bikes, you wouldn't speak of “riding metal objects”—not +unless you're playing games with the reader. You would say, “using cars and bikes.” Likewise, the clear way to talk about using GNU/Linux and Android is to say “using GNU/Linux and Android.”</p> @@ -1367,10 +1405,10 @@ ethical principle, which is why the public does not connect the name “Linux” with that principle. <p> Linus publicly states his disagreement with the free software -movement's ideals. He developed non-free software in his job for many +movement's ideals. He developed nonfree software in his job for many years (and said so to a large audience at a “Linux”World show), and publicly invited fellow developers of Linux, the kernel, to use -non-free software to work on it with him. He goes even further, and +nonfree software to work on it with him. He goes even further, and rebukes people who suggest that engineers and scientists should consider social consequences of our technical work—rejecting the lessons society learned from the development of the atom bomb.</p> @@ -1389,11 +1427,12 @@ stems from ideals of freedom, not from his views.</p> work as GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a>)</span></dt> <dd> +<p> It would be wrong, so we don't do that. Torvalds' work is Linux, the kernel; we are careful not to attribute that work to the GNU Project -or label it as “GNU”. When we talk about the whole +or label it as “GNU.” When we talk about the whole system, the name “GNU/Linux” gives him a share of the -credit. +credit.</p> </dd> @@ -1401,12 +1440,14 @@ credit. agree that Linux is just the kernel? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt> <dd> -<p>He recognized this at the beginning. The earliest Linux release notes -said, <a -href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01"> -“Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the +<p>He recognized this at the beginning. The <a +href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01"> +earliest Linux release notes</a> said:</p> +<blockquote><p> +Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU) -for more info”</a>.</p> +for more info. +</p></blockquote> </dd> <dt id="finishhurd">Why not finish the GNU Hurd kernel, release the GNU system @@ -1421,7 +1462,7 @@ kernel is used with it. a big job, and it's not clearly necessary. The only thing ethically wrong with Linux as a kernel is its inclusion of firmware “blobs”; the best fix for that problem -is <a href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects"> developing +is <a href="https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects"> developing free replacement for the blobs</a>.</p> </dd> @@ -1430,12 +1471,13 @@ free replacement for the blobs</a>.</p> it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#lost">#lost</a>)</span></dt> <dd> +<p> This isn't a battle, it is a campaign of education. What to call the system is not a single decision, to be made at one moment by “society”: each person, each organization, can decide what -name to use. You can't make others say “GNU/Linux”, but +name to use. You can't make others say “GNU/Linux,” but you can decide to call the system “GNU/Linux” -yourself—and by doing so, you will help educate others. +yourself—and by doing so, you will help educate others.</p> </dd> <dt id="whatgood">Society has made its @@ -1443,14 +1485,15 @@ yourself—and by doing so, you will help educate others. “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt> <dd> +<p> This is not an all-or-nothing situation: correct and incorrect pictures are being spread more or less by various people. If you call -the system “GNU/Linux”, you will help others learn the system's true +the system “GNU/Linux,” you will help others learn the system's true history, origin, and reason for being. You can't correct the misnomer everywhere on your own, any more than we can, but you can help. If -only a few hundred people see you use the term “GNU/Linux”, you will +only a few hundred people see you use the term “GNU/Linux,” you will have educated a substantial number of people with very little work. -And some of them will spread the correction to others. +And some of them will spread the correction to others.</p> </dd> <dt id="explain">Wouldn't it be better to call @@ -1460,14 +1503,14 @@ And some of them will spread the correction to others. <dd> If you help us by explaining to others in that way, we appreciate your effort, but that is not the best method. It is not as effective as -calling the system “GNU/Linux”, and uses your time inefficiently. +calling the system “GNU/Linux,” and uses your time inefficiently. <p> It is ineffective because it may not sink in, and surely will not propagate. Some of the people who hear your explanation will pay attention, and they may learn a correct picture of the system's origin. But they are unlikely to repeat the explanation to others whenever they talk about the system. They will probably just call it -“Linux”. Without particularly intending to, they will help spread the +“Linux.” Without particularly intending to, they will help spread the incorrect picture.</p> <p> It is inefficient because it takes a lot more time. Saying and @@ -1521,39 +1564,44 @@ Therefore, we will continue trying to correct the misnomer.</p> is it legitimate to rename the operating system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#rename">#rename</a>)</span></dt> <dd> +<p> We are not renaming anything; we have been calling this system “GNU” ever since we announced it in 1983. The people who tried to rename -it to “Linux” should not have done so.</dd> +it to “Linux” should not have done so.</p> +</dd> <dt id="force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call the system “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#force">#force</a>)</span></dt> <dd> +<p> It would be wrong to force them, and we don't try. We call the system -“GNU/Linux”, and we ask you to do it too. +“GNU/Linux,” and we ask you to do it too.</p> </dd> <dt id="whynotsue">Why not sue people who call the whole system “Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whynotsue">#whynotsue</a>)</span></dt> <dd> +<p> There are no legal grounds to sue them, but since we believe in freedom of speech, we wouldn't want to do that anyway. We ask people -to call the system “GNU/Linux” because that is the right thing to do. +to call the system “GNU/Linux” because that is the right thing to do.</p> </dd> <dt id="require">Shouldn't you put something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system “GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#require">#require</a>)</span></dt> <dd> +<p> The purpose of the GNU GPL is to protect the users' freedom from those who would make proprietary versions of free software. While it is true that those who call the system “Linux” often do things that limit -the users' freedom, such as bundling non-free software with the -GNU/Linux system or even developing non-free software for such use, +the users' freedom, such as bundling nonfree software with the +GNU/Linux system or even developing nonfree software for such use, the mere act of calling the system “Linux” does not, in itself, deny users their freedom. It seems improper to make the GPL restrict what -name people can use for the system. +name people can use for the system.</p> </dd> <dt id="BSDlicense">Since you objected to the original BSD license's @@ -1572,7 +1620,7 @@ the term “BSD license” without specifying which one.</p> </dd> <dt id="deserve">Since you failed to put - something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system “GNU”, + something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system “GNU,” you deserve what happened; why are you complaining now? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#deserve">#deserve</a>)</span></dt> <dd> @@ -1598,20 +1646,22 @@ was legitimate and acceptable.</p> </dd> <dt id="somanyright">Since many people call -it “Linux”, doesn't that make it right? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt> +it “Linux,” doesn't that make it right? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt> <dd> -We don't think that the popularity of an error makes it the truth. +<p> +We don't think that the popularity of an error makes it the truth.</p> </dd> <dt id="knownname">Isn't it better to call the system by the name most users already know? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#knownname">#knownname</a>)</span></dt> <dd> +<p> Users are not incapable of learning. Since “GNU/Linux” -includes “Linux”, they will recognize what you're talking +includes “Linux,” they will recognize what you're talking about. If you add “(often erroneously referred to as -‘Linux’)” once in a while, they will all understand. +‘Linux’)” once in a while, they will all understand.</p> </dd> <dt id="winning">Many people care about what's @@ -1621,7 +1671,7 @@ about. If you add “(often erroneously referred to as <dd> To care only about what's convenient or who's winning is an amoral -approach to life. Non-free software is an example of that amoral +approach to life. Nonfree software is an example of that amoral approach and thrives on it. Thus, in the long run it would be self-defeating for us to adopt that approach. We will continue talking in terms of right and wrong. @@ -1631,7 +1681,6 @@ We hope that you are one of those for whom right and wrong do matter.</p> </dl> </div> -</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> @@ -1680,7 +1729,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006-2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014-2018, 2020, 2021 +<p>Copyright © 2001-2011, 2013-2018, 2020, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" @@ -1691,7 +1740,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/04/07 17:55:36 $ +$Date: 2022/07/27 07:00:34 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-structure.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-structure.html index a62fb01..cd45850 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-structure.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-structure.html @@ -1,22 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.91 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-structure" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Structure and Administration of the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-structure.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>The Structure and Administration of the GNU Project</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="reduced-width"> +<h2 style="margin-bottom: 0">The Structure and Administration of the GNU Project</h2> +<h3 style="font-size: 1em; margin: .5em 0 1.2em">Version 1.0.1</h3> <address class="byline">by Brandon Invergo and Richard Stallman</address> -<p><strong>Version 1.0.1</strong></p> - -<div class="announcement"> -<p>An <a href="/gnu/gnu-structure.org">Org version</a> of this -document is also available.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="thin" /> - <p>The GNU Project develops and maintains the <a href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">GNU operating system</a>. Through this work, and other related activities, the GNU Project advocates and @@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ libraries, as well as the programs (utilities, tools, applications, and games) that users explicitly run. The GNU operating system comprises software across this entire spectrum. Many of the programs are specifically developed and released by the GNU Project; these are -termed “GNU packages”. The GNU system also includes +termed “GNU packages.” The GNU system also includes components that are <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">free programs</a> released by other developers, outside of the GNU Project.</p> @@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ with a suggestion.</p> <h4 id="assistant-gnuisances">Assistant GNUisances</h4> <p>This team, residing at -<a href="mailto:maintainers@gnu.org">maintainers@gnu.org</a>, is +<a href="mailto:maintainers@gnu.org"><maintainers@gnu.org></a>, is available as a first point-of-contact for maintainers of GNU Software. They keep track of development activity across the entire project, ensuring timely releases, checking that the maintainers follow @@ -133,8 +132,8 @@ behalf of the GNU Project.</p> <p>More complete information about the specific responsibilities of maintainers and technical guidance for maintaining GNU software can be -found in the <a href="/prep/maintain">Information for Maintainers of -GNU Software</a> and <a href="/prep/standards">GNU Coding +found in the <a href="/prep/maintain/">Information for Maintainers of +GNU Software</a> and <a href="/prep/standards/">GNU Coding Standards</a> documents.</p> <p>We do not require that GNU package maintainers agree with our @@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ Coordinators</a> for advice.</p> <h4 id="gnueval">Software Evaluation</h4> <p>The software evaluation team at -<a href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org">gnueval@gnu.org</a> evaluates +<a href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org"><gnueval@gnu.org></a> evaluates software packages proposed as GNU packages. This involves a careful assessment of the software's functionality as well as pertinent issues related to software freedom and how the program fits with the GNU @@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ preferable.</p> <h4 id="gnueval-security">Software Security Evaluation</h4> <p>The software security evaluation team at -<a href="mailto:gnueval-security@gnu.org">gnueval-security@gnu.org</a> +<a href="mailto:gnueval-security@gnu.org"><gnueval-security@gnu.org></a> works with the software evaluation team. They determine whether there are any security concerns in software that has been offered to GNU.</p> @@ -199,8 +198,8 @@ platforms to ensure that it functions correctly.</p> <h4 id="mentors">Mentors</h4> -<p>The GNU Mentors -(<a href="mailto:mentors@gnu.org">mentors@gnu.org</a>) volunteer to +<p>The GNU Mentors at +<a href="mailto:mentors@gnu.org"><mentors@gnu.org></a> volunteer to provide guidance for new software maintainers.</p> <p>We ask long-time GNU maintainers to volunteer.</p> @@ -209,7 +208,7 @@ provide guidance for new software maintainers.</p> <p>The proofreaders list is available to help GNU package maintainers by proofreading English text. To request proofreading, write to -<a href="mailto:proofreaders@gnu.org">proofreaders@gnu.org</a>.</p> +<a href="mailto:proofreaders@gnu.org"><proofreaders@gnu.org></a>.</p> <h3 id="other-teams-services">Other Teams and Services</h3> @@ -278,8 +277,8 @@ needed.</p> <h4 id="gvc">GNU Volunteer Coordinators</h4> -<p>The GNU Volunteer Coordinators -(<a href="mailto:gvc@gnu.org">gvc@gnu.org</a>) help to guide new +<p>The GNU Volunteer Coordinators at +<a href="mailto:gvc@gnu.org"><gvc@gnu.org></a> help to guide new volunteers towards suitable jobs within the GNU Project</p> <p>New GVC volunteers are welcome, but prior experience volunteering @@ -331,9 +330,17 @@ make a wise decision.</p> both the Org version and the HTML version (see previous section), advancing the first and/or second version number.</p> +<div class="infobox"> +<hr /> +<p>An <a href="/gnu/gnu-structure.org">Org version</a> of this +document is also available.</p> +</div> + +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -351,13 +358,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -378,7 +385,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2020 Brandon Invergo and Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2020, 2022 Brandon Invergo and Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -388,7 +395,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/26 13:07:59 $ +$Date: 2022/05/15 10:18:02 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html index b09348a..5fed9d2 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html @@ -1,32 +1,27 @@ -<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> <!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> -<title>GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnulinux" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2 class="c">GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</h2> -<address class="byline c">by <a +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> -<div class="reduced-width"> -<hr class="no-display" /> -<div class="announcement"> -<p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read -our <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on -<a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a> -and our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>. -</p> -</div> -<hr class="thin" /> - -<div class="article"> <p>Most people have never heard of GNU. Even most of the people who use the GNU system have never heard of GNU, since so many people and -companies teach them to call it “Linux”. Indeed, GNU -users often say they are “running Linux”, which is like +companies teach them to call it “Linux.” Indeed, GNU +users often say they are “running Linux,” which is like saying you are “driving your carburetor” or -“driving your transmission”.</p> +“driving your transmission.”</p> <p>Nonetheless, those who know about GNU associate it with the ideals of freedom of the free software movement. That association is no @@ -57,9 +52,17 @@ awareness of the ideals of freedom for which we developed the GNU system. It is also useful as a reminder for people in our community who know about these ideals, in a world where much of discussion of free software takes a totally practical (and thus amoral) approach. -When we ask you to call the system “GNU/Linux”, we are +When we ask you to call the system “GNU/Linux,” we are asking you to help in making the public aware of the free software ideals.</p> + +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read +our <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on +<a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a> +and our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU System</a>. +</p> </div> </div> @@ -110,7 +113,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2006, 2007, 2013-2015, 2017, 2019, 2021 Free Software +<p>Copyright © 2006, 2015, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" @@ -121,10 +124,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/04/07 17:55:36 $ +$Date: 2021/11/02 12:31:19 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu.html index 7536ed7..e076488 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu.html @@ -1,44 +1,35 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> -<title>The GNU Operating System +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96--> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<title>About the GNU Operating System - GNU project - Free Software Foundation</title> - -<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"> -<!-- +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- #dynamic-duo { display: none; } -@media (min-width: 48em) { +@media (min-width: 45em) { + .short-lines { width: 48em; max-width: 100%; } #dynamic-duo { display: block; - float: right; - width: 20em; - max-width: 40%; - text-align: center; padding: .9em; - margin: .3em 0 1em 1.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: .3em solid #acc890; + margin-top: 5em; } #dynamic-duo p strong { font-size: 1.3em; } #dynamic-duo img { width: 100%; } } ---> -<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX = /[.](ar|fa|he)/" --> -<!-- -@media (min-width: 48em) { - #dynamic-duo { - float: left; - margin: .3em 1.5em 1em 0; - } -} --> -<!--#endif --> -</style> +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>The GNU Operating System</h2> +<h2>About the GNU Operating System</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> -<div id="dynamic-duo"> +<div class="short-lines"><ul> + <li><a href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">GNU in a Nutshell</a></li> +</ul></div> + +<div id="dynamic-duo" class="pict narrow"> <p><strong>Download distributions</strong></p> <p><a href="/distros/free-distros.html"> <img src="/graphics/gnu-and-penguin-color-300x276.jpg" alt=" [GNU and Linux] " /></a></p> @@ -47,21 +38,51 @@ install, see our <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">list of GNU/Linux distributions which are entirely free software</a>.</em></p> </div> +<div class="short-lines"> +<h3 id="gnu-history">GNU History</h3> <ul> - <li><a href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">About the GNU Operating System</a></li> - <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">A historical overview of GNU</a></li> - <li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">A more detailed history of GNU</a></li> - <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">The initial announcement</a> - of the project</li> - <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-structure.html">The Structure and - Administration of the GNU Project</a></li> - <li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">The GNU Manifesto</a></li> - <li><a href="/gnu/byte-interview.html">BYTE interview with Richard - Stallman</a> (1986)</li> - <li><a href="/gnu/rms-lisp.html">My Lisp Experiences and the - Development of GNU Emacs</a> (by Richard Stallman)</li> - <li><a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEFDE123AF932A25752C0A96F948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1"> - One Man's Fight for Free Software</a>, an article about Richard + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1996]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html"> + Overview of the GNU System</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1998]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html"> + The GNU Project</a> + (by Richard Stallman) + — A more detailed history of GNU.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1985]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html"> + The GNU Manifesto</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1984]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/first-hackers-conference-1984.html"> + First Hackers Conference</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1983]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html"> + Initial Announcement</a> of the GNU Project</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/rms-lisp.html"> + My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs</a> + (by Richard Stallman)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html"> + 15 Years of Free Software</a> + (by Richard Stallman)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/byte-interview.html"> + BYTE interview with Richard Stallman</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1989]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210820153013/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/11/business/business-technology-one-man-s-fight-for-free-software.html"> + One Man's Fight for Free Software</a> + (by John Markoff) + — An article about Richard Stallman and the early GNU development, published at <cite>The New York Times</cite> on January 11, 1989. One problem with the article is that it uses the propaganda term “intellectual @@ -73,8 +94,6 @@ GNU/Linux distributions which are entirely free software</a>.</em></p> replacement improvements comparable to the improvements that Symbolics made in its version of the MIT Lisp Machine System.</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html">15 Years - of Free Software</a> (1999)</li> </ul> <p>Here are two postings that Stallman wrote for a bulletin board at @@ -84,23 +103,56 @@ system. They don't use the term “free software”; apparently he had not yet started to put those two words together.</p> <ul> - <li><a href="/gnu/why-programs-should-be-shared.html">Why Programs - Should be Shared</a> (1983)</li> - <li><a href="/gnu/yes-give-it-away.html">Yes, Give It Away</a> - (1983)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1983]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/why-programs-should-be-shared.html"> + Why Programs Should be Shared</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1983]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/yes-give-it-away.html"> + Yes, Give It Away</a></li> </ul> +<h3 id="gnu-structure">GNU Structure</h3> + +<ul> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2020]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/gnu-structure.html"> + The Structure and Administration of the GNU Project</a> + (by Brandon Invergo and Richard Stallman)</li> +</ul> <h3 id="gnulinux">GNU and Linux</h3> <ul> - <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">The relationship between GNU - and Linux</a></li> - <li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why the ‘Linux - system’ should be called GNU/Linux</a></li> - <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who - Have Never Heard of GNU</a></li> - <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">A GNU/Linux FAQ</a></li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2000-2007]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html"> + What's in a Name?</a> + (by Richard Stallman) + — Why the “Linux system” should be called GNU/Linux.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001-2020]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"> + A GNU/Linux FAQ</a> + (by Richard Stallman)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1997-2019]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"> + Linux and the GNU System</a> + (by Richard Stallman) + — The relationship between GNU and Linux.</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2018]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/incorrect-quotation.html"> + Incorrect Quotation</a> + (by Richard Stallman)</li> + <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2006]</span>' + --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' --> + <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"> + GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a> + (by Richard Stallman)</li> </ul> @@ -122,10 +174,11 @@ after the GNU project in the <a href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2000/MPC_20001111.pdf">Minor Planet Circular 41571</a>. The asteroid was discovered at Kitt Peak by Spacewatch on the 5<sup>th</sup> March 1992.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -143,13 +196,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -170,7 +223,8 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2002, 2006-2008, 2011, 2014-2016, 2020, 2021, 2022 Free +Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -180,11 +234,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/12/08 12:04:08 $ +$Date: 2022/05/17 10:29:44 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> - diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnutella.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnutella.html index 45d8de0..a4d7aec 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnutella.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnutella.html @@ -1,9 +1,16 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs extension" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Regarding Gnutella - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gnutella.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Regarding Gnutella</h2> <p> @@ -29,9 +36,9 @@ name to avoid confusion; perhaps that will happen in the future.</p> <p> There are a number of free software programs that implement the Gnutella protocol, such as <a -href="http://gtk-gnutella.sourceforge.net/en/">Gtk-Gnutella</a>, <a -href="http://mutella.sourceforge.net/">Mutella</a>, and <a -href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnucleus/">Gnucleus</a>. Please +href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/gtk-gnutella/">Gtk-Gnutella</a>, <a +href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/mutella/">Mutella</a>, and <a +href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/gnucleus/">Gnucleus</a>. Please note, however, that none of these programs are officially <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU software</a> either. GNU has its own peer-to-peer networking program, <a @@ -57,9 +64,11 @@ natural right to prohibit sharing and dictate exactly how the public can use it. Even the US legal system nominally <a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html">rejects</a> that anti-social idea.</p> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -77,16 +86,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2004, 2005, 2007, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2004, 2021, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -96,7 +122,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/03/09 16:56:26 $ +$Date: 2022/02/19 14:26:23 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/google-engineering-talk.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/google-engineering-talk.html index 0743ec5..b93cdbb 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/google-engineering-talk.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/google-engineering-talk.html @@ -1,20 +1,31 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>GNU & The Free Software Foundation (Engineering Tech Talk at Google) - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - +<style type="text/css" media="screen"><!-- +@media (min-width: 55em) { .toc li { display: inline-block; width: 95%; }} +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/google-engineering-talk.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>GNU & The Free Software Foundation</h2> -<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p> -<p>(Engineering Tech Talk at Google, June 11, 2004)</p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<div class="summary"> +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Engineering Tech Talk at Google, June 11, 2004</p> +</div> + +<div class="toc"> +<hr class="no-display" /> <h3 class="no-display">Table of Contents</h3> -<ul> +<ul class="columns no-bullet"> <li><a href="#introduction">1. Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="#how-it-started">2. How it started</a></li> <li><a href="#gnu-operating-system">3. GNU operating system</a></li> @@ -51,7 +62,7 @@ copyright, Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="#games-as-free-software">28. Games as free software</a></li> <li><a href="#gpl-freedoms-for-cars-saving-seeds">29. GPL freedoms for cars, saving seeds</a></li> -<li><a href="#no-software-is-better-than-non-free-software">30. No software is better than non-free software</a></li> +<li><a href="#no-software-is-better-than-non-free-software">30. No software is better than nonfree software</a></li> <li><a href="#portability-of-free-software">31. Portability of free software</a></li> <li><a href="#is-some-free-software-obfuscated-on-purpose">32. Is some @@ -100,7 +111,7 @@ software; there was free software going back to the early days of computing. As soon as there were a couple of computers of the same model, people could try sharing software. And they did.</p> -<p>{This is not... This has a problem. How do we stop the feedback? Can +<p>{This is not… This has a problem. How do we stop the feedback? Can someone do anything? I'm willing to get some feedback, but only from you, not from the PA system.</p> @@ -123,8 +134,8 @@ signing a non-disclosure agreement {which I}. And I had concluded that it is unethical to sign a non-disclosure agreement for generally useful technical information, such as software. To promise not to share with one's fellows is a violation of human solidarity. So when I saw that the -machine downstairs was asking me to sign an NDA, I just said, "I can't -sign an NDA." Well, fortunately, there was an option; they let me come +machine downstairs was asking me to sign an NDA, I just said, “I can't +sign an NDA.” Well, fortunately, there was an option; they let me come in here and speak without signing it, otherwise you would have had to go outside to listen. [Laughter]</p> @@ -141,10 +152,10 @@ there was no lawful way to get a copy of those operating systems without signing a non-disclosure agreement, which was unethical. So I decided to try to do something about it, to try to change that situation. And the only way I could think of to change it was to write another operating -system, and then say as the author "this system is free; you can have it +system, and then say as the author “this system is free; you can have it without a non-disclosure agreement and you're welcome to redistribute it to other people. You're welcome to study how it works. You're welcome to -change it." <span class="gnun-split"></span>So, instead of being divided +change it.” <span class="gnun-split"></span>So, instead of being divided and helpless, the users of this system would live in freedom. Ordinary proprietary software is part of a scheme where users are deliberately kept divided and helpless. The program comes with a license that says @@ -179,14 +190,14 @@ could switch to it without an incompatible change.</p> <p>I realized that I could take the best ideas from the various systems I had helped develop or use and add my pet ideas and make my dream operating system. But this would have been incompatible, and the users -would mostly have rejected it, saying "it would be too much work to -switch, so we're just not going to." So, by making the system +would mostly have rejected it, saying “it would be too much work to +switch, so we're just not going to.” So, by making the system upward-compatible with UNIX, I could spare the users that obstacle and make more of a chance that users would actually use the system.</p> <p>If the users had rejected it, I would have had a perfect excuse. I -could have said "I offered them freedom and they rejected it; it's their -fault." But I wanted to make more than just an excuse. I wanted to +could have said “I offered them freedom and they rejected it; it's their +fault.” But I wanted to make more than just an excuse. I wanted to build a community where people would actually live in freedom, which meant I had to develop a system people would actually use. So I decided to make the system upward-compatible with UNIX.</p> @@ -204,7 +215,7 @@ normally be using 32-bit machines anyway, and that turned out to be true.</p> <p>So then the only thing that I needed before I could start work was a -name. Now, to be a hacker means to enjoy playful cleverness -- in +name. Now, to be a hacker means to enjoy playful cleverness—in programming, and in other areas of life, any area of life [where] you could be playfully clever. And there was a hacker tradition that when you were writing a program that was similar to some existing program, @@ -214,29 +225,29 @@ saying it is not the other program.</p> <p>For instance, in the '60s and '70s there were many TECO text editors, more or less similar; typically each system would have a TECO and it would be called something-or-other-TECO. But one clever hacker called -his program TINT, for "TINT Is Not TECO" -- the first recursive acronym. +his program TINT, for “TINT Is Not TECO”—the first recursive acronym. And we thought that was very funny. So after I developed the first Emacs extensible text editor in 1975, there were many imitations, and -some were called this-or-that-Emacs. But one was called FINE for "FINE -Is Not Emacs" and there was SINE for "SINE Is Not Emacs", and EINE for -"EINE Is Not Emacs", and MINCE for "MINCE Is Not Complete Emacs." Then -EINE was mostly rewritten, and version two was called ZWEI for "ZWEI Was -EINE Initially." [Laughter]</p> +some were called this-or-that-Emacs. But one was called FINE for “FINE +Is Not Emacs” and there was SINE for “SINE Is Not Emacs,” and EINE for +“EINE Is Not Emacs,” and MINCE for “MINCE Is Not Complete Emacs.” Then +EINE was mostly rewritten, and version two was called ZWEI for “ZWEI Was +EINE Initially.” [Laughter]</p> -<p>So I looked for a recursive acronym for "Something is not UNIX," but +<p>So I looked for a recursive acronym for “Something is not UNIX,” but the usual four-letter method was no good, because none of those was a word. And if it doesn't have some other meaning, it's not funny. So I -thought, "what else can I do, hmm?" Nothing came to me, so I thought, -"I'll make a contraction, then I could get a three-letter recursive -acronym." I started substituting all 26 letters: ANU, BNU, CNU, DNU, -ENU, FNU, GNU! Well, "gnu" is the funniest word in the English language, -so that had to be the choice. If you can call something "GNU," it makes +thought, “what else can I do, hmm?” Nothing came to me, so I thought, +“I'll make a contraction, then I could get a three-letter recursive +acronym.” I started substituting all 26 letters: ANU, BNU, CNU, DNU, +ENU, FNU, GNU! Well, “gnu” is the funniest word in the English language, +so that had to be the choice. If you can call something “GNU,” it makes no sense to pick anything else.</p> -<p>So, of course, the reason why the word "gnu" is used for so much -word-play is that, according to the dictionary, it's pronounced "new." -So people started asking each other, "hey, what's g-nu," as a joke, long -before you could answer "GNU's Not UNIX." But now you can give that +<p>So, of course, the reason why the word “gnu” is used for so much +word-play is that, according to the dictionary, it's pronounced “new.” +So people started asking each other, “hey, what's g-nu,” as a joke, long +before you could answer “GNU's Not UNIX.” But now you can give that answer and the best part is, it sounds like you're obnoxiously telling the person what it isn't, instead of answering his question. But the fact is, you're giving the exact meaning of GNU; so you are, in fact, @@ -245,7 +256,7 @@ appearance that you're refusing to.</p> <p>In any case, when it's the name of our operating system, please pronounce a hard G; don't follow the dictionary. If you talk about the -"new" operating system, you'll get people very confused. We've been +“new” operating system, you'll get people very confused. We've been working on it for 20 years now, so it's not new anymore. But it still is, and always will be, GNU, no matter how many people call it Linux by mistake.</p> @@ -281,7 +292,7 @@ place long before I ever saw an actual UNIX machine.</p> <p>So, at the time, I thought that I and the other people I was recruiting to try to help would develop all these pieces and make a -complete system and then we'd say, "come and get it." But that's not how +complete system and then we'd say, “come and get it.” But that's not how it happened. In September '84, I started developing GNU Emacs, which was my second implementation of the extensible programmable text editor. And by early '85, it was suitable for me to do all my editing with it. Now, @@ -298,17 +309,17 @@ interesting by itself. People asked me for copies, so I had to work out the details of how to distribute it. Of course, I put a copy in the anonymous FTP server, and that was good for people on the net, but in 1985, most programmers were not on the Internet. So they asked me for -copies; what was I going to say? I could have said, "I want to spend my +copies; what was I going to say? I could have said, “I want to spend my time writing more pieces of the GNU system, not writing mag tapes, so -please find a friend who can download it and put it on tape for you," +please find a friend who can download it and put it on tape for you,” and they would have found people sooner or later, because programmers generally know other programmers.</p> <h3 id="expensive-habits">5. Expensive habits</h3> <p>But I had no job, and I was looking for some way to make some money -through my work on free software. So I announced, "send me $150 and I'll -mail you a tape of GNU Emacs." And the orders began dribbling in. By the +through my work on free software. So I announced, “send me $150 and I'll +mail you a tape of GNU Emacs.” And the orders began dribbling in. By the middle of the year, they were trickling in, eight to ten orders a month, which, if necessary, I could have lived on.</p> @@ -335,13 +346,13 @@ way.</p> <h3 id="definition-of-free-software">6. Definition of free software</h3> -<p>But people sometimes used to say to me, "what do you mean, it's free -software, if it costs $150?" Well, the English word "free" has multiple +<p>But people sometimes used to say to me, “what do you mean, it's free +software, if it costs $150?” Well, the English word “free” has multiple meanings and they were confused by that. It even took me a few years to realize that I needed to clarify this. One meaning, you see, refers to price, and another meaning refers to freedom. When we speak of free -software, we're talking about freedom, not price. So think of "free -speech," not "free beer."</p> +software, we're talking about freedom, not price. So think of “free +speech,” not “free beer.”</p> <p>Some users got their copies of GNU Emacs from me through the net, and did not pay. Some users got their copies from me on a tape, and did pay. @@ -354,10 +365,10 @@ all of them had certain essential freedoms, which are the definition of free software.</p> <p>So let me now give you the definition of free software. You see, it's -very easy to say "I'm in favor of freedom." I mean, even Bush can say +very easy to say “I'm in favor of freedom.” I mean, even Bush can say that. [Laughter] I don't think he knows what it means. But the point is, unless you make a person get more specific, it's just cheap talk. So let -me give you -- let me get more specific now, and give you the definition +me give you—let me get more specific now, and give you the definition of free software.</p> <p>A program is free software for you, a particular user, if you have @@ -378,8 +389,7 @@ freedom, they are four freedoms, all of which you must have in order for the program to qualify as free software. All of these are freedoms that no computer user should ever be denied.</p> -<p>[<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>]</p> +<p>[<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>]</p> <h3 id="freedom-2-moral-dilemma">7. Freedom 2 moral dilemma</h3> @@ -390,7 +400,7 @@ you can be ethical, be a good member of society. If you use a program that does not give you Freedom 2, the freedom to help your neighbor, the freedom to distribute copies to others, then you are facing a potential moral dilemma that could happen at any moment, when somebody comes up -and says, "could I have a copy of that program?" At that point, what are +and says, “could I have a copy of that program?” At that point, what are you going to do? You're forced to choose between two evils. One evil is to make a copy of the program for that person and violate the license. The other evil is to comply with the license, but be a bad neighbor. So @@ -401,19 +411,19 @@ person and violate the license. [Laughter, applause]</p> somebody who intentionally tried to divide you from the rest of society, and thus did something extremely wrong to you; and therefore deserves it. However, it's not good to live your life by lying to people. When -somebody {asks you to promise that} says, "I'll let you have a copy of -this, but you'll have to promise not to share it with anyone," the right +somebody {asks you to promise that} says, “I'll let you have a copy of +this, but you'll have to promise not to share it with anyone,” the right thing to do is say no. Once you have thought about this moral dilemma, you should anticipate that when you start using that program it's going to lead you to choose between two evils, and therefore you should refuse -to use that program. You should just say "no, thanks" to it, and that's +to use that program. You should just say “no, thanks” to it, and that's the principle that I believe in. If someone offers me a program that I'm not free to share with you, I'm going to say no, on principle.</p> <p>In fact, I was once in the audience when John Perry Barlow was giving -a speech and he said, "raise your hands if you have no unauthorized -copies of software." And he was surprised to see someone raise his hand, -until he saw it was me. And then he said, "oh, of course, you," because +a speech and he said, “raise your hands if you have no unauthorized +copies of software.” And he was surprised to see someone raise his hand, +until he saw it was me. And then he said, “oh, of course, you,” because he knew why I have no unauthorized copies; that's because all my copies of software are free software, and everybody's authorized to make copies. That's the whole point.</p> @@ -426,7 +436,7 @@ will, the willingness to help your neighbor; not necessarily every time you're asked, but fairly often. This is what makes the difference between a livable society and a dog-eat-dog jungle. This spirit is not going to be 100% and it's not going to be zero, but it's going to be -somewhere in between -- and cultural actions can influence it, can raise +somewhere in between—and cultural actions can influence it, can raise it or lower it. And it's essential to work to raise it some, because that makes life easier for everyone. So it's no accident that the world's major religions have been encouraging this spirit of good will @@ -445,9 +455,9 @@ anyone caught sharing? How much fear do you think it's going to take before everyone's too scared to help his neighbor? And do you want that terror campaign to go on in our society? I hope that the answer is no. We need to abolish the war on copying that is being imposed on our -society. We need to say, loud and clear, "copying and sharing with your +society. We need to say, loud and clear, “copying and sharing with your neighbor is good, it's legitimate, and laws that prohibit this are -wrong."</p> +wrong.”</p> <h3 id="freedom-0-to-run-a-program-freedom-1-to-modify-it">9. Freedom 0 to run a program, Freedom 1 to modify it</h3> @@ -467,7 +477,7 @@ yourself, the freedom to study the source code and then change it to do what you want.</p> <p>If you don't have Freedom 1, you don't know what the program's doing. -The developer is saying, "just trust me" and blind faith is the only way +The developer is saying, “just trust me” and blind faith is the only way you can do it. And you have to be really blind, given that it's not unusual for proprietary programs to have malicious features, features that are put in not to serve the user, but rather to impose on, harm or @@ -483,19 +493,19 @@ whatever the user looks at.</p> <p>course do it. RealPlayer, for instance, spies on you. The TiVo spies on you. Some people were excited about the TiVo, enthusiastic about it, -because it uses some free software inside. But it also has non-free +because it uses some free software inside. But it also has nonfree software in it and it spies on you. So this shows it's not enough. We shouldn't cheer when something uses some free software; we should cheer when it respects the user's freedom.</p> <h3 id="drm-back-doors-bugs">10. DRM, back doors, bugs</h3> -<p>But spyware is not as bad as it gets. There are non-free software +<p>But spyware is not as bad as it gets. There are nonfree software packages that are deliberately designed to refuse to work. This is -called DRM, Digital Restrictions Management, where the program says, "I +called DRM, Digital Restrictions Management, where the program says, “I won't let you look at that file; I won't let you copy this; I won't let -you edit this." Well, who the hell is this program to stop you? And -sometimes non-free programs will reconfigure your machine, for instance +you edit this.” Well, who the hell is this program to stop you? And +sometimes nonfree programs will reconfigure your machine, for instance make it display advertisements, figuring that you won't know it's going to happen and you won't know how to undo it afterward.</p> @@ -507,8 +517,8 @@ features, it could just refuse to work. And there's essentially nothing you can do. So that's the back door that Microsoft knows about and we know about.</p> -<p>[Added in 2010: We later learned that Microsoft can force "upgrades" --- a much nastier back door.]</p> +<p>[Added in 2010: We later learned that Microsoft can force +“upgrades”—a much nastier back door.]</p> <p>There might be other back doors that we don't know about and maybe even Microsoft doesn't know about. When I was in India in January, I was @@ -517,7 +527,7 @@ for Al-Qaeda, trying to introduce back doors into Windows XP. So, apparently, that effort failed. But did some others succeed? There's no way we can tell.</p> -<p>Now, I won't claim that all developers of non-free software put in +<p>Now, I won't claim that all developers of nonfree software put in malicious features. There are some who try to put in features so that they will be convenient for the user and only for that. But they are humans, so they make mistakes. They can design features with all the @@ -531,7 +541,7 @@ make mistakes. I have designed features that users didn't like. I have written code that had bugs in it. The difference is, {with our} you're not a prisoner of our decisions, because we don't keep you helpless. If you don't like my decisions, you can change them, because you have the -freedom to change them. I won't blame the developers of non-free, +freedom to change them. I won't blame the developers of nonfree, user-subjugating software for being human and making mistakes; I will blame them for keeping you helpless prisoner of their mistakes by denying you the freedom to correct those mistakes yourself.</p> @@ -572,10 +582,10 @@ want.</p> change and none of them knows how to program. They can still make use of these freedoms. They can form an organization and each put in money, so if each puts in $100, that makes $100,000. And at that point they can go -to a programming company and say, "will you make this change for -$100,000 and when can you have it done?" And if they don't like the +to a programming company and say, “will you make this change for +$100,000 and when can you have it done?” And if they don't like the answer from there, they can go to another programming company and say, -"will you make this change and when can you have it done?" Which shows +“will you make this change and when can you have it done?” Which shows us, first of all, that these 1,000 users who don't know how to program can, by using the four freedoms, get the change that they want. And second, it shows that free software means a free market for support.</p> @@ -584,17 +594,17 @@ second, it shows that free software means a free market for support.</p> developer has the source code in most cases, so only the developer can offer any support. If you want a change, you've got to go to the developer and beg. Now, if you're very big and important, maybe the -developer will pay attention. If you're not, the developer will say, "go -away, don't bother me." Or maybe the developer will say, "pay us and -we'll let you report a bug." And if you do that, the developer will say, -"thank you. In six months there will be an upgrade. Buy the upgrade and +developer will pay attention. If you're not, the developer will say, “go +away, don't bother me.” Or maybe the developer will say, “pay us and +we'll let you report a bug.” And if you do that, the developer will say, +“thank you. In six months there will be an upgrade. Buy the upgrade and you'll see if this bug was fixed and you will see what new bugs we have -for you."</p> +for you.”</p> <p>But with free software, you're dealing with a free market, so that those who really value support can, in general, get better support for their money by using free software. Now, one paradoxical consequence of -this is, when you have a choice between several non-free programs to do +this is, when you have a choice between several nonfree programs to do a job, this is actually a choice between monopolies. If you pick this program, the support for it afterwards will be a monopoly. If you pick this program, [points hand in different direction] the support for it @@ -619,7 +629,7 @@ forbidden</h3> explained to you what free software means. A program is free software for you, a particular user, if you have all of these four freedoms. Why do I define it that way? The reason is that sometimes the same code can -be free software for some users and non-free for the rest. This might +be free software for some users and nonfree for the rest. This might seem strange, so let me give you an example to show how it happens.</p> <p>The biggest example I know of is the X Window System. It was @@ -630,15 +640,15 @@ various computer manufacturers that distributed UNIX systems. They got the source code for X, they changed it as necessary to run on their platform, they compiled it and they put the binaries into their UNIX system, and they distributed only the binaries to all of their customers -under the same license as the rest of UNIX -- the same non-disclosure +under the same license as the rest of UNIX—the same non-disclosure agreement. <span class="gnun-split"></span>So, for those many users, the X Window System was no more free than the rest of UNIX. In this -paradoxical situation, the answer to the question "is X free software or -not?" depended on where you made the measurement. If you made the -measurement coming out of the developer's group, you'd say, "I observe -all four freedoms; it's free software." If you made the measurement -among the users, you'd say, "most of them don't have these freedoms; -it's not free software."</p> +paradoxical situation, the answer to the question “is X free software or +not?” depended on where you made the measurement. If you made the +measurement coming out of the developer's group, you'd say, “I observe +all four freedoms; it's free software.” If you made the measurement +among the users, you'd say, “most of them don't have these freedoms; +it's not free software.”</p> <p>The developers of X did not consider this a problem, because their goal was not to give users freedom, it was to have a big success, and as @@ -656,10 +666,10 @@ get copyleft.</p> doesn't actually make a difference anymore, but it reminds people that the program is copyrighted, which means that, by default, it's prohibited to copy, distribute or modify this program. -<span class="gnun-split"></span>But then we say, "you are authorized to +<span class="gnun-split"></span>But then we say, “you are authorized to make copies, you are authorized to distribute them, you are authorized to modify this program and you are authorized to publish modified or -extended versions." But there is a condition, and the condition says +extended versions.” But there is a condition, and the condition says that any program you distribute that contains any substantial part of this must, as a whole, be distributed under these conditions, no more and no less. Which means that, no matter how many people modify the @@ -712,8 +722,8 @@ I always wanted to have windowing facilities in GNU. I had written a couple of window systems at the AI LAB before even starting GNU, so of course I wanted that in the system. But we never developed a GNU window system because someone else developed X first. I looked at it and I -said, "well, it's not copylefted, but it is free, it's popular, it's -powerful, so let's just use it." And so we saved one big chunk of work. +said, “well, it's not copylefted, but it is free, it's popular, it's +powerful, so let's just use it.” And so we saved one big chunk of work. So we took it, X, and we put it into the GNU system and we started making other pieces of GNU work with X. Because the goal was to have a free operating system, not to have a free operating system every piece @@ -747,16 +757,16 @@ about it. So people would want some change to be made in Emacs or GCC, and they would think of hiring me, because they figured I was the author so I could do a better job faster. So I started charging as much as $250 an hour and I calculated I could make a living in 7 weeks of paid work -per year -- and that meant enough money to spend, an equal amount to +per year—and that meant enough money to spend, an equal amount to save, and an equal amount for taxes. And [when I reached] that point I -figured, "I won't take any more paid work this year, I've got other, -better things to do."</p> +figured, “I won't take any more paid work this year, I've got other, +better things to do.”</p> <p>So I've actually had three different free software businesses during the period I've been working on GNU. I've described two of them; the third one is, I get paid for some of my speeches. Whether I get paid for -this speech, I don't yet know. [Laughter] I said, "please pay me what -you can." Now, I think Google ought to be able to afford to pay me some +this speech, I don't yet know. [Laughter] I said, “please pay me what +you can.” Now, I think Google ought to be able to afford to pay me some handsome amount, but whether it will, I don't know. Anyway, I figured it's worth doing the speech just for the good it will do for the movement.</p> @@ -773,9 +783,9 @@ prevailing ideology.</p> <p>Now, human nature is very complex. Whatever it is people are doing, they might do for various reasons. In fact, one person will often have multiple motives simultaneously for a single act. Nonetheless, there are -people who say, "if the software is free, that means nobody's paid to -write it, so no one will write it." Now, obviously they were confusing -the two meanings of the word "free," so their theory was based on a +people who say, “if the software is free, that means nobody's paid to +write it, so no one will write it.” Now, obviously they were confusing +the two meanings of the word “free,” so their theory was based on a confusion. In any case, we can compare their theory with empirical fact and we can see that at least hundreds, maybe thousands of people are paid to work on free software, including some people here, I believe, @@ -817,12 +827,12 @@ that has given you so much.</p> <p>Another motivation is hatred for Microsoft. [Laughter] Now, this is a rather foolish motive, because Microsoft is really just one of many -developers of non-free software and they're all doing the same evil +developers of nonfree software and they're all doing the same evil thing. It's a mistake to focus [solely] on Microsoft, and this mistake can have bad consequences. When people focus too much on Microsoft, they start forgetting that all the others are doing something just as bad. And they may end up thinking that anything that competes with Microsoft -is good, even if it is also non-free software and thus inherently just +is good, even if it is also nonfree software and thus inherently just as evil. <span class="gnun-split"></span>Now, it's true that these other companies have not subjugated as many users as Microsoft has, but that's not for want of trying; they just haven't succeeded in @@ -878,7 +888,7 @@ Hurd.</p> <p>Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for that, because in 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish college student, developed his own kernel, using the traditional monolithic design, and he got it to barely run in less than -a year. Initially, Linux --that's what this kernel's name was-- was not +a year. Initially, Linux—that's what this kernel's name was—was not free, but in 1992 he re-released it under the GNU General Public License and at that point it was free software. And so it was possible, by combining Linux and the GNU system, to make a complete free operating @@ -911,7 +921,7 @@ calling the system GNU/Linux, or GNU+Linux, or GNU&Linux, whichever punctuation mark you feel expresses it best.</p> <p>[<a -href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html</a>]</p> +href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html</a>]</p> <p>Now, of course, part of the reason why I'm asking for this is that we deserve credit, but that's not really a very important thing. If it were @@ -937,7 +947,7 @@ us.</p> <p>But this tends to be forgotten nowadays. You will see, if you look around, most of the discussion of the GNU system calls it Linux, and -tends to refer to it as "open source" rather than as "free software", +tends to refer to it as “open source” rather than as “free software,” and doesn't mention freedom as an issue. This issue, which is the reason for the system's existence, is mostly forgotten. You see many techies who prefer to think of technical questions in a narrowly technical @@ -955,9 +965,9 @@ a real difference if you remind people where the system came from.</p> Well, I'm not asking for credit for me personally; I'm asking for credit for the GNU Project, which includes thousands of developers. But they are right, it's true: people who are looking for some reason to see evil -can see evil in that. So they go on and say, "you should let it drop, +can see evil in that. So they go on and say, “you should let it drop, and when people call the system Linux, you can smile to yourself and -take pride in a job well done." That would be very wise advice if the +take pride in a job well done.” That would be very wise advice if the assumption were correct: the assumption that the job is done.</p> <p>We've made a great beginning, but that's all. We haven't finished the @@ -994,7 +1004,7 @@ in your computer, but the free software that would enable you to do this on your GNU/Linux system has been censored in the US. Now, this affects a fairly narrow range of software: software to view encrypted media. But many users may want to do that, and if they can't do that with free -software, they may take that as a reason to use non-free software, if +software, they may take that as a reason to use nonfree software, if they don't value their freedom.</p> <p>But the big danger comes from patent law, because the US allows @@ -1009,7 +1019,7 @@ have a long list of features that free software packages don't have, because we're scared to implement them.</p> <p>[<a -href="http://endsoftpatents.org">http://endsoftpatents.org</a>]</p> +href="https://endsoftwarepatents.org">endsoftwarepatents.org</a>]</p> <p>And now, the FCC is considering applying the broadcast flag regulation to software. The FCC adopted a regulation {prohibiting @@ -1034,15 +1044,15 @@ hear it called Linux and it's associated with the apolitical philosophy of Linus Torvalds. <span class="gnun-split"></span>Linus Torvalds is still working on developing Linux. {which is, you know} Developing the kernel was an important contribution to our community. At the same time, -he is setting a very public bad example by using a non-free program to -do the job. Now, if he were using a non-free program privately, I would +he is setting a very public bad example by using a nonfree program to +do the job. Now, if he were using a nonfree program privately, I would never even have heard about it and I wouldn't make a fuss about it. But by inviting the other people who work on Linux to use it with him, he's -setting a very public example legitimizing the use of non-free software. +setting a very public example legitimizing the use of nonfree software. So when people see that, you know, if they think that's okay, they can't -possibly believe that non-free software is bad. So then, when these -companies say, "yes, {we support} our hardware supports Linux, here is -this binary-only driver you can install, and then it will work," these +possibly believe that nonfree software is bad. So then, when these +companies say, “yes, {we support} our hardware supports Linux, here is +this binary-only driver you can install, and then it will work,” these people see nothing wrong in that, so they don't apply their market pressure and they don't feel motivated to help in reverse engineering.</p> @@ -1060,15 +1070,15 @@ completely prohibited from writing free software.</p> <p>Today, one of the most insidious threats to the future of free software comes from treacherous computing, which is a conspiracy of many -large corporations. They call it "trusted computing," but what do they +large corporations. They call it “trusted computing,” but what do they mean by that? What they mean is that an application developer can trust your computer to obey him and disobey you. So, from your point of view, it's _treacherous computing_, because your computer won't obey you anymore. The purpose of this plan is that you won't control your computer.</p> -<p>[<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/can-you-trust.html</a>]</p> +<p>[<a +href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">gnu.org/philosophy/can-you-trust.html</a>]</p> <p>And there are various different things that treacherous computing can be used to do, things like prohibit you from running any program that @@ -1093,12 +1103,12 @@ to read Word files. First, they switched to a secret Word format, so people had to try to figure out the format. Well, we more or less have figured it out. There are free programs that will read most Word files (not all). <span class="gnun-split"></span>But then they came up with -another idea. They said, "let's use XML." Now here's what Microsoft +another idea. They said, “let's use XML.” Now here's what Microsoft means when they speak of using XML. The beginning of the file has a -trivial thing that says "this is XML and here comes binary Word format -data," and then there's the binary Word format data and then there's -something at the end that says, "that was binary Word format data." And -they patented this. {so that... I'm not sure} I don't know exactly what +trivial thing that says “this is XML and here comes binary Word format +data,” and then there's the binary Word format data and then there's +something at the end that says, “that was binary Word format data.” And +they patented this. {so that… I'm not sure} I don't know exactly what the patent does and doesn't cover, but, you know, there are things we could do, either reading or writing that file format, probably they could try suing us about. And I'm sure that, if treacherous computing is @@ -1110,20 +1120,20 @@ they could have viruses in them. If someone sends you a Word file, you shouldn't look at it. But the point is, you shouldn't even try to look at it. Nowadays there are free programs that will read most Word files. But it's really better, better than trying to read the file is if you -send a message back saying, "please send that to me in a format that -isn't secret. It's not a good idea to send people Word files." And the +send a message back saying, “please send that to me in a format that +isn't secret. It's not a good idea to send people Word files.” And the reason is, we have to overcome the tendency in society for people to use these secret formats for communication. <span class="gnun-split"></span>We have to convince people to insist on publicly documented standard formats that everyone is free to implement. And Word format is the worst offender and so that's the best place to start. If somebody sends you a Word file, don't try to read it. Write -back, saying "you really shouldn't do that." And there's a page in +back, saying “you really shouldn't do that.” And there's a page in www.gnu.org/philosophy which is good to reference. It gives an explanation of why this is an important issue.</p> -<p>[<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</a>]</p> +<p>[<a +href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</a>]</p> <h3 id="help-gnu">20. Help GNU</h3> @@ -1142,7 +1152,7 @@ show a flying gnu and a flying penguin, both rather unrealistic, but they're superheroes. And {I also have some things} if people don't mind, I've got some things I'm selling on behalf of the Free Software Foundation, so if you buy them, you're supporting us. I've got these -buttons that say, "ask me about free software -- it's all about freedom" +buttons that say, “ask me about free software—it's all about freedom” and I've got some GNU keyrings and GNU pins that are sort of pretty. So you can buy those. You can also support us by becoming an associate member. Now, you can do that just through our website, but I also have @@ -1151,11 +1161,11 @@ some cards you can have if you would like to join [right now].</p> <h3 id="saint-ignucius">21. Saint Ignucius</h3> <p>So now I will close my speech by presenting my alter ego. See, people -sometimes accuse me of having a "holier than thou" attitude. Now, I hope +sometimes accuse me of having a “holier than thou” attitude. Now, I hope that's not true. I'm not going to condemn somebody just for not being as firmly committed as I am. I will try to encourage him to become more so, -but that's different. So I don't think I really have a "holier than -thou" attitude, but I have a holy attitude because I'm a saint; it's my +but that's different. So I don't think I really have a “holier than +thou” attitude, but I have a holy attitude because I'm a saint; it's my job to be holy.</p> <p>[Dons a black robe and a magnetic disk halo]<br /> @@ -1174,8 +1184,8 @@ I'd never read net news, I don't know what was said in it.</p> versions of Emacs, and we also have saints; no gods, though.</p> <p>To be a member of the Church of Emacs, you must recite the Confession -of the Faith: you must say, "There is no system but GNU, and Linux is -one of its kernels."</p> +of the Faith: you must say, “There is no system but GNU, and Linux is +one of its kernels.”</p> <p>The Church of Emacs has advantages compared with other churches I might name. To be a saint in the Church of Emacs does not require @@ -1186,10 +1196,10 @@ might consider ours.</p> purity. You must exorcise the evil proprietary operating systems that possess all the computers under either your practical control or your authority, and you must install a wholly [i.e., holy] free operating -system, where "wholly" can be spelled in more than one way, and then +system, where “wholly” can be spelled in more than one way, and then only install free software on top of that. If you make this commitment and live by it, then you, too, will be a saint and you, too, may -eventually have a halo -- if you can find one, because they don't make +eventually have a halo—if you can find one, because they don't make them anymore.</p> <p>Sometimes people ask me if, in the Church of Emacs, it is a sin to @@ -1221,8 +1231,8 @@ the reason for that. I don't know.</p> <p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Can you say something about the current effort to put security in the network itself?</p> -<p><b>RICHARD:</b> I don't know... he said, "efforts to plug security -into the network." I don't know what that means.</p> +<p><b>RICHARD:</b> I don't know… he said, “efforts to plug security +into the network.” I don't know what that means.</p> <p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> [unintelligible] remove anonymity from the network itself.</p> @@ -1270,8 +1280,8 @@ safety.</p> <p>You know, we've been trying since around 1992 or so to convince users to stop using GIF format, because that format is patented and some users -will get sued. So we said, "everybody please stop using GIF format for -the sake of those who get sued if the public uses this format." And +will get sued. So we said, “everybody please stop using GIF format for +the sake of those who get sued if the public uses this format.” And people haven't listened. So the thing is, we can't do what Microsoft does, because that's based on using the power that they have, and since we have chosen to respect people's freedom, we don't have power over the @@ -1310,13 +1320,13 @@ it straight to Ashcroft and his gestapo.</p> <p>[RMS, 2010: Gmail is comparable to Hotmail in this regard. See also <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html</a> +gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html</a> for another issue that applies to some, but not all, network services.]</p> <p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> unintelligible</p> -<p><b>RICHARD:</b> He's asking, "if people were using a thin client and -all the computation were done on a remote server." Yes, it does mean +<p><b>RICHARD:</b> He's asking, “if people were using a thin client and +all the computation were done on a remote server.” Yes, it does mean that people lose freedom, because, clearly, you can't change the software that's set up on somebody else's server, so if you're using the software on somebody else's server, instead of running it on your own @@ -1349,7 +1359,7 @@ works is not exactly the same as for software.</p> <p>Software is an example of a practical, functional work. You use it do to a job. The main purpose of a program is not that people will read the -code and think, "boy, how fascinating, what a great job they did." The +code and think, “boy, how fascinating, what a great job they did.” The main purpose of software is, you run it and it does something. And yes, those people who are interested in software will also read it and learn, but that's not the main purpose. It's interesting because of the job it @@ -1375,7 +1385,7 @@ and republish it, how do you keep out saboteurs?</p> <p><b>RICHARD:</b> Well, you don't. The point is, you can't ever. So you just look at these different versions and you see which one you actually -like. You can't keep the saboteurs out of non-free software either; in +like. You can't keep the saboteurs out of nonfree software either; in fact, the developer could be the saboteur. The developers often put in, as I said, malicious features. And then you're completely helpless. At least with free software, you can read the source code, you can compare @@ -1402,7 +1412,7 @@ to cover aspects of MPEG-2. So there are a lot of such problems.</p> <h3 id="games-as-free-software">28. Games as free software</h3> <p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Is there any software that sort of mixes between the -Creative Commons and functional software, such as games or...?</p> +Creative Commons and functional software, such as games or…?</p> <p><b>RICHARD:</b> Well, {you can say that a game} in many cases you can look at a game as the combination of a program and a scenario. And then @@ -1417,9 +1427,9 @@ them.</p> saving seeds</h3> <p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Do you envision this free software philosophy to go -across, off the boundary to products, commodities...</p> +across, off the boundary to products, commodities…</p> -<p><b>RICHARD:</b> When you say, "products, commodities," could you be +<p><b>RICHARD:</b> When you say, “products, commodities,” could you be concrete?</p> <p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> [unintelligible] cars</p> @@ -1447,13 +1457,13 @@ right to save seeds and that it's tyranny to stop them. A democratic government would never do that.</p> <h3 id="no-software-is-better-than-non-free-software">30. No software is -better than non-free software</h3> +better than nonfree software</h3> <p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> [roughly] Do you see a problem with free software being under-produced because nobody wants to invest money [unintelligible]?</p> -<p><b>RICHARD:</b> I don't know what you mean by "under-produced." We +<p><b>RICHARD:</b> I don't know what you mean by “under-produced.” We see that some people develop free software and some don't. So we could imagine more people developing free software and, if so, we'd have more of it. But, you see, the tragedy of the commons really is a matter of @@ -1464,8 +1474,8 @@ wear it out. So, really, there's no analogy there.</p> <p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Well, the example you gave is, let's say there's a useful program and a thousand people want a change to it. You said they could get their money together and go hire a programmer to make the -change. But each individual in that group can say, "well, I'll just let -the 999 pay for the change."</p> +change. But each individual in that group can say, “well, I'll just let +the 999 pay for the change.”</p> <p><b>RICHARD:</b> Well, they can do that, but that would be pretty stupid, because if they saw that the result was, it wasn't getting done, @@ -1477,14 +1487,14 @@ get it, that's good, and if they don't join and they don't pay for that change, that's good too; I guess they didn't want it enough. Either one's okay.</p> -<p>Non-free software is evil and we're better off with nothing than with -non-free software. The tragedy of the commons can happen either through +<p>Nonfree software is evil and we're better off with nothing than with +nonfree software. The tragedy of the commons can happen either through overuse or under-contribution, but overuse is impossible in software. Under-contribution happens when a program is proprietary. Then it's a failure to contribute to the commons. And so I would like that -proprietary software to stop being developed. A non-free program is +proprietary software to stop being developed. A nonfree program is worse than no program, because neither one allows you to get a job done -in freedom, but the non-free program might tempt people to give up their +in freedom, but the nonfree program might tempt people to give up their freedom and that's really bad.</p> <h3 id="portability-of-free-software">31. Portability of free @@ -1515,13 +1525,13 @@ software obfuscated on purpose?</h3> <p><b>RICHARD:</b> Well, I disagree with you. Please, this is silly. If you're saying a program is hard to understand, that's not the same as -the people are restricting it. It's not the same as saying, "you're -forbidden to see it." Now, if you find it unclear, you can work on +the people are restricting it. It's not the same as saying, “you're +forbidden to see it.” Now, if you find it unclear, you can work on making it clearer. The fact is, the developers probably are trying to keep it clear, but it's a hard job and, unless you want to compare our software with proprietary software and see which one is clearer, you have no basis to make the claim that you're making. From what I hear, -non-free software is typically much worse and the reason is that the +nonfree software is typically much worse and the reason is that the developers figure no one will ever see it, so they'll never be embarrassed by how bad it is.</p> @@ -1536,8 +1546,8 @@ device [unintelligible].</p> <p><b>RICHARD:</b> I don't believe this. I think it's all bullshit, because there they are competing with each other and each one's saying, -"we need to make the software proprietary to have an edge over the -others." Well, if none of them did it, they might all lose their edge? +“we need to make the software proprietary to have an edge over the +others.” Well, if none of them did it, they might all lose their edge? I mean, so what? We shouldn't buy this. And I mean, we shouldn't buy what they're saying and we shouldn't buy their products either.</p> @@ -1552,8 +1562,8 @@ raising it with an attack.</p> <p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> There's something in my mind, so I'll just speak up. The thing is, by actually registering [unintelligible] thing and saying -that "you can redistribute this software but you have to comply with -these four freedoms," is that not restricting my freedom too?</p> +that “you can redistribute this software but you have to comply with +these four freedoms,” is that not restricting my freedom too?</p> <p><b>RICHARD:</b> No, it's restricting you from having power. To stop A from subjugating B is not a denial of freedom to A, because to subjugate @@ -1564,16 +1574,16 @@ stopping them, but that's good and that's not denying anyone freedom.</p> <p>I mean, you could just as well say if you're overthrowing a dictator, -the dictator's saying, "you're taking away my freedom to dictate to -everyone!" But that's not freedom, that's power.</p> +the dictator's saying, “you're taking away my freedom to dictate to +everyone!” But that's not freedom, that's power.</p> <p>So I'm making the distinction between freedom, which is having control over your own life, and power, which is having control over other people's lives. We've got to make this distinction; if we ignore the difference between freedom and power, then we lose the ability to judge whether a society is free or not. You know, if you lose this -distinction, then you look at Stalinist Russia and you say, "well, there -was just as much freedom there, it's just that Stalin had it all." No! +distinction, then you look at Stalinist Russia and you say, “well, there +was just as much freedom there, it's just that Stalin had it all.” No! In Stalinist Russia, Stalin had power and people did not have freedom; the freedom wasn't there, because it's only freedom when it's a matter of controlling your own life. Controlling other people's lives is not @@ -1639,7 +1649,7 @@ for Windows is a waste.]</p> <h3 id="scos-suit">37. SCO's suit</h3> <p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> What would be the impact of SCO winning their -argument against Linux? So what would be the impact on...</p> +argument against Linux? So what would be the impact on…</p> <p><b>RICHARD:</b> I don't know, it depends. It would have no effect on the GPL. But {it might have some effect} some code might have to be @@ -1686,19 +1696,20 @@ freedom will lose it.</p> <h3 id="the-end">40. The end</h3> <p>So thank you, and if anyone wants to buy any of these FSF things -or...</p> +or…</p> <p>[Applause]</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -<h4>Footnote</h4> - +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> <ol> <li id="ft1">All the patents on MP3 will have expired by 2018.</li> </ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -1716,17 +1727,34 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2004, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2018 Richard Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2004, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -1736,7 +1764,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/government-free-software.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/government-free-software.html index 1d3f465..5ce63d3 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/government-free-software.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/government-free-software.html @@ -1,24 +1,35 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding need" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Measures Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/government-free-software.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>Measures Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software</h2> -<h3>And why it is their duty to do so</h3> - -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a></p> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2 style="margin-bottom: .2em"> +Measures Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software</h2> +<h3 style="margin: 0 0 1.2em"> +And why it is their duty to do so</h3> + +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> + +<div class="introduction"> <p>This article suggests policies for a strong and firm effort to promote free software within the state, and to lead the rest of the country towards software freedom.</p> +</div> <p>The mission of the state is to organize society for the freedom and well-being of the people. One aspect of this mission, in the computing field, is to encourage users to adopt free software: <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">software that respects the users' -freedom</a>. A proprietary (non-free) program tramples the freedom of +freedom</a>. A proprietary (nonfree) program tramples the freedom of those that use it; it is a social problem that the state should work to eradicate.</p> @@ -158,7 +169,7 @@ agency under the same branch of government, as well as other practices that diminish the state control over its computing. Therefore,</p> <ul> -<li><b>State must control its computers</b><br /> +<li id="state-control"><b>State must control its computers</b><br /> Every computer that the state uses must belong to or be leased by the same branch of government that uses it, and that branch must not cede to outsiders the right to decide who has physical access to the @@ -226,10 +237,11 @@ of ethical, social and political importance, so they are of <em>technological</em> neutrality</a>. Only those who wish to subjugate a country would suggest that its government be “neutral” about its sovereignty or its citizens' freedom.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -247,16 +259,34 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2011, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2011-2014, 2016, 2017, 2021, 2022 Free Software +Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -266,7 +296,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/12/26 14:55:25 $ +$Date: 2022/03/16 13:55:24 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gpl-american-dream.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gpl-american-dream.html index e7e2bcd..ae54ef3 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gpl-american-dream.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gpl-american-dream.html @@ -1,20 +1,27 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing copyleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The GNU GPL and the American Dream - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gpl-american-dream.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The GNU GPL and the American Dream</h2> -<p>by <strong>Bradley M. Kuhn</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Bradley M. Kuhn</address> <p> When I was in grade school, right here in the United States of America, I was taught that our country was the “land of -opportunity”. My teachers told me that my country was special, +opportunity.” My teachers told me that my country was special, because anyone with a good idea and a drive to do good work could make a living, and be successful too. They called it the “American -Dream”.</p> +Dream.”</p> <p> What was the cornerstone to the “American Dream”? It was equality—everyone had the same chance in our society to choose @@ -23,7 +30,7 @@ hard, I would be successful.</p> <p> It turned out that I had some talent for working with computers—in particular, computer software. Indoctrinated with -the “American Dream”, I learned as much as I could about +the “American Dream,” I learned as much as I could about computer software. I wanted my chance at success.</p> <p> I quickly discovered though, that in many cases, not all the players in the @@ -70,9 +77,11 @@ and they do succeed.</p> That is exactly what the American Way is about, at least the way I learned it in grade school. I hope that we won't let Microsoft and others change the definition.</p> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -90,13 +99,13 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <p>Copyright © 2001 Bradley M. Kuhn</p> @@ -109,10 +118,10 @@ preserved.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:09 $ +$Date: 2021/09/12 08:14:17 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gpl-american-way.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gpl-american-way.html index b35ea7e..4b60d2b 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gpl-american-way.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gpl-american-way.html @@ -1,13 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing copyleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The GNU GPL and the American Way - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gpl-american-way.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The GNU GPL and the American Way</h2> -<p>by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Richard M. Stallman</address> <p> Microsoft describes the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) as an @@ -29,7 +35,7 @@ comes from the ideals of 1776: freedom, community, and voluntary cooperation. This is what leads to free enterprise, to free speech, and to free software.</p> <p> -As in “free enterprise” and “free speech”, the +As in “free enterprise” and “free speech,” the “free” in “free software” refers to freedom, not price; specifically, it means that you have the freedom to study, change, and redistribute the software you use. These freedoms permit @@ -89,7 +95,7 @@ purpose is strategic—not to improve computing for its users, but to close off alternatives for them.</p> <p> Microsoft uses an anticompetitive strategy called “embrace and -extend”. This means they start with the technology others are +extend.” This means they start with the technology others are using, add a minor wrinkle which is secret so that nobody else can imitate it, then use that secret wrinkle so that only Microsoft software can communicate with other Microsoft software. In some @@ -113,7 +119,7 @@ to abandon our defenses.</p> But defenselessness is not the American Way. In the land of the brave and the free, we defend our freedom with the GNU GPL.</p> -<h4>Addendum:</h4> +<h3 class="footnote">Addendum:</h3> <p> Microsoft says that the GPL is against “intellectual property @@ -125,7 +131,7 @@ the laws and in their effects, that any statement about all of them at once is surely simplistic. To think intelligently about copyrights, patents or trademarks, you must think about them separately. The first step is declining to lump them together as “intellectual -property”.</p> +property.”</p> <p> My views about copyright take an hour to expound, but one general principle applies: it cannot justify denying the public important @@ -133,9 +139,11 @@ freedoms. As Abraham Lincoln put it, “Whenever there is a conflict between human rights and property rights, human rights must prevail.” Property rights are meant to advance human well-being, not as an excuse to disregard it.</p> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -153,29 +161,46 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2001 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2001, 2021 Richard M. Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:09 $ +$Date: 2021/09/12 08:14:17 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/greve-clown.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/greve-clown.html index 18de75b..f091c7c 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/greve-clown.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/greve-clown.html @@ -1,5 +1,7 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> <title>History and Philosophy of the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!-- top-addendum is disabled because the original text was written in German @@ -7,25 +9,29 @@ <!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/greve-clown.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>History and Philosophy of the GNU Project</h2> -<address class="byline"><strong>Georg C. F. Greve</strong> +<address class="byline">Georg C. F. Greve <a href="mailto:greve@gnu.org"><greve@gnu.org></a></address> -<p><em>Translation of a speech that was given in German +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Translation of a speech that was given in German at the CLOWN (Cluster of Working Nodes— a 512-node cluster project of Debian GNU/Linux machines) in the -University of Paderborn, Germany, on December 5th, 1998.</em></p> +University of Paderborn, Germany, on December 5th, 1998.</p> -<p><em>The +<p>The <a href="/philosophy/greve-clown.de.html">German original</a> -is also available. Reading the original is recommended.</em></p> - +is also available. Reading the original is recommended.</p> +</div> <hr class="thin" /> -<div class="article"> -<blockquote> -<p> +<div class="introduction" role="complementary"> +<p><em> Author's note: In translating this speech, I have tried to stay as close as possible to the original speech that I have given in German. Breaking up the German structures and turning them into reasonable English has @@ -33,8 +39,8 @@ been quite some work, and I would like to thank my roommate Doug Chapin, a good friend and native American, who helped me with some phrases and words. The translation will never hold the same emotions and implications, but I think we got very close… -</p> -</blockquote> +</em></p> +</div> <p> During the preparation of this speech, I have read several documents and spoken to a lot of people. In doing so, I realized that even people @@ -370,7 +376,7 @@ welcome. I wish everyone a very interesting night. Thank you.</p> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -391,33 +397,16 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to - files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this - without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. - Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the - document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the - document was modified, or published. - - If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. - Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying - years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable - year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including - being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). - - There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers - Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - <p>Copyright © 1998 Georg C. F. Greve</p> <p id="Permission">Permission is granted to make and distribute @@ -428,10 +417,10 @@ permission notice appear.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/06 09:02:08 $ +$Date: 2021/09/14 16:23:30 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/guardian-article.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/guardian-article.html index d606138..6e91c86 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/guardian-article.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/guardian-article.html @@ -1,23 +1,31 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> -<title>Guardian Article on Software Patents +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Opposing The European Software Patent Directive - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/guardian-article.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Opposing The European Software Patent Directive</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a> and <strong>Nick Hill</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a> and Nick Hill</address> -<blockquote> -<p> +<div class="infobox"> +<p><em> The European Union software patent directive, which this 2003 article opposed, was ultimately dropped by its own supporters after facing lots of opposition. However, they later found another way to impose software patents on most of Europe: through fine print in the <a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">unitary -patent</a>.</p> -</blockquote> +patent</a>.</em></p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> The computer industry is threatened by a Wild West-style land grab. The @@ -55,8 +63,8 @@ patented in multiple ways.</p> The US, which has had software patents since the 1980s, shows what this can do to development of everyday software. For example, in the US there are 39 monopoly claims over a standard way of showing video using software -techniques (the <abbr title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</abbr> -2 format).</p> +techniques (the <abbr title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</abbr> 2 +format).</p> <p> Since a single piece of software can embody thousands of ideas together, @@ -111,7 +119,7 @@ suspect are designed to open the door for software patents.</p> <p> The text says that computer-related patents must make a “technical contribution”; the commission says that means -“no software patents”. But “technical” can be +“no software patents.” But “technical” can be interpreted in many ways. The European patent office is already registering software patents of dubious legal validity, defying the treaty that governs it and the governments that established it. @@ -135,12 +143,14 @@ future will not be hijacked by the interests of a few rich organisations.</p> <p> Please go -to <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031216123801/http://www.softwarepatents.co.uk">http://www.softwarepatents.co.uk [Archived Page]</a> to learn more, and then talk with the <abbr>MEP</abbr>s from +to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031216123801/http://www.softwarepatents.co.uk"> +softwarepatents.co.uk [Archived Page]</a> to learn more, and then talk with the MEPs from your region.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -158,19 +168,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -185,20 +195,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2003 Richard M Stallman and Nicholas R Hill</p> +<p>Copyright © 2003, 2013, 2021 Richard M. Stallman and Nicholas R. Hill</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:10 $ +$Date: 2021/09/16 16:56:20 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/hackathons.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/hackathons.html index e93f8c1..ac4fedb 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/hackathons.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/hackathons.html @@ -1,14 +1,19 @@ -<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> <!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Hackathons should insist on free software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/hackathons.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<div class="reduced-width"> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Why hackathons should insist on free software</h2> + <address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<div class="thin"></div> <p>Hackathons are an accepted method of giving community support to digital development projects. The community invites developers to @@ -46,8 +51,8 @@ spirit that they are based on.</p> computing of certain companies: in some cases, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122185507/https://www.beyondhackathon.com/en"> European</a> and <a -href="http://www.hackathon.io/rbc-digital">Canadian banks</a>, and -<a href="http://expediaconnectivity.com/blog#madrid-hackathon-winners"> +href="https://www.hackathon.io/rbc-digital">Canadian banks</a>, and +<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019011626/http://expediaconnectivity.com/blog"> Expedia</a>. While they don't explicitly say, the announcements give the impression that they aim to promote development of some nonfree software, and that attendees are meant to help these non-charitable @@ -161,10 +166,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/03/27 12:56:20 $ +$Date: 2021/09/14 16:23:30 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/hague.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/hague.html index 10511f3..5ed555a 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/hague.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/hague.html @@ -1,19 +1,28 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Harm from the Hague - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/hague.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Harm from the Hague</h2> -<p> -By <a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard Stallman</a>, June 2001</p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> + +<p><i>June 2001</i></p> <p> Europeans have energetically opposed and thwarted the attempt to introduce software patents in Europe. A proposed treaty, now being negotiated, threatens to subject software developers in Europe and -other countries to U.S. software patents — and other harmful +other countries to U.S. software patents—and other harmful laws from around the world. The problem is not just for programmers; authors of all kinds will face new dangers. Even the censorship laws of various countries could have globalized effect.</p> @@ -29,7 +38,7 @@ country he lives in (or has assets in) for enforcement.</p> <p> The treaty becomes a problem when it is extended to distribution of -information — because information now travels normally and +information—because information now travels normally and predictably to all countries. (The Internet is one way, but not the only way.) The consequence is that you could be sued about the information you distributed under the laws of <strong>any</strong> @@ -40,7 +49,7 @@ country.</p> For instance, if you release a software package (either free or not) in Germany, and people use it in the U.S., you could be sued for infringing an absurd U.S. software patent. That part does not depend -on Hague — it could happen now. But right now you could ignore +on Hague—it could happen now. But right now you could ignore the U.S. judgment, safe in Germany, and the patent holder knows this. Under the Hague treaty, any German court would be required to enforce the U.S. judgment against you. In effect, the software patents of any @@ -86,12 +95,12 @@ be applied to the parent company in the U.S.</p> <p> It may come as a surprise to learn that exiled Chinese dissidents joined the case in support of Yahoo. But they knew what they were -doing — their democracy movement depends on the outcome.</p> +doing—their democracy movement depends on the outcome.</p> <p> You see, Nazism is not the only political view whose expression is prohibited in certain places. Criticism of the Chinese government is -also prohibited — in China. If a French court ruling against +also prohibited—in China. If a French court ruling against Nazi statements is enforceable in the US, or in your country, maybe a Chinese court ruling against anti-Chinese-government statements will be enforceable there too. (This might be why China has joined the @@ -129,10 +138,10 @@ it to reject outright censorship judgments.</p> However, even that won't help you if you publish on the Internet, because your <abbr title="Internet service provider">ISP</abbr> either has assets in other countries or communicates to the world through -larger <abbr>ISP</abbr>s that have them. A censorship judgment +larger ISPs that have them. A censorship judgment against your site, or any other kind, could be enforced against -your <abbr>ISP</abbr>, or your <abbr>ISP</abbr>'s -<abbr>ISP</abbr>, in any other country where it has assets — and +your ISP, or your ISP's +ISP, in any other country where it has assets—and where there is no Bill of Rights, and freedom of speech does not enjoy the same exalted status as in the U.S. In response, the ISP will shut off your site. The Hague treaty would globalize pretexts for @@ -140,13 +149,13 @@ lawsuits, but not the protections for civil liberties, so any local protection could be bypassed.</p> <p> -Does suing your <abbr>ISP</abbr> seem far-fetched? It already +Does suing your ISP seem far-fetched? It already happens. When the multinational company Danone announced plans to close factories in France, Olivier Malnuit opened a site, jeboycottedanone.com, to criticize this. (The name is French for “I boycott Danone.”) Danone sued not only him but his site hosting company and domain name registrar for “counterfeiting of -goods” — and in April 2001 received a ruling prohibiting +goods”—and in April 2001 received a ruling prohibiting Malnuit from mentioning the name “Danone” either in the domain name or in the text of the site. Even more telling, the registrar removed the domain in fear before the court made a @@ -157,8 +166,8 @@ The natural response for French dissidents is to publish their criticism of Danone outside France, just as Chinese dissidents publish their criticism of China outside China. But the Hague treaty would enable Danone to attack them everywhere. Perhaps even this article -would be suppressed through its <abbr>ISP</abbr> or -its <abbr>ISP</abbr>'s <abbr>ISP</abbr>.</p> +would be suppressed through its ISP or +its ISP's ISP.</p> <p> The potential effects of the treaty are not limited to laws that exist @@ -186,14 +195,9 @@ investment if they did not support software patents. Meanwhile, the U.S. trade representative pressured Middle Eastern country Jordan to allow patents on mathematics.</p> -<!-- The following link is dead, disabled - mhatta 2002/9/30 --> -<!-- -<A HREF="http://www.usjoft.com/usjoft/memopro/memopro.html">patents on -mathematics</A>.<p> ---> <p> -A meeting of consumer organizations -(<a href="http://www.tacd.org">http://www.tacd.org</a>) recommended in +<a href="http://tacd.org">A meeting of consumer organizations</a> +recommended in May 2001 that patents, copyrights and trademarks (“intellectual property”) should be excluded from the scope of the Hague treaty, because these laws vary considerably between countries.</p> @@ -209,33 +213,27 @@ distributor or transmitter operates should have jurisdiction.</p> <p> In Europe, people opposed to software patents will be active in -working to change the Hague treaty. -<!-- link dead, disabled - yavor, 24 Apr 2007 --> -<!-- ; for more information, see -<a href="http://www.noepatents.org/hague">http://www.noepatents.org/hague</a>. ---> +working to change the Hague treaty; for more information, see +<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061209210148/http://www.noepatents.org/hague/index_html?NO_COOKIE=true">www.noepatents.org</a>. In the U.S., the Consumer Project for Technology is taking the lead; for more information, see -<a href="http://www.cptech.org/ecom/jurisdiction/hague.html">http://www.cptech.org/ecom/jurisdiction/hague.html</a>.</p> +<a href="http://www.cptech.org/ecom/jurisdiction/hague.html">www.cptech.org</a>.</p> <p> A diplomatic conference is slated to begin today (June 6, 2001) to work on the details of the Hague treaty. We should make ministries and the public aware of the possible dangers as soon as possible.</p> -<hr /> +<hr class="column-limit" /> -<!-- link dead, disabled - yavor, 24 Apr 2007 --> -<!-- -You can read a draft of the Hague -treaty <a href="http://www.hcch.net/e/conventions/draft36e.html">here</a>.</p> ---> <p> There is more information about the problems with the Hague -at <a href="http://web.lemuria.org/DeCSS/hague.html">http://web.lemuria.org/DeCSS/hague.html</a>.</p> +at <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507012748/http://web.lemuria.org/DeCSS/hague.html">web.lemuria.org</a>.</p> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -253,30 +251,46 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2001 Richard Stallman<br /> -Copyright © 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2001, 2022 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:10 $ +$Date: 2022/04/12 11:15:30 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/historical-apsl.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/historical-apsl.html index 5b5f334..ee836a3 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/historical-apsl.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/historical-apsl.html @@ -1,21 +1,27 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing non-cpleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Problems with older versions of the Apple License (APSL) - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/historical-apsl.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Problems with older versions of the Apple Public Source License (APSL)</h2> -<h3>FSF Position on the Older Versions of APSL</h3> - <div class="announcement"> -<blockquote> <p>The current version of the Apple Public Source License (APSL) does not have any of these problems. <a href="/philosophy/apsl.html">You can read our current position on the APSL elsewhere</a>. This document is kept here for historical purposes only.</p> -</blockquote> </div> +<hr class="thin" /> + +<h3>FSF Position on the Older Versions of APSL</h3> <p> Apple released an updated version, 1.1, of the APSL but it remained @@ -120,14 +126,15 @@ society we want to live in.</p> <p> Apple has grasped perfectly the concept with which “open source” is promoted, which is “show users the source and -they will help you fix bugs”. What Apple has not +they will help you fix bugs.” What Apple has not grasped—or has dismissed—is the spirit of free software, which is that we form a community to cooperate on the commons of software.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -145,19 +152,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -172,20 +179,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1999, 2001, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1999, 2001, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:10 $ +$Date: 2021/09/10 10:58:36 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/imperfection-isnt-oppression.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/imperfection-isnt-oppression.html index 78343e6..78d32e4 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/imperfection-isnt-oppression.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/imperfection-isnt-oppression.html @@ -1,18 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs practice" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Imperfection is not the same as oppression - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/imperfection-isnt-oppression.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Imperfection is not the same as oppression</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>When a free program lacks capabilities that users want, that is unfortunate; we urge people to add what is missing. Some would go further and claim that a program is not even free software if it lacks - certain functionality — that it denies freedom 0 (the freedom to + certain functionality—that it denies freedom 0 (the freedom to run the program as you wish) to users or uses that it does not support. This argument is misguided because it is based on identifying capacity with freedom, and imperfection with oppression.</p> @@ -63,10 +70,11 @@ developers to turn their attention to the missing feature when they have time for more work. You can offer to help them. You can recruit people or raise funds to support the work.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -84,30 +92,47 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2014, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/05/29 12:27:36 $ +$Date: 2021/09/12 08:14:17 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/incorrect-quotation.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/incorrect-quotation.html index 0a2c26d..9d12db1 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/incorrect-quotation.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/incorrect-quotation.html @@ -1,12 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnulinux" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Incorrect Quotation - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/incorrect-quotation.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Incorrect Quotation</h2> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> + <p>A quotation circulates on the Internet, attributed to me, but it wasn't written by me.</p> @@ -54,10 +62,11 @@ important packages we could not find elsewhere.</p> <p>See <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and GNU</a> and <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, plus the history in <a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">The GNU Project</a>.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -75,13 +84,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -102,7 +111,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2018, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -112,7 +121,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:34 $ +$Date: 2021/11/02 13:25:56 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/initial-announcement.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/initial-announcement.html index 510de6c..438e12d 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/initial-announcement.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/initial-announcement.html @@ -1,12 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Initial Announcement - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +a.ftn { font-size: .94em; } +pre.emph-box { font-size: .94em; background: none; margin-bottom: 2.5em; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Initial Announcement</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> +<div class="introduction"> <p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by -<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> on September +<a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> on September 27, 1983.</p> <p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from @@ -14,12 +27,14 @@ this initial plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> were not clarified until a few years later.</p> +</div> +<hr class="no-display" /> <h3>Free Unix!</h3> <p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and -give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it. +give it away free <a class="ftn" href="#f1">[1]</a> to everyone who can use it. Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p> @@ -95,35 +110,28 @@ working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.</p> <p>For more information, contact me.</p> -<p>Arpanet mail:<br /> - RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p> +<address>Arpanet mail:<br /> + RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</address> -<p>Usenet:<br /> +<address>Usenet:<br /> ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br /> - ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p> + ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</address> -<p>US Snail:<br /> +<address>US Snail:<br /> Richard Stallman<br /> 166 Prospect St<br /> - Cambridge, MA 02139</p> - - -<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around “free”</h4> - -<p>The wording here was careless. The intention was that nobody would -have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the -words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying -that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no -charge. That was never the intent.</p> + Cambridge, MA 02139</address> +<hr class="column-limit" /> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> <h3>Original message</h3> <p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its original form.</p> -<div dir="ltr"> -<pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.--> -From CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ +<pre class="emph-box" dir="ltr"> +<!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers. +-->From CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft Subject: new Unix implementation @@ -134,7 +142,7 @@ Free Unix! Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and -give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it. +give it away free <a href="#f1">[1]</a> to everyone who can use it. Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed. @@ -224,9 +232,37 @@ US Snail: </pre> </div> +<h3 id="f1" class="footnote">Footnote</h3> +<ol> +<li> +<p><em>The wording here was careless.</em> The intention was that nobody would +have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the +words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying +that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no +charge. That was never the intent. Subsequently I have learned to +distinguish carefully between “free” in the sense of +freedom and “free” in the sense of price. Free software +is software that users have the freedom to distribute and change. +Some users may obtain copies at no charge, while others pay to obtain +copies—and if the funds help support improving the software, so much +the better. The important thing is that everyone who has a copy has +the freedom to cooperate with others in using it. +</p> + +<p>The expression “give away” is another +indication that I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price +from that of freedom. We now recommend avoiding this expression when +talking about free software. See +“<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Confusing +Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</p> +</li> +</ol> + +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -244,19 +280,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -271,21 +307,21 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014 -Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, 2009, 2021, 2022 Free Software Foundation, +Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:39:38 $ +$Date: 2022/02/20 08:26:21 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/install-fest-devil.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/install-fest-devil.html index 366c2a6..a5ec16c 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/install-fest-devil.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/install-fest-devil.html @@ -1,14 +1,18 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.94 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Install Fests - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/install-fest-devil.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Install Fests: What to Do about the Deal with the Devil</h2> -<p>by Richard Stallman</p> - -<blockquote><p>Published for <a href="https://libreplanet.org/2019"> -LibrePlanet March 23/24 2019</a></p></blockquote> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p>Install fests invite users to bring their computers so that experts can install GNU/Linux on them. This is meant to promote the @@ -123,9 +127,16 @@ GNU/Linux knowing that there is <a href="/philosophy/saying-no-even-once.html">a further step toward freedom</a> that they should take.</p> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>Published for <a href="https://libreplanet.org/2019"> +LibrePlanet March 23/24 2019</a></p> +</div> + +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -143,13 +154,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -170,7 +181,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2019, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2019, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -180,7 +191,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/24 06:33:52 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 09:34:34 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ipjustice.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ipjustice.html index 3447faa..6136458 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ipjustice.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ipjustice.html @@ -1,12 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws noip" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Reject IP Enforcement Directive - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ipjustice.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Reject IP Enforcement Directive</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p> A coalition of civil liberties and consumer groups opposes a new @@ -15,8 +22,8 @@ infringement: </p> <p> -<a href="http://www.ipjustice.org/digital-rights/ipj-white-paper-acta-2008/"> -http://www.ipjustice.org/digital-rights/ipj-white-paper-acta-2008/</a> +<a href="https://www.ipjustice.org/digital-rights/ipj-white-paper-acta-2008/"> +ipjustice.org/digital-rights/ipj-white-paper-acta-2008</a> </p> <p> @@ -32,10 +39,11 @@ is a point of weakness, because this is a <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty"> propaganda term</a> for those who aim to restrict the public. </p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -53,13 +61,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -80,7 +88,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2003, 2008, 2013, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2003, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -90,10 +98,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2015/08/06 16:25:11 $ +$Date: 2021/09/16 16:56:20 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.html index 6aafacf..473f0fe 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.html @@ -1,9 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.94 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-nonfree" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Is It Ever a Good Thing to Use a Nonfree Program? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +a.ftn { font-size: .94em; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Is It Ever a Good Thing to Use a Nonfree Program?</h2> @@ -15,7 +25,7 @@ harmful to yourself and in some cases to others.</p> <p>If you run a nonfree program on your computer, it denies your freedom; the immediate wrong is directed at -you.(<a href="#footnote">*</a>)</p> +you <a class="ftn" href="#f1">[1]</a>.</p> <p>That does <em>not</em> mean you're an “evildoer” or “sinner” for running a nonfree program. When the harm @@ -39,7 +49,7 @@ important to avoid any use of these programs.</p> <p>But there is one special case where using some nonfree software, and even urging others to use it, can be a positive thing. That's when the use of the nonfree software aims directly at putting an end to the -use of that very same nonfree software.</p> +use of that very same nonfree software <a class="ftn" href="#f2">[2]</a>.</p> <h3>In the past</h3> @@ -109,20 +119,12 @@ of releases for those systems.</p> limits, and crucial for the progress of free software, but we must resist stretching it any further lest it turn into an all-purpose excuse for any profitable activity with nonfree software.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3>Author's note</h3> - -<p>Occasionally it is necessary to use and even upgrade a nonfree -system on a machine in order to install a free system to replace it on -that machine. This is not exactly the same issue, but the same -arguments apply: it is legitimate to recommend running some nonfree -software momentarily in order to remove it.</p> - -<hr /> - -<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> - -<p><a href="#footnote-rev" id="footnote">[*]</a> Using the nonfree +<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> +<ol> +<li id="f1"> +<p>Using the nonfree program can have unfortunate indirect effects, such as rewarding the perpetrator and encouraging more use of that program. This is a further reason to shun use of nonfree programs.</p> @@ -140,10 +142,21 @@ uncooperative.</p> <p>However, we think that the truly moral path is to carefully reject such agreements.</p> +</li> + +<li id="f2"> +<p>Occasionally it is necessary to use and even upgrade a nonfree +system on a machine in order to install a free system to replace it on +that machine. This is not exactly the same issue, but the same +arguments apply: it is legitimate to recommend running some nonfree +software momentarily in order to remove it.</p> +</li> +</ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -161,13 +174,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -188,7 +201,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2013, 2015, 2016, 2020, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -198,10 +211,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/12/17 21:16:07 $ +$Date: 2021/11/28 10:28:52 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/java-trap.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/java-trap.html index 27e8fc4..507a222 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/java-trap.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/java-trap.html @@ -1,18 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing traps" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Free but Shackled - The Java Trap - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/java-trap.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Free but Shackled - The Java Trap</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> - -<div class="announcement"><blockquote><h3>Headnote</h3> +<div class="emph-box" style="background: none"> +<h3 class="footnote">Headnote</h3> <p>Since this article was first published, Sun (now part of Oracle) -has <a href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html">relicensed</a> +has <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html">relicensed</a> most of its Java platform reference implementation under the GNU General Public License, and there is now a free development environment for Java. Thus, the Java language as such is no longer a @@ -47,10 +55,10 @@ Java, so we can avoid other traps in the future.</p> <p>Please also see: <a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html"> The JavaScript Trap</a>.</p> -</blockquote> </div> +<hr class="no-display" /> -<p>April 12, 2004</p> +<p><em>April 12, 2004</em></p> <p> If your program is free software, it is basically ethical—but @@ -65,8 +73,8 @@ The JavaScript Trap</a>.</p> freedoms. Roughly speaking, they are: the freedom to run the program, the freedom to study and change the source, the freedom to redistribute the source and binaries, and the freedom to publish - improved versions. (See - <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>.) + improved versions. (See the + <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">Free Software Definition</a>.) Whether any given program in source form is free software depends solely on the meaning of its license. </p> @@ -110,7 +118,8 @@ The JavaScript Trap</a>.</p> <p> Sun's implementation of Java is nonfree. The standard Java libraries are nonfree also. We do have free implementations of Java, such as the <a - href="http://gcc.gnu.org/java/">GNU Compiler for Java</a> (GCJ) and <a + href="https://objectcomputing.com/resources/publications/sett/january-2003-gcj-the-gnu-compiler-for-java"> + GNU Compiler for Java</a> (GCJ) and <a href="/software/classpath">GNU Classpath</a>, but they don't support all the features yet. We are still catching up. </p> @@ -136,9 +145,11 @@ The JavaScript Trap</a>.</p> libraries, and nearly all of them are nonfree; in many cases, even a library's specification is a trade secret, and Sun's latest license for these specifications prohibits release of anything less - than a full implementation of the specification. (See - <a href="http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/JSPA2.pdf">http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/JSPA2.pdf</a> and - <a href="http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html">http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html</a> + than a full implementation of the specification. (See the + <a href="https://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/JSPA2.pdf"> + Java Specification Participation Agreement</a> and the + <a href="https://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html"> + J2ME™ Personal Basis Profile Specification</a> for examples.) </p> @@ -181,11 +192,11 @@ The JavaScript Trap</a>.</p> development environment and use it. More generally, whatever language you use, keep your eyes open, and check the free status of programs your code depends on. The easiest way to verify that a - program is free is by looking for it in the Free Software Directory - (<a href="http://www.fsf.org/directory">http://www.fsf.org/directory</a>). + program is free is by looking for it in the <a + href="https://www.fsf.org/directory">Free Software Directory</a>. If a program is not in the directory, you can check its license(s) - against the list of free software licenses - (<a href="/licenses/license-list.html">http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html</a>). + against the <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list of free software + licenses</a>. </p> <p> @@ -199,13 +210,14 @@ The JavaScript Trap</a>.</p> today, write it to run on free facilities from the start. </p> -<h3>See also:</h3> +<h3 class="footnote">See also:</h3> <p><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html">The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time</a></p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -223,17 +235,34 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2004, 2010, 2015 Richard Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2004, 2010, 2015, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -243,10 +272,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2015/10/03 16:55:22 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/javascript-trap.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/javascript-trap.html index 591af5c..b369ea9 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/javascript-trap.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/javascript-trap.html @@ -1,12 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> -<title>The JavaScript Trap</title> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing traps" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>The JavaScript Trap - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/javascript-trap.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The JavaScript Trap</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p><strong>You may be running nonfree programs on your computer every day without realizing it—through your web browser.</strong></p> @@ -14,11 +21,13 @@ day without realizing it—through your web browser.</strong></p> <!-- any links that used to point to the appendices should point to free-your-javascript.html instead. --> -<blockquote> +<div class="announcement"> +<hr class="no-display" /> <p>Webmasters: there are <a href="/software/librejs/free-your-javascript.html">several ways</a> to indicate the license of JavaScript programs in a web site.</p> -</blockquote> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> <p>In the free software community, the idea that <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"> @@ -61,7 +70,7 @@ the programs are nonfree.</p> <p>In addition to being nonfree, many of these programs are <em>malware</em> because -they <a href="http://github.com/w3c/fingerprinting-guidance/issues/8">snoop +they <a href="https://github.com/w3c/fingerprinting-guidance/issues/8">snoop on the user</a>. Even nastier, some sites use services which record <a href="https://freedom-to-tinker.com/2017/11/15/no-boundaries-exfiltration-of-personal-data-by-session-replay-scripts/">all the user's actions while looking at the page</a>. The services @@ -77,29 +86,38 @@ trouble to identify the nontrivial nonfree programs and block them. However, even in the free software community most users are not aware of this issue; the browsers' silence tends to conceal it.</p> -<p>It is possible to release a JavaScript program as free software, by +<p>To be clear, the language JavaScript is not inherently better or worse +for users' freedom than any other language. +It is possible to release a JavaScript program as free software, by distributing the source code under a free software license. If the program is self-contained—if its functioning and purpose are independent of the page it came in—that is fine; you can copy it to a file on your machine, modify it, and visit that file with a -browser to run it. But that is an unusual case.</p> - -<p>In the usual case, JavaScript programs are meant to work with a +browser to run it. It's even possible to package it for installation +just like other free programs and invocation with a shell command. +These programs present no special moral issue different from those +of C programs.</p> + +<p>The issue of the JavaScript trap applies when the JavaScript +program comes along with a web page that users visit. +Those JavaScript programs are written to work with a particular page or site, and the page or site depends on them to -function. Then another problem arises: even if the program's source +function.</p> + +<p>Suppose you copy and modify the page's JavaScript code. +Then another problem arises: even if the program's source is available, browsers do not offer a way to run your modified version instead of the original when visiting that page or site. The effect is comparable to tivoization, although in principle not quite so hard to overcome.</p> <p>JavaScript is not the only language web sites use for programs sent -to the user. Flash supports programming through an extended variant -of JavaScript; if we ever have a sufficiently complete free Flash -player, we will need to deal with the issue of nonfree Flash programs. -Silverlight seems likely to create a problem similar to Flash, except -worse, since Microsoft uses it as a platform for nonfree codecs. A -free replacement for Silverlight does not do the job for the free -world unless it normally comes with free replacement codecs.</p> +to the user. Flash supported programming through an extended variant +of JavaScript, but that is a thing of the past. Microsoft Silverlight +seems likely to create a problem similar to Flash, except worse, since +Microsoft uses it as a platform for nonfree codecs. A free +replacement for Silverlight does not do the job adequately for the +free world unless it normally comes with free replacement codecs.</p> <p>Java applets also run in the browser, and raise similar issues. In general, any sort of applet system poses this sort of problem. Having @@ -114,7 +132,7 @@ free, but CSS is not a serious problem for users' freedom as of <p>A strong movement has developed that calls for web sites to communicate only through formats and protocols that are free (some say -"open"); that is to say, whose documentation is published and which +“open”); that is to say, whose documentation is published and which anyone is free to implement. However, the presence of JavaScript programs in web pages makes that criterion insufficient. The JavaScript language itself, as a format, is free, and use of JavaScript in a web site is @@ -127,8 +145,8 @@ programs to the user” must become part of the criterion for an ethical web site.</p> <p>Silently loading and running nonfree programs is one among several -issues raised by "web applications". The term "web -application" was designed to disregard the fundamental +issues raised by “web applications.” The term “web +application” was designed to disregard the fundamental distinction between software delivered to users and software running on a server. It can refer to a specialized client program running in a browser; it can refer to specialized server software; it can @@ -143,7 +161,7 @@ server issue separately.</p> JavaScript programs in web sites? The first step is to avoid running it.</p> -<p>What do we mean by "nontrivial"? It is a matter of +<p>What do we mean by “nontrivial”? It is a matter of degree, so this is a matter of designing a simple criterion that gives good results, rather than finding the one correct answer.</p> <p> @@ -224,20 +242,23 @@ that—but remember to disable it again afterwards.</p> <!-- any links that used to point to the appendices should point to free-your-javascript.html instead. --> -<blockquote> +<div class="announcement"> +<hr class="no-display" /> <p>Webmasters: there are <a href="/software/librejs/free-your-javascript.html">several ways</a> to indicate the license of JavaScript programs in a web site.</p> -</blockquote> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> <p><strong>Acknowledgements:</strong> I thank <a href="/people/people.html#mattlee">Matt Lee</a> -and <a href="http://ejohn.org">John Resig</a> for their help in +and <a href="https://johnresig.com/">John Resig</a> for their help in defining our proposed criterion, and David Parunakian for bringing the problem to my attention.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -255,13 +276,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -282,7 +303,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2009-2013, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2009-2013, 2016-2019, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -292,7 +313,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/12/30 11:28:30 $ +$Date: 2021/10/11 08:59:13 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/judge-internet-usage.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/judge-internet-usage.html index a5f11aa..2501b4a 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/judge-internet-usage.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/judge-internet-usage.html @@ -1,20 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> -<title>A wise user judges each Internet usage scenario carefully - GNU +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural ns" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>A Wise User Judges Each Internet Usage Scenario Carefully - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/judge-internet-usage.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>A wise user judges each Internet usage scenario carefully</h2> -<p>by Richard Stallman<br />First published in <a -href="https://www.europeanbusinessreview.com/a-wise-user-judges-each-internet-usage-scenario-carefully/">The European -Business Review</a></p> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>A Wise User Judges Each Internet Usage Scenario Carefully</h2> + +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p>Businesses now offer computing users tempting opportunities to let others keep their data and do their computing. In other words, to toss caution and responsibility to the winds.</p> <p>These businesses, and their boosters, like to call these computing -practices “cloud computing”. They apply the same term +practices “cloud computing.” They apply the same term to other quite different scenarios as well, such as renting a remote server, making the term so broad and nebulous that nothing meaningful can be said with it. If it has any meaning, it can only be a certain @@ -40,12 +46,12 @@ are depends on what kind of data is involved.</p> <p>Keep in mind that a US company (or a subsidiary of one) is required to hand over nearly all data it has about a user on request of the -FBI, without a court order, under “USA PATRIOT Act”, +FBI, without a court order, under “USA PATRIOT Act,” whose blackwhiting name is as orwellian as its provisions. We know that although the requirements this law places on the FBI are very loose, the FBI systematically violates them. Senator Wyden says that if he could publicly say how the FBI stretches the law, <a -href="http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/05/secret-patriot-act/">the +href="https://www.wired.com/2011/05/secret-patriot-act/">the public would be angry at it</a>. European organizations might well violate their countries' data protection laws if they entrust data to such companies.</p> @@ -57,7 +63,7 @@ proprietary software (not free/libre).</p> <p>With software, there are two possibilities: either the users control the software or the software controls the users. The first case we -call “free software”, free as in freedom, because the users +call “free software,” free as in freedom, because the users have effective control of the software if they have certain essential freedoms. We also call it “free/libre” to emphasize that this is a <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">question of freedom, not @@ -73,7 +79,7 @@ this product shackles the user.</p> <p>When a service does the user's computing, the user loses control over that computing. We call this practice “Software as -a Service” or “SaaS”, and it is equivalent to +a Service” or “SaaS,” and it is equivalent to running a proprietary program with a spy feature and a back door. <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">It is definitely to be avoided.</a></p> @@ -101,8 +107,8 @@ upload, and decrypted on the user's machine after it is accessed.</p> <p>In the specific case of iCloud, all the users will be running Apple software, so Apple will have total control over their data anyway. A spy feature was discovered in the iPhone and iPad software early in -2011, leading people to speak of the “spyPhone”. Apple -could introduce another spy feature in the next “upgrade”, +2011, leading people to speak of the “spyPhone.” Apple +could introduce another spy feature in the next “upgrade,” and only Apple would know. If you're foolish enough to use an iPhone or iPad, maybe iCloud won't make things any worse, but that is no recommendation.</p> @@ -165,9 +171,17 @@ set of issues, and they need to be judged based on the specifics. Vague statements, such as any statement formulated in terms of “cloud computing,” can only get in the way.</p> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>First published in <a +href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126031912/https://www.europeanbusinessreview.com/a-wise-user-judges-each-internet-usage-scenario-carefully/"> +<cite>The European Business Review</cite></a>.</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -185,13 +199,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -212,7 +226,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2011, 2019 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2011, 2022 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -222,10 +236,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/12/30 11:28:30 $ +$Date: 2022/04/17 09:26:47 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/keep-control-of-your-computing.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/keep-control-of-your-computing.html index 5345c97..515fd7d 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/keep-control-of-your-computing.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/keep-control-of-your-computing.html @@ -1,20 +1,29 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> -<title>Keep control of your computing, so it doesn't control you! +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural ns" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Keep Control of Your Computing, So It Doesn't Control You! - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/keep-control-of-your-computing.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>Keep control of your computing, so it doesn't control you!</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Keep Control of Your Computing, So It Doesn't Control You!</h2> -<p>by Richard Stallman<br />First published in Der Spiegel Online</p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<p>The World Wide Web, developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 as a system +<div class="introduction"> +<p><em>The World Wide Web, developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 as a system for publishing and viewing information, is slowly being transformed into a system of remote computing. It will store your data, and data about you, often limiting your access to it but allowing FBI access at any time. It will do your computing for you, but you cannot control what it does. It provides various tempting attractions, but you must -resist them.</p> +resist them.</em></p> +</div> <p>In the 1980s, most people did not use computers; those who did, mostly used personal computers or timesharing services. Both allowed you to @@ -40,7 +49,7 @@ right for users to be controlled by their software.</p> to develop an operating system and applications that would be entirely free (libre, freie), so that the users would have control over them. I gave this system the name GNU. (You have probably heard people call -it “Linux”, but that's an error.) People who switch to this system, +it “Linux,” but that's an error.) People who switch to this system, and insist on using only free software, are in a position to control their computing. We have liberated only a small part of cyberspace, as yet, but that is a foothold for freedom.</p> @@ -73,7 +82,7 @@ Facebook's users do not pay, so they are not its clients. They are its merchandise, to be sold to other businesses. If the company is in the US, or is a subsidiary of a US company, the FBI can collect this data at whim without even a court order under an un-American US law, -named in purest blackwhiting the “Patriot Act”.</p> +named in purest blackwhiting the “Patriot Act.”</p> <p>Services also offer to operate on the users data. In effect, this means that users do their computing on the servers, and the servers @@ -81,9 +90,9 @@ take complete control of that computing.</p> <p>There is a systematic marketing campaign to drive users to entrusting their computing and their data to companies they have absolutely no -reason to trust. Its buzzword is “cloud computing”, a term used for +reason to trust. Its buzzword is “cloud computing,” a term used for so many different computing structures that its only real meaning is, -“Do it without thinking about what you're doing”.</p> +“Do it without thinking about what you're doing.”</p> <p>There is even a product, Google ChromeOS, designed so that it can only store data remotely, and the user must do her computing remotely. @@ -98,9 +107,15 @@ ChromeOS devices will be designed to prevent users from doing that.</p> mean that Internet users can't have control of their computing. It does mean that you'll have to swim against the current to have them.</p> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>First published in <cite>Der Spiegel Online</cite>.</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -118,19 +133,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -145,21 +160,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2011 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2011, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:11 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:55:56 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> - -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/kevin-cole-response.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/kevin-cole-response.html index 231c33e..be30a4f 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/kevin-cole-response.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/kevin-cole-response.html @@ -1,13 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>A Response Letter to the Word Attachments - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, general, public, license, gpl, general public license, freedom, software, power, rights, word, attachment, word attachment, microsoft" /> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/kevin-cole-response.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>A Response Letter to the Word Attachments</h2> +<address class="byline">by Kevin Cole</address> + <p> This is an automatic message: </p> @@ -43,28 +51,11 @@ Thank you. antitrust violations by both the U.S. District Court and the U.S. Court of Appeals.) </p> - -<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, - pages on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. - Please do NOT change or remove this without talking - with the webmasters or licensing team first. - Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. - For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the document - was modified, or published. - - If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. - Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying - years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable - year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including - being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). - - There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers - Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -82,47 +73,30 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to - files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this - without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. - Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the - document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the - document was modified, or published. - - If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. - Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying - years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable - year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including - being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). - - There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers - Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - <p>Copyright © 2003 Kevin Cole</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:11 $ +$Date: 2021/09/19 15:41:10 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/kind-communication.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/kind-communication.html index 368d864..43f8403 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/kind-communication.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/kind-communication.html @@ -1,23 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>GNU Kind Communications Guidelines - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> -<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- -@media (min-width: 57em) { - h2, h3, hr.thin, .byline { margin-left: -5% } -} ---></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/kind-communication.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - -<div class="reduced-width"> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>GNU Kind Communications Guidelines</h2> <address class="byline">by -<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> -<hr class="thin" /> +<a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> -<div class="article"> <h3>Purpose</h3> <p>The GNU Project encourages contributions from anyone who wishes to @@ -141,10 +139,9 @@ contributors off.</p> <p>By making an effort to follow these guidelines, we will encourage more contribution to our projects, and our discussions will be friendlier and reach conclusions more easily.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -</div> - -<h3 style="font-size:1.1em">Footnote</h3> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> <ol> <li id="f1"> @@ -170,7 +167,7 @@ friendlier and reach conclusions more easily.</p> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -188,13 +185,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -215,7 +212,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2018-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" @@ -226,7 +223,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/04/04 00:47:32 $ +$Date: 2021/09/16 16:30:32 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/komongistan.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/komongistan.html index a6f2813..2ca42e1 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/komongistan.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/komongistan.html @@ -1,17 +1,23 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws noip" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Curious History of Komongistan (Busting the term “intellectual property”) - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/komongistan.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> -<h2>The Curious History of Komongistan (Busting the term -“intellectual property”)</h2> +<h2>The Curious History of Komongistan<br /><small>(Busting the term +“intellectual property”)</small></h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>The purpose of this parable is to illustrate just how misguided the term “intellectual property” is. When I say that <a @@ -29,7 +35,7 @@ no more in common than any three randomly chosen parts of the world, since they have different geographies, different cultures, different languages, different religions, and separate histories. Today, however, their differentness is mostly buried under their joint label -of “Komongistan”.</p> +of “Komongistan.”</p> <p>Few today recall the marketing campaign that coined that name: companies trading with South Korea, Mongolia and Pakistan called those @@ -45,7 +51,7 @@ popular literature, began to talk about Komongistan.</p> <p>The majority of papers in prestigious journals of Komongistan Studies actually treat some aspect of one of the three “regions of -Komongistan”, using “Komongistan” only as a label. These +Komongistan,” using “Komongistan” only as a label. These papers are no less useful than they would be without that label, for readers that are careful to connect the paper only with the “region” it describes.</p> @@ -53,7 +59,7 @@ readers that are careful to connect the paper only with the <p>However, scholars yearn to generalize, so they often write so as to extend their conclusions to “more” of Komongistan, which introduces error. Other papers compare two of the “regions of -Komongistan”. These papers can be valid too if understood as +Komongistan.” These papers can be valid too if understood as comparisons of unrelated countries. However, the term “Komongistan” leads people to focus on comparing Pakistan with Mongolia and Korea, rather than with nearby India, Afghanistan and Iran, @@ -62,7 +68,7 @@ with which it has had historical relationships.</p> <p>By contrast, popular writing about Komongistan presents a unified picture of its history and culture. This bogus picture encourages readers to equate each of the three “regions” with the whole of -“Komongistan”. They are fascinated by Jenghiz Khan, the great +“Komongistan.” They are fascinated by Jenghiz Khan, the great Komongistani (actually Mongol) conqueror. They learn how the fortunes of Komongistan have declined since then, as Komongistan (actually Pakistan) was part of the British Empire until 1946; just four years @@ -70,7 +76,7 @@ after the British colonial rulers pulled out, US and Chinese armies moved in and fought each other (actually in Korea). Reading about the Afghan Taliban's relations with neighboring Komongistan (actually Pakistan), they get a feeling of deeper understanding from considering -the matter in the “broader Komongistani context”, but this +the matter in the “broader Komongistani context,” but this supposed understanding is spurious.</p> <p>Some beginner-level Korean language classes have begun writing Korean @@ -141,7 +147,7 @@ of some of those countries. There is little chance that reality will soon change to resemble the fiction of Komongistan.</p> <p>The parable of Komongistan understates the stretch of the term -“intellectual property”, which is used to refer to a lot more +“intellectual property,” which is used to refer to a lot more laws than the three that people mostly think of. To do justice to the term's level of overgeneralization, we would need to throw in Switzerland, Cuba, Tawantinsuyu, Gondor, and the People's @@ -161,10 +167,11 @@ people can learn about and judge each of these laws without the assumption they are similar. See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive Mirage</a>, for more explanation.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -182,19 +189,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -209,7 +216,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2015 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2015, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -219,10 +226,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2015/04/21 15:27:30 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:55:56 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/kragen-software.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/kragen-software.html index a93bc14..3f15db3 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/kragen-software.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/kragen-software.html @@ -1,15 +1,22 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> -<title>People, places, things and ideas +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="thirdparty" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>People, Places, Things and Ideas - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/kragen-software.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>People, places, things and ideas</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>People, Places, Things and Ideas</h2> -<p> -by <strong>Kragen Sitaker -<a href="mailto:kragen@pobox.com"><kragen@pobox.com></a></strong> -</p> +<address class="byline"> +by Kragen Sitaker +<a href="mailto:kragen@pobox.com"><kragen@pobox.com></a> +</address> <h3 id="SEC1">Software</h3> <p> @@ -33,7 +40,7 @@ essentially the same CD from CheapBytes for $2. The traditional way to deal with this is to lock ideas up inside people, places, and things. A lawyer can get quite a bit of money simply for spitting out the appropriate ideas, not doing any actual -creative work, or simply for applying rote procedures — most +creative work, or simply for applying rote procedures—most wills reportedly fall in this category. I have to go to the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum to see old Georgia's paintings, because they don't allow photography. Then they can charge me admission. (Great museum, @@ -63,7 +70,7 @@ And it was the nature of computer applications, in general, until recently. But now we have the Web, and people are talking a lot about application-specific embedded computers. Suddenly people can deliver applications like the ones they used to deliver as computer software, -but they can lock up the software — the ideas — inside +but they can lock up the software—the ideas—inside places and things. </p> <p> @@ -81,8 +88,8 @@ choices of spellings of Cathy are correlated with their last names. <p> There are also several web sites containing the same set of phone listings, or newer versions. I can't do any of these things with -these web sites, because the phone listings — an idea — -are locked up in the web site — a place or a thing, depending on +these web sites, because the phone listings—an idea—are +locked up in the web site—a place or a thing, depending on how you look at it. </p> <p> @@ -96,7 +103,7 @@ too. (So far, I'm outside that curtain.) Recently, circumstances forced them to distribute software implementations of Skipjack, and so they declassified it. (See <a href="https://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram/archives/1998/0715.html#skip"> -http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-9807.html#skip [archived]</a> +schneier.com [archived]</a> for more.) </p> @@ -120,7 +127,7 @@ special-purpose devices. </p> <p> I'm somewhat worried about this trend. I like using general-purpose -computers — though admittedly they are often difficult to use. +computers—though admittedly they are often difficult to use. I like the freedom it gives me. The computer is just an extension of my mind. </p> @@ -139,8 +146,8 @@ people to download them. IBM's patent server has a many-terabyte database behind it.) </p> <p> -I believe that software — open-source software, in particular -— has the potential to give individuals significantly more +I believe that software—open-source software, in +particular—has the potential to give individuals significantly more control over their own lives, because it consists of ideas, not people, places, or things. The trend toward special-purpose devices and remote servers could reverse that. @@ -173,8 +180,8 @@ of general-purpose computers, but a limitation of their current state. Another big issue is that they just work. General-purpose computers often don't, particularly when running Microsoft OSes. Even in the best case, you still have to do a couple of seconds of irrelevant -stuff before getting to work on what you want to work on — -typing a letter or whatever. More typically, you have to click around +stuff before getting to work on what you want to work on—typing +a letter or whatever. More typically, you have to click around for ten seconds or so. At worst, you have to reinstall Windows and the application, reconfigure some peripherals, and reinstall their drivers before you can get anything done. @@ -198,9 +205,9 @@ haven't tried it yet.) But GNU/Linux is an incredibly long way away. This will require different hardware as well as different software. </p> <p> -The forces behind remote servers are similar — ease of use +The forces behind remote servers are similar—ease of use because of uniform interfaces through a web browser, “just -working”, and no installation — just using. But they have +working,” and no installation—just using. But they have a couple of other advantages as well: they can provide services that require massive storage or computational resources that can't reasonably be provided on your own machine, unless you want to spend @@ -209,13 +216,14 @@ very inefficient way to search the Web.) </p> <p> I think these extra advantages are probably impossible to overcome at -the moment — although I'm interested in research on distributing +the moment—although I'm interested in research on distributing big computational jobs over many machines. </p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -233,43 +241,26 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to - files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this - without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. - Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the - document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the - document was modified, or published. - - If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. - Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying - years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable - year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including - being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). - - There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers - Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - <p>This text is in the public domain.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2015/08/18 16:21:27 $ +$Date: 2021/10/02 08:31:21 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/lessig-fsfs-intro.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/lessig-fsfs-intro.html index 9d7126d..1d577ea 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/lessig-fsfs-intro.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/lessig-fsfs-intro.html @@ -1,22 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="thirdparty" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Introduction to Free Software, Free Society - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/lessig-fsfs-intro.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - -<h2>Introduction -to <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><i>Free -Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</i></a></h2> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Introduction to +<cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of +Richard M. Stallman</cite></h2> -<p> -by Lawrence Lessig, Professor of Law, Stanford Law School -</p> +<address class="byline"> +by Lawrence Lessig <a href="#lessig"><sup>[*]</sup></a> +</address> <p> -Every generation has its philosopher — a writer or an artist who +Every generation has its philosopher—a writer or an artist who captures the imagination of a time. Sometimes these philosophers are recognized as such; often it takes generations before the connection is made real. But recognized or not, a time gets marked by the people @@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ defined by “code.” “Code” is the technology that makes computers run. Whether inscribed in software or burned in hardware, it is the collection of instructions, first written in words, that directs the functionality -of machines. These machines — computers — increasingly +of machines. These machines—computers—increasingly define and control our life. They determine how phones connect, and what runs on TV. They decide whether video can be streamed across a broadband link to a computer. They control what a computer reports @@ -142,7 +146,7 @@ original lawyers. The opinions they produce can be quoted in later briefs. They can be copied and integrated into another brief or opinion. The “source code” for American law is by design, and by principle, open and free for anyone to take. And take lawyers -do — for it is a measure of a great brief that it achieves its +do—for it is a measure of a great brief that it achieves its creativity through the reuse of what happened before. The source is free; creativity and an economy is built upon it. </p> @@ -156,7 +160,7 @@ doesn't demand such work without price. Instead this economy flourishes, with later work added to the earlier. </p> <p> -We could imagine a legal practice that was different — briefs +We could imagine a legal practice that was different—briefs and arguments that were kept secret; rulings that announced a result but not the reasoning. Laws that were kept by the police but published to no one else. Regulation that operated without explaining @@ -189,7 +193,7 @@ the free software movement. They include many arguments not well known, and among these, an especially insightful account of the changed circumstances that render copyright in the digital world suspect. They will serve as a resource for those who seek to -understand the thought of this most powerful man — powerful in +understand the thought of this most powerful man—powerful in his ideas, his passion, and his integrity, even if powerless in every other way. They will inspire others who would take these ideas, and build upon them. @@ -202,8 +206,8 @@ patient in both. </p> <p> Yet when our world finally comes to understand the power and danger of -code — when it finally sees that code, like laws, or like -government, must be transparent to be free — then we will look +code—when it finally sees that code, like laws, or like +government, must be transparent to be free—then we will look back at this uncompromising and persistent programmer and recognize the vision he has fought to make real: the vision of a world where freedom and knowledge survives the compiler. And we will come to see @@ -218,20 +222,22 @@ and works, there is inspiration for anyone who would, like Stallman, fight to create this freedom. </p> -<p> -<strong>Lawrence Lessig</strong><br /> -<strong>Professor of Law, Stanford Law School.</strong> -</p> - +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> <hr /> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>Learn more about -<a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<p id="lessig"> +[*] Lawrence Lessig was then Professor of Law at Stanford Law +School.</p> +</div> + +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">Learn more about +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -249,17 +255,34 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2002, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2002, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -269,7 +292,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/26 13:25:22 $ +$Date: 2021/09/12 08:14:17 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/lest-codeplex-perplex.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/lest-codeplex-perplex.html index 972f29d..d8cc9bf 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/lest-codeplex-perplex.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/lest-codeplex-perplex.html @@ -1,14 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Lest CodePlex perplex - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <link rel="canonical" href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/microsoft-codeplex-foundation" /> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/lest-codeplex-perplex.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Lest CodePlex perplex</h2> -<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> + <p>Many in our community are suspicious of the CodePlex Foundation. With its board of directors dominated by Microsoft employees and ex-employees, plus apologist Miguel de Icaza, there is plenty of @@ -21,13 +28,13 @@ what it will do, based on its statements and Microsoft's statements.</p> <p>The first thing we see is that the organization ducks the issue of users' freedom; it uses the term “open source” and does -not speak of “free software”. These two terms stand for +not speak of “free software.” These two terms stand for different philosophies which are based on different values: free software's values are freedom and social solidarity, whereas open source cites only practical convenience values such as powerful, reliable software. See <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html</a> +Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software</a> for more explanation.</p> <p>Evidently Microsoft would rather confront the practical competition @@ -38,7 +45,7 @@ distracting attention from the other.</p> <p>CodePlex follows the same practice. Its stated goal is to convince “commercial software companies” to contribute more to -“open source”. Since nearly all open source programs are +“open source.” Since nearly all open source programs are also free software, these programs will probably be free, but the “open source” philosophy doesn't teach developers to defend their freedom. If they don't understand the importance of this @@ -48,7 +55,7 @@ extend” or patent co-optation, and to make free software dependent on proprietary platforms.</p> <p>This foundation is not the first Microsoft project to bear the name -“CodePlex”. There is also codeplex.com, a project hosting +“CodePlex.” There is also codeplex.com, a project hosting site, whose list of allowed licenses excludes GNU GPL version 3. Perhaps this reflects the fact that GPL version 3 is designed to protect a program's free software status from being subverted by @@ -61,9 +68,9 @@ peculiar confusion. Every business is by definition commercial, so all software developed by a business—whether free or proprietary—is automatically commercial software. But there is a widespread public confusion between “commercial -software” and “proprietary software”. (See +software” and “proprietary software.” (See <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html</a>.)</p> +Words to Avoid or Use with Care</a>.)</p> <p>This confusion is a serious problem because it falsely claims free software business to be impossible. Many software companies already @@ -83,16 +90,14 @@ platforms, in free environments. But that is just the opposite of what Microsoft has said it seeks to achieve.</p> <p>Sam Ramji, now president of CodePlex, said a few months ago that -Microsoft (then his employer) wanted to promote development of free -applications that encourage use of Microsoft Windows -(<a href="http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3811941"> -http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3811941</a>). +Microsoft (then his employer) wanted to promote development of <a +href="https://www.internetnews.com/developer/microsoft-wooing-open-source-on-windows/"> +free applications that encourage use of Microsoft Windows</a>. Perhaps the aim of CodePlex is to suborn free software application developers into making Windows their main platform. Many of the projects hosted now on codeplex.com are add-ons for proprietary -software. These programs are caught in a trap similar to the former -Java Trap (see <a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/java-trap.html</a>).</p> +software. These programs are caught in a trap similar to <a +href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">the former Java Trap</a>.</p> <p>That would be harmful if it succeeds, because a program that doesn't run (or doesn't run well) in the Free World does not @@ -125,10 +130,11 @@ trolls who could then do dirty work against GNU/Linux to its longstanding promotion of Digital Restrictions Management, Microsoft continues to act to harm us. We would be fools indeed to let anything distract us from that.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -146,19 +152,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -173,20 +179,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2009 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2009, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:12 $ +$Date: 2021/09/12 08:14:17 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/limit-patent-effect.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/limit-patent-effect.html index c9bc30d..a60a511 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/limit-patent-effect.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/limit-patent-effect.html @@ -1,17 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Giving the Software Field Protection from Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Giving the Software Field Protection from Patents</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a></p> - -<p><em>A version of this article was first published at -<a href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/11/richard-stallman-software-patents/">Wired</a> -in November 2012.</em></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>Patents threaten every software developer, and the patent wars we have long feared have broken out. Software developers and software @@ -19,11 +22,11 @@ users—which, in our society, is most people—need software to be free of patents.</p> <p>The patents that threaten us are often called “software -patents”, but that term is misleading. Such patents are not +patents,” but that term is misleading. Such patents are not about any specific program. Rather, each patent describes some practical idea, and says that anyone carrying out the idea can be sued. So it is clearer to call them “computational idea -patents”.</p> +patents.”</p> <p>The US patent system doesn't label patents to say this one's a “software patent” and that one isn't. Software developers @@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ limit our criticism of software patents to just “patent trolls” or “bad quality” patents. The worst patent aggressor today is Apple, which isn't a “troll” by the usual definition; I don't know whether Apple's patents are “good -quality”, but the better the patent's “quality” the +quality,” but the better the patent's “quality” the more dangerous its threat.</p> <p>We need to fix the whole problem, not just part of it.</p> @@ -103,7 +106,7 @@ infringement. This approach has several advantages:</p> <ul> <li>It does not require classifying patents or patent applications as -“software” or “not software”.</li> +“software” or “not software.”</li> <li>It provides developers and users with protection from both existing and potential future computational idea patents.</li> <li>Patent lawyers cannot defeat the intended effect by writing @@ -124,13 +127,24 @@ protection for all. We could then go back to competing or cooperating… without the fear that some stranger will wipe away our work.</p> +<div class="comment" role="complementary"> <p><em>See also: <a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html"> Patent Reform Is Not Enough</a></em></p> +</div> + +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>A version of this article was first published at +<a href="https://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/11/richard-stallman-software-patents/"> +<cite>Wired</cite></a> in November 2012.</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -148,13 +162,13 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to @@ -174,7 +188,7 @@ information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -184,10 +198,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2016/11/18 06:31:39 $ +$Date: 2021/09/19 16:26:24 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/linux-and-gnu.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/linux-and-gnu.html index ec2e46a..bcc7de9 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/linux-and-gnu.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/linux-and-gnu.html @@ -1,36 +1,44 @@ -<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> <!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnulinux" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +a.ftn { font-size: .94em; } +--></style> <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" /> <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." /> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2 class="c">Linux and the GNU System</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Linux and the GNU System</h2> -<address class="byline c">by <a +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> -<div class="reduced-width"> -<hr class="no-display" /> -<div class="announcement"> -<p>For more information see also -the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, -and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p> -</div> -<hr class="thin" /> - -<div class="article"> <p> Many computer users run a modified version of <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">the GNU system</a> every day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events, the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called -“Linux”, and many of its users +“Linux,” and many of its users are <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"> not aware</a> that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>.</p> +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<p>For more information see also +the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, +and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> + <p> There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just a part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in @@ -46,7 +54,7 @@ GNU/Linux.</p> <p> Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call -“Linux”. The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help +“Linux.” The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help people understand. These users often think that Linus Torvalds developed the whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.</p> @@ -83,7 +91,7 @@ kind of project by specific programs that came from the project.</p> <p> If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way, what would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux -distribution”, <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU +distribution,” <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the total source code, and this included some of the essential major components without which there could be no system. Linux itself was @@ -91,7 +99,7 @@ about 3%. (The proportions in 2008 are similar: in the “main” repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.) So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single -choice would be “GNU”.</p> +choice would be “GNU.”</p> <p> But that is not the deepest way to consider the question. The GNU @@ -109,11 +117,11 @@ collection of useful programs—is because the GNU Project set out to make it one. We made a list of the programs needed to make a <em>complete</em> free system, and we systematically found, wrote, or found people to write everything on the list. We wrote essential -but unexciting -<a href="#unexciting">(1)</a> components because you can't have a system +but unexciting <a class="ftn" href="#unexciting">[1]</a> components +because you can't have a system without them. Some of our system components, the programming tools, became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many -components that are not tools <a href="#nottools">(2)</a>. We even +components that are not tools <a class="ftn" href="#nottools">[2]</a>. We even developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs games too.</p> @@ -130,14 +138,14 @@ from being ready for people to use in general.</p> Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux. Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU system. People could -then <a href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01"> -combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system -— a version of the GNU system which also contained Linux. The +then <a href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01"> +combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system—a +version of the GNU system which also contained Linux. The GNU/Linux system, in other words.</p> <p> Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU -components<a href="#somecomponents">(3)</a> needed substantial change +components <a class="ftn" href="#somecomponents">[3]</a> needed substantial change to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a distribution that would work “out of the box” was a big job, too. It required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the @@ -148,7 +156,7 @@ the nature of things, was surely going to be done by someone.</p> <p> The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU -system. The <a href="http://fsf.org/">FSF</a> funded the rewriting of +system. The <a href="https://fsf.org/">FSF</a> funded the rewriting of the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they are well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current library release with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage @@ -169,9 +177,9 @@ The FSF supports computer facilities for a few of them.</p> eliminating various nonfree programs. Nowadays, the usual version of Linux contains nonfree programs too. These programs are intended to be loaded into I/O devices when the system starts, and they are -included, as long series of numbers, in the "source code" of Linux. +included, as long series of numbers, in the “source code” of Linux. Thus, maintaining free GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining -a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux"> free version of +a <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/project/linux"> free version of Linux</a> too.</p> <p>Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public @@ -179,14 +187,14 @@ by using the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the kernel, one of the essential major components of the system. The system as a whole is basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When you're talking about this combination, please call it -“GNU/Linux”.</p> +“GNU/Linux.”</p> <p> If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further -reference, this page and <a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If +reference, this page and <a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html"> +https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html</a> are good choices. If you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further -reference, <a href="http://foldoc.org/linux">http://foldoc.org/linux</a> +reference, <a href="https://foldoc.org/linux">https://foldoc.org/linux</a> is a good URL to use.</p> <div class="column-limit"></div> @@ -197,7 +205,7 @@ Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced a free Unix-like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and it was developed at UC Berkeley. It was nonfree in the 80s, but became free in the early 90s. A free operating system that exists -today<a href="#newersystems">(4)</a> is almost certainly either a +today <a class="ftn" href="#newersystems">[4]</a> is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD system.</p> <p> @@ -209,39 +217,34 @@ with GNU. BSD systems today use some GNU programs, just as the GNU system and its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as wholes, they are two different systems that evolved separately. The BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system, -and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.<a -href="#gnubsd">(5)</a></p> +and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation <a class="ftn" +href="#gnubsd">[5]</a>.</p> <div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3 class="footnote">Notes</h3> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> <ol> -<li> -<a id="unexciting"></a>These unexciting but essential components +<li id="unexciting">These unexciting but essential components include the GNU assembler (GAS) and the linker (GLD), both are now part of the <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a> package, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, and many more.</li> -<li> -<a id="nottools"></a>For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH), +<li id="nottools">For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH), the PostScript interpreter <a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html">Ghostscript</a>, and the <a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a> are not programming tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.</li> -<li> -<a id="somecomponents"></a>For instance, the +<li id="somecomponents">For instance, the <a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a>.</li> -<li> -<a id="newersystems"></a>Since that was written, a nearly-all-free +<li id="newersystems">Since that was written, a nearly-all-free Windows-like system has been developed, but technically it is not at all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't really affect this issue. Most of the kernel of Solaris has been made free, but if you wanted to make a free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of the kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD.</li> -<li> -<a id="gnubsd"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this article +<li id="gnubsd">On the other hand, in the years since this article was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of the BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system with that kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of @@ -249,10 +252,8 @@ GNU, and are therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on typical desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and GNU/*BSD.</li> - </ol> </div> -</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> @@ -301,7 +302,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1997-2002, 2007, 2014-2017, 2019, 2021 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 1997-2002, 2005, 2008, 2019, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -311,10 +312,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/04/07 17:55:37 $ +$Date: 2021/11/02 13:20:53 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/linux-gnu-freedom.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/linux-gnu-freedom.html index 256ac77..98226a4 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/linux-gnu-freedom.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/linux-gnu-freedom.html @@ -1,16 +1,22 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> -<title>Linux, GNU, and freedom +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-open" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Linux, GNU, and Freedom - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, freedom, software, power, rights, Richard Stallman, rms, SIGLINUX, Joe Barr" /> <meta http-equiv="Description" content="In this essay, Linux, GNU, and freedom, Richard M. Stallman responds to Joe Barr's account of the FSF's dealings with the Austin Linux users group." /> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/linux-gnu-freedom.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>Linux, GNU, and freedom</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Linux, GNU, and Freedom</h2> -<p> - by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Richard M. Stallman</address> <p> Since <a @@ -21,10 +27,10 @@ <p> When SIGLINUX invited me to speak, it was a “Linux User Group”; that is, a group for users of the GNU/Linux system - which calls the whole system “Linux”. So I replied + which calls the whole system “Linux.” So I replied politely that if they'd like someone from the GNU Project to give a speech for them, they ought to treat the GNU Project right, and call - the system “GNU/Linux”. The system is a variant of GNU, + the system “GNU/Linux.” The system is a variant of GNU, and the GNU Project is its principal developer, so social convention says to call it by the name we chose. Unless there are powerful reasons for an exception, I usually decline to give speeches for @@ -37,14 +43,14 @@ user groups. Our webmaster told him that we would not list it under the name “SIGLINUX” because that name implies that the group is about Linux. Strunk proposed to change the name to - “SIGFREE”, and our webmaster agreed that would be fine. + “SIGFREE,” and our webmaster agreed that would be fine. (Barr's article said we rejected this proposal.) However, the group - ultimately decided to stay with “SIGLINUX”.</p> + ultimately decided to stay with “SIGLINUX.”</p> <p> At that point, the matter came to my attention again, and I suggested they consider other possible names. There are many names they could choose that would not call the system - “Linux”, and I hope they will come up with one they + “Linux,” and I hope they will come up with one they like. There the matter rests as far as I know.</p> <p> Is it true, as Barr writes, that some people see these actions as an @@ -73,10 +79,10 @@ about the GNU Project and think them justified; his fellows will support him, because they want each other's support in maintaining their prejudice. Dissenters can be reviled; thus, if I decline to - participate in an activity under the rubric of “Linux”, + participate in an activity under the rubric of “Linux,” they may find that inexcusable, and hold me responsible for the ill will they feel afterwards. When so many people want me to call the - system “Linux”, how can I, who merely launched its + system “Linux,” how can I, who merely launched its development, not comply? And forcibly denying them a speech is forcibly making them unhappy. That's coercion, as bad as Microsoft!</p> @@ -94,7 +100,7 @@ There are people like Barr, that want their software “free from ideology” and criticize anyone that says freedom matters. There are people like Torvalds that will pressure our community into - use of a non-free program, and challenge anyone who complains to + use of a nonfree program, and challenge anyone who complains to provide a (technically) better program immediately or shut up. There are people who say that technical decisions should not be “politicized” by consideration of their social @@ -111,11 +117,11 @@ Television Promotion Act">CBDTPA</abbr> (formerly <abbr title="Security Systems Standards and Certification Act">SSSCA</abbr>), by the Broadcast “Protection” Discussion Group - (see <a href="http://www.eff.org/">http://www.eff.org/</a>) which + (see <a href="https://www.eff.org/">www.eff.org</a>) which proposes to prohibit free software to access digital TV broadcasts, by software patents (Europe is now considering whether to have software patents), by Microsoft nondisclosure agreements for vital - protocols, and by everyone who tempts us with a non-free program + protocols, and by everyone who tempts us with a nonfree program that is “better” (technically) than available free programs. We can lose our freedom again just as we lost it the first time, if we don't care enough to protect it.</p> @@ -123,17 +129,17 @@ Will enough of us care? That depends on many things; among them, how much influence the GNU Project has, and how much influence Linus Torvalds has. The GNU Project says, “Value your - freedom!”. Joe Barr says, “Choose between non-free and - free programs on technical grounds alone!”. If people credit + freedom!” Joe Barr says, “Choose between nonfree and + free programs on technical grounds alone!” If people credit Torvalds as the main developer of the GNU/Linux system, that's not just inaccurate, it also makes his message more - influential—and that message says, “Non-free software is - ok; I use it and develop it myself.” If they recognize our + influential—and that message says, “Nonfree software is + OK; I use it and develop it myself.” If they recognize our role, they will listen to us more, and the message we will give them is, “This system exists because of people who care about freedom. Join us, value your freedom, and together we can preserve it.” - See <a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html</a> + See <a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">The GNU Project</a> for the history.</p> <p> When I ask people to call the system GNU/Linux, some of them respond @@ -150,7 +156,7 @@ Project campaign for freedom.</p> <p> Since this came up in the context of Linux (the kernel) and Bitkeeper, - the non-free version control system that Linus Torvalds now uses, I'd + the nonfree version control system that Linus Torvalds now uses, I'd like to address that issue as well.</p> <h3 id="bitkeeper">Bitkeeper issue</h3> @@ -159,10 +165,10 @@ <p> The use of Bitkeeper for the Linux sources has a grave effect on the free software community, because anyone who wants to closely track - patches to Linux can only do it by installing that non-free program. + patches to Linux can only do it by installing that nonfree program. There must be dozens or even hundreds of kernel hackers who have done this. Most of them are gradually convincing themselves that it is ok - to use non-free software, in order to avoid a sense of cognitive + to use nonfree software, in order to avoid a sense of cognitive dissonance about the presence of Bitkeeper on their machines. What can be done about this?</p> <p> @@ -173,14 +179,14 @@ That update process could run automatically and frequently.</p> <p> The FSF cannot do this, because we cannot install Bitkeeper on our - machines. We have no non-free systems or applications on them now, + machines. We have no nonfree systems or applications on them now, and our principles say we must keep it that way. Operating this repository would have to be done by someone else who is willing to have Bitkeeper on his machine, unless someone can find or make a way to do it using free software.</p> <p> The Linux sources themselves have an even more serious problem with - non-free software: they actually contain some. Quite a few device + nonfree software: they actually contain some. Quite a few device drivers contain series of numbers that represent firmware programs to be installed in the device. These programs are not free software. A few numbers to be deposited into device registers are one thing; a @@ -196,11 +202,11 @@ The Linux developers have a plan to move these firmware programs into separate files; it will take a few years to mature, but when completed it will solve the secondary problem; we could make a - “free Linux” version that doesn't have the non-free + “free Linux” version that doesn't have the nonfree firmware files. That by itself won't do much good if most people - use the non-free “official” version of Linux. That may + use the nonfree “official” version of Linux. That may well occur, because on many platforms the free version won't run - without the non-free firmware. The “free Linux” project + without the nonfree firmware. The “free Linux” project will have to figure out what the firmware does and write source code for it, perhaps in assembler language for whatever embedded processor it runs on. It's a daunting job. It would be less @@ -210,7 +216,7 @@ that the job is not necessary.</p> <p> Linux, the kernel, is often thought of as the flagship of free - software, yet its current version is partially non-free. How did + software, yet its current version is partially nonfree. How did this happen? This problem, like the decision to use Bitkeeper, reflects the attitude of the original developer of Linux, a person who thinks that “technically better” is more important @@ -219,19 +225,22 @@ Value your freedom, or you will lose it, teaches history. “Don't bother us with politics,” respond those who don't want to learn.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> <p id="update"> <strong>Update:</strong> Since 2005, BitKeeper is no longer used to manage the Linux kernel source tree. See the article, <a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.html">Thank You, Larry - McVoy</a>. The Linux sources still contain non-free firmware blobs, + McVoy</a>. The Linux sources still contain nonfree firmware blobs, but as of January 2008, a <a href="//directory.fsf.org/project/linux"> free version of Linux</a> is now maintained for use in free GNU/Linux distributions.</p> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -249,16 +258,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2002, 2017, 2019 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2002, 2021 Richard M. Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -268,10 +294,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/12/30 11:28:30 $ +$Date: 2021/10/18 16:50:30 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/loyal-computers.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/loyal-computers.html index 11960e8..40797bc 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/loyal-computers.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/loyal-computers.html @@ -1,13 +1,23 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs extension" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>What Does It Mean for Your Computer to Be Loyal? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +#History ~ p, #History ~ ul { font-size: 1rem; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/loyal-computers.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>What Does It Mean for Your Computer to Be Loyal?</h2> -<p>by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>We say that running <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> on your computer means that its operation is <a @@ -150,18 +160,19 @@ computer is loyal, or making sure it remains so.</p> <ul> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/loyal-computers.html?root=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6">Version 1.6</a>: +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/www/philosophy/loyal-computers.html?r1=1.5&r2=1.6">Version 1.6</a>: Add installability requirement. </li> -<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/loyal-computers.html?root=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4">Version -1.4</a>: Full documentation is not a requirement for loyalty. +<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/www/philosophy/loyal-computers.html?r1=1.4&r2=1.5">Version +1.5</a>: Full documentation is not a requirement for loyalty. </li> </ul> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -179,13 +190,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -206,7 +217,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2015, 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2014, 2015, 2019, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -216,10 +227,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/03/18 17:56:19 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 09:34:34 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/luispo-rms-interview.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/luispo-rms-interview.html index 561de14..ae2342e 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/luispo-rms-interview.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/luispo-rms-interview.html @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> -<title>Interview: Richard M. Stallman +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Interview with Richard Stallman (2001) - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <style type="text/css" media="screen"><!-- -blockquote { - font-style: italic; - margin-top: 2em; -} +blockquote { font-style: italic; margin-top: 2em; } --></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/luispo-rms-interview.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>Interview: Richard M. Stallman</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Interview with Richard Stallman (2001)</h2> -<p> -<i>This is an interview between Louis Suarez-Potts and Richard -M. Stallman.</i> -</p> -<hr class="thin" /> +<address class="byline">conducted by Louis Suarez-Potts</address> <p> Richard M. Stallman is the most forceful and famous @@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ is governed. Stallman's work is of course resolutely practical. A short list of his coding accomplishments would include Emacs as well as most of the components of the GNU/Linux system, which he either wrote or helped write. In 1990, Stallman received a <a -href="https://www.macfound.org/programs/fellows/strategy/">McArthur -Foundation</a> fellowship; he has used the funds given him to further +href="https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class-of-1990/richard-m-stallman"> +McArthur Foundation fellowship</a>; he has used the funds given him to further his free software work. (See Moody, <cite>Rebel Code</cite> for a good account of Stallman's mission.) </p> @@ -144,7 +144,8 @@ software movement.) close to what political theorists such as <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010604041229/http://www.gwu.edu/~ccps/etzioni/index.html"> Amitai Etzioni</a> would describe as a communitarianism (see, for instance, <a - href="https://communitariannetwork.org/about">https://communitariannetwork.org/about</a>). + href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509231234/https://communitariannetwork.org/about"> + communitariannetwork.org/about</a>). And communitarianism is by no means hostile to the market economy that most people associate with capitalism. Quite the opposite. Would you speak to what could be called the politics of your ethical system?</p> @@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ FUD, not to credit the errors of others. <p> Stallman did not respond to this query for clarification, but as it - happened, a <a href="/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.txt">speech</a> + happened, a <a href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html">speech</a> he recently presented at New York University responded to Microsoft's propaganda. The Free Software Foundation has presented a <a href="/press/2001-05-04-GPL.html">defense</a>, of free software, @@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ villainy either. <p> In the age of the printing press, that was true: -<a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140603093549/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/copy/c-about/c-history.htm">copyright</a> +<a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20140603100055/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/copy/c-about/c-history.htm">copyright</a> was an industrial restriction on publishers, requiring them to pay the author of a book. It did not restrict the readers, because the actions it restricted were things only a publisher could do. @@ -381,10 +382,11 @@ started in India. There is also great interest in Brazil. <p> I accomplish mirth. That's the hacker spirit—Ha Ha, Only Serious. </p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -402,13 +404,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -429,7 +431,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2013, 2016, 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2001, 2021, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -439,10 +441,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/06/24 11:03:15 $ +$Date: 2022/09/17 15:05:57 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/manifesto.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/manifesto.html index 787898f..167770f 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/manifesto.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/manifesto.html @@ -1,13 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The GNU Manifesto - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +a.ftn { font-size: .94em; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The GNU Manifesto</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> +<div class="introduction"> <p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written -by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> in 1985 to +by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> in 1985 to ask for support in developing the GNU operating system. Part of the text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through 1987, it was updated in minor ways to account for developments; since then, @@ -20,7 +32,7 @@ added since 1993 help clarify these points.</p> <p>If you want to install the GNU/Linux system, we recommend you use one of the <a href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux distributions</a>. For how to contribute, -see <a href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p> +see <a href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a>.</p> <p>The GNU Project is part of the Free Software Movement, a campaign for <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom for users of @@ -29,13 +41,15 @@ software</a>. It is a mistake to associate GNU with the term who disagree with the Free Software Movement's ethical values. They use it to promote an <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral approach</a> to the same field.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> <h3 id="whats-gnu">What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!</h3> <p> GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give -it away free to everyone who can use it.<a href="#f1">(1)</a> Several +it away free to everyone who can use it <a class="ftn" href="#f1">[1]</a>. Several other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p> @@ -94,7 +108,7 @@ institution where such things are done for me against my will.</p> decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent -me from giving GNU away.<a href="#f2a">(2)</a></p> +me from giving GNU away <a class="ftn" href="#f2a">[2]</a>.</p> <h3 id="compatible">Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix</h3> @@ -143,7 +157,7 @@ talk to, this is an important happiness that money cannot replace.</p> <h3 id="contribute">How You Can Contribute</h3> -<blockquote> +<div class="comment"> <p> (Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects">High Priority Projects @@ -152,7 +166,7 @@ Wanted list</a>, the general task list for GNU software packages. For other ways to help, see <a href="/help/help.html">the guide to helping the GNU operating system</a>.) </p> -</blockquote> +</div> <p> I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and @@ -191,7 +205,7 @@ the need to make a living in another way.</p> <p> Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system -software free, just like air.<a href="#f2">(3)</a></p> +software free, just like air <a class="ftn" href="#f2">[3]</a>.</p> <p> This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix @@ -237,18 +251,19 @@ breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free.</p> <h3 id="rebutted-objections">Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's Goals</h3> -<p id="support"> +<dl> +<dt id="support"> <strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means -they can't rely on any support.”</strong></p> +they can't rely on any support.”</strong></dt> -<p> +<dt> <strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing -the support.”</strong></p> - +the support.”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without service, a company to provide just service to people who have -obtained GNU free ought to be profitable.<a href="#f3">(4)</a></p> +obtained GNU free ought to be profitable <a class="ftn" href="#f3">[4]</a>.</p> <p> We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming @@ -279,15 +294,15 @@ to buy the service having got the product free. The service companies will compete in quality and price; users will not be tied to any particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service should be able to use the program without paying for the service.</p> +</dd> -<p id="advertising"> +<dt id="advertising"> <strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and -you must charge for the program to support that.”</strong></p> - -<p> +you must charge for the program to support that.”</strong></dt> +<dt> <strong>“It's no use advertising a program people can get -free.”</strong></p> - +free.”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But @@ -301,12 +316,13 @@ who benefit from the advertising pay for it.</p> On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates -don't want to let the free market decide this?<a href="#f4">(5)</a></p> +don't want to let the free market decide this? <a class="ftn" href="#f4">[5]</a></p> +</dd> -<p id="competitive"> +<dt id="competitive"> <strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get -a competitive edge.”</strong></p> - +a competitive edge.”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of competition. You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but @@ -319,23 +335,25 @@ selling operating systems.</p> <p> I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many -manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.<a href="#f5">(6)</a></p> +manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each <a class="ftn" href="#f5">[6]</a>.</p> +</dd> -<p id="deserve"> +<dt id="deserve"> <strong>“Don't programmers deserve a reward for their -creativity?”</strong></p> - +creativity?”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution. Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society is free to use the results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be punished if they restrict the use of these programs.</p> +</dd> -<p id="reward"> +<dt id="reward"> <strong>“Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for -his creativity?”</strong></p> - +his creativity?”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are @@ -358,10 +376,11 @@ everyone hoards information, I am required to consider it wrong for one to do so. Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one's creativity does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that creativity.</p> +</dd> -<p id="starve"> -<strong>“Won't programmers starve?”</strong></p> - +<dt id="starve"> +<strong>“Won't programmers starve?”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making @@ -381,7 +400,7 @@ now.</p> <p> Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software. -It is the most common basis<a href="#f8">(7)</a> because it brings in +It is the most common basis <a class="ftn" href="#f8">[7]</a> because it brings in the most money. If it were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would move to other bases of organization which are now used less often. @@ -394,11 +413,12 @@ considered an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they now do. If programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice either. (In practice they would still make considerably more than that.)</p> +</dd> -<p id="right-to-control"> +<dt id="right-to-control"> <strong>“Don't people have a right to control how their -creativity is used?”</strong></p> - +creativity is used?”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> “Control over the use of one's ideas” really constitutes control over other people's lives; and it is usually used to make @@ -406,7 +426,7 @@ their lives more difficult.</p> <p> People who have studied the issue of intellectual property -rights<a href="#f6">(8)</a> carefully (such as lawyers) say that there +rights <a class="ftn" href="#f6">[8]</a> carefully (such as lawyers) say that there is no intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.</p> @@ -448,11 +468,12 @@ used rather than read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in which a person who enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so regardless of whether the law enables him to.</p> +</dd> -<p id="competition"> +<dt id="competition"> <strong>“Competition makes things get done -better.”</strong></p> - +better.”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this @@ -468,11 +489,12 @@ in a fist fight. Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem to object to fights; he just regulates them (“For every ten yards you run, you can fire one shot”). He really ought to break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight.</p> +</dd> -<p id="stop-programming"> +<dt id="stop-programming"> <strong>“Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary -incentive?”</strong></p> - +incentive?”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some @@ -503,18 +525,20 @@ than riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they will come to expect and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly if the high-paying ones are banned.</p> +</dd> -<p id="desperate"> +<dt id="desperate"> <strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand -that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to obey.”</strong></p> - +that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to obey.”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand. Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!</p> +</dd> -<p id="living"> -<strong>“Programmers need to make a living somehow.”</strong></p> - +<dt id="living"> +<strong>“Programmers need to make a living somehow.”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a @@ -533,7 +557,7 @@ also employ programmers.</p> <p> People with new ideas could distribute programs as -freeware<a href="#f7">(9)</a>, asking for donations from satisfied +freeware <a class="ftn" href="#f7">[9]</a>, asking for donations from satisfied users, or selling handholding services. I have met people who are already working this way successfully.</p> @@ -570,6 +594,10 @@ the group's members would like to use.</p> <li>Users who care which projects their share is spent on can choose this for themselves.</li> </ul> +</dd> +</dl> +<div class="column-limit"></div> + <p> In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the postscarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to @@ -588,9 +616,9 @@ The main causes of this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against competition. Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the area of software production. We must do this, in order for technical gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> - -<h3 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3> +<h3 id="footnotes" class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> <!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of revisions over time. And if a new footnote is added, the references @@ -619,7 +647,7 @@ talking about free software. See Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li> <li id="f2">This is another place I failed to distinguish -carefully between the two different meanings of “free”. +carefully between the two different meanings of “free.” The statement as it stands is not false—you can get copies of GNU software at no charge, from your friends or over the net. But it does suggest the wrong idea.</li> @@ -629,7 +657,7 @@ suggest the wrong idea.</li> <li id="f4">Although it is a charity rather than a company, the Free Software Foundation for 10 years raised most of its funds from its distribution service. You -can <a href="/order/order.html">order things from the FSF</a> +can <a href="https://shop.fsf.org/">order things from the FSF</a> to support its work. </li> @@ -648,7 +676,7 @@ in a free software world.</li> <li id="f6">In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing it was to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual -property”. That term is obviously biased; more subtle is the +property.” That term is obviously biased; more subtle is the fact that it lumps together various disparate laws which raise very different issues. Nowadays I urge people to reject the term “intellectual property” entirely, lest it lead others to @@ -658,7 +686,7 @@ See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">further explanation</a> of how this term spreads confusion and bias.</li> <li id="f7">Subsequently we learned to distinguish -between “free software” and “freeware”. The +between “free software” and “freeware.” The term “freeware” means software you are free to redistribute, but usually you are not free to study and change the source code, so most of it is not free software. See @@ -666,10 +694,11 @@ source code, so most of it is not free software. See Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li> </ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -687,13 +716,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -714,7 +743,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015 +<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p> @@ -731,10 +760,10 @@ Modified versions may not be made. <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2015/06/02 12:55:15 $ +$Date: 2021/11/02 17:24:59 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/mcvoy.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/mcvoy.html index eb9e4a4..57bc7b2 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/mcvoy.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/mcvoy.html @@ -1,12 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-nonfree" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Thank You, Larry McVoy - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/mcvoy.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Thank You, Larry McVoy</h2> -<p>by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p> For the first time in my life, I want to thank Larry McVoy. He @@ -124,10 +131,11 @@ We should not forget the lesson we have learned from it: Nonfree programs are dangerous to you and to your community. Don't let them get a place in your life. </p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -145,19 +153,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -172,20 +180,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2005 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2005, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:14 $ +$Date: 2021/09/19 16:26:24 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-antitrust.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-antitrust.html index a03d3fb..f319fda 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-antitrust.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-antitrust.html @@ -1,17 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Microsoft Antitrust Trial and Free Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/microsoft-antitrust.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Microsoft Antitrust Trial and Free Software</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p> With the Microsoft antitrust trial moving toward a conclusion, the question of what to demand of Microsoft if it loses is coming to the fore. Ralph Nader is even [when this was written, in March 1999] organizing a conference about the question (see -<a href="http://www.appraising-microsoft.org/">http://www.appraising-microsoft.org/</a>).</p> +<a href="http://www.appraising-microsoft.org/">appraising-microsoft.org</a>).</p> <p> The obvious answers—to restrict contracts between Microsoft and computer manufacturers, or to break up the company—will not make @@ -59,7 +67,7 @@ remedies together.</p> Similar terms were included in an agreement between IBM and the European Community in 1984, settling another antitrust dispute. See <a href="http://www.cptech.org/at/ibm/ibm1984ec.html"> - http://www.cptech.org/at/ibm/ibm1984ec.html</a>.</p> + www.cptech.org</a>.</p> </li> <li>Require Microsoft to use its patents for defense only, in the field of software. (If they happen to own patents that apply to other @@ -110,10 +118,11 @@ crucial than being <em>permitted</em> to implement all parts. The remedies proposed above are what we really need. They will clear the way for us to develop a truly superior alternative to Microsoft Windows, in whatever area Microsoft does not make Windows free software.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -131,19 +140,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -158,20 +167,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1999, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1999, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:14 $ +$Date: 2021/09/10 10:58:36 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-new-monopoly.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-new-monopoly.html index 158e893..386b34a 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-new-monopoly.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-new-monopoly.html @@ -1,14 +1,22 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Microsoft's New Monopoly - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/microsoft-new-monopoly.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Microsoft's New Monopoly</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> -<blockquote> +<div class="infobox" style="font-style: italic"> <p>This article was written in July 2005. Microsoft adopted a different policy in 2006, so the specific policies described below and the specific criticisms of them are only of historical significance. @@ -17,7 +25,8 @@ The overall problem remains, however: Microsoft's cunningly worded new policy does not give anyone clear permission to implement OOXML.</a> </p> -</blockquote> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p>European legislators who endorse software patents frequently claim that those wouldn't affect free software (or “open @@ -87,9 +96,8 @@ one is not required to endorse the statement as true or even meaningful, only to include it. The software developer could cancel its misleading effect with a disclaimer like this: “The following misleading statement has been imposed on us by Microsoft; please be advised that it is -propaganda. See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html</a> for more -explanation.”</p> +propaganda. See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">Richard Stallman's article +on ‘intellectual property’</a> for more explanation.”</p> <p>However, the requirement to include a fixed piece of text is actually quite cunning, because anyone who does so has explicitly @@ -131,13 +139,14 @@ keep Europeans safe.</p> [2009 note]: the EU directive to allow software patents was rejected, but the European Patent Office has continued issuing them and some countries treat them as valid. -See <a href="http://ffii.org"> ffii.org</a> for more information and +See <a href="https://ffii.org"> ffii.org</a> for more information and to participate in the campaign against software patents in Europe. </p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -155,13 +164,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -182,7 +191,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2005, 2009, 2015, 2016, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -192,10 +201,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/07/17 18:55:12 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 09:34:34 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-old.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-old.html index ff9efcb..fcc2219 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-old.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-old.html @@ -1,15 +1,23 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Is Microsoft the Great Satan? (Old Version) - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/microsoft-old.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Is Microsoft the Great Satan? (Old Version)</h2> <div class="announcement"> -<blockquote><p>There is an <a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html"> -updated version</a> of this article.</p></blockquote> +<p>There is an <a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html"> +updated version</a> of this article.</p> </div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p>Many people think of Microsoft as the monster menace of the software industry. There is even a campaign to boycott Microsoft. This feeling @@ -33,7 +41,7 @@ we must not exonerate the other companies that also make proprietary software. At the FSF, we don't run any proprietary software—not from Microsoft or anyone else.</p> -<p>In the “Halloween documents”, released at the end of +<p>In the “Halloween documents,” released at the end of October 1998, Microsoft executives stated an intention to use various methods to obstruct the development of free software: specifically, designing secret protocols and file formats, and patenting algorithms @@ -45,7 +53,7 @@ past, probably, their motivation was to attack each other; now, it seems, we are among the intended targets. But that change in motivation has no practical consequence, because secret conventions and software patents obstruct everyone, regardless of the -“intended target”.</p> +“intended target.”</p> <p>Secrecy and patents do threaten free software. They have obstructed us greatly in the past, and we must expect they will do so even more @@ -56,9 +64,11 @@ that the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a> has the potential for great success.</p> <p>Thank you, Microsoft, and please get out of the way.</p> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -76,18 +86,18 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -102,21 +112,20 @@ information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free -Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1997-2000, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:16 $ +$Date: 2021/09/12 08:14:19 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-verdict.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-verdict.html index f98483c..ff9b071 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-verdict.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft-verdict.html @@ -1,12 +1,17 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>On the Microsoft Verdict - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>On the Microsoft Verdict</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p> Many @@ -55,11 +60,12 @@ development of the GNU/Linux system).</p> When we see what remedies the judge chooses, we will get an idea of whether the case has been helpful or harmful to the Free Software Movement.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -77,30 +83,47 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2000, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2000, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:19 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft.html index ab3867d..9af8cde 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/microsoft.html @@ -1,16 +1,24 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Is Microsoft the Great Satan? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/microsoft.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Is Microsoft the Great Satan?</h2> -<div class="announcement"> -<blockquote><p>This article was given a major rewrite in 2009. +<div class="infobox"> +<p><em>This article was given a major rewrite in 2009. The <a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">old version</a> is also -available.</p></blockquote> +available.</em></p> </div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p>Many people think of Microsoft as the monster menace of the software industry. There is even a specific campaign to boycott @@ -43,14 +51,14 @@ it or who distributes it.</p> <p>There is no need to reject Microsoft non-software products, or services that you can use without proprietary software. (When you use a web service, whether Microsoft's or not, watch out for -<a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">non-free JavaScript +<a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">nonfree JavaScript programs</a> that it may try to slip into your browser.) When Microsoft releases free programs, which it occasionally does, they are acceptable in theory. Alas, most of them depend fundamentally on Microsoft proprietary software, which we do need to reject, and that makes them useless for anyone that chooses to live in freedom.</p> -<p>In the “Halloween documents”, leaked in October 1998, +<p>In the “Halloween documents,” leaked in October 1998, Microsoft executives stated an intention to use various methods to obstruct the development of free software: specifically, designing secret protocols and file formats, and patenting algorithms and @@ -62,7 +70,7 @@ and patents have obstructed us greatly, and they may be more damaging in the future. For the most part, the companies' main motivation in doing these things is to attack each other; now, it seems, we are specifically targeted. Microsoft is using its patents directly to -<a href="http://www.redhat.com/about/news/archive/2009/9/microsoft-and-patent-trolls"> +<a href="https://www.redhat.com/about/news/archive/2009/9/microsoft-and-patent-trolls"> attack the free software community</a>, and our community is fighting back.</p> @@ -70,7 +78,7 @@ back.</p> (and software developers and users generally)—consider the harm that the MP3 patents have done. Thus, defending against specific attacks is necessary but not sufficient. The only full solution is -to <a href="http://endsoftpatents.org/">eliminate software +to <a href="https://endsoftwarepatents.org/">eliminate software patents</a>. </p> @@ -80,26 +88,28 @@ obstructs migration to GNU/Linux. For instance, when Microsoft “donates” copies of Windows to schools, it converts these schools into tools for implanting a dependence on Windows. There are indications that Microsoft systematically plans these -activities <a href="http://boycottnovell.com/wiki/index.php/EDGI"> as +activities <a href="http://techrights.org/wiki/index.php/EDGI"> as a campaign against the adoption of GNU/Linux</a>.</p> <p>Each Windows “upgrade” augments Microsoft's power over the users; Microsoft plans it that way. And each one is a step forward in malicious features, which -include <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Digital Restrictions +include <a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/">Digital Restrictions Management</a> and back doors. So the FSF runs campaigns to warn users against “upgrading” -to <a href="http://BadVista.org/">Windows Vista</a> -and <a href="http://Windows7Sins.org">Windows 7</a>. We aim to reduce +to <a href="http://badvista.fsf.org/">Windows Vista</a> +and <a href="http://windows7sins.org/">Windows 7</a>. We aim to reduce the amount of inertia they will create.</p> <p>We don't hate Microsoft, and we don't consider it the Great Satan. But we do recognize it as the company that has separated more users from their freedom than any other, and a powerful avowed enemy of computer users' freedom. We act accordingly.</p> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -117,13 +127,13 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to @@ -143,8 +153,7 @@ information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2017, 2018 Free -Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1997-2000, 2009, 2010, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -154,7 +163,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $ +$Date: 2021/09/10 10:58:36 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/misinterpreting-copyright.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/misinterpreting-copyright.html index 860a237..004f252 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/misinterpreting-copyright.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/misinterpreting-copyright.html @@ -1,12 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Misinterpreting Copyright - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p> Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under @@ -345,9 +353,9 @@ to be nice. Previously this was not a crime in the US at all.</p> <p> An even worse law, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), was designed to bring back what was then called “copy -protection” — now known +protection”—now known as <a href="/proprietary/proprietary-drm.html">DRM</a> (Digital -Restrictions Management) — which users already detested, +Restrictions Management)—which users already detested, by making it a crime to defeat the restrictions, or even publish information about how to defeat them. This law ought to be called the “Domination by Media Corporations Act” because it @@ -572,7 +580,7 @@ computer networks, such as the Internet. As a user of computers and networks for 30 years, I value the freedoms that we have lost, and the ones we may lose next. As an author, I can reject the romantic mystique of the author as semidivine -<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Creator">creator</a>, often cited +<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Creator">creator</a>, often cited by publishers to justify increased copyright powers for authors—powers which these authors will then sign away to publishers.</p> <p> @@ -582,38 +590,37 @@ you to accept one thing on my word alone: that authors like me don't deserve special power over you. If you wish to reward me further for the software or books I have written, I would gratefully accept a check—but please don't surrender your freedom in my name.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -<h4>Footnotes</h4> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> <ol> -<li> -<a id="footnote1"></a>See Julian Sanchez’s +<li id="footnote1">See Julian Sanchez’s article <a href="http://www.juliansanchez.com/2011/02/04/the-trouble-with-balance-metaphors/">“The Trouble with ‘Balance’ Metaphors”</a> for an examination of “how the analogy between sound judgment and balancing weights may constrain our thinking in unhealthy ways.”</li> -<li> -<a id="footnote2"></a>Since renamed to the unpronounceable CBDTPA, +<li id="footnote2">Since renamed to the unpronounceable CBDTPA, for which a good mnemonic is “Consume, But Don't Try Programming Anything,” but it really stands for the “Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act.”</li> -<li> -<a id="footnote3"></a>If you would like to help, I recommend the Web -sites <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org">DefectiveByDesign.org</a>, -<a href="http://publicknowledge.org">publicknowledge.org</a> -and <a href="http://www.eff.org">www.eff.org</a>.</li> +<li id="footnote3">If you would like to help, I recommend the Web +sites <a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/">DefectiveByDesign.org</a>, +<a href="https://www.publicknowledge.org/">publicknowledge.org</a> +and <a href="https://www.eff.org/">www.eff.org</a>.</li> </ol> -<hr /> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This essay is published -in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -631,13 +638,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -658,7 +665,8 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2002, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2021 Free Software +Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -668,7 +676,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/26 13:25:22 $ +$Date: 2021/11/28 10:12:11 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/moglen-harvard-speech-2004.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/moglen-harvard-speech-2004.html index 6171025..17c02b5 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/moglen-harvard-speech-2004.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/moglen-harvard-speech-2004.html @@ -1,19 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Eben Moglen Harvard Speech - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +#content i { color: #505050; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/moglen-harvard-speech-2004.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>Eben Moglen - Speech for Harvard Journal of Law & Technology</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Speech for Harvard Journal of Law & Technology</h2> -<blockquote> -<p>February 23, 2004 - Cambridge, MA, USA</p> -</blockquote> +<address class="byline">by Eben Moglen <a +href="#moglen"><sup>[*]</sup></a></address> -<p> -<i>Eben Moglen is a Professor of Law & Legal History at Columbia -Law School, and General Counsel for the Free Software Foundation</i> -</p> +<p><i>February 23, 2004 - Cambridge, MA, USA</i></p> <p> Thank you. It's a great pleasure to be here. I want to thank the @@ -107,10 +113,10 @@ The copyrights clause is an particular legal embrace of the idea of perfectability through access to and the sharing of knowledge. We, however, the 21st century inheritors of that promise, live in a world in which there is some doubt as to whether property principles, -strongly enforced, with their inevitable corollary of exclusion -— this is mine, you cannot have it unless you pay me — +strongly enforced, with their inevitable corollary of +exclusion—this is mine, you cannot have it unless you pay whether property principles best further that shared goal of the -perfectability of human life and society based around access to +me—perfectability of human life and society based around access to knowledge. </p> @@ -178,7 +184,7 @@ greatest technical reference library on Planet Earth, as of now. The reason I say that is that free software is the only corpus of information fixed in a tangible form, through which anyone, anywhere, can go from naivete to the state of the art in a great technical -subject — what computers can be made to do — solely by +subject—what computers can be made to do—solely by consulting material that is freely available for adaptation and reuse, in any way that she or he may want. </p> @@ -199,13 +205,13 @@ contributes to the perfectability of human beings. <p> That's what we were trying to do, and we have done it. We are, as it happens, driving out of business a firm called the Santa Cruz -Operation [sic] - or SCO Ltd. That was not our intention. That's a +Operation <i>[sic]</i>—or SCO Ltd. That was not our intention. That's a result of something called the creative destruction potential of capitalism, once upon a time identified by Joseph Schumpeter. We are doing a thing better at lower cost than it is presently being done by -those people using other people's money to do it. The result - -celebrated everywhere that capitalism is actually believed in — -is that existing firms are going to have to change their way of +those people using other people's money to do it. The result—celebrated +everywhere that capitalism is actually believed in—is +that existing firms are going to have to change their way of operation or leave the market. This is usually regarded as a positive outcome, associated with enormous welfare increases of which capitalism celebrates at every opportunity everywhere all the time in @@ -251,21 +257,21 @@ surplus, by making the best possible use of the public utility. <p> I think it would be appropriate to suggest, if you like, that where we now are is in a world, where, if I may employ a metaphor, Mr. McBride -and his colleagues — I do mean those in Redmond, as well as -those in Utah — think that roads should all be toll roads. The +and his colleagues—I do mean those in Redmond, as well as +those in Utah—think that roads should all be toll roads. The ability to get from here to there's a product. Buy it, or we exclude you from it. Others believe that highways should be public utilities. Let us figure out how to use the public highways best, so -that everybody can profit from them - from the reduction of the costs -of transportations of goods and the provisions of services — and +that everybody can profit from them—from the reduction of the costs +of transportations of goods and the provisions of services—and by the by, there will be plenty of money to pay traffic engineers and the people who fix the pot holes. </p> <p> We believe, for what little our view of the economics of the software -market may be worth in the 21st century — after all we are the -people who transformed it — we believe that the public utility +market may be worth in the 21st century—after all we are the +people who transformed it—we believe that the public utility service conception of software better reflects economic actuality in the 21st century. We are not surprised that Mr. McBride is going out of business on the other business model. @@ -288,7 +294,7 @@ Mr. McBride may be right about that or he may be wrong. We do not know what the contents of those contracts are in general terms, and we do not even know, as Mr. McBride pointed out to you when he was here, that he is the beneficiary of those contracts. He is presently in litigation trying -to prove that he has what he claims to have — certain contract rights +to prove that he has what he claims to have—certain contract rights which he claims were conveyed to him by Novell. I have no opinion about whose rights those are, and I wish Mr. McBride luck in his litigation over that question. @@ -365,7 +371,7 @@ engage in a little court watching with you. Mr. McBride, when he was here, had much to say about a case called Eldred against Ashcroft, in which Mr. McBride discovers that the United States Supreme Court came out 7-2 against free software and in -favor of capitalism [laughter from audience]. The odd thing is that +favor of capitalism <i>[laughter from audience]</i>. The odd thing is that on the very day when Mr. McBride was standing here discussing that subject with you, I was in Los Angeles discussing the very same thing with a fellow called Kevin McBride, Mr. McBride's brother and the @@ -379,8 +385,8 @@ Court. But it is not quite enough help. </p> <p> -The primary trick in discussing cases - I shrink from saying that even -in this room where I have taught first-year law students — the +The primary trick in discussing cases—I shrink from saying that even +in this room where I have taught first-year law students—the primary trick in discussing cases is to separate holding from dicta, a job with which many lugubrious Septembers and Octobers have been occupied by lawyers all over the planet and by every single one of you @@ -388,8 +394,8 @@ here. </p> <p> -The McBrides, jointly — I feel sometimes as though I'm in a -Quentin Tarantino movie of some sort with them [laughter] — the +The McBrides, jointly—I feel sometimes as though I'm in a +Quentin Tarantino movie of some sort with them <i>[laughter]</i>—the McBrides have failed to distinguish adequately between dicta and holding. </p> @@ -454,8 +460,8 @@ But notice that in order to survive moment one in a lawsuit over free software, it is the defendant who must wave the GPL. It is his permission, his master key to a lawsuit that lasts longer than a nanosecond. This, quite simply, is the reason that lies behind the -statement you have heard — Mr. McBride made it here some weeks -ago — that there has never been a court test of the GPL. +statement you have heard—Mr. McBride made it here some weeks +ago—that there has never been a court test of the GPL. </p> <p> @@ -506,9 +512,9 @@ I'm sure, in the question period. <p> At any rate, they didn't say that. What they said back is, “But Judge, the GNU GPL is a violation of the United States Constitution, -the Copyright Law, the Export Control Law”, and I have now +the Copyright Law, the Export Control Law,” and I have now forgotten whether or not they also said the United Nations Charter of -the Rights of Man. [laughter] +the Rights of Man. <i>[laughter]</i> </p> <p> @@ -683,8 +689,8 @@ a body of software accessible to everybody on earth so robust and so profound in its possibilities that we are a few man months away from doing whatever it is that anybody wants to do with computers all the time. And of course new things are constantly coming up that people -would like to do and they are doing them. In this respect — I -say this with enormous satisfaction — in this respect the Free +would like to do and they are doing them. In this respect—I +say this with enormous satisfaction—in this respect the Free Software Movement has taken hold and is now ineradicably part of the 21st century. But there are challenges to the freedom of free software which we need to deal with. @@ -752,8 +758,8 @@ fuss. I have a side over there too. But the important thing for us in the conversation we're presently having is that the owners of culture now recognize that if they are going to prop up their own methods of distribution, a method of distribution in which distribution is bought -and sold and treated as property — and you can't distribute -unless you pay for the right to do so — unless they can prop up +and sold and treated as property—and you can't distribute +unless you pay for the right to do so—unless they can prop up that structure, they are done in their business models. And for them that requires something which I truly believe amounts to the military occupation of the Net. They have to control all the nodes in the Net @@ -843,8 +849,8 @@ campaign. <p> But in the end, it is our ability to unify all of the elements of the -information society — software, hardware, and bandwidth — -in shared hands, that is in our own hands, that determines whether we +information society—software, hardware, and bandwidth—in +shared hands, that is in our own hands, that determines whether we can succeed in carrying out the great 18th century dream, the one that is found in Article 1 Section 8 of the United States Constitution, the one that says that human beings and human society are infinitely @@ -967,11 +973,11 @@ copyright law allows musicians and artists who stupidly signed agreements when they were but small peons, without legal assistance with big companies, thirty-five years later can take it all back, no matter what. They can reset the clock to zero and re- negotiate. I -call this the Rod Stewart Salvation Act. [laughter] And while that +call this the Rod Stewart Salvation Act. <i>[laughter]</i> And while that might be helpful for the artists, much as the music industry hates it, couldn't that also mean that free software coders, who willingly contributed, weren't even blocked by their employers, to contribute to -Free Software Movement, could — down the line — and +Free Software Movement, could—down the line—and thirty-five years isn't that long in the history of Unix, say, “We take it all back?” </p> @@ -1082,10 +1088,10 @@ The European Commission put forward a suggestion for change and harmonization in European patent law which would have made the issuance of patents for inventions practiceable in software very much easier. The European parliament after a lengthy campaign, led in part -by the Free Software Movement in Europe — that's Euro Linux and +by the Free Software Movement in Europe—that's Euro Linux and the Free Software Foundation Europe and a lot of small software houses in Europe benefitting substantially from the new mode of software as a -public utility — a campaign which involved in the end 250,000 +public utility—a campaign which involved in the end 250,000 petition signatories, the European Parliament decided to say no. And two parties, Greens and Social Democrats, in the European Parliament now understand that patent policy in Europe is a partisan issue. That @@ -1152,8 +1158,8 @@ in order to get their work done from day to day. <p> So one of the things that we do, for those who speak English, is we -actually have to reinforce from time to time — that is all the -time — the distinction between free beer and free speech. On the +actually have to reinforce from time to time—that is all the +time—the distinction between free beer and free speech. On the other hand those of us who live in the United States and speak English shouldn't have quite that much trouble because free speech is a way more important part of the American cultural landscape than free beer @@ -1174,7 +1180,7 @@ We stand for free speech. We're the free speech movement of the moment. And that we have to insist upon, all the time, uncompromisingly. My dear friend, Mr. Stallman, has caused a certain amount of resistance in life by going around saying, “It's free -software, it's not open source”. He has a reason. This is the +software, it's not open source.” He has a reason. This is the reason. We need to keep reminding people that what's at stake here is free speech. We need to keep reminding people that what we're doing is trying to keep the freedom of ideas in the 21st century, in a world @@ -1202,8 +1208,8 @@ for what they create, and so I've heard a lot of, I don't think these are any of your arguments, but I've heard, OK, well, that the musicians will go on tour, so they'll make it back that way, you know, whatever time they put in. Or people will keep creating whatever it is -they create — and this applies to more than just, you know, -movies or music — it applies to books, or even +they create—and this applies to more than just, you know, +movies or music—it applies to books, or even non-entertainment-style knowledge-type things, there's gotta be, you hear people will still do the same amount of it because they love to do it or are interested to do it, but I don't think that quite @@ -1277,8 +1283,8 @@ movies. It was celebrity. They created very large artificial people, you know, with navels eight feet high. And then we had these fantasy personal relationships with the artificial big people. And those personal relationships were manipulated to sell us lots and lots of -stuff — music and movies and T-shirts and toys and, you know, -sexual gratification, and heavens knows what else. All of that on the +stuff—music and movies and T-shirts and toys and, you know, +sexual gratification, and heaven knows what else. All of that on the basis of the underlying real economy of culture, which is that we pay for that which we have relations with. We are human beings, social animals. We have been socialized and evolved for life in the band for @@ -1290,7 +1296,7 @@ that we believe in, we actually do support them. You think that this isn't true, because the current skin at the top of social life says that that's not a robust enough mechanism to sustain creation, and that the only mechanism that will sustain creation is -coercive exclusion — you can't have it, if you don't pay. +coercive exclusion—you can't have it, if you don't pay. </p> <p> @@ -1473,8 +1479,8 @@ problems. And the day is coming. <b>Q:</b> Just a general question on market forces and the free software economy. Even in an ideal world, wouldn't you say that, you know, because of the market forces and then we, you know, a group of -players become especially successful, then they actually — even -though it's an ideal world — they actually become powerful +players become especially successful, then they actually—even +though it's an ideal world—they actually become powerful enough and they monopolize under standards again, and we come back to the same system we have today. So, I guess the question is that whether this product-type system economy we have, is that just a @@ -1505,8 +1511,8 @@ Those of us who believe in the GNU GPL as a particularly valuable license to use believe in that because we think that there are other licenses which too weakly protect the commons and which are more amenable to a form of appropriation that might be ultimately -destructive — this is our concern with the freedoms presented, -for example, by the BSD license — we are concerned that though +destructive—this is our concern with the freedoms presented, +for example, by the BSD license—we are concerned that though the freedoms in the short term seem even greater, that the longterm result is more readily the one that you are pointing at, market participants who are free to propriatize the content of the commons @@ -1539,9 +1545,18 @@ can work our tails off to keep that commons in being healthy, strong and well. That's what I'm up to. That's what I hope you'll be up to as well. </p> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p id="moglen"> +[*] Eben Moglen is a Professor of Law & Legal History at Columbia +Law School, and General Counsel for the Free Software Foundation. +</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -1559,33 +1574,16 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to - files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this - without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. - Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the - document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the - document was modified, or published. - - If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. - Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying - years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable - year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including - being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). - - There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers - Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - <p>Copyright © 2004 Eben Moglen</p> <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is @@ -1596,10 +1594,10 @@ preserved.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:27 $ +$Date: 2021/12/25 21:07:06 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/motif.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/motif.html index 4bfe696..7dc76ad 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/motif.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/motif.html @@ -1,12 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing non-cpleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Motif License - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/motif.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Motif License</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p> A couple of weeks ago, the Open Group changed the license of Motif, @@ -15,7 +22,7 @@ license does not fit either the definition of free software, or the looser definition of open source software.</p> <p> Their announcement says they have released Motif to “the open -source community”, but this is true only in an unnatural +source community,” but this is true only in an unnatural interpretation of the words. They have not made Motif available within the free software community; instead, they have invited the people in the free software community to leave the community by using @@ -45,7 +52,7 @@ Here are some of the problems of the Motif license:</p> </li> <li>The license is restricted to use on certain operating systems, - those which fit a category they call “open source”. + those which fit a category they call “open source.” Both the free software movement and the open source camp consider use restrictions unacceptable. </li> @@ -64,15 +71,17 @@ stands for, we think people should not misrepresent what it stands for. The facts of the situation are complex enough; confusing the issue is not welcome.</p> -<h3 id="LaterNote">Later Note</h3> +<h3 id="LaterNote" class="footnote">Later Note</h3> <p> -<em>In 2012, <a href="http://motif.sourceforge.net/"> +<em>In 2012, <a href="https://motif.ics.com/"> Motif</a> was released under the GNU Lesser General Public License, version 2.1.</em></p> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -90,31 +99,46 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2010 Free Software Foundation, -Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1997-1999, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>. -</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:27 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ms-doj-tunney.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ms-doj-tunney.html index 27c5a72..b976367 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ms-doj-tunney.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ms-doj-tunney.html @@ -1,23 +1,29 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>FSF Statement in Response to Proposed Revised Final - Judgment in Microsoft vs. United States + Judgment in Microsoft v. United States - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ms-doj-tunney.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>FSF Statement in Response to Proposed Revised Final Judgment - in Microsoft vs. United States</h2> + in Microsoft v. United States</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p>January 28, 2002</p> - <p>Renata B. Hesse<br /> + <address>Renata B. Hesse<br /> Antitrust Division<br /> U.S. Department of Justice<br /> 601 D Street NW<br /> Suite 1200<br /> - Washington, DC 20530-0001</p> + Washington, DC 20530-0001</address> <p>Dear Ms Hesse,</p> @@ -274,10 +280,11 @@ <p>Very truly yours,<br /> Eben Moglen</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -295,19 +302,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -322,20 +329,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2002, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:28 $ +$Date: 2021/09/09 20:25:35 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/my_doom.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/my_doom.html index ddb4be6..3b9ea94 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/my_doom.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/my_doom.html @@ -1,13 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>MyDoom and You - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/my_doom.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>MyDoom and You</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p> I grew up in a community whose other members sometimes committed crimes as @@ -19,8 +26,8 @@ even more common.</p> Other evils involving information rather than physical violence were common also. For instance, some New York police regularly lied on the witness stand, and even made up a word for it: instead of -“testifying”, they described court appearances as -“testilying”. Some New York programmers fell into the +“testifying,” they described court appearances as +“testilying.” Some New York programmers fell into the lawful but socially destructive practice of proprietary software: they offered other people attractive software packages without source code, and exacted a promise not to share them with anyone else.</p> @@ -83,9 +90,11 @@ hope he or she will come forth and make an accusation against specific people based on specific proof. But nobody should make accusations without proof, and there is no excuse for guilt by association. Not in New York, not in Cambridge, and not in the Free World.</p> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -103,29 +112,46 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2004, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2004, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:28 $ +$Date: 2021/09/12 08:31:16 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/netscape-npl-old.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/netscape-npl-old.html index ecd02a9..0bd99d8 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/netscape-npl-old.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/netscape-npl-old.html @@ -1,19 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> -<title>Netscape Public License +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing non-cpleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>On the Netscape Public License (Original Version) - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/netscape-npl-old.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>On the Netscape Public License (Original Version)</h2> -<p> -by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a> -</p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> -<div class="announcement"> -<blockquote><p>This article was written March 10-12 1998, about the -draft of the NPL which was available at that time.</p></blockquote> +<div class="infobox"><p> +<em>This article was written March 10-12 1998, about the +draft of the NPL which was available at that time.</em></p> </div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> The Netscape Public License or NPL represents a serious attempt to @@ -227,10 +234,11 @@ compelled to, the same reasons ought to apply in the free software world as well. Netscape should recognize that this change is acceptable, and adopt it, to avoid confronting free software developers with a serious dilemma.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -248,13 +256,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -275,7 +283,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1998, 2007, 2013, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1998, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -285,10 +293,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2015/12/14 09:55:38 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 09:34:35 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/netscape-npl.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/netscape-npl.html index 5afb689..41c39aa 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/netscape-npl.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/netscape-npl.html @@ -1,24 +1,29 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> -<title>Netscape Public License +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing non-cpleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>On the Netscape Public License - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/netscape-npl.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>On the Netscape Public License</h2> -<p> -by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> -<div class="announcement"> -<blockquote><p> -(The <a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html"> original version</a> +<div class="infobox" style="font-style: italic"><p> +The <a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html"> original version</a> of this article was written in March 1998 about a draft of the NPL. Our first article on the subject was <a href="/philosophy/netscape.html">Netscape is considering making -the Netscape browser free software</a>.)</p></blockquote> +the Netscape browser free software</a>.</p> </div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> The Netscape Public License, or NPL, as it was ultimately designed in @@ -194,17 +199,18 @@ users.</p> <p> If Netscape feels it can live with the trouble of (effectively) proprietary modifications, surely the trouble of GPL-covered -modifications is a small by comparison. If Netscape believes that +modifications is small by comparison. If Netscape believes that practical considerations will encourage most of the proprietary software world to release its changes back to Netscape, without being compelled to, the same reasons ought to apply in the free software world as well. Netscape should recognize that this change is acceptable, and adopt it, to avoid confronting free software developers with a serious dilemma.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -222,13 +228,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -249,7 +255,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1998, 2003, 2007, 2013, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -259,10 +265,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2015/12/14 09:55:38 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 09:34:35 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/netscape.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/netscape.html index 5ee5002..90c0d42 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/netscape.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/netscape.html @@ -1,16 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> -<title>Netscape +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing non-cpleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Netscape and Free Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/netscape.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Netscape and Free Software</h2> -<div class="announcement"> -<blockquote> -<p><a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html"> More recent news about Netscape</a>.</p> -</blockquote> -</div> +<p><a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html">More recent news about Netscape</a></p> +<hr class="thin" /> <p>People have been writing with joy to tell us that Netscape has announced a plan to make its browser free software, under the GNU GPL.</p> @@ -36,12 +40,13 @@ will be a great day for the free software movement. But rather than rejoicing or criticizing now, let's see what actually happens, and then we'll know whether to celebrate. What we can usefully do now is urge Netscape, calmly and politely, to make the software free, and to -copyleft it with the <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public +copyleft it with the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a>.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -59,19 +64,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -86,20 +91,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1998, 2007, 2008, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1998, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:28 $ +$Date: 2021/10/02 08:24:42 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html index 2c3da11..273894a 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html @@ -1,17 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural ns" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Network Services Aren't Free or Nonfree; They Raise Other Issues - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Network Services Aren't Free or Nonfree; They Raise Other Issues</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> -<p><strong>Programs and services are different kinds of entities. A +<div class="introduction"> +<p><em>Programs and services are different kinds of entities. A program is a work that you can execute; a service is an activity that -you might interact with.</strong></p> +you might interact with.</em></p> +</div> <p>For programs, we make a distinction between free and nonfree (proprietary). More precisely, this distinction applies to a program @@ -151,10 +160,11 @@ service providers who contribute to the community by releasing useful free software, and good to favor peer-to-peer communication over server-based centralized communication, for activities that don't inherently require a central hub.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -172,13 +182,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -199,7 +209,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2012-2014, 2020, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -209,7 +219,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/12/18 06:13:30 $ +$Date: 2021/09/19 16:26:24 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/new-monopoly.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/new-monopoly.html index 791d4da..a98d6ad 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/new-monopoly.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/new-monopoly.html @@ -1,15 +1,23 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural access" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>U.S. Congress Threatens to Establish a New Kind of Monopoly - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/new-monopoly.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>U.S. Congress Threatens to Establish a New Kind of Monopoly</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p> Companies that want monopoly powers to control public use of the information we get from data bases are trying to pass a law this year -in the U.S. — creating, for the first time, a private monopoly +in the U.S.—creating, for the first time, a private monopoly over repeating publicly known information. They are using the “good bill, bad bill” method; the “bad” bill is HR 354; the “good” bill is HR 1858.</p> @@ -22,8 +30,8 @@ the bill would trample.</p> <p> So a second legislator introduces a more cautious bill, more clearly written, with some safeguards, avoiding some gross abuses, offering a -smaller handout to a somewhat broader spectrum of special interests -— and still diminishing the public treasury or the public's +smaller handout to a somewhat broader spectrum of special +interests—and still diminishing the public treasury or the public's freedom.</p> <p> The second bill is typically praised for its “balanced” @@ -40,8 +48,8 @@ This time, the “bad” bill is HR 354, which would effectively allow facts to become private property, simply through their inclusion in an electronic data base. Even mentioning more than a handful of the facts from any data base in a publication would be -illegal, unless you could get them from some other source — -often impossible, since in many cases there is no other ultimate +illegal, unless you could get them from some other source—often +impossible, since in many cases there is no other ultimate source for a certain kind of fact.</p> <p> Consider for example the scores of professional sports games. The @@ -74,14 +82,14 @@ that the pagination and page numbers were copyrighted, but a Federal court ruled against them. The court said that these page numbers don't result from creativity, so they are not copyrightable. But they are indubitably a data base, so HR 354 would prohibit anyone else from -providing this data to the public — thus granting West a +providing this data to the public—thus granting West a permanent monopoly on the law itself.</p> <p> HR 354 would also interfere with scientific research, genealogical research, publication of stock prices, and many other areas of life and work. So it's no wonder that it has generated strong opposition. The Supreme Court might reject the bill as unconstitutional, but no -one wants to rely on this. Hence HR 1858 — this year's +one wants to rely on this. Hence HR 1858—this year's “good” bill.</p> <p> HR 1858 explicitly avoids most of the outrageous problems. It @@ -101,11 +109,11 @@ It excludes data bases made by or for the Federal government. (But, by default, it doesn't exclude those made by or for state governments; this is a substantial loophole in HR 1858.)</p> <p> -A wide range of organizations are supporting HR 1858 — including +A wide range of organizations are supporting HR 1858—including many universities and professional organizations. Some of the letters of support show a clear desire for some kind of monopoly power.</p> <p> -HR 1858 is much less harmful than HR 354 — if we have to choose +HR 1858 is much less harmful than HR 354—if we have to choose between the two, we should prefer HR 1858. But should we have to choose between a big loss of freedom and a smaller one?</p> <p> @@ -116,8 +124,8 @@ specific evidence for this claim; it is based on an article of faith: a general assumption that nobody will do anything without a monopoly over the results.</p> <p> -Just a few years ago, people said the same thing about software -— that nobody would write programs without having a monopoly on +Just a few years ago, people said the same thing about software—that +nobody would write programs without having a monopoly on them. The Free Software movement has proved that this is not true, and in the process, we have refuted that general assumption. Selfishness is not the whole of human nature. One kind of @@ -127,7 +135,7 @@ results.</p> But data bases are not software. Will anyone develop data bases without a data base monopoly law?</p> <p> -We know they will — because they already do. Many electronic +We know they will—because they already do. Many electronic data bases are available now, and the number is increasing, not decreasing. And many kinds of data base are byproducts or even preconditions of other activities that people do for other @@ -177,10 +185,10 @@ keep it under 20 lines. Please email your letter to <a href="mailto:database-letters@gnu.org"><database-letters@gnu.org></a> also.</p> -<pre> -Dear Representative So-and-so - - +<blockquote class="emph-box"> +<p> +Dear Representative So-and-so, +</p><p> Congress is considering laws to establish a new kind of monopoly on electronic data bases. I am against the whole idea of this, because it would restrict the freedom of computer users. Private interests @@ -188,27 +196,28 @@ should not be allowed control over dissemination of facts that are public knowledge. As a measure to promote business, this is premature; the Internet is changing very fast, and passing any law about this issue in 1999 would be foolish. - -<span class="gnun-split"></span> +</p><p> Multiple alternatives are being considered for this bill; HR 354 is especially drastic and dangerous, while HR 1858 is less so. If you have a chance to vote on the choice between them, please choose HR 1858. But when the data base monopoly bill ultimately comes up for a vote, I ask you to vote against it, regardless of the details. - - -Sincerely, +</p><p> +Sincerely,<br /> Jane Q. Public -</pre> +</p> +</blockquote> + <p> There exists a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906221815/http://www.senate.gov/senators/senator_by_state.cfm"> list of senators</a> and a service to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611003520/https://forms.house.gov/wyr/welcome.shtml"> assist you in writing</a> to representative in the U.S. Congress [archived].</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -226,13 +235,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -253,7 +262,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1999, 2007, 2013, 2016, 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1999, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -263,7 +272,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $ +$Date: 2021/09/19 16:26:24 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/nit-india.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/nit-india.html index c4897dc..b4c02b0 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/nit-india.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/nit-india.html @@ -1,19 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> -<title>Stallman's Speech at National Institute of Technology +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Speech on Free Software (2004) - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/nit-india.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>National Institute of Technology - Trichy - India - 17 February 2004</h2> - -<p> -by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a> -</p> - - <p><em>Transcript of the speech on “Free Software” by -Dr. Richard Stallman on Feb 17, 2004 at the National Institute of -Technology, Trichy, TN, India.</em> -</p> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Speech on Free Software (2004)</h2> + +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> + +<div class="infobox"> + <p>This speech was given on Feb 17, 2004 at the National Institute of +Technology, Trichy, TN, India.</p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p><b>[MOC]</b> We will be starting off with the video conferencing session in a short while, audience please note, the questions should @@ -59,7 +66,7 @@ or small. physics. During his college years he also worked as a staff hacker, at the <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> AI lab, learning operating system development on the fly. In 1984, he -resigned from <abbr>MIT</abbr> to start the GNU project. He has +resigned from MIT to start the GNU project. He has received numerous prizes and awards for his work, which need no mention. </p> @@ -207,7 +214,7 @@ minute. But sometimes they get even worse. Sometimes programs have features designed to stop you from doing things. Software developers like to talk about how their programs could do things for you. But sometimes they design programs that will refuse to do things for -you. This is often called DRM — Digital Restrictions +you. This is often called DRM—Digital Restrictions Management. Where programs are designed to refuse to access files for you, to refuse to let you save files, or copy files or convert files. </p> @@ -608,7 +615,7 @@ what is going on inside that computer. They are going to want to learn how does this program work. If they are using nonfree software, the teacher has to tell them, “Sorry, you can't learn that, I can't learn that. It's a secret. Nobody is allowed to learn that.” -Non-free software prohibits education. But with free software, the +Nonfree software prohibits education. But with free software, the teacher can say, “Go ahead. Here's the source code for this program. Read it. You can learn. And then, now that you have read the source code, try making a change, try making a small change in this @@ -625,13 +632,13 @@ judgment. The way you learn is by reading lots of source and by changing lots of programs. That way you learn what makes a program easy to understand and easy to change. Every time you try to read a program and it is hard to figure out a certain part, you learn this is -not the way to write clear code. Non-free software doesn't help you do -this. Non-free software just keeps you in the dark. But if the schools +not the way to write clear code. Nonfree software doesn't help you do +this. Nonfree software just keeps you in the dark. But if the schools of India switched to free software, then they can offer the students the opportunity to learn to be good programmers. To learn the same way I learnt. <span class="gnun-split"></span>In the 1970s, I had a special opportunity. I worked at the -AI lab at <abbr>MIT</abbr>. And there, we had our own time sharing +AI lab at MIT. And there, we had our own time sharing system, which was free software. We would share with anybody. In fact, we were delighted anytime when somebody was interested in any part of it. We were delighted anytime somebody wanted to join us in using it @@ -643,7 +650,7 @@ earth, to have this opportunity, which was very unusual, very rare. Today any PC running the GNU plus Linux operating system, will offer you this opportunity. Every school in India that has a computer can offer its students the same opportunity, that I could only get at -<abbr>MIT</abbr>. +MIT. </p> <p>So schools should use free software for the sake of education, but @@ -727,7 +734,7 @@ GNU is the name of an animal that was in Africa. We use the animal as our symbol. So if you see a smiling animal with some horns that is associated with our software, that's a gnu. <span class="gnun-split"></span>So 20 years and 1 month -ago, in January 1984, I quit my job at <abbr>MIT</abbr> and began +ago, in January 1984, I quit my job at MIT and began developing the GNU system. I didn't do it all myself, of course, I was also trying to recruit other people to help and gradually over the years more and more people joined in. During the 1980s, well we had @@ -780,7 +787,7 @@ or a server, and sometimes they mean just this kernel, which is enough for a embedded machine and that's all. So, if you want to avoid confusing people, you need to distinguish them, use different names for different things. When you are talking about the kernel, please -call it ‘Linux’. That was written by a person, who chose +call it “Linux.” That was written by a person, who chose the name Linux. And we ought to use the name he chose. When you are talking of the operating system, that's mostly GNU. And when I started developing it, I chose the name GNU. So please call this combination @@ -954,7 +961,7 @@ to avoid saying that, to reject our ethical principles. The open source movement doesn't say you should insist on open source software. They say that it may be convenient or advantageous. They sight practical values only. They say that they have a superior -design… sorry a superior development model — superior in +design… sorry a superior development model—superior in its shallow technical sense, that it usually produces technically better software. <span class="gnun-split"></span>But that's the most they will say. They won't say @@ -1032,7 +1039,7 @@ something; you might want to make money out of an activity. And this is not wrong, not in itself. But if the activity itself is wrong then you can't justify it by saying I'm going to get money. You know, the [FIXME 81:00] get money; but that's no excuse for robing -people. Non-free software is ethically poison. It's a scheme to keep +people. Nonfree software is ethically poison. It's a scheme to keep people divided and helpless. It's a form of colonization. And that's wrong. So when a person says to me “I'm going to make my program proprietary so that I can get money, so that I can work full time @@ -1083,7 +1090,7 @@ sacrifice. We can wait a few years. </p> <p><b>[MOC]</b> His next question is “All intellectual work like -books are proprietary”. Is it not justified in case of software? +books are proprietary.” Is it not justified in case of software? </p> <p><b>[RMS]</b> Well, he is mistaken. There are plenty of free books @@ -1104,13 +1111,13 @@ elsewhere to develop free educational materials to make available to schools. A complete curriculum of free educational materials. Because educational materials should be free. And so I suggest that you look at the site <a href="https://www.gnowledge.org">gnowledge.org</a>. That's -like knowledge but spells with a ‘g’ instead of a -‘k’. And you will see one of these initiatives being +like knowledge but spells with a <i>g</i> instead of a +<i>k</i>. And you will see one of these initiatives being carried out by Prof. Nagarjuna in Mumbai. </p> -<p>Also, I should mention the free encyclopedia — -Wikipedia. It's the largest encyclopedia in history. I believe, it now +<p>Also, I should mention the free encyclopedia—Wikipedia. +It's the largest encyclopedia in history. I believe, it now has more than a hundred and sixty thousand entries. Which is far more than any other encyclopedia has ever had. Like around twice. And this has been done in just a few years; by the public. @@ -1222,7 +1229,7 @@ organizers in Colombia. So join the boycott. Don't buy Coke. are many ways a business can conduct itself unethically. And businesses that conduct itself unethically don't have a right to continue. They're not legitimate and they shouldn't be treated as -legitimate. Non-free software development is an example because what +legitimate. Nonfree software development is an example because what ever the program itself does, the license subjugate the users. And that's wrong. </p> @@ -1458,14 +1465,16 @@ of our college. We find ourself…</p> <p>[applause]</p> -<blockquote> +<div class="infobox"> +<hr /> <p>Contributors (in alphabetical order): Krishnan, Saravana Manickam, Vijay Kumar, Vimal Joseph.</p> -</blockquote> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -1483,13 +1492,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -1519,10 +1528,10 @@ permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/04/26 07:25:28 $ +$Date: 2021/09/20 15:06:48 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/no-ip-ethos.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/no-ip-ethos.html index 4ab52e3..f826cac 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/no-ip-ethos.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/no-ip-ethos.html @@ -1,16 +1,22 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> - -<title>Don't Let ‘Intellectual Property’ Twist Your Ethos</title> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws noip" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Don't Let “Intellectual Property” Twist Your Ethos +- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/no-ip-ethos.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> + <h2>Don't Let “Intellectual Property” Twist Your Ethos</h2> - <h2>Don't Let ‘Intellectual Property’ Twist Your Ethos</h2> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> - <p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. - Stallman</a><br /> - June 09, 2006</p> +<p><i>June 09, 2006</i></p> <p>Most free software licenses are based on copyright law, and for good reason: Copyright law is much more uniform among @@ -26,10 +32,10 @@ <p>It's true that in countries like China, where copyright law is generally not enforced, we may also have trouble enforcing free software license agreements, as Heather Meeker suggests in her - recent LinuxInsider column, <a href= - "http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/50421.html">“Only in - America? Copyright Law Key to Global Free Software - Model”</a>.</p> + recent <cite>LinuxInsider</cite> column, “<a + href="https://linuxinsider.com/story/only-in-america-copyright-law-key-to-global-free-software-model-50421.html">Only + in America? Copyright Law Key to Global Free Software + Model</a>.”</p> <p>However, this is not a reason to press for more copyright enforcement in China. Although we would use it to protect @@ -38,17 +44,17 @@ away.</p> <p>Ironically, we might have more success enforcing copyright in - China than Microsoft, Disney and Sony — because what we would + China than Microsoft, Disney and Sony—because what we would want to do is easier.</p> <p>Disney wishes to stamp out semi-underground organizations that sell exact copies. With free software, regardless of precisely which free license is used, that kind of copying is legal. What we want to prevent, when the free software license is the - GNU <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GPL</a>, is the release of + GNU <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GPL</a>, is the release of proprietary software products based on our code. That kind of abuse - is at its worst when carried out by large, well-known companies - — and they are easier targets for enforcement. So GPL + is at its worst when carried out by large, well-known companies—and + they are easier targets for enforcement. So GPL enforcement in China is not a lost cause, though it won't be easy.</p> @@ -59,7 +65,7 @@ material copyrighted in the U.S. by moving it through China, as she ought to know.</p> - <p>If someone violates the GNU GPL by distributing a non-free + <p>If someone violates the GNU GPL by distributing a nonfree modified version of GCC in the U.S., it won't make any difference if it was obtained or modified in China. U.S. copyright law will be enforced just the same.</p> @@ -67,8 +73,8 @@ <p>Although this error might seem to be the central point of Meeker's article, it is not. The real central point of the article is the perspective embodied in her use of the term - “intellectual property”. She uses this term pervasively - as though it refers to something coherent — something it makes + “intellectual property.” She uses this term pervasively + as though it refers to something coherent—something it makes sense to talk about and think about. If you believe that, you have accepted the article's hidden assumption.</p> @@ -94,9 +100,9 @@ mistakes.</p> <p>What is really in the U.S. Constitution? It doesn't mention - “intellectual property”, and it says nothing at all - about most of the laws that term is applied to. Only two of them — - copyright law and patent law — are treated there.</p> + “intellectual property,” and it says nothing at all + about most of the laws that term is applied to. Only two of + them—copyright law and patent law—are treated there.</p> <p>What does the Constitution say about them? What is its ethos? It is nothing like the “intellectual property ethos” @@ -106,15 +112,15 @@ <p>What the Constitution says is that copyright law and patent law are optional. They need not exist. It says that if they do exist, - their purpose is to provide a public benefit — to promote + their purpose is to provide a public benefit—to promote progress by providing artificial incentives.</p> <p>They are not rights that their holders are entitled to; they are artificial privileges that we might, or might not, want to hand out to encourage people to do what we find useful.</p> - <p>It's a wise policy. Too bad Congress — which has to carry - it out on our behalf — takes its orders from Hollywood and + <p>It's a wise policy. Too bad Congress—which has to carry + it out on our behalf—takes its orders from Hollywood and Microsoft instead of from us.</p> <p>If you appreciate the U.S. Constitution's wisdom, don't let @@ -126,11 +132,11 @@ have only one thing in common: Each is legitimate only as far as it serves the public interest. Your interest in your freedom is a part of the public interest that must be served.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> - <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -148,30 +154,47 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2006, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:29 $ +$Date: 2021/09/27 08:52:21 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/no-word-attachments.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/no-word-attachments.html index fcec159..a40b41a 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/no-word-attachments.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/no-word-attachments.html @@ -1,17 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>We Can Put an End to Word Attachments - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, general, public, license, gpl, general public license, freedom, software, power, rights, word, attachment, word attachment, microsoft" /> <meta http-equiv="description" content="This essay explains why Microsoft Word attachments to email are bad, and describes what you can do to help stop this practice." /> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>We Can Put an End to Word Attachments</h2> -<p>by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong> -</p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p> Don't you just hate receiving Word documents in email messages? Word @@ -131,7 +135,7 @@ replies to cover those as well, if you wish.</p> <p> With our numbers, simply by asking, we can make a difference.</p> -<hr /> +<hr class="column-limit" /> <p> <em>You sent the attachment in Microsoft Word format, a secret @@ -146,13 +150,11 @@ problem is a major obstacle to the broader adoption of GNU/Linux. Would you please reconsider the use of Word format for communication with other people?</em></p> -<hr /> - <p> (Explanatory note: I can handle ODF too, but it isn't very convenient for me, so I don't include it in my list of suggestions.)</p> -<hr /> +<hr class="column-limit" /> <p> <em>You sent the attachment in Microsoft Word format, a secret @@ -166,7 +168,7 @@ with a different version of Word; they may not work at all.</em></p> <p> <em>Receiving Word documents is bad for you because they can carry -viruses (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_virus_(computing)). +viruses (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_virus). Sending Word documents is bad for you because a Word document normally includes hidden information about the author, enabling those in the know to pry into the author's activities (maybe yours). Text that you @@ -217,18 +219,16 @@ the PDF converter. Click on the Print button and enter a name for the PDF file when requested.</em></p> <p> -<em>See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html for more +<em>See https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html for more about this issue.</em></p> -<hr /> +<hr class="column-limit" /> <p> Here's another approach, suggested by Bob Chassell. It requires that you edit it for the specific example, and it presumes you have a way to extract the contents and see how long they are.</p> -<hr /> - <p> <em>I am puzzled. Why did you choose to send me 876,377 bytes in your recent message when the content is only 27,133 bytes?</em></p> @@ -245,27 +245,25 @@ prohibit entrepreneurs starting new companies, and prohibit professionals offering their services. Please don't give them your support.</em></p> -<hr /> +<hr class="column-limit" /> <p> John D. Ramsdell suggests people discourage the use of proprietary -attachments by making a small statement in their <kbd>.signature</kbd> +attachments by making a small statement in their <code>.signature</code> file:</p> -<hr /> - <p> <em>Please avoid sending me Word or PowerPoint attachments.<br /> -See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</em></p> +See https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</em></p> -<hr /> +<hr class="column-limit" /> <p> <a href="/philosophy/anonymous-response.html">Here is a response letter</a> to an email message with a Word attachment.</p> -<hr /> +<hr class="column-limit" /> <p> Kevin Cole of the Gallaudet University in Washington, @@ -274,10 +272,11 @@ automatic reply message</a> whenever he receives a word attachment. (I think it is better to send the responses by hand, and make it clear that you have done so, because people will receive them better.)</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -295,13 +294,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -322,7 +321,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2002, 2007, 2019, 2020 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2008, 2020, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -332,10 +331,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/01/07 16:56:30 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 09:34:35 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/nonfree-games.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/nonfree-games.html index c85f5f7..e5b820b 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/nonfree-games.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/nonfree-games.html @@ -1,12 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural drm" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Nonfree DRM'd Games on GNU/Linux: Good or Bad? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/nonfree-games.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Nonfree DRM'd Games on GNU/Linux: Good or Bad?</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>A well known company, Valve, that distributes nonfree computer games with Digital Restrictions Management, recently announced it would @@ -20,10 +28,10 @@ to <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"> bring freedom to the users </a>. Thus, the larger question is how this development affects users' freedom.</p> -<p>The problem with these games -is not that <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Commercial"> they are -commercial</a>. (We see nothing wrong with that.) It -is not that <a href="/philosophy/selling.html"> the developers +<p>The problem with these games is <em>not</em> that +they are <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Commercial">commercial</a>. +(We see nothing wrong with that.) It +is <em>not</em> that <a href="/philosophy/selling.html"> the developers sell copies</a>; that's not wrong either. The problem is that the games contain software that is <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">not free</a> @@ -39,7 +47,7 @@ clear.</p> <p>However, if you're going to use these games, you're better off using them on GNU/Linux rather than on Microsoft Windows. At least you avoid -<a href="http://upgradefromwindows8.org/">the harm to your freedom that Windows +<a href="https://www.fsf.org/windows">the harm to your freedom that Windows would do</a>.</p> <p>Thus, in direct practical terms, this development can do both harm @@ -59,14 +67,14 @@ games to a distro would augment that effect.</p> not be gratis. It is feasible to develop free games commercially, while respecting your freedom to change the software you use. Since the art in the game is not software, it is not ethically imperative to -make the art free — though free art is an additional +make the art free—though free art is an additional contribution. There is in fact free game software developed by companies, as well as free games developed noncommercially by volunteers. Crowdfunding development will only get easier.</p> <p>But if we suppose that it is <em>not feasible</em> in the current situation to develop a certain -kind of free game — what would follow then? There's no good in +kind of free game—what would follow then? There's no good in writing it as a nonfree game. To have freedom in your computing, requires rejecting nonfree software, pure and simple. You as a freedom-lover won't use the nonfree game if it exists, so @@ -77,21 +85,22 @@ take care not to talk about the availability of these games on GNU/Linux as support for our cause. Instead you could tell people about the <a href="https://libregamewiki.org/Main_Page">libre games wiki</a> that attempts to catalog free -games, <a href="http://forum.freegamedev.net/index.php"> the Free Game +games, <a href="https://forum.freegamedev.net/index.php"> the Free Game Dev Forum</a>, and the LibrePlanet Gaming -Collective's <a href="http://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group:LibrePlanet_Gaming_Collective"> +Collective's <a href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group:LibrePlanet_Gaming_Collective"> free gaming night.</a> </p> -<h3>Notes</h3> +<h3>Note</h3> <p> -<a href="http://web-old.archive.org/web/20191125215630/http://onpon4.github.io/articles/gaming-trap.html"> +<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191125215630/http://onpon4.github.io/articles/gaming-trap.html"> Watch out for “nonfree game data” that actually contains software.</a></p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -109,13 +118,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -136,7 +145,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2021, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -146,7 +155,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/06/01 10:25:36 $ +$Date: 2022/06/25 14:25:16 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/nonsoftware-copyleft.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/nonsoftware-copyleft.html index c1409ff..152e8b0 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/nonsoftware-copyleft.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/nonsoftware-copyleft.html @@ -1,39 +1,45 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.92 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="thirdparty" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Applying Copyleft To Non-Software Information - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/nonsoftware-copyleft.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Applying Copyleft To Non-Software Information</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://dsl.org/"><strong>Michael Stutz</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="http://dsl.org/">Michael Stutz</a></address> <h3 id="what">First, what is Copyleft?</h3> <p> The entry for -“<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>” in the +“<a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>” in the definitive hacker lexicon, the <a href="http://www.jargon.net/jargonfile/c/copyleft.html">Jargon File</a>, reads:</p> <blockquote><p> - copyleft: /kop'ee-left/ [play on ‘copyright’] n. 1. The - copyright notice (‘General Public License’) carried by + copyleft: /kop'ee-left/ [play on “copyright”] n. 1. The + copyright notice (“General Public License”) carried by GNU EMACS and other Free Software Foundation software, granting reuse and reproduction rights to all comers (but see also General Public Virus). 2. By extension, any copyright notice intended to achieve similar aims. </p></blockquote> -<p>The idea of <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> -originated with über-hacker <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"> +<p>The idea of <a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> +originated with über-hacker <a href="https://www.stallman.org/"> Richard Stallman</a> in 1983 when he started the <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>. In brief, his goal was “to develop a complete free Unix-like operating system.” As part of that goal, he invented and wrote -the <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a>, a +the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a>, a legal construct that included a copyright notice but added to it (or, technically, removed certain restrictions), so its terms allowed for the freedoms of reuse, modification and reproduction of a work or its @@ -45,7 +51,7 @@ copyright</a> asserts ownership and identification of the author, as well as prevents the use of the author's name as author of a distorted version of the work; it also prevents intentional distortion of the work by others and prevents destruction of the work. But it also -carries other restrictions — such as restricting the +carries other restrictions—such as restricting the reproduction or modification of a work.</p> <p> @@ -61,24 +67,24 @@ these terms.</p> <h3 id="why">Why is Copyleft important, or even necessary?</h3> <p> -Certain restrictions of copyright — such as distribution and -modification — are not very useful to “cyberia,” the +Certain restrictions of copyright—such as distribution and +modification—are not very useful to “cyberia,” the “free, apolitical, democratic community” that constitutes the internetworked digital world.</p> <p> -With computers, perfect copies of a digital work can easily be made -— and even modified, or further distributed — by others, +With computers, perfect copies of a digital work can easily be +made—and even modified, or further distributed—by others, with no loss of the original work. As individuals interact in cyberia, -sharing information — then reacting and building upon it — -is not only natural, but this is the <em>only</em> way for individual +sharing information—then reacting and building upon it—is +not only natural, but this is the <em>only</em> way for individual beings to thrive in a community. In essence, the idea of copyleft is basic to the natural propagation of digital information among humans in a society. This is why the regular notion of copyright does not make sense in the context of cyberia.</p> <p> -Simple ‘public domain’ publication will not work, because +Simple “public domain” publication will not work, because some will try to abuse this for profit by depriving others of freedom; as long as we live in a world with a legal system where legal abstractions such as copyright are necessary, as responsible artists @@ -96,7 +102,7 @@ by the Free Software Foundation.</p> <p> It <em>is</em> good enough! The GNU GPL is not only a document of significant historical and literary value, but it is in wide use today -for countless software programs — those as formal part of the +for countless software programs—those as formal part of the GNU Project and otherwise. The GNU GPL originated for the specific goal of sharing software among computer programmers. However, looking closely at the GPL, it appears that the same License can be easily @@ -113,7 +119,7 @@ explicit (and canonical) definition of copyleft.</p> It's simple. While a particular situation may require or inspire its own specific License, possibly similar to the GNU GPL, all that a copyleft notice must really do is fulfill the points as defined above -in “<a href="#what">First, what is Copyleft?</a>”. Using +in “<a href="#what">First, what is Copyleft?</a>” Using the GNU GPL to copyleft your work is easy.</p> <p> @@ -121,14 +127,14 @@ The GNU GPL states that it “applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License,” so this “Program,” then, may not necessarily be a computer -software program — any work of any nature that can be +software program—any work of any nature that can be copyrighted can be copylefted with the GNU GPL.</p> <p> The GNU GPL references the “source code” of a work; this “source code” will mean different things for different -kinds of information, but the definition of “source code” -— provided in the GNU GPL — holds true in any case: +kinds of information, but the definition of “source +code”—provided in the GNU GPL—holds true in any case: “The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it.”</p> @@ -143,15 +149,16 @@ Finally, for non-software works the “copyright” line included at the start of the “source code” of the work is modified in language slightly:</p> -<pre> - <one line to give the work's name and a brief idea of what it does.> +<blockquote class="emph-box"> +<p> + <one line to give the work's name and a brief idea of what it does.><br /> Copyright (C) yyyy <name of author> - +</p><p> This information is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. - +</p><p> This work is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the @@ -160,7 +167,8 @@ modified in language slightly:</p> You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. -</pre> +</p> +</blockquote> <h3 id="where">Where do I go from here?</h3> @@ -179,17 +187,18 @@ band Twisted Helices.</p> <p>Some of my own non-software copylefted works include texts (literature, reviews, <a href="http://dsl.org/cookbook/cookbook_toc.html">technical</a>) and music.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3 id="fn">Footnote</h3> - +<h3 id="fn" class="footnote">Footnote</h3> <ol> <li id="f1">Before 2020, “free software” was confusingly -referred to as “freely-redistributable”.</li> +referred to as “freely-redistributable.”</li> </ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -207,7 +216,7 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> @@ -217,23 +226,6 @@ README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to - files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this - without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. - Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the - document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the - document was modified, or published. - - If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. - Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying - years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable - year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including - being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). - - There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers - Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - <p>Copyright © 1997, 2020 Michael Stutz</p> <p> @@ -245,7 +237,7 @@ permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved. <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/08/08 18:01:06 $ +$Date: 2021/09/26 10:36:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/not-ipr.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/not-ipr.html index eb61d00..9d2e34a 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/not-ipr.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/not-ipr.html @@ -1,22 +1,32 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws noip" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive Mirage - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive Mirage</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by +<a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> +<div class="introduction"> <p> It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into -one pot and call it “intellectual property”. The +one pot and call it “intellectual property.” The distorting and confusing term did not become common by accident. Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it. The clearest way out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely. </p> +</div> <p> According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, @@ -47,7 +57,7 @@ asked me to propose some other name for the overall category—or have proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of -“exclusive rights regimes”, but referring to restrictions +“exclusive rights regimes,” but referring to restrictions as “rights” is doublethink too. </p> @@ -87,7 +97,7 @@ others. Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual -property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides +property,” however, have turned it into a scheme that provides incentives for advertising. And these are just three out of many laws that the term refers to. </p> @@ -103,11 +113,11 @@ patent law is different. You'll rarely go wrong! In practice, nearly all general statements you encounter that are formulated using “intellectual property” will be false. For instance, you'll see claims that “its” purpose is to -“promote innovation”, but that only fits patent law and +“promote innovation,” but that only fits patent law and perhaps plant variety monopolies. Copyright law is not concerned with innovation; a pop song or novel is copyrighted even if there is nothing innovative about it. Trademark law is not concerned with -innovation; if I start a tea store and call it “rms tea”, +innovation; if I start a tea store and call it “rms tea,” that would be a solid trademark even if I sell the same teas in the same way as everyone else. Trade secret law is not concerned with innovation, except tangentially; my list of tea customers would be a @@ -115,7 +125,7 @@ trade secret with nothing to do with innovation.</p> <p> You will also see assertions that “intellectual property” -is concerned with “creativity”, but really that only fits +is concerned with “creativity,” but really that only fits copyright law. More than creativity is needed to make a patentable invention. Trademark law and trade secret law have nothing to do with creativity; the name “rms tea” isn't creative at all, and @@ -130,13 +140,13 @@ property” laws, and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab for that label because it has become familiar to them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It would be better to use an accurate term, such as “legislative -colonization”, that gets to the heart of the matter. +colonization,” that gets to the heart of the matter. </p> <p> Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law professors who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the -seductiveness of the term “intellectual property”, and +seductiveness of the term “intellectual property,” and make general statements that conflict with facts they know. For example, one professor wrote in 2006: </p> @@ -179,7 +189,7 @@ support life-saving research. <p> Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term “intellectual -property”, the specific issues raised by the various laws become +property,” the specific issues raised by the various laws become nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics of each law—precisely what the term “intellectual property” encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to @@ -227,7 +237,7 @@ and you have a chance of considering them well. </p> <p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a -href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one proposal for +href="https://fsfe.org/activities/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one proposal for changing the name and substance of WIPO</a>. </p> @@ -241,23 +251,24 @@ Komongistan (Busting the term “intellectual property”)</a>. <p> Countries in Africa are a lot more similar than these laws, and “Africa” is a coherent geographical concept; nonetheless, -<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton"> +<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton"> talking about “Africa” instead of a specific country causes lots of confusion</a>. </p> <p> -<a href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/"> +<a href="https://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/"> Rickard Falkvinge supports rejection of this term</a>.</p> <p><a href="http://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2016/11/cory-doctorow-sole-and-despotic-dominion/"> Cory Doctorow also condemns</a> the term “intellectual property.”</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -275,13 +286,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -302,7 +313,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013-2017, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -312,7 +323,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:55:57 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/open-source-misses-the-point.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/open-source-misses-the-point.html index 772c73c..a34ff5f 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/open-source-misses-the-point.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/open-source-misses-the-point.html @@ -1,16 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-open" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software</h2> <address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<div class="article"> - -<blockquote class="comment"><p> +<div class="important"><p> The terms “free software” and “open source” stand for almost the same range of programs. However, they say deeply different things about those programs, based on @@ -19,7 +24,7 @@ for the users of computing; it is a movement for freedom and justice. By contrast, the open source idea values mainly practical advantage and does not campaign for principles. This is why we do not agree with open source, and do not use that term. -</p></blockquote> +</p></div> <p>When we call software “free,” we mean that it respects the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">users' essential freedoms</a>: @@ -41,7 +46,7 @@ students to use the free <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux operating system</a>. Most of these users, however, have never heard of the ethical reasons for which we developed this system and built the free software community, because nowadays this system and community are more -often spoken of as “open source”, attributing them to a +often spoken of as “open source,” attributing them to a different philosophy in which these freedoms are hardly mentioned.</p> <p>The free software movement has campaigned for computer users' @@ -74,7 +79,7 @@ making or having powerful, reliable software. Most of the supporters of open source have come to it since then, and they make the same association. Most discussion of “open source” pays no attention to right and wrong, only to popularity and success; here's -a <a href="http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/Open-Source-Is-Woven-Into-the-Latest-Hottest-Trends-78937.html"> +a <a href="https://linuxinsider.com/story/Open-Source-Is-Woven-Into-the-Latest-Hottest-Trends-78937.html"> typical example</a>. A minority of supporters of open source do nowadays say freedom is part of the issue, but they are not very visible among the many that don't.</p> @@ -106,7 +111,7 @@ camp as an enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software. But we want people to know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being mislabeled as open source supporters. What we advocate is not “open source,” and what we oppose is not “closed -source”. To make this clear, we avoid using those terms. +source.” To make this clear, we avoid using those terms. </p> <h3>Practical Differences between Free Software and Open Source</h3> @@ -114,40 +119,45 @@ source”. To make this clear, we avoid using those terms. <p>In practice, open source stands for criteria a little looser than those of free software. As far as we know, all existing released free software source code would qualify as open source. Nearly all open -source software is free software, but there are exceptions. First, -some open source licenses are too restrictive, so they do not qualify -as free licenses. For example, “Open Watcom” is nonfree +source software is free software, but there are exceptions.</p> + +<p>First, some open source licenses are too restrictive, so they do +not qualify as free licenses. For example, Open Watcom is nonfree because its license does not allow making a modified version and using it privately. Fortunately, few programs use such licenses.</p> -<p>Second, when a program's source code carries a weak license, one -without copyleft, its executables can carry additional nonfree -conditions. <a href="https://code.visualstudio.com/License/">Microsoft -does this with Visual Studio,</a> for example.</p> - -<p>If these executables fully correspond to the released sources, they -qualify as open source but not as free software. However, in that -case users can compile the source code to make and distribute free -executables.</p> - -<p>Finally, and most important in practice, many products containing -computers check signatures on their executable programs to block users -from installing different executables; only one privileged company can -make executables that can run in the device or can access its full -capabilities. We call these devices “tyrants”, and the -practice is called “tivoization” after the product (Tivo) -where we first saw it. Even if the executable is made from free -source code, and nominally carries a free license, the users cannot -run modified versions of it, so the executable is de-facto nonfree.</p> +<p>Second, the criteria for open source are concerned solely with the +licensing of the source code. However, people often describe an +executable as “open source,” because its source code is +available that way. That causes confusion in paradoxical situations +where the source code is open source (and free) but the executable +itself is nonfree.</p> + +<p>The trivial case of this paradox is when a program's source code +carries a weak free license, one without copyleft, but its executables +carry additional nonfree conditions. Supposing the executables +correspond exactly to the released sources—which may or may not +be so—users can compile the source code to make and distribute +free executables. That's why this case is trivial; it is no grave +problem.</p> + +<p>The nontrivial case is harmful and important. Many products +containing computers check signatures on their executable programs to +block users from effectively using different executables; only one +privileged company can make executables that can run in the device and +use its full capabilities. We call these devices +“tyrants,” and the practice is called +“tivoization” after the product (Tivo) where we first saw +it. Even if the executable is made from free source code, and +nominally carries a free license, the users cannot usefully run +modified versions of it, so the executable is de-facto nonfree.</p> <p>Many Android products contain nonfree tivoized executables of -Linux, even though its source code is under GNU GPL version 2. We -designed GNU GPL version 3 to prohibit this practice.</p> - -<p>The criteria for open source are concerned solely with the -licensing of the source code. Thus, these nonfree executables, when -made from source code such as Linux that is open source and free, are -open source but not free.</p> +Linux, even though its source code is under GNU GPL version 2. (We +designed GNU GPL version 3 to prohibit this practice; too bad Linux +did not adopt it.) These executables, made from source code that is +open source and free, are generally spoken of as “open +source,” but they are <em>not</em> free software.</p> <h3>Common Misunderstandings of “Free Software” and “Open Source”</h3> @@ -172,18 +182,25 @@ do not recognize it at all.) Every proposed replacement for this includes “open source software.”</p> <p>The <a href="https://opensource.org/osd">official definition of -“open source software”</a> (which is published by the Open +open source software</a> (which is published by the Open Source Initiative and is too long to include here) was derived indirectly from our criteria for free software. It is not the same; it is a little looser in some respects. Nonetheless, their definition agrees with our definition in most cases.</p> <p>However, the obvious meaning for the expression “open source -software”—and the one most people seem to think it -means—is “You can look at the source code.” That -criterion is much weaker than the free software definition, much -weaker also than the official definition of open source. It includes -many programs that are neither free nor open source.</p> +software” is “You can look at the source code.” +Indeed, most people seem to misunderstand “open source +software” that way. (The clear term for that meaning is +“source available.”) That criterion is much weaker than +the free software definition, much weaker also than the official +definition of open source. It includes many programs that are neither +free nor open source.</p> + +<p>Why do people misunderstand it that way? Because that is the +natural meaning of the words “open source.” But the +concept for which the open source advocates sought another name was +a variant of that of free software.</p> <p>Since the obvious meaning for “open source” is not the meaning that its advocates intend, the result is that most people @@ -200,8 +217,8 @@ is freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary as to what one is allowed to do with that code.”</p> -<p>The <i>New York -Times</i> <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html"> +<p>The <cite>New York Times</cite> <a +href="https://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html"> ran an article that stretched the meaning of the term</a> to refer to user beta testing—letting a few users try an early version and give confidential feedback—which proprietary software developers @@ -209,7 +226,7 @@ have practiced for decades.</p> <p>The term has even been stretched to include designs for equipment that -are <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/aug/27/texas-teenager-water-purifier-toxic-e-waste-pollution">published +are <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/aug/27/texas-teenager-water-purifier-toxic-e-waste-pollution">published without a patent</a>. Patent-free equipment designs can be laudable contributions to society, but the term “source code” does not pertain to them.</p> @@ -240,9 +257,9 @@ and science, where there is no such thing as source code, and where criteria for software licensing are simply not pertinent. The only thing these activities have in common is that they somehow invite people to participate. They stretch the term so far that it only -means “participatory” or “transparent”, or +means “participatory” or “transparent,” or less than that. At worst, it -has <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/opinion/sunday/morozov-open-and-closed.html"> +has <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/opinion/sunday/morozov-open-and-closed.html"> become a vacuous buzzword</a>.</p> <h3>Different Values Can Lead to Similar Conclusions—but Not Always</h3> @@ -305,7 +322,7 @@ source supporters want to implement them in open source programs.</p> individuals to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them. This malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (see <a -href="http://defectivebydesign.org/">DefectiveByDesign.org</a>) and is +href="https://defectivebydesign.org">DefectiveByDesign.org</a>) and is the antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to provide. And not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to trample your freedom, DRM developers try to make it hard, impossible, @@ -329,7 +346,7 @@ worse.</p> <p>The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source camp from the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of -“free software” made some people uneasy. That's true: raising +free software made some people uneasy. That's true: raising ethical issues such as freedom, talking about responsibilities as well as convenience, is asking people to think about things they might prefer to ignore, such as whether their conduct is ethical. This can trigger @@ -399,7 +416,7 @@ your support for freedom.</p> <h3>Rivals for Mindshare</h3> <p>“Free” and “open” are rivals for mindshare. -“Free software” and “open source” are +Free software and open source are different ideas but, in most people's way of looking at software, they compete for the same conceptual slot. When people become habituated to saying and thinking “open source,” that is an obstacle @@ -428,10 +445,9 @@ of freedom to their attention. We have to say, “It's free software and it gives you freedom!”—more and louder than ever. Every time you say “free software” rather than “open source,” you help our cause.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -</div> - -<h4>Note</h4> +<h3 class="footnote">Note</h3> <!-- The article is incomplete (#793776) as of 21st January 2013. <p> @@ -441,18 +457,17 @@ let license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p> --> <p> Lakhani and Wolf's <a -href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf"> +href="https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf"> paper on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This is despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> - <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> - -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -470,18 +485,35 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2007, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2007, 2010, 2012-2016, 2019-2022 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -491,10 +523,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/06 08:00:33 $ +$Date: 2022/02/03 01:56:01 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/opposing-drm.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/opposing-drm.html index 883c6a2..0309ee9 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/opposing-drm.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/opposing-drm.html @@ -1,20 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural drm" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Opposing Digital Rights Mismanagement - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/opposing-drm.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Opposing Digital Rights Mismanagement<br /> <span style="font-size: .7em">(Or Digital Restrictions Management, as we now call it)</span></h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a> -</p> -<p><em>First published by BusinessWeek Online.</em></p> - -<blockquote class="announcement"><p> -<a href="http://defectivebydesign.org">Join our campaign against DRM</a>. -</p></blockquote> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>In 1989, in a very different world, I wrote the first version of the GNU General Public License, a license that gives computer users freedom. The @@ -41,6 +42,11 @@ increasingly powerful embedded computers, are being turned against us by their manufacturers before we buy them—they are designed to restrict what we can use them to do. </p> + +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"><p> +<a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org">Join our campaign against DRM</a>. +</p></div> + <p> First, there was the TiVo. People may think of it as an appliance to record TV programs, but it contains a real computer running a GNU/Linux @@ -64,7 +70,7 @@ application program to “seal” data so that no other program can access it. If Disney distributes movies this way, you'll be unable to exercise your legal rights of fair use and de minimis use. If an application records your data this way, it will be the -ultimate in vendor lock-in. This too destroys freedom No. 1 — if +ultimate in vendor lock-in. This too destroys freedom No. 1; if modified versions of a program cannot access the same data, you can't really change the program to do what you wish. Something like Palladium is planned for a coming version of Windows. @@ -81,9 +87,9 @@ and you won't be able to remove it. This plan explicitly requires devices to be “robust”—meaning you cannot change them. Its implementors will surely want to include GPL-covered software, trampling freedom No. 1. This scheme should get -“AACSed,” and a boycott of HD DVD and Blu-ray has already -been announced -(<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140217075603/http://bluraysucks.com/">http://bluraysucks.com/ [archived]</a>). +“AACSed,” and <a +href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140217075603/http://bluraysucks.com/"> +a boycott of HD DVD and Blu-ray has already been announced</a>. </p> <p> Allowing a few businesses to organize a scheme to deny our freedoms for @@ -127,9 +133,14 @@ itself, cannot justify denying the public control over its technology. Defending freedom means thwarting DRM. </p> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<p>First published by <cite>BusinessWeek Online</cite>.</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -147,13 +158,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -174,7 +185,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2006, 2017 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2006, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -184,10 +195,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2017/11/28 19:57:00 $ +$Date: 2021/09/19 16:26:24 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ough-interview.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ough-interview.html index f456e28..15485e0 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ough-interview.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ough-interview.html @@ -1,14 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>An interview for OUGH! - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +.article h4 { font-size: 1.41em; color: #333; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ough-interview.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>An interview for OUGH!</h2> -<p><em>This is a transcript of an interview with Richard -Stallman conducted by Theodoros Papatheodorou [<a href="#f1">1</a>] -in May, 2012.</em></p> +<div class="infobox"> +<p>This is a transcript of an interview with Richard Stallman conducted +by Theodoros Papatheodorou <a href="#papatheodorou"><sup>[*]</sup></a> +in May, 2012.</p> +</div> <hr class="thin" /> <p>Richard Stallman, the free software activist and software @@ -323,13 +335,13 @@ patents.”</p> <dl> <dt>You've often spoken against the use of the word -“piracy”.</dt> +“piracy.”</dt> <dd> <p>It's a smear term! They want to say that sharing is the moral equivalent of attacking ships. I don't agree with that position, so I -don't call sharing “piracy”. I call it -“sharing”.</p> +don't call sharing “piracy.” I call it +“sharing.”</p> <p>I am not against profit in general. I'm against mistreating people. Any given way of doing business may or may not involve mistreating @@ -535,7 +547,7 @@ everyone else escape. Let's put an end to that injustice.</p> <dl> <dt>And by free of course, you don't just mean just -“gratis”, you mean a lot more than that.</dt> +“gratis,” you mean a lot more than that.</dt> <dd> <p>I mean “free” as in freedom.</p> @@ -644,7 +656,7 @@ freedoms of readers of books.</p> the users can't. They can only get a license to read the book under Amazon's choice of conditions. Then there's the freedom to acquire the book anonymously, which is basically impossible for most well-known -books with the “Swindle”.</p> +books with the “Swindle.”</p> <p>They're only available from Amazon, and Amazon requires users to identify themselves, as it doesn't allow any way to pay anonymously with @@ -665,7 +677,7 @@ freedom to keep the book as long as you wish.</p> <dt>There was an Orwellian twist to the tale…</dt> <dd> -<p>Yes, because they deleted thousands of copies of “1984”. +<p>Yes, because they deleted thousands of copies of “1984.” That was in 2009. Those copies were authorized copies until the day Amazon decided to delete them. After this, there was a lot of criticism, and so Amazon promised it would never do this again unless @@ -721,7 +733,7 @@ coined a different term so that they could avoid any reference to our philosophy and avoid presenting the issue as a matter of justice versus injustice.</p> -<p>So that's the purpose of the term “open source”. It's to +<p>So that's the purpose of the term “open source.” It's to talk about more or less the same category of software but without presenting it as an ethical issue. They don't say that if a program is not open source then it's an injustice and you must try to escape from @@ -999,17 +1011,17 @@ people fighting against the domination of society by the rich few.</p> </dd> </dl> -<div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3 style="font-size: 1.2em">Footnote</h3> -<ol> - <li id="f1">Theodoros Papatheodorou <<a +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p id="papatheodorou">[*] Theodoros Papatheodorou <<a href="mailto:marinero@gmail.com">marinero@gmail.com</a>> holds a PhD -in Computer Science, and is teaching at the Athens School of Fine Arts.</li> -</ol> +in Computer Science, and is teaching at the Athens School of Fine Arts.</p> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -1027,13 +1039,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -1054,7 +1066,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2012, 2019 Richard Stallman, Theodoros Papatheodorou</p> +<p>Copyright © 2012, 2021 Richard Stallman, Theodoros Papatheodorou</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -1064,10 +1076,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/12/30 11:28:30 $ +$Date: 2021/10/03 09:00:04 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/patent-practice-panel.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/patent-practice-panel.html index 9846983..e555743 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/patent-practice-panel.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/patent-practice-panel.html @@ -1,19 +1,34 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="thirdparty" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Daniel Ravicher's FFII panel presentation - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/patent-practice-panel.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>New Developments in Patent Practice: Assessing the Risks and Cost of Portfolio Licensing and Hold-ups</h2> -<p>by <strong>Daniel B. Ravicher</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Daniel B. Ravicher</address> -<p><em>This is a transcript of a panel presentation given by Daniel B. +<div class="infobox"> +<p>This is a transcript of a panel presentation given by Daniel B. Ravicher as the executive director of the Public Patent Foundation on Wednesday, November 10, 2004, at a conference organized by the Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure (FFII) in Brussels, -Belgium. The transcription was done by Aendrew Rininsland.</em></p> +Belgium. The transcription was done by Aendrew Rininsland.</p> + +<p>The GNU Project agrees with the premise that <a +href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html">patents on computational +ideas are bad</a>, but it disagrees with the assumption that nonfree +programs are morally legitimate competitors.</p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p>Thanks. I think, for me, the whole two days of conferences boils to really one question, and the whole debate boils down to one question: @@ -30,7 +45,7 @@ the decision about who wins and who fails. If we want software to succeed because we want it to succeed on its merits and be the best software that the public can have, it's more likely we want a system that lets consumers and end-users make the decision about which -software is selected — not bureaucrats. +software is selected—not bureaucrats. </p> <p> Now, what does that have to do with patents? The larger you make a @@ -49,10 +64,10 @@ developers have intrinsic advantages over small developers. Large developers have the resources, large developers have the relationships, large developers have the distribution channels, large developers have the brand. So even without software patents, large -developers are still at an advantage — they start out at an +developers are still at an advantage—they start out at an advantage. Well, then, the next question to me is, “If we have software patents, does that increase the advantage of large developers -or decrease it?”, because the patent system could benefit small +or decrease it?” because the patent system could benefit small developers and therefore that could erode some of the naturally existing benefits that large corporations have. </p> @@ -109,7 +124,7 @@ price? <p> Now, I think it's important to concede the point that people on the other side will make, which is, will a less-onerous patent system, or -they would call it a ‘less-beneficial’ patent system, I +they would call it a “less-beneficial” patent system, I call it less-onerous, will harm their business, because people could copy them. Well, large businesses aren't worried about being copied. They really aren't. At least not by other large businesses, @@ -118,8 +133,8 @@ this is why they enter into cross-licenses all the time. company really didn't want its software to be copied, why is it licensing its patent portfolio to every other big company in the world? Because it can't stop them from copying it once they enter into -that agreement, so this argument that , “Well, we're worried -about people copying our software”, the most likely people to +that agreement, so this argument that, “Well, we're worried +about people copying our software,” the most likely people to copy your software are other large businesses because they have the resources and the ability and the distribution channels and the brand and the relationships. Why are you letting them copy it? You must not @@ -149,8 +164,8 @@ States. Microsoft is a very successful software company, I don't think anyone would debate that. They've never had to sue anyone for patent infringement. So they claim they need patents, but yet they've never had to use them. They cross-license them and that's where we wonder, -‘If you're worried about people copying, then why are you -cross-licensing them to people?’. +“If you're worried about people copying, then why are you +cross-licensing them to people?” </p> <p> @@ -158,8 +173,8 @@ You know, the last point is, who else does a patent system benefit? If it benefits large developers over small developers, is there anyone else? A patent system benefits non-developers. Do we really want a bureaucratic system that helps people who aren't adding anything to -society? What I mean by non-developers are trolls — which -everyone here is familiar with — people who get a patent either +society? What I mean by non-developers are trolls—which +everyone here is familiar with—people who get a patent either by applying for it or acquiring it in some asset purchase and then use it to tax other developers, other distributors of a product. </p> @@ -169,10 +184,11 @@ Do we really want a system which encourages people to not add products or services to the market place but only detracts from the profits and capabilities of those that do? </p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -190,19 +206,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -226,10 +242,10 @@ permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:33 $ +$Date: 2022/05/31 08:46:03 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html index 4424d8b..319a104 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html @@ -1,12 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="esays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Patent Reform Is Not Enough - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/patent-reform-is-not-enough.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Patent Reform Is Not Enough</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p> When people first learn about the problem of software patents, their @@ -100,13 +107,14 @@ Economist</cite> says, software patents are simply bad for business.</p> There is a massive effort in Europe to stop software patents. Please <!-- [Dead as of 2019-03-23] support <a href="http://stopsoftwarepatents.eu/">this petition</a> for a Europe free of software patents, and --> see <a -href="http://www.ffii.org"> the FFII web site</a> for full details of +href="https://ffii.org/"> the FFII web site</a> for full details of how you can help.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -124,18 +132,34 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2008, 2019 Free Software -Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1996-1998, 2001, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -145,10 +169,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/03/23 11:26:56 $ +$Date: 2021/09/19 16:26:24 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- 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var='LINK' -->Non-copyleft<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#elif expr="$TAGS = /traps/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#traps">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->Traps<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span><!--#endif --> +<!--#elif expr="$TAGS = /laws/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#Laws">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->Legal issues<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#if expr="$TAGS = /patents/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#patents">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->Patents<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#elif expr="$TAGS = /copyright/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#copyright">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->Copyright<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#elif expr="$TAGS = /noip/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#noip">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->“Intellectual property”<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#elif expr="$TAGS = /sco/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/philosophy/sco/sco.html">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->SCO's attacks<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span><!--#endif --> +<!--#elif expr="$TAGS = /cultural/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#cultural">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->Cultural & social issues<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#if expr="$TAGS = /society/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#society">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->Digital society<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#elif expr="$TAGS = /drm/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#drm">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->DRM<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#elif expr="$TAGS = /ns/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#ns">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->Network services<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#elif expr="$TAGS = /access/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#access">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->Accessing culture<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#elif expr="$TAGS = /funding/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#funding">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->Funding culture<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span> +<!--#elif expr="$TAGS = /evils/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#evils">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->Surveillance etc.<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span><!--#endif --> +<!--#elif expr="$TAGS = /term/" --><!--#set var='LINK' + value='<a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#terminology">' --><!--#echo + encoding='none' var='LINK' -->Terminology<span + class="gnun-split"></span></a> /<span class="gnun-split"></span><!--#endif --><!--#endif --> +</div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/philosophy.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/philosophy.html index d123616..fba75ae 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/philosophy.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/philosophy.html @@ -1,32 +1,31 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> <!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> - <title>Philosophy of the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +@media (min-width: 55em) { + .table { display: table; } + .left-column { + display: table-cell; + width: 65%; + vertical-align: top; + padding-right: 1em; + } + .right-column { padding: 1em 0 0 2em; } +} +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/philosophy.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - -<div id="education-content"> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.html" --> - -</div> <!-- id="education-content" --> <!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> -<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" --><!--#else --> -<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" --> -<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> -<!--#endif --> -<!--#endif --> <h2>Philosophy of the GNU Project</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> -<blockquote><p> -See <a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/">audio-video.gnu.org</a> -for recordings of Richard Stallman's speeches. -</p></blockquote> - +<div class="table"> +<div class="left-column"> <p><em>Free software</em> means that the software's users have freedom. (The issue is not about price.) We developed the GNU operating system so that users can have freedom in their @@ -44,20 +43,34 @@ much more easily. These facilities are why software is useful; we believe a program's users should be free to take advantage of them, not solely its developer.</p> -<p>For further reading, please select a section -from the menu above.</p> +<div class="comment"> +<p>The articles in the short list below give an overview of GNU +philosophy. For further reading, please check the menu above, especially +<b><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html">Essays & +Articles</a></b>, and <b><a href="/philosophy/speeches-and-interviews.html"> +Speeches & Interviews</a></b>.</p> +</div> +</div> -<p>We also maintain a list of <a -href="/philosophy/latest-articles.html">most recently added articles</a>.</p> +<div class="right-column comment"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<p class="announcement"> +See <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/">audio-video.gnu.org</a> +for recordings of Richard Stallman's speeches.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> +</div> <h3 id="introduction">Introduction</h3> +<div class="table"> +<div class="left-column"> <ul> <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free Software?</a></li> <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"> Why we must insist on free software</a></li> <li><a href="/proprietary/proprietary.html"> - Proprietary software is often malware</a></li> + Proprietary Software Is Often Malware</a></li> <li><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">History of GNU/Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Why Free Software Needs @@ -65,31 +78,34 @@ href="/philosophy/latest-articles.html">most recently added articles</a>.</p> <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free Software</a> is OK!</li> <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">Motives For Writing Free Software</a></li> <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">The Right to Read: A - Dystopian Short Story</a> by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"> - Richard Stallman</a></li> + Dystopian Short Story</a> by Richard Stallman</li> <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why - “Open Source” misses the point of Free Software</a></li> + “Open Source” Misses the Point of Free Software</a></li> <li><a href="/philosophy/when-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.html">When - Free Software Isn't (Practically) Superior</a></li> + Free Software Isn't (Practically) Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Measures - governments can use to promote free software</a></li> - <li><a href="/education/education.html">Free software in education</a></li> + Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software</a></li> + <li><a href="/education/education.html">Free Software and Education</a></li> + <li><a href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html">Giving the Software + Field Protection from Patents</a></li> </ul> +</div> <!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... --> <!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the --> <!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users --> <!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len --> -<div id="TOCFreedomOrganizations"> -<p id="FreedomOrganizations">We also keep a list of +<div id="TOCFreedomOrganizations" class="right-column comment"> +<p id="FreedomOrganizations" class="announcement">We also keep a list of <a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations that Work for Freedom in Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>.</p> </div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -107,13 +123,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -134,7 +150,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2013, 2015-2018, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -144,7 +160,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $ +$Date: 2022/07/17 18:59:36 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/phone-anonymous-payment.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/phone-anonymous-payment.html index f26230e..45fff7c 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/phone-anonymous-payment.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/phone-anonymous-payment.html @@ -1,12 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Anonymous Payment by Phone - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/phone-anonymous-payment.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Anonymous Payment by Phone</h2> -<p>by Richard Stallman</p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p>Here is an idea for an anonymous payment system that would be useful for some applications.</p> @@ -25,10 +32,11 @@ in a web site, or a kiosk, and it constitutes payment for whatever.</li> <p>It should be possible to do this using a phone card on a payphone or anyone else's telephone.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -46,13 +54,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -73,7 +81,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2018, 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2018, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -83,7 +91,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/01/28 07:56:17 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:55:57 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/pirate-party.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/pirate-party.html index ce51908..c5c7aab 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/pirate-party.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/pirate-party.html @@ -1,20 +1,28 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>How the Swedish Pirate Party Platform Backfires on Free Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/pirate-party.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>How the Swedish Pirate Party Platform Backfires on Free Software</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> -<blockquote> +<div class="introduction"> <p> Note: each Pirate Party has its own platform. They all call for reducing copyright power, but the specifics vary. This issue may not apply to the other parties' positions. </p> -</blockquote> +</div> <p>The bullying of the copyright industry in Sweden inspired the launch of the first political party whose platform is to reduce @@ -63,12 +71,12 @@ code, not after 5 years or even 50 years. The Free World would get the bad, but not the good. The difference between source code and object code and the practice of using EULAs would give proprietary software an effective exception from the general rule of 5-year -copyright — one that free software does not share.</p> +copyright—one that free software does not share.</p> <p>We also use copyright to partially deflect the danger of software -patents. We cannot make our programs safe from them — no +patents. We cannot make our programs safe from them—no program is ever safe from software patents in a country which allows -them — but at least we prevent them from being used to make the +them—but at least we prevent them from being used to make the program effectively nonfree. The Swedish Pirate Party proposes to abolish software patents, and if that is done, this issue would go away. But until that is achieved, we must not lose our only defense @@ -109,10 +117,11 @@ avoid a prejudicial effect specifically against free software. There may be other solutions that would also do the job. One way or another, the Pirate Party of Sweden should avoid placing a handicap on a movement to defend the public from marauding giants.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -130,19 +139,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -157,20 +166,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2009 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2009, 2012, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:34 $ +$Date: 2021/09/19 16:26:24 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/plan-nine.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/plan-nine.html index bad415b..0d81d64 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/plan-nine.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/plan-nine.html @@ -1,36 +1,45 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> -<title>The Problems of the Plan 9 License +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing non-cpleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>The Problems of the (Earlier) Plan 9 License - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/plan-nine.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Problems of the (Earlier) Plan 9 License</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> +<div class="infobox"> <p><em>Note:</em> This applies to the earlier license used for Plan 9. The current license of Plan 9 does qualify as free software (and also as open source). So this article's specific example is of historical relevance only. Nonetheless, the general point remains valid.</p> - -<hr /> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> When I saw the announcement that the Plan 9 software had been released -as “open source”, I wondered whether it might be free +as “open source,” I wondered whether it might be free software as well. After studying the license, my conclusion was that it is not free; the license contains several restrictions that are totally unacceptable for the Free Software Movement. (See -<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>.)</p> +<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>.)</p> <p> I am not a supporter of the Open Source Movement, but I was glad when one of their leaders told me they don't consider the license acceptable either. When the developers of Plan 9 describe it as -“open source”, they are altering the meaning of that term +“open source,” they are altering the meaning of that term and thus spreading confusion. (The term “open source” is widely misunderstood; -see <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html</a>.)</p> +see <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html</a>.)</p> <p> Here is a list of the problems that I found in the Plan 9 license. @@ -141,10 +150,11 @@ asymmetry: you get limited rights to use their code, but they get unlimited rights to use your changes. While this does not by itself disqualify the license as a free software license (if the other problems were corrected), it is unfortunate.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -162,19 +172,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -189,20 +199,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2000 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2000, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:34 $ +$Date: 2021/09/10 10:58:36 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/posting-videos.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/posting-videos.html index 219f787..74b1b8e 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/posting-videos.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/posting-videos.html @@ -1,14 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.91 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural ns" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Posting Videos - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/posting-videos.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Posting Videos</h2> <address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<hr class="thin" /> <p>You don't need a “free software based streaming platform” to post a video for streaming.</p> @@ -49,10 +54,11 @@ elsewhere.</li> <p>Depending on the rest of that site, it may have other flaws or moral problems, but it will at least avoid directly mistreating users who watch the video.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -70,13 +76,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -97,7 +103,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2020, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -107,7 +113,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/06 08:00:33 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:55:57 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/practical.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/practical.html index 36927f5..55346be 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/practical.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/practical.html @@ -1,15 +1,24 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The advantages of free software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/practical.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The advantages of free software</h2> -<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<p><strong>People outside the free software movement frequently ask about -the practical advantages of free software. It is a curious question.</strong></p> +<div class="introduction"> +<p><em>People outside the free software movement frequently ask about +the practical advantages of free software. It is a curious question.</em></p> +</div> <p>Nonfree software is bad because it denies your freedom. Thus, asking about the practical advantages of free software is like asking about @@ -30,10 +39,11 @@ understand that your freedom is what's at stake.</p> <p>Once you realize that that's what's at stake with nonfree software, you won't need to ask what practical advantages free software has.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -51,19 +61,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -78,20 +88,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2010 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2010, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:35 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:55:57 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/pragmatic.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/pragmatic.html index 8f6b051..50710a4 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/pragmatic.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/pragmatic.html @@ -1,15 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing copyleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/pragmatic.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism</h2> -<p> -by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p> Every decision a person makes stems from the person's values and @@ -26,7 +31,7 @@ spread</a>, replacing proprietary software that forbids cooperation, and thus make our society better.</p> <p> That's the basic reason why the GNU General Public License is written -the way it is—as a <a href="/copyleft"> copyleft</a>. +the way it is—as a <a href="/licenses/copyleft.html"> copyleft</a>. All code added to a GPL-covered program must be free software, even if it is put in a separate file. I make my code available for use in free software, and not for use in @@ -152,15 +157,16 @@ And if cynics ridicule freedom, ridicule community…if “hard-nosed realists” say that profit is the only ideal…just ignore them, and use copyleft all the same.</p> -<hr /> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This essay is published -in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -178,13 +184,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -205,7 +211,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1998, 2003, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1998, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -215,10 +221,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/26 13:25:22 $ +$Date: 2021/08/28 13:29:46 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/privacyaction.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/privacyaction.html index dde4de6..68fc819 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/privacyaction.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/privacyaction.html @@ -1,15 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Protect Postal Privacy - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/privacyaction.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Protect Postal Privacy</h2> -<p> -The following information was written by Kathleen Ellis. The Free +<address class="byline">by Kathleen Ellis</address> + +<div class="comment"> +<p>The Free Software Foundation does not lead this campaign, but we support it by spreading the word and hope that you do too.</p> +</div> <h3>Background</h3> <p> @@ -20,7 +30,7 @@ all clients using their services. This would certainly affect anonymous mail transactions, and could put millions of CMRA customers in danger. Any CMRA or CMRA customer who refuses to comply with this regulation would effectively lose their right to -recieve mail.</p> +receive mail.</p> <p> The proposed regulation (published in the Federal Register on March 25, 1999) requires that CMRAs collect names, home addresses, @@ -38,7 +48,7 @@ However, experts state that the Postal Service's proposal will not serve as a deterrent to criminals. “It will be a simple process for those with financial means to rent homes, apartments, office space, or the executive suites available in most major metropolitan -areas”, says Postal Watch's website.</p> +area,” says Postal Watch's website.</p> <p> Congressman Ron Paul has introduced House Joint Resolution 55, which would effectively revoke the Postal Service's new regulations @@ -65,14 +75,15 @@ ensure that this insidious assault on consumer privacy is defeated.</p> For further information, see the following web pages: <ul> - <li><a href="http://www.privacy.org/">Privacy.org</a></li> + <li>Privacy.org [in 2021: <a href="https://www.epic.org/">epic.org</a>]</li> <li><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/106th-congress/house-joint-resolution/55"> - H.J.Res.55 – 106th Congress</a></li> + H.J.Res.55—106th Congress</a></li> </ul> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -90,13 +101,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -117,8 +128,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2007, 2008, 2018 Free Software -Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1996, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -128,7 +138,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 09:34:35 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/programs-must-not-limit-freedom-to-run.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/programs-must-not-limit-freedom-to-run.html index a8912d4..292bc6b 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/programs-must-not-limit-freedom-to-run.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/programs-must-not-limit-freedom-to-run.html @@ -1,16 +1,24 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs principles" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Why programs must not limit the freedom to run them - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/programs-must-not-limit-freedom-to-run.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Why programs must not limit the freedom to run them</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>Free software means software controlled by its users, rather than the reverse. Specifically, it means the software comes with <a -href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">four essential freedoms +href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">four essential freedoms that software users deserve</a>. At the head of the list is freedom 0, the freedom to run the program as you wish, in order to do what you wish.</p> @@ -78,30 +86,36 @@ restriction against commercial use. A system that we could use only for recreation, hobbies and school is off limits to much of what we do with computers.</p> -<p>I've stated some of my views about other political issues, about -activities that are or aren't unjust. Your views might differ, and -that's precisely the point. If we accepted programs with usage -restrictions as part of a free operating system such as GNU, people -would come up with lots of different usage restrictions. There would -be programs banned for use in meat processing, programs banned only -for pigs, programs banned only for cows, and programs limited to -kosher foods. Someone who hates spinach might write a program -allowing use for processing any vegetable except spinach, while a -Popeye fan might allow use only for spinach. There would be music +<p>I've stated above some parts of my views about certain political +issues unrelated to the issue of free software—about which of +those activities are or aren't unjust. Your views about them might +differ, and that's precisely the point. If we accepted programs with +usage restrictions as part of a free operating system such as GNU, +people would come up with lots of different usage restrictions. There +would be programs banned for use in meat processing, programs banned +only for pigs, programs banned only for cows, and programs limited to +kosher foods. Someone who hates spinach might license a program to +allow use for processing any vegetable except spinach, while a Popeye +fan's program might allow only use for spinach. There would be music programs allowed only for rap music, and others allowed only for classical music.</p> <p>The result would be a system that you could not count on for any purpose. For each task you wish to do, you'd have to check lots of licenses to see which parts of your system are off limits for that -task.</p> +task. Not only for the components you explicitly use, but also for +the hundreds of components that they link with, invoke, or communicate +with.</p> <p>How would users respond to that? I think most of them would use -proprietary systems. Allowing any usage restrictions whatsoever in -free software would mainly push users towards nonfree software. -Trying to stop users from doing something through usage restrictions -in free software is as ineffective as pushing on an object through a -long, soft, straight piece of spaghetti.</p> +proprietary systems. Allowing usage restrictions in free software +would mainly push users towards nonfree software. Trying to stop +users from doing something through usage restrictions in free software +is as ineffective as pushing on an object through a long, straight, +soft piece of cooked spaghetti. As one wag put it, this is +“someone with a very small hammer seeing every problem as a +nail, and not even acknowledging that the nail is far too big for the +hammer.”</p> <p> It is worse than ineffective; it is wrong too, because software @@ -118,16 +132,17 @@ It is the same for a text editor, compiler or kernel.</p> for: when you decide what functionality to implement. You can write programs that lend themselves mainly to uses you think are positive, and you have no obligation to write any features that might lend -themselves to activities you disapprove of.</p> +themselves particularly to activities you disapprove of.</p> <p>The conclusion is clear: a program must not restrict what jobs its users do with it. Freedom 0 must be complete. We need to stop torture, but we can't do it through software licenses. The proper job of software licenses is to establish and protect users' freedom.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -145,13 +160,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -172,7 +187,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2012, 2015, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2012, 2021, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -182,10 +197,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2016/11/18 06:31:39 $ +$Date: 2022/09/06 20:25:46 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/pronunciation.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/pronunciation.html index 842b775..75d6031 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/pronunciation.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/pronunciation.html @@ -1,18 +1,20 @@ -<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> <title>How To Pronounce GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/pronunciation.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>How To Pronounce GNU</h2> <p>The name “GNU” is a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not -Unix!”; it is pronounced as one syllable with a hard g, like -“grew” but with the letter “n” instead of -“r”.</p> +Unix!”; it is pronounced as one syllable with a hard <i>g</i>, like +“grew” but with the letter <i>n</i> instead of +<i>r</i>.</p> <p> -This is a recording of <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> +This is a recording of <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> saying “GNU” and another with a short explanation about how GNU was named: </p> @@ -30,22 +32,26 @@ was named: <p>The combination of <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU and Linux</a> is the <strong>GNU/Linux operating system</strong>, now used by millions and sometimes incorrectly called simply -“Linux”.</p> +“Linux.”</p> <p>For more detailed information and history of the GNU -Operating System visit -<a href="/gnu/">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/</a></p> +Operating System visit +<a href="/gnu/">gnu.org/gnu/</a></p> +<div class="infobox" role="complementary"> +<hr /> <h3 id="license">License Of The Recordings</h3> -<p>Copyright (C) 2001 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2001 Richard Stallman</p> <p>These recordings are licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -63,19 +69,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -90,21 +96,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2010, 2013, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2010, 2011, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/05/16 17:09:00 $ +$Date: 2021/11/02 14:27:03 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> - diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/protecting.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/protecting.html index d9c2c23..f636ee7 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/protecting.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/protecting.html @@ -1,18 +1,23 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> - -<title>Help Protect the Rights to Write Both Non-Free and Free Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Help Protect the Rights to Write Both Nonfree and Free Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/protecting.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Help Protect the Rights to Write Both Nonfree and Free Software</h2> -<blockquote><p> +<div class="infobox" style="font-style:italic"><p> The League for Programming Freedom is inactive now and its website is archived. -Please join our <a href="http://endsoftpatents.org">End Software Patents</a> +Please join our <a href="https://endsoftwarepatents.org">End Software Patents</a> campaign! -</p></blockquote> +</p></div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> The right to write both nonfree and free software is threatened by @@ -51,11 +56,11 @@ href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329142830/http://progfree.org/Help/help.h problem until you or your employer is sued, but it is more prudent to organize before that happens. </p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> - <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -73,13 +78,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -100,8 +105,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2015 -Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1996-1998, 2007, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -111,10 +115,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2015/08/18 16:25:28 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:55:57 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/public-domain-manifesto.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/public-domain-manifesto.html index 9d475d0..f3a1aad 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/public-domain-manifesto.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/public-domain-manifesto.html @@ -1,16 +1,24 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Why I Will Not Sign the Public Domain Manifesto - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <link rel="canonical" href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/public-domain-manifesto" /> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Why I Will Not Sign the Public Domain Manifesto</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> -<p>The Public Domain Manifesto -(<a href="https://publicdomainmanifesto.org/manifesto/">https://publicdomainmanifesto.org/manifesto/</a>) +<p>The <a +href="https://publicdomainmanifesto.org/manifesto/">Public Domain Manifesto</a> has its heart in the right place as it objects to some of the unjust extensions of copyright power, so I wish I could support it. However, it falls far short of what is needed.</p> @@ -18,15 +26,16 @@ it falls far short of what is needed.</p> <p>Some flaws are at the level of implicit assumptions. The manifesto frequently uses <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">propaganda terms</a> of the copyright industry, such as -<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection">“copyright -protection”</a>. These terms were chosen to lead people to +“<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection">copyright +protection</a>.” These terms were chosen to lead people to sympathize with the copyright industry and its demands for power.</p> <p>The manifesto and its signatories use the term “intellectual -property”, which confuses the issue of copyright by lumping it +property,” which confuses the issue of copyright by lumping it together with a dozen other laws that have nothing significant in common. -(See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html</a> +(See “<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">Did You Say +‘Intellectual Property’? It's a Seductive Mirage</a>” for more explanation about this point.) Ironically it uses the term first in a sentence which points out that this manifesto is concerned only with copyright law, not with those other laws. That is with good @@ -37,10 +46,11 @@ together.</p> <p>General Principle 2 repeats the common error that copyright should balance the public interest with “protecting and rewarding the -author”. This error interferes with proper judgment of any +author.” This error interferes with proper judgment of any copyright policy question, since that should be based on the public -interest. -<a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html</a> +interest. “<a +href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">Misinterpreting +Copyright—A Series of Errors</a>” explains this error and how to avoid it.</p> <p>It would be difficult to stand aside from a campaign for the right @@ -69,8 +79,8 @@ legitimizes most real DRM by omitting it from criticism.</p> calls for allowing “personal copying” of copyrighted works. Since it omits the issue of the freedom to share copies of published works with others, it fails to address the nastiest aspect -of copyright: the -vicious <a href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/war-on-sharing-riaa-lawsuits">War +of copyright: the vicious <a +href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/war-on-sharing-riaa-lawsuits">War on Sharing</a> that the entertainment companies are now waging.</p> <p>The demands and recommendations of the Public Domain Manifesto @@ -86,12 +96,13 @@ it. This is not enough.</p> <p>I ask the authors of the Public Domain Manifesto, and the public, to please join me in demanding the freedom to noncommercially share copies of all published works. Also please -join <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org">DefectiveByDesign.org</a> +join <a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org">Defective by Design</a> and help our fight against DRM wherever it may be found.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -109,13 +120,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -136,7 +147,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2010, 2015, 2019, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2010, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -146,10 +157,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/07/01 15:25:23 $ +$Date: 2021/09/19 16:26:24 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/push-copyright-aside.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/push-copyright-aside.html index 3227d2e..fd7ce63 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/push-copyright-aside.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/push-copyright-aside.html @@ -1,13 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> -<title>Science must “push copyright aside” +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Science Must Push Copyright Aside - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>Science must push copyright aside</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Science Must Push Copyright Aside</h2> -<p>by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> +<div class="introduction"> <p><em>Many points that lead to a conclusion that software freedom must be universal often apply to other forms of expressive works, albeit in different ways. This essay concerns the application of principles @@ -16,9 +24,7 @@ Generally, such issues are orthogonal to software freedom, but we include essays like this here since many people interested in Free Software want to know more about how the principles can be applied to areas other than software.</em></p> - -<p>(This article appeared in <em>Nature</em> magazine's -<b>web</b>debates forum in 2001.)</p> +</div> <p>It should be a truism that the scientific literature exists to disseminate scientific knowledge, and that scientific journals exist @@ -54,7 +60,7 @@ that began this article. Many journal publishers appear to believe that the purpose of scientific literature is to enable them to publish journals so as to collect subscriptions from scientists and students. Such thinking is known as “confusion of the means with -the ends”.</p> +the ends.”</p> <p>Their approach has been to restrict access even to read the scientific literature to those who can and will pay for it. They use @@ -104,41 +110,49 @@ more. It is self-defeating to digitize the archives and waste the results by restricting access.</p> <p>The US Constitution says that copyright exists “to promote -the Progress of Science”. When copyright impedes the progress of +the Progress of Science.” When copyright impedes the progress of science, science must push copyright out of the way.</p> -<hr /> +<hr class="column-limit" /> -Later developments: +<h3 class="footnote">Later developments</h3> <p>Some universities have adopted policies to thwart the journal -publishers' power. For instance, here is MIT's.<br/> +publishers' power. For instance, look at the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-policy/"> -https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-policy/</a>. +MIT Faculty Open Access Policy</a>. Stronger policies are needed, however, as this one permits individual -authors to "opt out" (i.e., cave in).</p> +authors to “opt out” (i.e., cave in).</p> -<p>The US government has imposed a requirement known as "public -access" on some funded research. This requires publication within a +<p>The US government has imposed a requirement known as “public +access” on some funded research. This requires publication within a certain period in a site that allows anyone to view the article. This requirement is a positive step, but inadequate because it does not include freedom to redistribute the article.</p> -<p>Curiously, the concept of "open access" in the 2002 Budapest Open +<p>Curiously, the concept of “open access” in the 2002 Budapest Open Access Initiative did include freedom to redistribute. I signed that -declaration, despite my distaste for the word "open", because the +declaration, despite my distaste for the word “open,” because the substance of the position was right.</p> -<p>However, the word "open" had the last laugh: influential -campaigners for "open access" subsequently dropped freedom to +<p>However, the word “open” had the last laugh: influential +campaigners for “open access” subsequently dropped freedom to redistribute from their goals. I stand by the position of -the <a href="http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/">BOAI</a>, but now that -"open access" means something else, I refer to it as "redistributable -publication" or "free-to-mirror publication".</p> +the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/">BOAI</a>, but now that +“open access” means something else, I refer to it as “redistributable +publication” or “free-to-mirror publication.”</p> + +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>This article appeared in <a +href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050729110347/http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html"> +<cite>Nature WebDebates</cite></a> in 2001.</p> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -156,13 +170,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -183,7 +197,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2001, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2001, 2010-2012, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -193,7 +207,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $ +$Date: 2021/10/02 11:25:45 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/reevaluating-copyright.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/reevaluating-copyright.html index f96ce50..6da41d8 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/reevaluating-copyright.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/reevaluating-copyright.html @@ -1,17 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Reevaluating Copyright: The Public Must Prevail - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/reevaluating-copyright.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Reevaluating Copyright: The Public Must Prevail</h2> -<pre> - Reevaluating Copyright: The Public Must Prevail - [Published in Oregon Law Review, Spring 1996] - - Richard Stallman -</pre> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a> <a href="#ft1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></address> <p>The legal world is aware that digital information technology poses “problems for copyright,” but has not traced these @@ -20,12 +23,12 @@ publishers of copyrighted works and the users of these works. The publishers, understanding their own interest, have set forth a proposal through the Clinton Administration to fix the “problems” by deciding the conflict in their favor. This -proposal, the Lehman White Paper <a href="#ft2">[2]</a>, was the -principal focus of the “Innovation and the Information -Environment” conference at the University of Oregon (November +proposal, the Lehman White Paper,<a href="#ft2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> was the +principal focus of the <cite>Innovation and the Information +Environment</cite> conference at the University of Oregon (November 1995).</p> -<p>John Perry Barlow <a href="#ft3">[3]</a>, the keynote speaker, +<p>John Perry Barlow,<a href="#ft3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> the keynote speaker, began the conference by telling us how the Greatful Dead recognized and dealt with this conflict. They decided it would be wrong to interfere with copying of their performances on tapes, or with @@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ distribution on the Internet, but saw nothing wrong in enforcing copyright for CD recordings of their music.</p> <p>Barlow did not analyze the reasons for treating these media -differently, and later Gary Glisson <a href="#ft4">[4]</a> criticized +differently, and later Gary Glisson <a href="#ft4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> criticized Barlow's idea that the Internet is inexplicably unique and unlike anything else in the world. He argued that we should be able to determine the implications of the Internet for copyright policy by the @@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ attempts to do just that.</p> <p>Barlow suggested that our intuitions based on physical objects as property do not transfer to information as property because information is “abstract.” As Steven -Winter <a href="#ft5">[5]</a> remarked, abstract property has existed +Winter <a href="#ft5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> remarked, abstract property has existed for centuries. Shares in a company, commodity futures, and even paper money, are forms of property that are more or less abstract. Barlow and others who argue that information should be free do not reject @@ -71,8 +74,8 @@ freedom.</p> decisions</a> by analogy to physical object property, or even to older intellectual property policies, is a mistake. Winter argued persuasively that it is possible to make such analogies, to stretch -our old concepts and apply them to new decisions <a href= -"#ft6">[6]</a>. Surely this will reach some answer—but not a +our old concepts and apply them to new decisions.<a href= +"#ft6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Surely this will reach some answer—but not a good answer. Analogy is not a useful way of deciding what to buy or at what price.</p> @@ -89,7 +92,7 @@ have applied to other media in the past.</p> <p>This also shows why Laurence Tribe's principle, that rights concerning speech should not depend on the choice of -medium<a href="#ft7">[7]</a>, is not applicable to copyright +medium,<a href="#ft7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> is not applicable to copyright decisions. Copyright is a bargain with the public, not a natural right. Copyright policy issues are about which bargains benefit the public, not about what rights publishers or readers are entitled @@ -208,7 +211,7 @@ importantly, it is begging the question.</p> of collective responsibility, whereby a computer owner is required to monitor and control the activities of all users, on pain of being punished for actions in which he was not a participant but merely -failed to actively prevent. Tim Sloan <a href="#ft8">[8]</a> pointed +failed to actively prevent. Tim Sloan <a href="#ft8"><sup>[8]</sup></a> pointed out that this gives copyright owners a privileged status not accorded to anyone else who might claim to be damaged by a computer user; for example, no one proposes to punish the computer owner if he fails @@ -221,16 +224,16 @@ citizens.</p> <p>When the United States Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors were entitled to a copyright monopoly was proposed—and -rejected <a href="#ft9">[9]</a>. Instead, the founders of our country +rejected.<a href="#ft9"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Instead, the founders of our country adopted a different idea of copyright, one which places the public -first <a href="#ft10">[10]</a>. Copyright in the United States is +first.<a href="#ft10"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Copyright in the United States is supposed to exist for the sake of users; benefits for publishers and even for authors are not given for the sake of those parties, but only as an inducement to change their behavior. As the Supreme Court said -in Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal: “The sole interest of the United +in <cite>Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal</cite>: “The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in conferring the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general benefits derived by the public from the labors of -authors.” <a href="#ft11">[11]</a></p> +authors.”<a href="#ft11"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p> <p>Under the Constitution's view of copyright, if the public prefers to be able to make copies in certain cases even if that means somewhat @@ -250,12 +253,12 @@ system.</p> <p>This error is so ingrained today that people who oppose new copyright powers feel the need to do so by arguing that even authors and publishers may be hurt by them. Thus, James -Boyle <a href="#ft12">[12]</a> explains how a +Boyle <a href="#ft12"><sup>[12]</sup></a> explains how a strict <a href="#later-2">intellectual property system</a> can interfere with writing new works. Jessica -Litman <a href="#ft13">[13]</a> cites the copyright shelters which +Litman <a href="#ft13"><sup>[13]</sup></a> cites the copyright shelters which historically allowed many new media to become popular. Pamela -Samuelson <a href="#ft14">[14]</a> warns that the White Paper may +Samuelson <a href="#ft14"><sup>[14]</sup></a> warns that the White Paper may block the development of “third-wave” information industries by locking the world into the “second-wave” economic model that fit the age of the printing press.</p> @@ -275,7 +278,7 @@ Digital Future Coalition, an umbrella organization, lists many reasons to oppose the White Paper, for the sake of authors, libraries, education, poor Americans, technological progress, economic flexibility, and privacy concerns—all valid arguments, but -concerned with side issues <a href="#ft15">[15]</a>. Conspicuously +concerned with side issues.<a href="#ft15"><sup>[15]</sup></a> Conspicuously absent from the list is the most important reason of all: that many Americans (perhaps most) want to continue making copies. The DFC fails to criticize the core goal of the White Paper, which is to give more @@ -292,94 +295,104 @@ public and the legislature of the purpose of copyright and the opportunity for the open flow of information can we ensure that the public prevails.</p> -<h3>ENDNOTES</h3> +<h3 class="footnote">Later Notes</h3> +<ul> +<li id="later-1"><em>Intellectual property:</em> +This article was part of the +path that led me to recognize the <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> +bias and confusion in the term “intellectual +property”</a>. Today I believe that term should never be used +under any circumstances.</li> + +<li id="later-2"><em>Intellectual property system:</em> +Here I fell into the +fashionable error of writing “intellectual property” when +what I meant was just “copyright.” This is like writing +“Europe” when you mean “France”—it +causes confusion that is easy to avoid.</li> +</ul> + +<div class="infobox"> +<hr /> +<ol> +<li id="ft1">Published in <cite>Oregon Law Review</cite>, Spring 1996.</li> -<p id="ft2">[2] Informational Infrastructure Task +<li id="ft2">Informational Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property and the National Information -Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual -Property Rights (1995).</p> +Infrastructure: <cite>The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual +Property Rights</cite> (1995).</li> -<p id="ft3">[3] John Perry Barlow, Remarks at the -Innovation and the Information Environment Conference (Nov. +<li id="ft3">John Perry Barlow, Remarks at the +<cite>Innovation and the Information Environment Conference</cite> (Nov. 1995). Mr. Barlow is one of the founders of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, an organization which promotes freedom of expression in digital media, and is also a former lyricist for the Grateful -Dead.</p> +Dead.</li> -<p id="ft4">[4] Gary Glisson, Remarks at the -Innovation and the Information Environment Conference (Nov. 1995); -see also Gary Glisson, A Practitioner's Defense of the NII White -Paper, 75 Or. L. Rev. (1996) (supporting the White Paper). +<li id="ft4">Gary Glisson, Remarks at the +<cite>Innovation and the Information Environment Conference</cite> (Nov. 1995); +see also Gary Glisson, “A Practitioner's Defense of the NII White +Paper,” 75 <cite>Or. L. Rev.</cite> (1996), supporting the White Paper. Mr. Glisson is a partner and chair of the Intellectual Property Group -at Lane Powell Spears Lubersky in Portland, Oregon.</p> +at Lane Powell Spears Lubersky in Portland, Oregon.</li> -<p id="ft5">[5] Steven Winter, Remarks at the -Innovation and the Information Environment Conference (Nov. +<li id="ft5">Steven Winter, Remarks at the +<cite>Innovation and the Information Environment Conference</cite> (Nov. 1995). Mr. Winter is a professor at the University of Miami School of -Law.</p> +Law.</li> -<p id="ft6">[6] Winter, supra note 5.</p> +<li id="ft6">Winter, supra note 5.</li> -<p id="ft7">[7] See Laurence H. Tribe, The +<li id="ft7">See Laurence H. Tribe, “The Constitution in Cyberspace: Law and Liberty Beyond the Electronic -Frontier, Humanist, Sept.-Oct. 1991, at 15.</p> +Frontier,” <cite>Humanist</cite>, Sept.-Oct. 1991, at 15.</li> -<p id="ft8">[8] Tim Sloan, Remarks at the Innovation -and the Information Environment Conference (Nov. 1995). Mr. Sloan is +<li id="ft8">Tim Sloan, Remarks at the <cite>Innovation +and the Information Environment Conference</cite> (Nov. 1995). Mr. Sloan is a member of the National Telecommunication and Information -Administration.</p> +Administration.</li> -<p id="ft9">[9] See Jane C. Ginsburg, A Tale of Two -Copyrights: Liberary Property in Revolutionary France and America, in, -Of Authors and Origins: Essays on Copyright Law 131, 137-38 (Brad -Sherman & Alain Strowel, eds., 1994) (stating that the +<li id="ft9">See Jane C. Ginsburg, “A Tale of Two +Copyrights: Literary Property in Revolutionary France and America,” in +<cite>Of Authors and Origins: Essays on Copyright Law</cite> 131, 137-38 (Brad +Sherman & Alain Strowel, eds., 1994), stating that the Constitution's framers either meant to “subordinate[] the author's interests to the public benefit,” or to “treat -the private and public interests…even-handedly.”).</p> +the private and public interests … even-handedly.”</li> -<p id="ft10">[10] U.S. Const., art. I, p. 8, cl. 8 +<li id="ft10"><cite>U.S. Const.</cite>, art. I, p. 8, cl. 8 (“Congress shall have Power…to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and -Discoveries.”).</p> +Discoveries.”)</li> -<p id="ft11">[11] 286 U.S. 123, 127 (1932).</p> +<li id="ft11"><cite>286 U.S. 123</cite>, 127 (1932).</li> -<p id="ft12">[12] James Boyle, Remarks at the -Innovation and the Information Environment Conference (Nov. +<li id="ft12">James Boyle, Remarks at the +<cite>Innovation and the Information Environment Conference</cite> (Nov. 1995). Mr. Boyle is a Professor of Law at American University in -Washington, D.C.</p> +Washington, D.C.</li> -<p id="ft13">[13] Jessica Litman, Remarks at the -Innovation and the Information Environment Conference (Nov. +<li id="ft13">Jessica Litman, Remarks at the +<cite>Innovation and the Information Environment Conference</cite> (Nov. 1995). Ms. Litman is a Professor at Wayne State University Law School -in Detroit, Michigan.</p> +in Detroit, Michigan.</li> -<p id="ft14">[14] Pamela Samuelson, The Copyright -Grab, Wired, Jan. 1996. Ms. Samuelson is a Professor at Cornell Law -School.</p> +<li id="ft14">Pamela Samuelson, “The Copyright +Grab,” <cite>Wired</cite>, Jan. 1996. Ms. Samuelson is a Professor at Cornell Law +School.</li> -<p id="ft15">[15] Digital Future Coalition, -Broad-Based Coalition Expresses Concern Over Intellectual Property -Proposals, Nov. 15, 1995<!-- (available at URL: -<a href="http://home.worldweb.net/dfc/press.html">http://home.worldweb.net/dfc/press.html</a>)-->.</p> - -<h3>LATER NOTES</h3> - -<p id="later-1">[1] This article was part of the -path that led me to recognize the <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> -bias and confusion in the term “intellectual -property”</a>. Today I believe that term should never be used -under any circumstances.</p> +<li id="ft15">Digital Future Coalition, +“Broad-Based Coalition Expresses Concern Over Intellectual Property +Proposals,” Nov. 15, 1995<!-- (available at URL: +home.worldweb.net/dfc/press.html</a>)-->.</li> +</ol> +</div> +</div> -<p id="later-2">[2] Here I fell into the -fashionable error of writing “intellectual property” when -what I meant was just “copyright”. This is like writing -“Europe” when you mean “France”—it -causes confusion that is easy to avoid.</p> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -397,16 +410,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1999, 2016 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1996, 1999, 2006, 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -416,10 +446,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2016/11/18 06:31:39 $ +$Date: 2021/10/03 08:54:50 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rieti.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rieti.html index 4f021ae..34a8d60 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rieti.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rieti.html @@ -1,24 +1,28 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Future of Jiyuna Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rieti.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Future of Jiyuna Software</h2> -<p>Keynote Speech -by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> -<pre> - - (Transcript) +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Transcript of a keynote speech at the Research Institute of Economy, +Trade and Industry (RIETI), Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, +21 April 2003.</p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> -Date: 21 April 2003 -Venue: Seminar Room, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry -(RIETI), (Annex 11th Floor, 1121 Ministry of Economy, Trade and -Industry (METI)) -</pre> <p> Mr. Richard Stallman, GNU Project: I am going to speak about free software and, first of all, its ethical, social and political @@ -161,7 +165,7 @@ stuck with it. But it is not just Microsoft. Consider WAP, for instance. WAP contains modified versions of ordinary Internet protocols, modified to be incompatible, and the idea was they would make these telephones and they would say “they can talk on the -Internet”, but since they did not use the ordinary Internet +Internet,” but since they did not use the ordinary Internet protocols, the incompatibility would be imposed on the user. That was their plan. It did not work, fortunately. But that is the danger you face when the users are not really in control: Somebody will try to @@ -509,10 +513,11 @@ the region, creating employment locally instead of filling somebody's pockets. But more important, it creates a way of life where the country and the people are independent and free. </p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -530,19 +535,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -557,20 +562,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2003 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2003, 2021 Richard M. Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:44 $ +$Date: 2021/09/09 20:25:37 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/right-to-read.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/right-to-read.html index 4f3252d..c8cb1c0 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/right-to-read.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/right-to-read.html @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural access" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Right to Read - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- -blockquote, .comment { - font-style: italic; -} -blockquote cite { - font-style: normal; -} .announcement { text-align: center; + box-sizing: border-box; background: #f5f5f5; - border-left: .3em solid #fc7; - border-right: .3em solid #fc7; - margin: 2.5em 0; + border-left: .4em solid #5c5; + border-right: .4em solid #5c5; + border-top: .1em solid #5c5; + border-bottom: .1em solid #5c5; + margin: 2.5em auto; } #AuthorsNote ul, #AuthorsNote li { margin: 0; @@ -39,18 +39,10 @@ blockquote cite { #BadNews p.emph-box { margin: 2.5em 6% 1em; } -#References { - margin: 3em 0 2em; -} -#References h3 { - font-size: 1.2em; -} @media (min-width: 55em) { #AuthorsNote .columns > p:first-child, - #AuthorsNote li p.inline-block { - margin-top: 0; - } - .comment { text-align: center; } + #AuthorsNote li p.inline-block { margin-top: 0; } + .update { font-style: italic; text-align: center; } .table { display: table; } .table-cell { display: table-cell; @@ -59,35 +51,32 @@ blockquote cite { } .left { padding-right: .75em; } .right { padding-left: .75em; } - } }--> -<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX = /[.](ar|fa|he)/" --> +<!--#if expr="$RTL_SCRIPT = yes" --> <!-- @media (min-width: 55em) { - .left { padding-left: .75em; } - .right { padding-right: .75em; } - } + .left { padding-left: .75em; padding-right: 0; } + .right { padding-right: .75em; padding-left: 0; } }--> <!--#endif --> </style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article"> <h2 class="center">The Right to Read</h2> <address class="byline center"> -by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> -<p class="center"> -<em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue -of <cite>Communications of the ACM</cite> (Volume 40, Number -2).</em></p> -<hr class="thin" /> +by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> -<div class="article"> -<blockquote class="center comment"><p> +<p class="infobox c"> From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of articles about the antecedents of the Lunarian Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096. -</p></blockquote> +</p> +<hr class="thin" /> <div class="columns"> <p> @@ -227,10 +216,11 @@ the long arm of the SPA. When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the universal right to read soon became one of its central aims.</p> </div> -<div class="reduced-width"> -<blockquote class="announcement"> -<p><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list about the dangers of e-books</a>.</p> -</blockquote> +<div class="announcement reduced-width comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<p><a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html"> +Join our mailing list about the dangers of e-books</a>.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> </div> <div id="AuthorsNote"> @@ -255,9 +245,9 @@ href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">“Piracy”</a>. <div class="reduced-width"> <p>Computer-enforced restrictions on lending or reading books (and other kinds of published works) are known as DRM, short for -“Digital Restrictions Management”. To +“Digital Restrictions Management.” To eliminate DRM, the Free Software Foundation has -established the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Defective by +established the <a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/">Defective by Design</a> campaign. We ask for your support.</p> <p>The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a separate organization not @@ -268,7 +258,7 @@ DRM.</p> </li> </ul> -<p class="comment"> +<p class="update"> The following note has been updated several times since the first publication of the story.</p> @@ -348,8 +338,8 @@ them.</p> <p> The proponents of this scheme gave early versions names such as -“trusted computing” and “Palladium”, but as -ultimately put into use, it is called “secure boot”.</p> +“trusted computing” and “Palladium,” but as +ultimately put into use, it is called “secure boot.”</p> <p> What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional @@ -475,19 +465,17 @@ software, for e-books, for music, or for anything else.</p> <p class="emph-box"> If we want to stop the bad news and create some good news, we need to organize and fight. Subscribe to the -FSF's <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org"> Defective by Design</a> +FSF's <a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/"> Defective by Design</a> campaign to lend a hand. You -can <a href="http://www.fsf.org/associate">join the FSF</a> to support +can <a href="https://www.fsf.org/associate">join the FSF</a> to support our work more generally. There is also a <a href="/help/help.html">list of ways to participate in our work</a>. </p> </div> </div> <div class="column-limit"></div> -</div> -<div id="References"> -<h3>References</h3> +<h3 class="footnote">References</h3> <ul> <li>The administration's “White Paper”: Information @@ -496,32 +484,37 @@ to participate in our work</a>. National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property [sic] Rights (1995).</li> - <li><a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html">An + <li><a href="https://www.wired.com/1996/01/white-paper/">An explanation of the White Paper: The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela Samuelson, <cite>Wired</cite>, January 1st, 1996.</li> - <li><a href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm">Sold Out</a>, + <li><a href="https://law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm">Sold Out</a>, James Boyle, <cite>New York Times</cite>, March 31, 1996.</li> - <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130508120533/http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html">Public Data or Private Data</a>, + <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508120533/http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html">Public Data or Private Data</a>, Dave Farber, <cite>Washington Post</cite>, November 4, 1996.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151113122141/http://public-domain.org/">Union for the Public Domain</a>—an organization which aims to resist and reverse the overextension of copyright and patent powers.</li> </ul> + +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue of <cite>Communications +of the ACM</cite> (Volume 40, Number 2).</p> </div> -<hr class="thin" /> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This essay is published -in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -539,13 +532,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -566,7 +559,8 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2021 +Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -576,10 +570,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/26 13:08:00 $ +$Date: 2021/12/27 16:59:10 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-aj.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-aj.html index d2e7402..1f43532 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-aj.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-aj.html @@ -1,17 +1,33 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> -<title>RMS on the Alex Jones Show +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Richard Stallman Interviewed The Day After SOPA/PIPA Global Protests - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-aj.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>Richard Stallman on the Alex Jones Show</h2> - -<p><em>Transcript of an interview that took place on -January 19, 2012.</em></p> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Richard Stallman Interviewed The Day After SOPA/PIPA Global Protests</h2> + +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Transcript of an interview conducted on January 19, 2012, the day +after the global web blackout protests took place against the controversial +SOPA and PIPA copyright bills. The GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation +<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118201902/http://www.gnu.org/"> +joined the protest</a>.</p> + +<p>At the time of the interview, the controversial positions of the interviewer +were not widely spread and not known to Richard Stallman. Since then, Jones's +views have become more extreme and well-known, and Stallman strongly disagrees +with them.</p> +</div> <hr class="thin" /> <dl> - <dt>Alex Jones</dt> <dd> @@ -626,13 +642,13 @@ other websites you think are important for people to look at.</dd> <dt>RS</dt> <dd>For free software, look at the Free Software Foundation site, that -is <a href="http://fsf.org">http://fsf.org</a>, and you can join, if you +is <a href="https://fsf.org">http://fsf.org</a>, and you can join, if you wish. For my other political causes, look at <a -href="http://stallman.org"> http://stallman.org</a>. And if you want to +href="https://stallman.org"> http://stallman.org</a>. And if you want to join our fight against digital handcuffs (DRM), go to <a -href="http://defectivebydesign.org"> http://defectivebydesign.org</a>. +href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org"> http://defectivebydesign.org</a>. And for the danger of eBooks and how they take away our freedom, look at -<a href="http://stallman.org/articles/ebooks.pdf"> +<a href="https://stallman.org/articles/ebooks.pdf"> http://stallman.org/articles/ebooks.pdf</a>.</dd> <dt>AJ</dt> @@ -690,17 +706,18 @@ much, Doctor.</dd> </dl> <div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3 style="font-size: 1.2em">Footnote</h3> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> <ol> <li id="f1">[2019] We call it <a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">the Swindle</a> because it's designed to swindle readers out of the traditional freedoms of readers of books.</li> </ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -718,13 +735,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -745,7 +762,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2012, 2019 Richard Stallman and Alex Jones.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2012, 2021, 2022 Richard Stallman and Alex Jones</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -755,10 +772,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/12/30 11:28:30 $ +$Date: 2022/06/18 18:55:21 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-comment-longs-article.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-comment-longs-article.html index 42117f9..516a7fa 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-comment-longs-article.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-comment-longs-article.html @@ -1,31 +1,34 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Comments on Roderick Long's Article - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-comment-longs-article.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Comments on Roderick Long's Article</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> -<blockquote><p> -Roderick Long's article can be found -<a href="http://freenation.org/a/f31l1.html">at this address</a>. -</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote><p> +<div class="introduction"><p> The ideas of the free software movement are compatible with social-democratic (US liberal) views and with laissez-faire (US -libertarian) views. -</p></blockquote> +libertarian <a href="#ft1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>) views. +</p></div> <p>Free software is a matter of freedom. From our point of view, -precisely which legal mechanism<sup><a href="#footnote">*</a></sup> +precisely which legal mechanism <sup><a href="#ft2">[2]</a></sup> is used to deny software users their freedom is just an implementation detail. Whether it is done with copyright, with contracts, or in some other way, it is wrong to deny the public the freedoms necessary to form a community and cooperate. -This is why it is inaccurate to understand the Free Software Movement +This is why it is inaccurate to understand the free software movement as specifically a matter of opposition to copyright on software. It is both more and less than that.</p> @@ -38,13 +41,22 @@ regards property rights as the highest moral principle, is useful as a refutation. It shows that even if you adore property rights for physical objects, you are not compelled to accept copyright.</p> -<p><sup id="footnote">* = Or technical mechanism, such as withholding the +<div class="infobox"> +<hr /> +<ol> +<li id="ft1">Roderick T. Long, “The Libertarian Case Against +Intellectual Property Rights” at <a +href="http://freenation.org/a/f31l1.html">freenation.org</a>, 1995.</li> +<li id="ft2">… or technical mechanism, such as withholding the source code, or -<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">tivoization</a>.</sup></p> +<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">tivoization</a>.</li> +</ol> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -62,13 +74,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -89,8 +101,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2015, 2019 -Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1996-2000, 2015, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -100,10 +111,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/08/03 14:55:12 $ +$Date: 2021/10/03 08:54:50 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-hack.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-hack.html index 58e62f9..4f5ac95 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-hack.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-hack.html @@ -1,18 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Hacker Community and Ethics - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-hack.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - -<h2>The Hacker Community and Ethics: An Interview with Richard M. Stallman, 2002</h2> - -<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p> -<p><em>Published in Finnish in Tere Vadén & Richard -M. Stallman: <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100807063010/http://www.uta.fi/%7Efiteva/koodivapaaksi.html"> -Koodi vapaaksi - Hakkerietiikan vaativuus</a>, Tampere University -Press. 2002, sivut 62-80.</em></p> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>The Hacker Community and Ethics</h2> + +<address class="byline">by Tere Vadén and Richard +Stallman</address> + +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Transcript of an interview that took place in 2002.<a +href="#pub"><sup>[*]</sup></a></p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <h3>Hackerism</h3> @@ -40,7 +48,7 @@ destroyed by commercial interests.</p> share and change software; that was the basis for our free-wheeling community.</p> <p> -<b>TV:</b> What does the word ‘hacker’ mean to you, +<b>TV:</b> What does the word “hacker” mean to you, personally?</p> <p> <b>RMS:</b> It means someone who enjoys playful cleverness, especially @@ -70,7 +78,7 @@ software creates the best kinds of communities or at least better than those based on commercial limitations on distribution and sharing.</p> <p> <b>RMS:</b> I think it is a mistake to label these restrictions as -“commercial”, because that pertains to the motive for the +“commercial,” because that pertains to the motive for the restrictions. The same restrictions, if imposed for a different motive, would do the same harm. What matters is the restrictions, not the motive. Commercial software can be free or nonfree, just as @@ -96,7 +104,7 @@ interpretation?</p> <p><b>RMS:</b> More or less. I would say that freedom has value in itself, just as powerful reliable software does.</p> -<p><b>TV:</b> But isn't there a problem here; one of the utilitarian +<p><b>TV:</b> But isn't there a problem here? one of the utilitarian calculations of “open source” is that it is more profitable—in the sense of making more money or making better software—to use an open source license than a copyleft @@ -138,7 +146,7 @@ your enthusiasm about hackerism in the sense of playful cleverness, and would take that playful cleverness also to the area of being clever in making money and enjoying the good life. Actually that is what he hints at in a recent book called “The Hacker -Ethics”.</p> +Ethics.”</p> <p><b>RMS:</b> That is true. Just because someone enjoys hacking does not mean he has an ethical commitment to treating other people @@ -161,7 +169,7 @@ years old. This is the basic idea of ethics.</p> <p><b>TV:</b> The question about hacker aesthetics—as you explained, there is no special hacker ethics, because a hacker can act ethically or unethically and nothing in hackerism itself necessitates -ethical behaviour.</p> +ethical behavior.</p> <p><b>RMS:</b> Hacking is not primarily about an ethical issue. It is an idea of what makes life meaningful. But he may be right that hacking tends to @@ -173,13 +181,13 @@ Although someone said that there was a hacker aesthetic rather than a hacker ethic, I think “aesthetic” is not quite the right word either. An aesthetic is an idea of what is beautiful. This is an idea of what is exciting and meaningful. Is there a word for that? I -can think of “the hacker way”, but that sounds rather +can think of “the hacker way,” but that sounds rather pompous and new-age.</p> <h3>Community</h3> <p><b>TV:</b> Now that brings to mind several questions. For the -first, one could maybe inquire after an ideal society or do forth, but +first, one could maybe inquire after an ideal society or go forth, but let's leave that for the moment.</p> <p><b>RMS:</b> I approach these issues incrementally. I don't think I @@ -193,7 +201,7 @@ knew that from having tried it.</p> <p><b>TV:</b> Is there something that digitalization offers for community-building, something that other media (like printed books) -could not offer, or does digitalization mean ‘just’ and +could not offer, or does digitalization mean “just” an effectivization of existing means?</p> <p><b>RMS:</b> Computers and the web make it much easier to work @@ -281,7 +289,7 @@ communal purposes. Could you tell a little on how you arrived at the idea?</p> <p><b>RMS:</b> I had seen simple notices of the form “verbatim -copying permitted provided this notice is preserved”, and +copying permitted provided this notice is preserved,” and investigated extending this to handle modification as well.</p> <p><b>TV:</b> Let's take a case here. I can see that a free software @@ -302,7 +310,7 @@ methods of support could do just as good a job as the present system—maybe better.</p> <p><b>TV:</b> This seems to lead to some kind of -“americanization” or “anglization”.</p> +“americanization” or “anglization.”</p> <p><b>RMS:</b> You can't be serious, can you? Don't you realize that the media-copyright complex is fueling the americanization of culture @@ -323,7 +331,7 @@ and Globalization</a>.</p> <p><b>TV:</b> You have touched on some issues of globalization is some recent interviews. One of the problems is that copyright laws put many -third world countries in an unfavourable position. Do you think that +third world countries in an unfavorable position. Do you think that those countries should not follow the copyright laws?</p> <p><b>RMS:</b> The US when it was a developing country did not @@ -405,11 +413,11 @@ global business over governments.</p> <p><b>TV:</b> Reading Steven Levy's Hackers once again, I was struck by one issue: the hackers as displayed in the book are mostly concerned with the hacker ethic in so far as it concerns “tools -to make tools”.</p> +to make tools.”</p> <p><b>RMS:</b> I don't think so. A number of our programs were tools for making programs, but very few were specifically “tools to -make tools”. Why were many of them tools? Because hackers +make tools.” Why were many of them tools? Because hackers writing programs get ideas for better ways to do that. What computer hackers do is program. So they get excited about anything that makes programming easier.<br /> @@ -422,7 +430,7 @@ square dancing, but many are interested in programs they can use while programming.</p> <p><b>TV:</b> Levy is not too hard on the point, but the -unscrupulousness with which the early <abbr>MIT</abbr> hackers +unscrupulousness with which the early MIT hackers accepted the Department of Defence funding is a case in point.</p> <p><b>RMS:</b> Some of the hackers were uncomfortable with DoD funding @@ -477,7 +485,7 @@ and reliable free software.</p> <p><b>TV:</b> I think this is even quite common in fields like computer science, physics, mathematics, philosophy, where the austerity and purity of the formalism give an intense pleasure of a -‘non-earthly’ kind. Is there a link? Should there be? And +“non-earthly” kind. Is there a link? Should there be? And how do you bridge the two?</p> <p><b>RMS:</b> Is there a link between the pleasure of pure math and @@ -489,9 +497,18 @@ link between either of those pleasures and the rest of what I do. Why should there be? They are both harmless. Is there a “gap” that I need to “bridge”?</p> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p id="pub">[*] Published in Finnish in Tere Vadén & Richard +M. Stallman: <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100807063010/http://www.uta.fi/%7Efiteva/koodivapaaksi.html"> +Koodi vapaaksi - Hakkerietiikan vaativuus</a></cite>, Tampere University +Press. 2002, sivut 62-80.</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -509,19 +526,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -536,20 +553,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2002 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2002, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:45 $ +$Date: 2021/09/22 11:14:52 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-interview-edinburgh.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-interview-edinburgh.html index 0657797..1103431 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-interview-edinburgh.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-interview-edinburgh.html @@ -1,16 +1,27 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Interview with Richard Stallman, Edinburgh, 2004 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-interview-edinburgh.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Interview with Richard Stallman, Edinburgh, 2004</h2> -<p><i>Transcript of an interview with Richard Stallman that took place -at the School of Informatics, Edinburgh University, on 27<sup>th</sup> -May 2004; originally published -at <a href="http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2004/05/292609.html"> -Indymedia</a>.</i></p> +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Transcript of an interview that took place at the School of +Informatics, Edinburgh University, on 27 May 2004; +originally published at <a +href="https://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2004/05/292609.html">Indymedia</a> (<a +href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310050052if_/http://www.scotland.indymedia.org/usermedia/application/3/rms-interview-edinburgh-270504.ogg">audio +recording</a>).</p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <dl> <dt> @@ -20,230 +31,240 @@ What drives you to spend so much time on software freedoms? </dt> <dd> -First of all growing up in the US in the 1960s, I certainly was -exposed to ideas of freedom and then in the 1970s at MIT, I worked as -part of a community of programmers who cooperated and thought about -the ethical and social meaning of this cooperation. When that +<p>First of all, growing up in the US in the 1960s, I certainly was +exposed to ideas of freedom. And then, in the 1970s at MIT, I worked as +part of a community of programmers who cooperated, and thought about +the ethical and social meaning of this cooperation. Then that community died in the early eighties, and by contrast with that, the world of proprietary software, which most computer users at the time were participating in, was morally sickening. And I decided that I was going to try to create once again a community of cooperation. I realized that, what I could get out of a life of participation in the competition to subjugate each other, which is what nonfree software -is, all I could get out of that was money and I would have a life that -I would hate. +is, all I could get out of that was money, and I would have a life that +I would hate.</p> </dd> <dt> -Do you think that the Free Software movement, or parts of it, could or +Do you think that the free software movement, or parts of it, could or does benefit from collaboration with other social movements? </dt> <dd> -I don't see very much direct benefit to free software itself. On the +<p>I don't see very much direct benefit to free software itself. On the other hand we are starting to see some political parties take up the cause of free software, because it fits in with ideas of freedom and -cooperation, that they generally support. So in that sense, we are +cooperation that they generally support. So in that sense, we're starting to see a contribution to the ideas of free software from -other movements. +other movements.</p> </dd> <dt> -Have you considered that the Free Software movement is vital to +Have you considered that the free software movement is vital to oppositional movements in the world that are against corporate rule, militarism, capitalism, etc.? </dt> <dd> -Well, we are not against capitalism at all. We are against +<p>Well, we are not against capitalism at all. We are against subjugating people who use computers, one particular business -practice. There are businesses, both large and small that distribute -free software, and contribute to free software, and they are welcome -to use it, welcome to sell copies and we thank them for contributing. +practice. There are businesses, both large and small, that distribute +free software, and contribute to free software, and they're welcome +to use it, welcome to sell copies, and we thank them for contributing. However, free software is a movement against domination, not -necessarily against corporate domination, but against any domination. +necessarily against corporate domination, but against <em>any</em> domination. The users of software should not be dominated by the developers of the software, whether those developers be corporations or individuals or -universities or what. -<span class="gnun-split"></span>The users shouldn't be kept divided and -helpless. And that's what nonfree software does; It keeps the users -divided and helpless. Divided because you are forbidden to share -copies with anyone else and helpless because you don't get the source +universities or what.</p> + +<p>The users shouldn't be kept divided and +helpless. And that's what nonfree software does; it keeps the users +divided and helpless. Divided because you're forbidden to share +copies with anyone else, and helpless because you don't get the source code. So you can't even tell what the program does, let alone change it. So there is definitely a relationship. We are working against -domination by software developers, many of those software developers -are corporations. And some large corporations exert a form of -domination through nonfree software. +domination by software developers. Many of those software developers +are corporations, and some large corporations exert a form of +domination through nonfree software.</p> </dd> <dt> -And also that Free Software developers could provide a technical +And also that free software developers could provide a technical infrastructure for these movements that would be impossible to develop using proprietary software, which are too expensive and locked into an ideological model that reflects the interests of the dominant world-system like commoditization, exploitation, control and -surveillance instead of sharing, justice, freedom and democracy? +surveillance, instead of sharing, justice, freedom and democracy? </dt> <dd> -At the moment I would not go quite so far as to say that nonfree +<p>At the moment I wouldn't go quite so far as to say that nonfree software couldn't be usable by opposition movements, because many of them are using it. It is not ethical to use nonfree software. Because… At least it is not ethical to use authorized copies. -But it is not a good thing to use any copies. You see to use -authorized copies, you have to agree not to share with other people +But it's not a good thing to use any copies.</p> + +<p>You see, to use +authorized copies, you have to agree not to share with other people, and to agree to that is an unethical act in itself, which we should reject. And that is the basic reason why I started the free software movement. I wanted to make it easy to reject the unethical act of agreeing to the license of a nonfree program. -<span class="gnun-split"></span>If you are using an -unauthorized copy then you haven't agreed to that. You haven't +<span class="gnun-split"></span>If you're using an +unauthorized copy, then you haven't agreed to that. You haven't committed that unethical act. But you are still… you are -condemned to living underground. And, you are still unable to get the +condemned to living underground. And you're still unable to get the source code, so you can't tell for certain what those programs do. And they might in fact be carrying out surveillance. And I was told that in Brazil, the use of unauthorized copies was in fact used as an excuse to imprison the activists of the landless rural workers movement, which has since switched to free software to escape from -this danger. And they indeed could not afford the authorized copies +this danger. And they indeed couldn't afford the authorized copies of software. So, these things are not lined up directly on a straight -line, but there is an increasing parallel between them, an increasing -relationship. +line, but there's an increasing parallel between them, an increasing +relationship.</p> </dd> <dt> -The business corporation as a social form is very closed — it -answers to no one except its shareholders for example a small group of +The business corporation as a social form is very closed—it +answers to no one except its shareholders, for example a small group of people with money, and its internal bureaucratic organization is about as democratic as a Soviet ministry. Does the increasing involvement -of corporations with Free Software strike you as something to be +of corporations with free software strike you as something to be concerned about? </dt> <dd> -Not directly. Because as long as a program is free software, that -means the users are not being dominated by its developers whether -these developers be it a large business, a small business, a few -individuals or whatever, as long as the software is free they are not -dominating people. However, most of the users of free software do not -view it in ethical and social terms, there is a very effective and -large movement called the Open Source movement, which is designed -specifically to distract the users attention from these ethical and -social issues while talking about our work. And they have been quite -successful, there are many people who use our free software, which we -developed for the sake of freedom and cooperation who have never heard +<p>Not directly. Because as long as a program is free software, that +means the users are not being dominated by its developers. Whether +these developers be a large business, a small business, a few +individuals or whatever, as long as the software is free, they are not +dominating people.</p> + +<p>However, most of the users of free software do not +view it in ethical and social terms. There is a very effective and +large movement called the open source movement, which is designed +specifically to distract the users' attention from these ethical and +social issues while talking about our work. And they've been quite +successful; there are many people who use our free software, which we +developed for the sake of freedom and cooperation, who have never heard the reasons for which we did so. And, this makes our community weak. - -<span class="gnun-split"></span>It is like a nation that has freedom but most of its people have never +<span class="gnun-split"></span>It's like a nation that has freedom, +but most of its people have never been taught to value freedom. They are in a vulnerable position, -because if you say to them: “Give up your freedom and I give you -this valuable thing”, they might say “yes” because -they never learnt why they should say “no”. You put that +because if you say to them, “Give up your freedom and I'll give you +this valuable thing,” they might say yes because +they've never learnt why they should say no.</p> + +<p>You put that together with corporations that might want to take away people's -freedom, gradually and encroach on freedom and you have a +freedom, to gradually encroach on freedom, and you have a vulnerability. And what we see is that many of the corporate developers and distributors of free software put it in a package -together with some nonfree user subjugating software and so they say -the user subjugating software is a bonus, that it enhances the system. +together with some nonfree user-subjugating software. And so they say that +the user-subjugating software is a bonus, that it enhances the system. And if you haven't learnt to value freedom, you won't see any reason -to disbelieve them. -<span class="gnun-split"></span>But this is not a new problem and it is not +to disbelieve them.</p> + +<p>But this is not a new problem and it's not limited to large corporations. All of the commercial distributors of -the GNU/Linux system going back something like 7 or 8 years, have made +the GNU/Linux system, going back something like 7 or 8 years, have made a practice of including nonfree software in their distributions, and -this is something I have been trying to push against in various ways, -without much success. But, in fact, even the non commercial +this is something that I've been trying to push against in various ways, +without much success. But, in fact, even the noncommercial distributors of the GNU+Linux operating system have been including and -distributing nonfree software, and the sad thing was, that of all the -many distributions, until recently there was none, that I could -recommend. Now I know of one, that I can recommend, its called -“Ututo-e”, it comes from Argentina. I hope that very soon -I will be able to recommend another. +distributing nonfree software; and the sad thing was that, of all the +many distributions, until recently there was none that I could +recommend. Now I know of one, that I can recommend; its called +“Ututo-e”; it comes from Argentina. I hope that very soon +I will be able to recommend another.</p> </dd> <dt> -Why are the more technically-oriented beliefs of the Open Source +Why are the more technically-oriented beliefs of the open source movement not enough for you? </dt> <dd> -The Open Source Movement was founded specifically to discard the -ethical foundation of the free software movement. The Free Software +<p>The open source movement was founded specifically to discard the +ethical foundation of the free software movement. The free software movement starts from an ethical judgment, that nonfree software is -anti-social, it is wrong treatment of other people. And I reached +antisocial; it's wrong treatment of other people. And I reached this conclusion before I started developing the GNU system. I developed the GNU system specifically to create an alternative to an -unethical way of using software. When someone says to you: -“you can have this nice package of software, but only if you -first sign a promise you will not share it with anyone else”, +unethical way of using software. When someone says to you, +“You can have this nice package of software, but only if you +first sign a promise you will not share it with anyone else,” you are being asked to betray the rest of humanity. And I reached the -conclusion in the early eighties, that this was evil, it is wrong -treatment of other people. But there was no other way of using a -modern computer. -<span class="gnun-split"></span>All the operating systems required exactly such a +conclusion in the early eighties that this was evil.</p> + +<p>But there was no other way to use a modern computer. +All the operating systems required exactly such a betrayal before you could get a copy. And that was in order to get an -executable binary copy. You could not have the source code at all. +executable binary copy. You couldn't have the source code at all. The executable binary copy is just a series of numbers, which even a -programmer has trouble making any sense out of it. The source code -looks sort of like mathematics, and if you have learned how to program -you could read that. But that intelligible form you could not even -get after you signed the betrayal. All you would get is the -nonsensical numbers, which only the computer can understand. -<span class="gnun-split"></span>So, I -decided to create an alternative, which meant, another operating -system, one that would not have these unethical requirements. One, +programmer has trouble making any sense out of. The source code +looks sort of like mathematics, and if you've learnt how to program +you can read that. But that intelligible form, you couldn't +get, even after you signed this betrayal. All you would get is the +nonsensical numbers, which only the computer can understand.</p> + +<p>So, I decided to create an alternative, which meant another operating +system, one that would not have these unethical requirements, one that you could get in the form of source code, so that, if you decided -to learn to program you could understand it. And you would get it -without betraying other people and you would be free to pass it on to +to learn to program, you could understand it. And you would get it +without betraying other people, you'd be free to pass it on to others. Free either to give away copies or sell copies. So I began developing the GNU system, which in the early nineties was the bulk of -what people erroneously started to call Linux. And so it all exists -because of an ethical refusal to go along with an antisocial practice. -But this is controversial. +what people erroneously started calling Linux.</p> + +<p>So it all exists because of an <em>ethical</em> refusal to go along +with an antisocial practice. But this is controversial.</p> -<p>In the nineties as the GNU+Linux system became popular and got to +<p>In the nineties, as the GNU+Linux system became popular and got to have some millions of users, many of them were techies with technical -blinders on, who did not want to look at things in terms of right and +blinders on, who didn't want to look at things in terms of right and wrong, but only in terms of effective or ineffective. So they began -telling many other people, here is an operating system that is very +telling many other people, “Here is an operating system that's very reliable, and is powerful, and it's cool and exciting, and you can -get it cheap. And they did not mention, that this allowed you to -avoid an unethical betrayal of the rest of society. That it allowed -users to avoid being kept divided and helpless. -<span class="gnun-split"></span>So, there were many +get it cheap.” And they did not mention that this allowed you to +avoid an unethical betrayal of the rest of society, that it allowed +users to avoid being kept divided and helpless.</p> + +<p>So, there were many people who used free software, but had never even heard of these ideas. And that included people in business, who were committed to an amoral approach to their lives. So, when somebody proposed the term -“Open Source”, they seized on that, as a way that they +“open source,” they seized on that, as a way that they could bury these ethical ideas. Now, they have a right to promote their views. But, I don't share their views, so I decline ever to do -anything under the rubric of “Open Source”, and I hope +anything under the rubric of “open source,” and I hope that you will, too.</p> </dd> <dt> Given that it helps users to understand the freedoms in free software when the ambiguous use of the word free in English is clarified, what -do you think of use of name FLOSS as in Free/Libre Open Source +do you think of the use of the name FLOSS as in Free/Libre Open Source Software? </dt> <dd> -There are many people, who, for instance, want to study our community, +<p>There are many people who, for instance, want to study our community, or write about our community, and want to avoid taking sides between -the Free Software movement and the Open Source movement. Often they -have heard primarily of the Open Source movement, and they think that +the free software movement and the open source movement. Often they +have heard primarily of the open source movement, and they think that we all support it. So, I point out to them that, in fact, our -community was created by the Free Software movement. But then they +community was created by the free software movement. But then, they often say that they are not addressing that particular disagreement, -and that they would like to mention both movements without taking a +and they'd like to mention both movements without taking a side. So I recommend the term Free/Libre Open Source Software as a way they can mention both movements and give equal weight to both. -And they abbreviate FLOSS once they have said what it stands for. So +And they abbreviated FLOSS once they have said what it stands for. So I think that's a… If you don't want to take a side between the -two movements, then yes, by all means, use that term. Cause what I +two movements, then yes, by all means, use that term. Of course what I hope you will do is take the side of the free software movement. But -not everybody has to. The term is legitimate. +not everybody has to. That term is legitimate.</p> </dd> <dt> @@ -253,84 +274,86 @@ develop differently from the vision you had at the beginning? </dt> <dd> -Well, by and large, I am pretty happy with it. But of course there +<p>Well, by and large, I am pretty happy with it. But of course there are some things that I am not happy with, mainly the weakness that so -many people in the community do not think of it is an issue of -freedom, have not learned to value their freedom or even to recognize +many people in the community do not think of it as an issue of +freedom, have not learned to value their freedom, or even to recognize it. That makes our future survival questionable. It makes us weak. And so, when we face various threats, this weakness hampers our -response. Our community could be destroyed by software idea patents. -It could be destroyed by treacherous computing. It can be destroyed +response. Our community could be destroyed by software-idea patents. +It could be destroyed by treacherous computing. It could be destroyed simply by hardware manufacturers' refusal to tell us enough about how to use the hardware, so that we can't write free software to run the hardware. -<span class="gnun-split"></span>There are many vulnerabilities, that we have over the -long-term. And, well the things we have to do to survive these threats -are different, in all cases, the more aware we are, the more motivated -we are, the easier it will be for us to do whatever it takes. So the -most fundamental long-term thing we have to recognize and then value -the freedom that free software gives so that the users fight for their -freedoms the same like people fight for freedom of speech, freedom of +<span class="gnun-split"></span>There're many vulnerabilities that we have over the +long-term. And, well, the things we have to do to survive these threats +are different. In all cases, the more aware we are, the more motivated +we are, the easier it will be for us to do whatever it takes. So, the +most fundamental long-term thing we have to [do is to] recognize and then value +the freedom that free software gives, so that they will fight for their +freedoms the same way people fight for freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, because those freedoms are also -greatly threatened in the world today. +greatly threatened in the world today.</p> </dd> <dt> -So what in your opinion threatens the growth of free software at the +So, what in your opinion threatens the growth of free software at the moment? </dt> <dd> -I have to point out that our goal is not precisely growth. Our goal -is to liberate cyber-space. Now that does mean liberating all the +<p>I have to point out that our goal is not precisely growth. Our goal +is to liberate cyberspace. Now, that does mean liberating all the users of computers. We hope eventually they all switch to free -software, but we shouldn't take mere success as our goal, that's -missing the ultimate point. But if I take this to mean “what is -holding back the spread of free software”. Well partly at this -point it is inertia, social inertia. Lots of people have learnt to -use windows. And they haven't yet learned to use GNU/Linux. It is no -longer very hard to learn GNU/Linux, 5 years ago it was hard, now it -is not. But still, it is more than zero. +software, but we shouldn't take mere success as our goal; that's +missing the ultimate point. But if I take this to mean, “What is +holding back the spread of free software?” Well, partly at this +point it's inertia, social inertia. Lots of people have learnt to +use Windows. And they haven't yet learnt to use GNU/Linux. It's no +longer very hard to learn to use GNU/Linux. Five years ago it was hard, now it +is not. But still, it's more than zero. <span class="gnun-split"></span>And people who are, you -know,… if you never learned any computer system, than learning -GNU/Linux is as easy as anything, but if you already learned windows -it's easier. It's easier to keep doing what you know. So that's -inertia. And there are more people trained in running windows systems -than in running GNU/Linux systems. So, any time you are trying to -convince people to change over, you are working against inertia. In -addition we have a problem that hardware manufacturers don't cooperate +know,… if you never learned any computer system, then learning +GNU/Linux is as easy as anything, but if you've already learnt Windows, +it's easier… it's easier to keep doing what you know. So that's +inertia. And there are more people trained in running Windows systems +than in running GNU/Linux systems. So, any time you're trying to +convince people to change over, you're working against inertia. In +addition, we have a problem that hardware manufacturers don't cooperate with us the way they cooperate with Microsoft. So we have that -inertia as well. -<span class="gnun-split"></span>And then we have the danger in some countries of -software idea patents. I would like everybody reading this to talk to -all of — or anybody listening to this — to talk to all of -their candidates for the European Parliament and ask where do you -stand on software idea patents? Will you vote to reinstate the -parliament's amendments that were adopted last September and that +inertia as well.</p> + +<p>And then, we have the danger in some countries of +software-idea patents. I would like everybody reading this to talk to +all of… or anybody listening to this to talk to all of +their candidates for the European Parliament, and ask, “Where do you +stand on software-idea patents? Will you vote to reinstate the +Parliament's amendments that were adopted last September and that apparently are being removed by the Council of Ministers? Will you -vote to bring back those amendments in the second reading? This is a +vote to bring back those amendments in the second reading?” This is a very concrete question. With a yes or no answer. <span class="gnun-split"></span>You will often get -other kinds of — you may get evasive answers if you ask -“Do you support or oppose software idea patents?” The -people who wrote the directives claim that it does not authorize -software idea patents, they say that this is because the directive -says, that anything to be patented must have a technical character. -But, somebody in the European Commission involved in this, admitted -that, that terms means exactly what they want it to mean, -humpty-dumpty style, so, in fact, it is no limitation on anything. So -if a candidate says: I support the commissions draft because it won't -allow software idea patents you can point this out. And press the -question: “Will you vote for the parliaments previous -amendments?” +other kinds of… you may get evasive answers if you ask, +“Do you support or oppose software-idea patents?” The +people who wrote the directive claim that it does not authorize +software-idea patents. They say that this is because the directive +says that anything to be patented must have a technical character. +But somebody in the European Commission involved in this admitted +that, that term means exactly what they want it to mean, +humpty-dumpty style. So, in fact, it's no limitation on anything. So +if a candidate says, “I support the Commission's draft because it won't +allow software-idea patents,” you can point this out, and press the +question, “Will you vote for the Parliament's previous +amendments?”</p> </dd> -<dt>Okay thanks very much.</dt> +<dt>OK, thanks very much.</dt> </dl> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -348,19 +371,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -375,20 +398,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2004 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2004, 2021 Richard M. Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:45 $ +$Date: 2021/09/11 09:55:40 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-kernel-trap-interview.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-kernel-trap-interview.html index 7c4e8fb..f681fbd 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-kernel-trap-interview.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-kernel-trap-interview.html @@ -1,20 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Interview with Richard Stallman, KernelTrap.org, 2005 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-kernel-trap-interview.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Interview with Richard Stallman, KernelTrap.org, 2005</h2> - -<p><em>An interview by Jeremy Andrews with Richard Stallman in -2005</em><br /> -<em>Source:</em> - <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621163233/http://kerneltrap.org/node/4484"> - http://kerneltrap.org/node/4484</a> - [Archived]</p> -<hr class="thin"/> +<address class="byline">conducted by Jeremy Andrews</address> <p>Richard Stallman founded the GNU Project in 1984, and the Free Software Foundation in 1985. He also originally authored a number of @@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ well known and highly used development tools, including the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), the GNU symbolic debugger (GDB) and GNU Emacs.</p> -<p>To better understand Richard Stallman and the GNU project, I +<p>To better understand Richard Stallman and the GNU Project, I recommend you begin by reviewing their philosophy page. On it you will find a wealth of information.</p> @@ -180,7 +179,7 @@ problems that today I see no way to solve.</p> <h3>“GNU/Linux”</h3> <p><strong>JA</strong>: Another frequent area of confusion is the name -“GNU/Linux.” Why is the GNU project's contribution significant enough +“GNU/Linux.” Why is the GNU Project's contribution significant enough that it should be in the name of the operating system, especially compared to other large pieces of any Linux-kernel based operating system, such as XFree86?</p> @@ -316,7 +315,7 @@ make sure it doesn't start writing in files it wasn't expected to.</p> Hurd's architecture, but with the Hurd it's trivial and the most natural thing in the world.</p> -<h3>Writing Code vs. Management</h3> +<h3>Writing Code versus Management</h3> <p><strong>JA</strong>: How much source code do you write these days?</p> @@ -768,9 +767,18 @@ win.</p> <p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Happy hacking!</p> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>Source: + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621163233/http://kerneltrap.org/node/4484"> + kerneltrap.org/node/4484</a> + [Archived]</p> +</div> +</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -788,13 +796,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -815,7 +823,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2005, 2017, 2018 Richard Stallman, Jeremy Andrews</p> +<p>Copyright © 2005, 2021 Richard Stallman, Jeremy Andrews</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -825,7 +833,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $ +$Date: 2021/09/14 16:25:47 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-kol.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-kol.html index fa95109..83499e1 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-kol.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-kol.html @@ -1,14 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> -<title>Richard Stallman's speech in Kolkata (Calcutta), August 2006 +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Richard Stallman's Speech on Free Software and the West Bengal Government (2006) - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-kol.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - -<h2>Richard Stallman's speech in Kolkata (Calcutta), August 2006</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Speech on Free Software and the West Bengal Government</h2> + +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p> +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Transcript of a speech that was given in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) +in August, 2006.</p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p>There are a number of reasons why I'm not a communist. The first of them is that I'm not against the idea of private business, as long as @@ -18,8 +29,8 @@ society decently.</p> <p>Computing is a new area of human life. So we have to think about the human rights associated with this. What are the human rights -software users are entitled to? Four freedoms define Free Software. A -programme is Free Software for a user if:</p> +software users are entitled to? Four freedoms define free software. A +program is free software for a user if:</p> <ul> <li>Freedom 0: Run the software as you wish.</li> @@ -29,18 +40,18 @@ programme is Free Software for a user if:</p> versions.</li> </ul> -<p>With these 4 Freedoms, you can live an upright life with your +<p>With these four freedoms, you can live an upright life with your community. If you use nonfree, proprietary software, the developer has the power to decide what you can do. He can use that power over you. Like Microsoft. That game is evil. Nobody should play it. So it's not a question of beating Microsoft at its game. I set out to get away from that game.</p> -<p>Once GNU-Linux was ready in 1992, it began to catch on. It was +<p>Once GNU/Linux was ready in 1992, it began to catch on. It was reliable, powerful, cheap and flexible. Thousands and millions of -people began to use GNU-Linux. But the ideals of freedom began to be -forgotten though. In 1998, people stopped talking about Free -Software. Instead they said “open source”. That was a way +people began to use GNU/Linux. But the ideals of freedom began to be +forgotten though. In 1998, people stopped talking about free +software. Instead they said “open source.” That was a way of not saying “free” and not mentioning the ideas behind it. I don't disagree with that, but that's not what I am interested in. What I'm really interested in most of all is to teach people to @@ -60,9 +71,9 @@ a decision that says freedom matters and hence it must be promoted. Even if that's inconvenient. Freedom needs some sacrifices, some inconvenience, some price. But it's a small price to pay.</p> -<p>By globalisation, people usually mean globalisation of the power of +<p>By globalization, people usually mean globalization of the power of business. Business should not have political power. Otherwise -democracy becomes sick. And with globalisation of business power, this +democracy becomes sick. And with globalization of business power, this political power is enhanced. Free trade treaties are designed to attack democracy. For instance, it explicitly allows any business to sue government if a law makes its profit less than it has been. @@ -71,22 +82,22 @@ or environmental importance. Not all free trade treaties do this explicitly. They do it implicitly. Companies can threaten to move away elsewhere. And they do use this threat. <span class="gnun-split"></span>This actually happened some -years ago, with the EU software patents. The govt of Denmark was +years ago, with the EU software patents. The government of Denmark was threatened that if they did not support this the company would move the business elsewhere. This tiny threat was sufficient to blackmail -the govt of Denmark. If you allow a foreign mega-corporation to buy a +the government of Denmark. If you allow a foreign mega-corporation to buy a domestic corporation, you are allowing it to buy a weapon pointed against your country. The environment, public health, general -standards of living—are all important, and free trade treaties +standards of living, are all important, and free trade treaties should be abolished. They are harmful to freedom, health and the lives of people.</p> -<p>I do not accept the term “intellectual property”. The +<p>I do not accept the term “intellectual property.” The very term is biased and confusing. It talks about useful techniques -and works. It presumes they are “property”. It prejudges +and works. It presumes they are “property.” It prejudges such questions. There's also a more subtle problem. It lumps together all the diverse things and makes it look like you can talk about all -of them together. Copyright, patents, trade laws—are all very +of them together. Copyright, patents, trade laws, are all very different. It takes the greatest efforts of the best scholars to overcome the confusion caused by the term “intellectual property” and to discuss the details of these individual @@ -95,11 +106,11 @@ items. GATT</abbr> Treaty and the <abbr title="Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">TRIPS</abbr>—actually it should be called Trade-related Impediments to Education and Science. Free trade -and enhancement of world trade harms democracy. When you globalise -something evil, it becomes a greater evil. And when you globalise +and enhancement of world trade harms democracy. When you globalize +something evil, it becomes a greater evil. And when you globalize something good, it becomes a greater good. Human knowledge and -cooperation are such “goods”. The Free Software Movement -is a part of that. It is the globalisation of one area of human +cooperation are such “goods.” The free software movement +is a part of that. It is the globalization of one area of human knowledge, namely software. Through global cooperation like this, you get freedom and independence for every region and every country.</p> @@ -116,12 +127,12 @@ its grip firmly on everyone else. Govts and schools are in their grip. They know how to do this. They know how to buy govt support. But what's the govt buying? Dependency, not development. Only Free Software constitutes development. It enables any activity to be fully -under the control of the people doing it. Free Software is appropriate +under the control of the people doing it. Free software is appropriate technology. Proprietary software is not appropriate for any use.</p> -<p>The West Bengal govt has an opportunity to adopt a policy of firm +<p>The West Bengal government has an opportunity to adopt a policy of firm leadership in this regard. This will give a boost to human resource -development. Free Software respects people's freedom. Govt has an +development. Free software respects people's freedom. Government has an influence on the future of society. Choosing which software to teach students: if you teach them Windows, they will be Windows users. For something else, they need to learn, and make the effort to learn @@ -133,13 +144,13 @@ gratis. Afterwards it's not gratis, either for them or their employers. This is a way to impose their power on the rest of society and its future. Schools have a mission to society. This mission requires teaching students to live in freedom, teaching skills to make -it easy to live in freedom. This means using Free Software.</p> +it easy to live in freedom. This means using free software.</p> -<p>Free Software is good for computer science education, to maximise +<p>Free software is good for computer science education, to maximise the potential of natural programmers. It gives students the opportunity to really learn. It's good for the natural programmers. If you have proprietary software, the teacher says “I don't -know”, “You are not allowed to know, it's a secret.” +know. You are not allowed to know, it's a secret.” So the alternative is to give him the source codes and let him read it all. They will then learn to be really good programmers. <span class="gnun-split"></span>But the most @@ -147,31 +158,32 @@ crucial reason is for the sake of moral education. Teaching them to be good corporations and benevolent, helpful citizens. This has to be taught. School has to teach by example. If you bring software to class, you must share this with other kids. Or don't bring it. Schools -must follow their own rule, by bringing Free Software to class. -Schools should use 100% Free Software. No proprietary software should +must follow their own rule, by bringing free software to class. +Schools should use 100% free software. No proprietary software should be used in schools. Public agencies, after a migration period, should -use Free Software. All software development must run on Free Software -platforms. And if it's released to the public, it must be Free -Software. (Free: as in free speech, not free beer.)</p> - -<p>One easy and useful way to put Free Software in schools—is to -participate in the “1 Laptop per Child” programme. India -recently pulled out of this programme, I'm told. I'm told the Indian -govt is making lots of laws to make multinational corporations +use free software. All software development must run on free software +platforms. And if it's released to the public, it must be free +software. (Free: as in free speech, not free beer.)</p> + +<p>One easy and useful way to put free software in schools—is to +participate in the “One Laptop per Child” program. India +recently pulled out of this program, I'm told. I'm told the Indian +governmentt is making lots of laws to make multinational corporations happy. Maybe this was to make Microsoft happy. Even if India is not, -West Bengal can participate in the 1 Laptop per child programme. I can +West Bengal can participate in the One Laptop per child program. I can put them in touch with the people developing that machine.</p> -<p>The Govt of India is considering a vicious new copyright law, +<p>The Government of India is considering a vicious new copyright law, imitating US law, in favour of large businesses, and against its citizens. The only emergency I can see that requires this being rushed through is catastrophic shortfall in the dream profits of some businesses! Foreigners should not have political power. In my case, I don't.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -182,20 +194,20 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> <p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, replace it with the translation of these two: - +/media/Gnu-local/www/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -216,7 +228,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2006, 2019 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2006, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -226,10 +238,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/12/30 11:28:30 $ +$Date: 2021/09/14 16:25:47 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-lisp.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-lisp.html index a5f0dd1..ec94a91 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-lisp.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-lisp.html @@ -1,13 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +a[href*='#foot-'] { font-size: .94em; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs</h2> -<blockquote><p>(Transcript of Richard Stallman's Speech, 28 Oct 2002, at the -International Lisp Conference).</p></blockquote> +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Transcript of Richard Stallman's speech at the +International Lisp Conference, 28 Oct 2002.</p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p>Since none of my usual speeches have anything to do with Lisp, none of them were appropriate for today. So I'm going to have to wing it. @@ -19,8 +32,8 @@ in high school. That's when I had my mind blown by the idea that there could be a computer language like that. The first time I had a chance to do anything with Lisp was when I was a freshman at Harvard and I wrote a Lisp interpreter for the <abbr title="Programmed Data -Processor">PDP</abbr>-11. It was a very small machine -— it had something like 8k of memory — and I managed to write the +Processor">PDP</abbr>-11. It was a very small machine—it +had something like 8k of memory—and I managed to write the interpreter in a thousand instructions. This gave me some room for a little bit of data. That was before I got to see what real software was like, that did real system jobs.</p> @@ -29,7 +42,7 @@ was like, that did real system jobs.</p> once I started working at <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>. I got hired at the Artificial Intelligence Lab not by JonL, but by Russ Noftsker, which was most ironic considering -what was to come — he must have really regretted that day.</p> +what was to come—he must have really regretted that day.</p> <p>During the 1970s, before my life became politicized by horrible events, I was just going along making one extension after another for @@ -57,25 +70,25 @@ nature of the way we lived at the AI Lab that led to Emacs and made it what it was.</p> <p>The original Emacs did not have Lisp in it. The lower level -language, the non-interpreted language — was PDP-10 +language, the non-interpreted language—was PDP-10 Assembler. The interpreter we wrote in that actually wasn't written for Emacs, it was written for <abbr title="Text Editor and COrrector">TECO</abbr>. It was our text editor, and was an extremely ugly programming language, as ugly as could possibly be. The reason was that it wasn't designed to be a programming language, it was designed to be an editor and command language. There were commands -like ‘5l’, meaning ‘move five lines’, or -‘i’ and then a string and then an ESC to insert that +like <code>5l</code>, meaning <code>move five lines</code>, or +<code>i</code> and then a string and then an ESC to insert that string. You would type a string that was a series of commands, which was called a command string. You would end it with ESC ESC, and it would get executed.</p> <p>Well, people wanted to extend this language with programming facilities, so they added some. For instance, one of the first was a -looping construct, which was < >. You would put those around +looping construct, which was <code>< ></code>. You would put those around things and it would loop. There were other cryptic commands that could -be used to conditionally exit the loop. To make Emacs, we -<a href="#foot-1">(1)</a> added facilities to have subroutines with +be used to conditionally exit the loop. To make Emacs, we <a +href="#foot-1">[1]</a> added facilities to have subroutines with names. Before that, it was sort of like Basic, and the subroutines could only have single letters as their names. That was hard to program big programs with, so we added code so they could have longer @@ -84,7 +97,7 @@ think that Lisp got its unwind-protect facility from TECO.</p> <p>We started putting in rather sophisticated facilities, all with the -ugliest syntax you could ever think of, and it worked — people were +ugliest syntax you could ever think of, and it worked—people were able to write large programs in it anyway. The obvious lesson was that a language like TECO, which wasn't designed to be a programming language, was the wrong way to go. The language that you @@ -94,10 +107,10 @@ language. In fact, we discovered that the best programming language for that purpose was Lisp.</p> <p>It was Bernie Greenberg, who discovered that it -was <a href="#foot-2">(2)</a>. He wrote a version of Emacs in Multics +was <a href="#foot-2">[2]</a>. He wrote a version of Emacs in Multics MacLisp, and he wrote his commands in MacLisp in a straightforward fashion. The editor itself was written entirely in Lisp. Multics Emacs -proved to be a great success — programming new editing commands +proved to be a great success—programming new editing commands was so convenient that even the secretaries in his office started learning how to use it. They used a manual someone had written which showed how to extend Emacs, but didn't say it was a programming. So @@ -105,22 +118,22 @@ the secretaries, who believed they couldn't do programming, weren't scared off. They read the manual, discovered they could do useful things and they learned to program.</p> -<p>So Bernie saw that an application — a program that does something -useful for you — which has Lisp inside it and which you could extend +<p>So Bernie saw that an application—a program that does something +useful for you—which has Lisp inside it and which you could extend by rewriting the Lisp programs, is actually a very good way for people to learn programming. It gives them a chance to write small programs that are useful for them, which in most arenas you can't possibly -do. They can get encouragement for their own practical use — at the -stage where it's the hardest — where they don't believe they can +do. They can get encouragement for their own practical use—at the +stage where it's the hardest—where they don't believe they can program, until they get to the point where they are programmers.</p> <p>At that point, people began to wonder how they could get something like this on a platform where they didn't have full service Lisp implementation. Multics MacLisp had a compiler as well as an -interpreter — it was a full-fledged Lisp system — but people wanted +interpreter—it was a full-fledged Lisp system—but people wanted to implement something like that on other systems where they had not already written a Lisp compiler. Well, if you didn't have the Lisp -compiler you couldn't write the whole editor in Lisp — it would be +compiler you couldn't write the whole editor in Lisp—it would be too slow, especially redisplay, if it had to run interpreted Lisp. So we developed a hybrid technique. The idea was to write a Lisp interpreter and the lower level parts of the editor together, so that @@ -145,7 +158,7 @@ followed the same kind of design. The low level language was not machine language anymore, it was C. C was a good, efficient language for portable programs to run in a Unix-like operating system. There was a Lisp interpreter, but I implemented facilities for special -purpose editing jobs directly in C — manipulating editor buffers, +purpose editing jobs directly in C—manipulating editor buffers, inserting leading text, reading and writing files, redisplaying the buffer on the screen, managing editor windows.</p> @@ -154,7 +167,7 @@ Unix. The first was written by James Gosling, and was referred to as GosMacs. A strange thing happened with him. In the beginning, he seemed to be influenced by the same spirit of sharing and cooperation of the original Emacs. I first released the original Emacs to people -at MIT. Someone wanted to port it to run on Twenex — it +at MIT. Someone wanted to port it to run on Twenex—it originally only ran on the Incompatible Timesharing System we used at MIT. They ported it to Twenex, which meant that there were a few hundred installations around the world that could @@ -166,7 +179,7 @@ know people did cooperate.</p> <p>Gosling did, at first, seem to participate in this spirit. He wrote in a manual that he called the program Emacs hoping that others in the community would improve it until it was worthy of that name. That's -the right approach to take towards a community — to ask them to join +the right approach to take towards a community—to ask them to join in and make the program better. But after that he seemed to change the spirit, and sold it to a company.</p> @@ -178,7 +191,7 @@ developing Gosling's Emacs. Gosling had given him, by email, permission to distribute his own version. He proposed to me that I use that version. Then I discovered that Gosling's Emacs did not have a real Lisp. It had a programming language that was known as -‘mocklisp’, which looks syntactically like Lisp, but didn't +“mocklisp,” which looks syntactically like Lisp, but didn't have the data structures of Lisp. So programs were not data, and vital elements of Lisp were missing. Its data structures were strings, numbers and a few other specialized things.</p> @@ -195,17 +208,17 @@ sort of an alternate world. The editor would enter the world of redisplay and things would go on with very special data structures that were not safe for garbage collection, not safe for interruption, and you couldn't run any Lisp programs during that. We've changed that -since — it's now possible to run Lisp code during redisplay. It's +since—it's now possible to run Lisp code during redisplay. It's quite a convenient thing.</p> -<p>This second Emacs program was ‘free software’ in the -modern sense of the term — it was part of an explicit political +<p>This second Emacs program was “free software” in the +modern sense of the term—it was part of an explicit political campaign to make software free. The essence of this campaign was that everybody should be free to do the things we did in the old days at MIT, working together on software and working with whomever wanted to work with us. That is the basis for the free -software movement — the experience I had, the life that I've lived at -the MIT AI lab — to be working on human knowledge, and +software movement—the experience I had, the life that I've lived at +the MIT AI lab—to be working on human knowledge, and not be standing in the way of anybody's further using and further disseminating human knowledge.</p> @@ -219,8 +232,8 @@ take <code>car</code> of a number, it got nonsensical results and eventually crashed at some point.</p> <p>The Lisp machine was able to execute instructions about as fast as -those other machines, but each instruction — a <code>car</code> instruction would -do data typechecking — so when you tried to get the <code>car</code> of a number +those other machines, but each instruction—a <code>car</code> instruction would +do data typechecking—so when you tried to get the <code>car</code> of a number in a compiled program, it would give you an immediate error. We built the machine and had a Lisp operating system for it. It was written almost entirely in Lisp, the only exceptions being parts written in @@ -231,7 +244,7 @@ meant they should start a company.</p> like. Greenblatt wanted to start what he called a “hacker” company. This meant it would be a company run by hackers and would operate in a way conducive to hackers. Another goal -was to maintain the AI Lab culture <a href="#foot-3">(3)</a>. +was to maintain the AI Lab culture <a class="ftn" href="#foot-3">[3]</a>. Unfortunately, Greenblatt didn't have any business experience, so other people in the Lisp machine group said they doubted whether he could succeed. They thought that his plan to avoid outside investment @@ -284,7 +297,7 @@ was entitled to put them into the MIT Lisp machine systems that both companies had licensed. Nobody had envisioned that the AI lab's hacker group would be wiped out, but it was.</p> -<p> So Symbolics came up with a plan <a href="#foot-4">(4)</a>. They +<p> So Symbolics came up with a plan <a href="#foot-4">[4]</a>. They said to the lab, “We will continue making our changes to the system available for you to use, but you can't put it into the MIT Lisp machine system. Instead, we'll give you @@ -305,12 +318,12 @@ we were not allowed to be neutral anymore.</p> although it made me miserable to see what had happened to our community and the software. But now, Symbolics had forced the issue. So, in an effort to help keep Lisp Machines -Inc. going <a href="#foot-5">(5)</a> — I began duplicating all +Inc. going <a href="#foot-5">[5]</a>—I began duplicating all of the improvements Symbolics had made to the Lisp machine system. I wrote the equivalent improvements again myself (i.e., the code was my own).</p> -<p>After a while <a href="#foot-6">(6)</a>, I came to the conclusion +<p>After a while <a href="#foot-6">[6]</a>, I came to the conclusion that it would be best if I didn't even look at their code. When they made a beta announcement that gave the release notes, I would see what the features were and then implement them. By the time they had a real @@ -321,7 +334,7 @@ Machines Incorporated, and the two companies went on. But, I didn't want to spend years and years punishing someone, just thwarting an evil deed. I figured they had been punished pretty thoroughly because they were stuck with competition that was not leaving or going to -disappear <a href="#foot-7">(7)</a>. Meanwhile, it was time to start +disappear <a href="#foot-7">[7]</a>. Meanwhile, it was time to start building a new community to replace the one that their actions and others had wiped out.</p> @@ -333,7 +346,7 @@ were people giving up on cooperation, and together this wiped out the community and there wasn't much left.</p> <p>Once I stopped punishing Symbolics, I had to figure out what to do -next. I had to make a free operating system, that was clear — the +next. I had to make a free operating system, that was clear—the only way that people could work together and share was with a free operating system.</p> @@ -344,7 +357,7 @@ made it possible to run programs as fast as other computers would run their programs and still get the benefit of typechecking. Without that, you would be reduced to something like the Lisp compilers for other machines. The programs would be faster, but unstable. Now that's -okay if you're running one program on a timesharing system — if one +okay if you're running one program on a timesharing system—if one program crashes, that's not a disaster, that's something your program occasionally does. But that didn't make it good for writing the operating system in, so I rejected the idea of making a system like @@ -363,21 +376,21 @@ machines without virtual memory. They wanted to be able to use GNU Emacs. This meant I had to keep the program as small as possible.</p> <p>For instance, at the time the only looping construct was -‘while’, which was extremely simple. There was no way to -break out of the ‘while’ statement, you just had to do a +<code>while</code>, which was extremely simple. There was no way to +break out of the <code>while</code> statement, you just had to do a catch and a throw, or test a variable that ran the loop. That shows how far I was pushing to keep things small. We didn't have -‘caar’ and ‘cadr’ and so on; “squeeze +<code>caar</code> and <code>cadr</code> and so on; “squeeze out everything possible” was the spirit of GNU Emacs, the spirit of Emacs Lisp, from the beginning.</p> <p>Obviously, machines are bigger now, and we don't do it that way -any more. We put in ‘caar’ and ‘cadr’ and so +any more. We put in <code>caar</code> and <code>cadr</code> and so on, and we might put in another looping construct one of these days. We're willing to extend it some now, but we don't want to extend it to the level of common Lisp. I implemented Common Lisp once on the Lisp machine, and I'm not all that happy with it. One thing I don't -like terribly much is keyword arguments <a href="#foot-8">(8)</a>. +like terribly much is keyword arguments <a href="#foot-8">[8]</a>. They don't seem quite Lispy to me; I'll do it sometimes but I minimize the times when I do that.</p> @@ -420,14 +433,14 @@ work with other customizations as well.</p> <p>As long as the extensibility languages are weak, the users have to use only the language you provided them. Which means that people who love any given language have to compete for the choice of the -developers of applications — saying “Please, application +developers of applications—saying “Please, application developer, put my language into your application, not his -language.” Then the users get no choices at all — whichever +language.” Then the users get no choices at all—whichever application they're using comes with one language and they're stuck with [that language]. But when you have a powerful language that can implement others by translating into it, then you give the user a choice of language and we don't have to have a language war -anymore. That's what we're hoping ‘Guile’, our scheme +anymore. That's what we're hoping Guile, our scheme interpreter, will do. We had a person working last summer finishing up a translator from Python to Scheme. I don't know if it's entirely finished yet, but for anyone interested in this project, please get in @@ -441,13 +454,13 @@ freedom as a user. The crucial thing is that you are free to run the program, free to study what it does, free to change it to suit your needs, free to redistribute the copies of others and free to publish improved, extended versions. This is what free software means. If you -are using a non-free program, you have lost crucial freedom, so don't +are using a nonfree program, you have lost crucial freedom, so don't ever do that.</p> <p>The purpose of the GNU project is to make it easier for people to -reject freedom-trampling, user-dominating, non-free software by +reject freedom-trampling, user-dominating, nonfree software by providing free software to replace it. For those who don't have the -moral courage to reject the non-free software, when that means some +moral courage to reject the nonfree software, when that means some practical inconvenience, what we try to do is give a free alternative so that you can move to freedom with less of a mess and less of a sacrifice in practical terms. The less sacrifice the better. We want @@ -457,27 +470,29 @@ to make it easier for you to live in freedom, to cooperate.</p> thinking of freedom and cooperation with society as if they are opposites. But here they're on the same side. With free software you are free to cooperate with other people as well as free to help -yourself. With non-free software, somebody is dominating you and +yourself. With nonfree software, somebody is dominating you and keeping people divided. You're not allowed to share with them, you're not free to cooperate or help society, anymore than you're free to help yourself. Divided and helpless is the state of users using -non-free software.</p> +nonfree software.</p> <p>We've produced a tremendous range of free software. We've done what people said we could never do; we have two operating systems of free software. We have many applications and we obviously have a lot farther to go. So we need your help. I would like to ask you to volunteer for the GNU project; help us develop free software for more -jobs. Take a look at <a href="/help/">http://www.gnu.org/help</a> to +jobs. Take a look at <a href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a> to find suggestions for how to help. If you want to order things, there's a link to that from the home page. If you want to read about philosophical issues, look in /philosophy. If you're looking for free software to use, look in /directory, which lists about 1900 packages now (which is a fraction of all the free software out there). Please write more and contribute to us. My book of essays, “Free -Software and Free Society”, is on sale and can be purchased at -<a href="http://www.gnu.org/">www.gnu.org</a>. Happy hacking!</p> +Software and Free Society,” is on sale and can be purchased at +www.gnu.org <a href="#foot-9">[9]</a>. Happy hacking!</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> <ol> <li id="foot-1">Guy Steele designed the original symmetrical Emacs command set; then he and I began implementing Emacs (on top of TECO), @@ -498,7 +513,7 @@ MIT.</li> <li id="foot-4">The background of this plan, which I did not state explicitly in the talk, is that during an initial period the ex-AI-Lab hackers, whether at Symbolics or LMI, continued contributing their -changes to the MIT Lisp Machine system — even though the +changes to the MIT Lisp Machine system—even though the contract did not require this. Symbolics' plan was to rupture this cooperation unilaterally.</li> @@ -524,11 +539,16 @@ by thwarting their plan, had cost Symbolics a million dollars.</li> <li id="foot-8">I don't mind if a very complex and heavyweight function takes keyword arguments. What bothers me is making simple basic functions such as “member” use them.</li> + +<li id="foot-9">In 2021, this book can be purchased from <a +href="https://shop.fsf.org/books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition"> +GNU Press</a>.</li> </ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -546,13 +566,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -573,7 +593,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2003, 2007, 2013, 2014, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2003, 2007, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -583,10 +603,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/09/21 18:46:44 $ +$Date: 2021/11/02 13:56:41 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html index aaf0b6b..88cd692 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html @@ -1,23 +1,33 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="screen"><!-- +#content i { color: #505050; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation</h2> -<blockquote><p>Transcript of -Richard M. Stallman's speech, -“Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation”, -given at New York University in New York, NY, -on 29 May 2001</p></blockquote> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<div class="announcement"> -<blockquote><p>A <a href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.txt">plain +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Transcript of a speech that was given at New York University in +New York, NY, on 29 May 2001.</p> + +<p>A <a href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.txt">plain text</a> version of this transcript and a <a href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-summary.txt">summary</a> of the speech -are also available.</p></blockquote> +are also available.</p> </div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p><strong>URETSKY</strong>: I'm Mike Uretsky. I'm over at the Stern School of Business. I'm also one of the Co-Directors of the Center @@ -93,12 +103,12 @@ relates to business, and some other areas of social life.</p> you cook. And if you cook, unless you're really great, you probably use recipes. And, if you use recipes, you've probably had the experience of getting a copy of a recipe from a friend who's sharing -it. And you've probably also had the experience — unless you're -a total neophyte — of changing a recipe. You know, it says +it. And you've probably also had the experience—unless you're +a total neophyte—of changing a recipe. You know, it says certain things, but you don't have to do exactly that. You can leave out some ingredients. Add some mushrooms, 'cause you like mushrooms. -Put in less salt because your doctor said you should cut down on salt -— whatever. You can even make bigger changes according to your +Put in less salt because your doctor said you should cut down on +salt—whatever. You can even make bigger changes according to your skill. And if you've made changes in a recipe, and you cook it for your friends, and they like it, one of your friends might say, “Hey, could I have the recipe?” And then, what do you do? @@ -109,7 +119,7 @@ functionally useful recipes of any kind.</p> <p>Now a recipe is a lot like a computer program. A computer program's a lot like a recipe: a series of steps to be carried out to get some result that you want. So it's just as natural to do those -same things with computer programs — hand a copy to your friend. +same things with computer programs—hand a copy to your friend. Make changes in it because the job it was written to do isn't exactly what you want. It did a great job for somebody else, but your job is a different job. And after you've changed it, that's likely to be @@ -146,12 +156,12 @@ software, but there was no free software movement.</p> <p>But then our community was destroyed by a series of calamities that happened to it. Ultimately it was wiped out. Ultimately, the PDP-10 computer which we used for all our work was discontinued. And you -know, our system — the Incompatible Timesharing System — -was written starting in the '60's, so it was written in assembler +know, our system—the Incompatible Timesharing System—was +written starting in the '60's, so it was written in assembler language. That's what you used to write an operating system in the '60's. So, of course, assembler language is for one particular computer architecture; if that gets discontinued, all your work turns -into dust — it's useless. And that's what happened to us. The +into dust—it's useless. And that's what happened to us. The 20 years or so of work of our community turned into dust.</p> <p>But before this happened, I had an experience that prepared me, @@ -179,18 +189,18 @@ it.</p> that ran that printer was not free software. It had come with the printer, and it was just a binary. We couldn't have the source code; Xerox wouldn't let us have the source code. So, despite our skill as -programmers — after all, we had written our own timesharing -system — we were completely helpless to add this feature to the +programmers—after all, we had written our own timesharing +system—we were completely helpless to add this feature to the printer software.</p> <p>And we just had to suffer with waiting. It would take an hour or two to get your printout because the machine would be jammed most of -the time. And only once in a while — you'd wait an hour +the time. And only once in a while—you'd wait an hour figuring “I know it's going to be jammed. I'll wait an hour and go collect my printout,” and then you'd see that it had been jammed the whole time, and in fact, nobody else had fixed it. So you'd fix it and you'd go wait another half hour. Then, you'd come -back, and you'd see it jammed again — before it got to your +back, and you'd see it jammed again—before it got to your output. It would print three minutes and be jammed thirty minutes. Frustration up the whazzoo. But the thing that made it worse was knowing that we could have fixed it, but somebody else, for his own @@ -201,37 +211,37 @@ software. So, of course, we felt some resentment.</p> copy of that software. So I was visiting there later, so I went to his office and I said, “Hi, I'm from MIT. Could I have a copy of the printer source code?” And he said “No, I promised not -to give you a copy.” <i>[Laughter]</i> I was stunned. I was so -— I was angry, and I had no idea how I could do justice to it. +to give you a copy.” <i>[Laughter]</i> I was stunned. I was +so… I was angry, and I had no idea how I could do justice to it. All I could think of was to turn around on my heel and walk out of his room. Maybe I slammed the door. <i>[Laughter]</i> And I thought about it later on, because I realized that I was seeing not just an isolated jerk, but a social phenomenon that was important and affected a lot of people.</p> -<p>This was — for me — I was lucky, I only got a taste of +<p>This was—for me—I was lucky, I only got a taste of it, but other people had to live in this all the time. So I thought about it at length. See, he had promised to refuse to cooperate with -us — his colleagues at MIT. He had betrayed us. But he didn't +us—his colleagues at MIT. He had betrayed us. But he didn't just do it to us. Chances are he did it to you too. <i>[Pointing at member of audience.]</i> And I think, mostly likely, he did it to you too. <i>[Pointing at another member of audience.] [Laughter]</i> And he probably did it to you as well. <i>[Pointing to third member of audience.]</i> He probably did it to most of the people here in this -room — except a few, maybe, who weren't born yet in 1980. +room—except a few, maybe, who weren't born yet in 1980. Because he had promised to refuse to cooperate with just about the entire population of the Planet Earth. He had signed a non-disclosure agreement.</p> <p>Now, this was my first, direct encounter with a non-disclosure -agreement, and it taught me an important lesson — a lesson +agreement, and it taught me an important lesson—a lesson that's important because most programmers never learn it. You see, this was my first encounter with a non-disclosure agreement, and I was the victim. I, and my whole lab, were the victims. And the lesson it taught me was that non-disclosure agreements have victims. They're not innocent. They're not harmless. Most programmers first encounter a non-disclosure agreement when they're invited to sign one. And -there's always some temptation — some goody they're going to get +there's always some temptation—some goody they're going to get if they sign. So, they make up excuses. They say, “Well, he's never going to get a copy no matter what, so why shouldn't I join the conspiracy to deprive him?” They say, “This is the way @@ -246,7 +256,7 @@ problem. And I couldn't turn around and do the exact same thing to somebody else who had never done me any harm. You know, if somebody asked me to promise not to share some useful information with a hated enemy, I would have said yes. You know? If somebody's done something -bad, he deserves it. But, strangers — they haven't done me any +bad, he deserves it. But, strangers—they haven't done me any harm. How could they deserve that kind of mistreatment? You can't let yourself start treating just anybody and everybody badly. Then you become a predator on society. So I said, “Thank you very @@ -259,23 +269,23 @@ technical information such as software.</p> <p>Now there are other kinds of information which raise different ethical issues. For instance, there's personal information. You know, if you wanted to talk with me about what was happening between -you and your boyfriend, and you asked me not to tell anybody — -you know, I could keep — I could agree to keep that a secret for +you and your boyfriend, and you asked me not to tell anybody—you +know, I could keep—I could agree to keep that a secret for you, because that's not generally useful technical information. At least, it's probably not generally useful. <i>[Laughter]</i></p> -<p>There is a small chance — and it's a possibility though -— that you might reveal to me some marvelous new sex +<p>There is a small chance—and it's a possibility +though—that you might reveal to me some marvelous new sex technique, <i>[Laughter]</i> and I would then feel a moral duty <i>[Laughter]</i> to pass it onto the rest of humanity, so that everyone could get the benefit of it. So, I'd have to put a proviso in that promise, you know? If it's just details about who wants this, -and who's angry at whom, and things like that — soap opera -— that I can keep private for you, but something that humanity +and who's angry at whom, and things like that—soap opera—that +I can keep private for you, but something that humanity could tremendously benefit from knowing, I mustn't withhold. You see, the purpose of science and technology is to develop useful information for humanity to help people live their lives better. If we promise to -withhold that information — if we keep it secret — then we +withhold that information—if we keep it secret—then we are betraying the mission of our field. And this, I decided I shouldn't do.</p> @@ -293,8 +303,8 @@ To accept that things were different, and that I'd just have to give up those principles and start signing non-disclosure agreements for proprietary operating systems, and most likely writing proprietary software as well. But I realized that that way I could have fun -coding, and I could make money — especially if I did it other -than at MIT — but at the end, I'd have to look back at my career +coding, and I could make money—especially if I did it other +than at MIT—but at the end, I'd have to look back at my career and say, “I've spent my life building walls to divide people,” and I would have been ashamed of my life.</p> @@ -307,8 +317,8 @@ many programmers, they say to me, “The people who hire programmers demand this, this and this. If I don't do those things, I'll starve.” It's literally the word they use. Well, you know, as a waiter, you're not going to starve. <i>[Laughter]</i> So, -really, they're in no danger. But — and this is important, you -see — because sometimes you can justify doing something that +really, they're in no danger. But—and this is important, you +see—because sometimes you can justify doing something that hurts other people by saying otherwise something worse is going to happen to me. You know, if you were <em>really</em> going to starve, you'd be justified in writing proprietary software. <i>[Laughter]</i> @@ -330,11 +340,11 @@ operating system developer was exactly what was needed. The problem, the dilemma, existed for me and for everyone else because all of the available operating systems for modern computers were proprietary. The free operating systems were for old, obsolete computers, right? -So for the modern computers — if you wanted to get a modern +So for the modern computers—if you wanted to get a modern computer and use it, you were forced into a proprietary operating system. So if an operating system developer wrote another operating system, and then said, “Everybody come and share this; you're -welcome to this” — that would give everybody a way out of +welcome to this”—that would give everybody a way out of the dilemma, another alternative. So I realized that there was something I could do that would solve the problem. I had just the right skills to be able to do it. And it was the most useful thing I @@ -356,8 +366,8 @@ followed the design of Unix, I had a pretty good chance that I could make a system that would also be portable and workable. And furthermore, why <i>[Tape unclear]</i> be compatible with it in the details. The reason is, users hate incompatible changes. If I had -just designed the system in my favorite way — which I would have -loved doing, I'm sure — I would have produced something that was +just designed the system in my favorite way—which I would have +loved doing, I'm sure—I would have produced something that was incompatible. You know, the details would be different. So, if I wrote the system, then the users would have said to me, “Well, this is very nice, but it's incompatible. It will be too much work to @@ -388,7 +398,7 @@ similar to some existing program. You can give it a recursive acronym name which says: this one's not the other. So, for instance, there were many Tico text editors in the '60's and '70's, and they were generally called something-or-other Tico. Then one clever hacker -called his Tint, for Tint Is Not Tico — the first recursive +called his Tint, for Tint Is Not Tico—the first recursive acronym. In 1975, I developed the first Emacs text editor, and there were many imitations of Emacs, and a lot of them were called something-or-other Emacs, but one was called Fine, for Fine Is Not @@ -402,11 +412,11 @@ called Zwei, for Zwei Was Eine Initially. <i>[Laughter]</i></p> I tried all 26 letters, and discovered that none of them was a word. <i>[Laughter]</i> Hmm, try another way. I made a contraction. That way I could have a three-letter acronym, for Something's not Unix. -And I tried letters, and I came across the word “GNU” -— the word “GNU” is the funniest word in the English +And I tried letters, and I came across the word “GNU”—the +word “GNU” is the funniest word in the English language. <i>[Laughter]</i> That was it. Of course, the reason it's funny is that according to the dictionary, it's pronounced -“new”. You see? And so that's why people use it for a +“new.” You see? And so that's why people use it for a lot of wordplay. Let me tell you, this is the name of an animal that lives in Africa. And the African pronunciation had a click sound in it. <i>[Laughter]</i> Maybe still does. And so, the European @@ -421,18 +431,18 @@ so that I'll know how to pronounce GNU the correct way, when it's the animal.</p> <p>But, when it's the name of our system, the correct pronunciation is -“guh-NEW” — pronounce the hard “G”. If +“guh-NEW”—pronounce the hard “G.” If you talk about the “new” operating system, you'll get people very confused, because we've been working on it for 17 years now, so it is not new any more. <i>[Laughter]</i> But it still is, -and always will be, GNU — no matter how many people call it +and always will be, GNU—no matter how many people call it Linux by mistake. <i>[Laughter]</i></p> <p>So, in January 1984, I quit my job at MIT to start writing pieces of GNU. They were nice enough to let me keep using their facilities though. And, at the time, I thought we would write all these pieces, and make an entire GNU system, and then we'd say, “Come and get -it”, and people would start to use it. That's not what +it,” and people would start to use it. That's not what happened. The first pieces I wrote were just equally good replacements, with fewer bugs for some pieces of Unix, but they weren't tremendously exciting. Nobody particularly wanted to get them @@ -443,7 +453,7 @@ relief, because I had no intention of learning to use VI, the Unix editor. <i>[Laughter]</i> So, until that time, I did my editing on some other machine, and saved the files through the network, so that I could test them. But when GNU Emacs was running well enough for me to -use it, it was also — other people wanted to use it too.</p> +use it, it was also—other people wanted to use it too.</p> <p>So I had to work out the details of distribution. Of course, I put a copy in the anonymous FTP directory, and that was fine for people @@ -473,16 +483,17 @@ people with the money will dictate what you do with your life. You won't be able to do what's really important to you.</p> <p>So, that was fine, but people used to ask me, “What do you -mean it's free software if it costs $150?” <i>[Laughter]</i> Well, the reason they asked this was +mean it's free software if it costs $150?” <i>[Laughter]</i> +Well, the reason they asked this was that they were confused by the multiple meanings of the English word -“free”. One meaning refers to price, and another meaning +“free.” One meaning refers to price, and another meaning refers to freedom. When I speak of free software, I'm referring to freedom, not price. So think of free speech, not free beer. <i>[Laughter]</i> Now, I wouldn't have dedicated so many years of my life to making sure programmers got less money. That's not my goal. I'm a programmer and I don't mind getting money myself. I won't dedicate my whole life to getting it, but I don't mind getting -it. And I'm not — and therefore, ethics is the same for +it. And I'm not—and therefore, ethics is the same for everyone. I'm not against some other programmer getting money either. I don't want prices to be low. That's not the issue at all. The issue is freedom. Freedom for everyone who's using software, whether @@ -512,7 +523,7 @@ work.</li> </ul> <p>If you have all of these freedoms, the program is free software, -for you — and that's crucial. That's why I phrase it that way. +for you—and that's crucial. That's why I phrase it that way. I'll explain why later, when I talk about the GNU General Public License, but right now I'm explaining what free software means, which is a more basic question.</p> @@ -521,7 +532,7 @@ is a more basic question.</p> run the program anyway you like, it is a pretty damn restrictive program. But as it happens, most programs will at least give you Freedom Zero. And Freedom Zero follows, legally, as a consequence of -Freedoms One, Two, and Three — that's the way that copyright law +Freedoms One, Two, and Three—that's the way that copyright law works. So the freedoms that distinguish free software from typical software are Freedoms One, Two, and Three, so I'll say more about them and why they are important.</p> @@ -574,14 +585,14 @@ sharing useful knowledge is a fundamental act of friendship. When these beings use computers, this act of friendship takes the form of sharing software. Friends share with each other. Friends help each other. This is the nature of friendship. And, in fact, this spirit -of goodwill — the spirit of helping your neighbor, voluntarily -— is society's most important resource. It makes the difference +of goodwill—the spirit of helping your neighbor, voluntarily—is +society's most important resource. It makes the difference between a livable society and a dog-eat-dog jungle. Its importance has been recognized by the world's major religions for thousands of years, and they explicitly try to encourage this attitude.</p> <p>When I was going to kindergarten, the teachers were trying to teach -us this attitude — the spirit of sharing — by having us do +us this attitude—the spirit of sharing—by having us do it. They figured if we did it, we'd learn. So they said, “If you bring candy to school, you can't keep it all for yourself; you have to share some with the other kids.” Teaching us, the @@ -620,10 +631,10 @@ dead…</p> <p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Yes, that's true. <i>[Laughter]</i> So I guess, in that regard, L. Ron Hubbard is no worse than the -others. <i>[Laughter]</i> Anyway — <i>[Inaudible]</i></p> +others. <i>[Laughter]</i> Anyway—<i>[Inaudible]</i></p> -<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: L. Ron always used free software — -it freed him from Zanu. <i>[Laughter]</i></p> +<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: L. Ron always used free software—it +freed him from Zanu. <i>[Laughter]</i></p> <p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Anyway, so, I think this is actually the most important reason why software should be free: We can't afford to @@ -632,13 +643,13 @@ physical resource like clean air and clean water. It's a psycho-social resource, but it's just as real for all that, and it makes a tremendous difference to our lives. You see, the actions we take influence the thoughts of other people. When we go around -telling people, “Don't share with each other”, if they +telling people, “Don't share with each other,” if they listen to us, we've had an effect on society, and it's not a good one. That's Freedom Two, the freedom to help your neighbor.</p> <p>Oh, and by the way, if you don't have that freedom, it doesn't just cause this harm to society's psycho-social resource, it also causes -waste — practical, material harm. If the program has an owner, +waste—practical, material harm. If the program has an owner, and the owner arranges a state of affairs where each user has to pay in order to be able to use it, some people are going to say, “Never mind, I'll do without it.” And that's waste, @@ -680,8 +691,8 @@ that hundreds of people are being paid to write free software, and over 100,000 are doing it as volunteers. We get lots of people working on free software, for various different motives.</p> -<p>When I first released GNU Emacs — the first piece of the GNU -system that people actually wanted to use — and when it started +<p>When I first released GNU Emacs—the first piece of the GNU +system that people actually wanted to use—and when it started having users, after a while, I got a message saying, “I think I saw a bug in the source code, and here's a fix.” And I got another message, “Here's code to add a new feature.” And @@ -702,8 +713,8 @@ powerful, and more reliable, than the proprietary alternatives.</p> <p>In the early '90's, somebody found a way to do a scientific measurement of reliability of software. Here's what he did. He took -several sets of comparable programs that did the same jobs — the -exact same jobs — in different systems. Because there were +several sets of comparable programs that did the same jobs—the +exact same jobs—in different systems. Because there were certain basic Unix-like utilities. And the jobs that they did, we know, was all, more or less, imitating the same thing, or they were following the POSIX spec, so they were all the same in terms of what @@ -715,7 +726,7 @@ of programs was the GNU programs. All the commercial alternatives which were proprietary software were less reliable. So he published this and he told all the developers, and a few years later, he did the same experiment with the newest versions, and he got the same result. -The GNU versions were the most reliable. People — you know +The GNU versions were the most reliable. People—you know there are cancer clinics and 911 operations that use the GNU system, because it's so reliable, and reliability is very important to them.</p> @@ -729,8 +740,8 @@ of ethics, and what kind of a society we want to live in, what makes for a good society, as well as practical, material benefits. They're both important. That's the free software movement.</p> -<p>That other group of people — which is called the open source -movement — they only cite the practical benefits. They deny +<p>That other group of people—which is called the open source +movement—they only cite the practical benefits. They deny that this is an issue of principle. They deny that people are entitled to the freedom to share with their neighbor and to see what the program's doing and change it if they don't like it. They say, @@ -747,7 +758,7 @@ movement we say, “You're entitled to these freedoms. People shouldn't stop you from doing these things.” In the open source movement, they say, “Yes, they can stop you if you want, but we'll try to convince them to deign to let you to do these -things.” Well, they have contributed — they have convinced +things.” Well, they have contributed—they have convinced a certain number of businesses to release substantial pieces of software as free software in our community. So they, the open source movement, has contributed substantially to our community. And so we @@ -760,7 +771,7 @@ describe it as open source, and a lot of people just innocently think that we're all part of the open source movement. So that's why I'm mentioning this distinction. I want you to be aware that the free software movement, which brought our community into existence and -developed the free operating system, is still here — and that we +developed the free operating system, is still here—and that we still stand for this ethical philosophy. I want you to know about this, so that you won't mislead someone else unknowingly.</p> @@ -771,9 +782,9 @@ with the free software movements and my views. You might agree with the open source movement. You might disagree with them both. You decide where you stand on these political issues.</p> -<p>But if you agree with the free software movement — if you see +<p>But if you agree with the free software movement—if you see that there's an issue here that the people whose lives are controlled -and directed by this decision deserve a say in it — then I hope +and directed by this decision deserve a say in it—then I hope you'll say that you agree with the free software movement, and one way you can do that is by using the term free software and just helping people know we exist.</p> @@ -782,8 +793,8 @@ people know we exist.</p> psycho-socially. If you don't have this freedom, it causes practical material harm, because this community development doesn't happen, and we don't make powerful, reliable software. But it also causes -psycho-social harm, which affects the spirit of scientific cooperation -— the idea that we're working together to advance human +psycho-social harm, which affects the spirit of scientific +cooperation—the idea that we're working together to advance human knowledge. You see, progress in science crucially depends on people being able to work together. And nowadays though, you often find each little group of scientists acting like it's a war with each other gang @@ -818,7 +829,7 @@ make an exact copy, and hand it to your friends, so now your friend can use it. Or maybe you make exact copies and you sell them to a bunch of people, and then they can use it.</p> -<p>Freedom Three is where you make improvements — or at least +<p>Freedom Three is where you make improvements—or at least you think they're improvements, and some other people may agree with you. So that's the difference. Oh, and by the way, one crucial point. Freedoms One and Three depend on your having access to the @@ -832,8 +843,8 @@ precondition, a requirement, for free software.</p> <em>you</em>? The reason is that sometimes the same program can be free software for some people, and nonfree for others. Now, that might seem like a paradoxical situation, so let me give you an example -to show you how it happens. A very big example — maybe the -biggest ever — of this problem was the X Window System which was +to show you how it happens. A very big example—maybe the +biggest ever—of this problem was the X Window System which was developed at MIT and released under a license that made it free software. If you got the MIT version with the MIT license, you had Freedoms One, Two, and Three. It was free software for you. But @@ -870,7 +881,7 @@ versions of GNU, that wouldn't be success at all. The whole thing would have been perverted into nothing like the goal.</p> <p>So, I looked for a way to stop that from happening. The method I -came up with is called “copyleft”. It's called copyleft +came up with is called “copyleft.” It's called copyleft because it's sort of like taking copyright and flipping it over. <i>[Laughter]</i> Legally, copyleft works based on copyright. We use the existing copyright law, but we use it to achieve a very @@ -889,13 +900,13 @@ that contains any piece of this program, that whole program must be distributed under these same terms, no more and no less. So you can change the program and distribute a modified version, but when you do, the people who get that from you must get the same freedom that you -got from us. And not just for the parts of it — the excerpts -that you copied from our program — but also for the other parts +got from us. And not just for the parts of it—the excerpts +that you copied from our program—but also for the other parts of that program that they got from you. The whole of that program has to be free software for them.</p> <p>The freedoms to change and redistribute this program become -inalienable rights — a concept from the Declaration of +inalienable rights—a concept from the Declaration of Independence. Rights that we make sure can't be taken away from you. And, of course, the specific license that embodies the idea of copyleft is the GNU General Public License, a controversial license @@ -905,29 +916,29 @@ parasites on our community.</p> <p>There are lots of people who don't appreciate the ideals of freedom. And they'd be very glad to take the work that we have done, and use it to get a head start in distributing a nonfree program and -tempting people to give up their freedom. And the result would be -— you know, if we let people do that — that we would be +tempting people to give up their freedom. And the result would +be—you know, if we let people do that—that we would developing these free programs, and we'd constantly have to compete with improved versions of our own programs. That's no fun.</p> -<p>And, a lot of people also feel — you know, I'm willing to +<p>And, a lot of people also feel—you know, I'm willing to volunteer my time to contribute to the community, but why should I volunteer my time to contribute to that company's, to improving that company's, proprietary program? You know, some people might not even think that that's evil, but they want to get paid if they're going to do that. I, personally, would rather not do it at all.</p> -<p>But both of these groups of people — both the ones like me +<p>But both of these groups of people—both the ones like me who say, “I don't want to help that nonfree program to get a foothold in our community” and the ones that say, “Sure, -I'd work for them, but then they better pay me” — both of +I'd work for them, but then they better pay me”—both of us have a good reason to use the GNU General Public License. Because that says to that company, “You can't just take my work, and distribute it without the freedom.” Whereas, the non-copyleft licenses, like the X Windows license, do permit that.</p> <p>So that is the big division between the two categories of free -software — license-wise. There are the programs that are +software—license-wise. There are the programs that are copylefted so that the license defends the freedom of the software for every user. And there are the non-copylefted programs for which nonfree versions are allowed. Somebody <em>can</em> take those @@ -936,7 +947,7 @@ nonfree version.</p> <p>And that problem exists today. There are still nonfree versions of X Windows being used on our free operating systems. There is even -hardware — which is not really supported — except by a +hardware—which is not really supported—except by a nonfree version of X Windows. And that's a major problem in our community. Nonetheless, I wouldn't say that X Windows is a bad thing, you know. I'd say that the developers did not do the best possible @@ -964,12 +975,12 @@ it better to have their version supplant ours. They just have to make it different and incompatible. And then, put it on everybody's desktop. So they really don't like the GNU GPL. Because the GNU GPL won't let them do that. It doesn't allow “embrace and -extend”. It says, if you want to share our code in your +extend.” It says, if you want to share our code in your programs, you can. But, you've got to share and share alike. The changes that you make we have to be allowed to share. So, it's a two-way cooperation, which is real cooperation.</p> -<p>Many companies — even big companies like IBM and HP are +<p>Many companies—even big companies like IBM and HP are willing to use our software on this basis. IBM and HP contribute substantial improvements to GNU software. And they develop other free software. But, Microsoft doesn't want to do that, so they give it out @@ -1050,9 +1061,9 @@ with the rest of the GNU system to make a complete free operating system. Essentially, to make the GNU plus Linux combination.</p> <p>But, they didn't realize that's what they were doing. You see, -they said, We have a kernel — let's look around and see what +they said, We have a kernel—let's look around and see what other pieces we can find to put together with the kernel. So, they -looked around — and lo and behold, everything they needed was +looked around—and lo and behold, everything they needed was already available. What good fortune, they said. <i>[Laughter]</i> It's all here. We can find everything we need. Let's just take all these different things and put it together, and have a system.</p> @@ -1064,11 +1075,11 @@ a system out of Linux. So they called it a Linux system.</p> <p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: <i>[Inaudible]</i></p> -<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Can't hear you — what?</p> +<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Can't hear you—what?</p> <p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: <i>[Inaudible]</i></p> -<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, it's just not — you know, +<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, it's just not—you know, it's provincial.</p> <p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: But it's more good fortune then finding @@ -1079,11 +1090,11 @@ people who developed X and Mach didn't have the goal of making a complete free operating system. We're the only ones who had that. And, it was our tremendous work that made the system exist. We actually did a larger part of the system than any other project. No -coincidence, because those people — they wrote useful parts of +coincidence, because those people—they wrote useful parts of the system. But they didn't do it because they wanted the system to be finished. They had other reasons.</p> -<p>Now the people who developed X — they thought that designing +<p>Now the people who developed X—they thought that designing across the network window system would be a good project, and it was. And it turned out to help us make a good free operating system. But that's not what they hoped for. They didn't even think about that. @@ -1092,12 +1103,12 @@ what they did was bad. They did a large free software project. That's a good thing to do. But they didn't have that ultimate vision. The GNU Project is where that vision was.</p> -<p>And, so, we were the ones whose — every little piece that +<p>And, so, we were the ones whose—every little piece that didn't get done by somebody else, we did it. Because we knew that we wouldn't have a complete system without it. And even if it was totally boring and unromantic, like <code>tar</code> or <code>mv</code>. <i>[Laughter]</i> We did it. Or <code>ld</code>, you know -there's nothing very exciting in <code>ld</code> — but I wrote +there's nothing very exciting in <code>ld</code>—but I wrote one. <i>[Laughter]</i> And I did make efforts to have it do a minimal amount of disk I/O so that it would be faster and handle bigger programs. But, you know, I like to do a good job. I like to improve @@ -1130,7 +1141,7 @@ stuffed animal! <i>[Laughter]</i></p> <p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: You do?</p> -<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: We have an animal — a +<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: We have an animal—a gnu. <i>[Laughter]</i> Anyway. So, yes, when you draw a penguin, draw a gnu next to it. <i>[Laughter]</i> But, let's save the questions for the end. I have more to go through.</p> @@ -1140,7 +1151,7 @@ is worth bothering you and perhaps giving you a, perhaps lowering your opinion of me, <i>[Laughter]</i> to raise this issue of credit? Because, you know, some people when I do this, some people think that it's because I want my ego to be fed, right? Of course, I'm not -saying — I'm not asking you to call it “Stallmanix,” +saying—I'm not asking you to call it “Stallmanix,” right? <i>[Laughter] [Applause]</i></p> <p>I'm asking you to call it GNU, because I want the GNU Project to @@ -1148,22 +1159,22 @@ get credit. And there's a very specific reason for that, which is a lot more important than anybody getting credit, in and of itself. You see, these days, if you look around in our community most of the people talking about it and writing about it don't ever mention GNU, -and they don't ever mention these goals of freedom — these +and they don't ever mention these goals of freedom—these political and social ideals, either. Because the place they come from is GNU.</p> -<p>The ideas associated with Linux — the philosophy is very +<p>The ideas associated with Linux—the philosophy is very different. It is basically the apolitical philosophy of Linus Torvalds. So, when people think that the whole system is Linux, they tend to think: “Oh, it must have been all started by Linux Torvalds. His philosophy must be the one that we should look at -carefully”. And when they hear about the GNU philosophy, they +carefully.” And when they hear about the GNU philosophy, they say: “Boy, this is so idealistic, this must be awfully impractical. I'm a Linux-user, not a GNU-user.” <i>[Laughter]</i></p> <p>What irony! If they only knew! If they knew that the system they -liked — or, in some cases, love and go wild over — is our +liked—or, in some cases, love and go wild over—is our idealistic, political philosophy made real.</p> <p>They still wouldn't have to agree with us. But at least they'd see @@ -1196,12 +1207,12 @@ put other separate programs on the same disk (of either kind, hard disk, or CD), and they can have other licenses. That's considered mere aggregation, and, essentially, just distributing two programs to somebody at the same time is not something we have any say over. So, -in fact, it is not true — sometimes, I wish it were true — -that if a company uses a GPL-covered program in a product that the -whole product has to be free software. It's not — it doesn't go -to that range — that scope. It's the whole program. If there +in fact, it is not true—sometimes, I wish it were true—that +if a company uses a GPL-covered program in a product that the +whole product has to be free software. It's not—it doesn't go +to that range—that scope. It's the whole program. If there are two separate programs that communicate with each other at arm's -length — like by sending messages to each other — then, +length—like by sending messages to each other—then, they're legally separate, in general. So, these companies, by adding nonfree software to the system, are giving the users, philosophically and politically, a very bad idea. They're telling the users, @@ -1209,23 +1220,23 @@ and politically, a very bad idea. They're telling the users, this as a bonus.”</p> <p>If you look at the magazines about the use of the GNU/Linux system, -most of them have a title like “Linux-something or other”. +most of them have a title like “Linux-something or other.” So they're calling the system Linux most of the time. And they're filled with ads for nonfree software that you could run on top of the GNU/Linux system. Now those ads have a common message. They say: Nonfree Software Is Good For You. It's So Good That You Might Even <em>Pay</em> To Get It. <i>[Laughter]</i></p> -<p>And they call these things “value-added packages”, +<p>And they call these things “value-added packages,” which makes a statement about their values. They're saying: Value practical convenience, not freedom. And, I don't agree with those values, so I call them “freedom-subtracted -packages”. <i>[Laughter]</i> Because if you have installed a +packages.” <i>[Laughter]</i> Because if you have installed a free operating system, then you now are living in the free world. You enjoy the benefits of liberty that we worked for so many years to give you. Those packages give you an opportunity to buckle on a chain.</p> -<p>And then if you look at the trade shows — about the use of +<p>And then if you look at the trade shows—about the use of the, dedicated to the use of, the GNU/Linux system, they all call themselves “Linux” shows. And they're filled with booths exhibiting nonfree software, essentially putting the seal of approval @@ -1248,7 +1259,7 @@ them and their lives. And that, indirectly, makes a tremendous difference. So please help us.</p> <p>You'll note that Microsoft called the GPL an “open source -license”. They don't want people to be thinking in terms of +license.” They don't want people to be thinking in terms of freedom as the issue. You'll find that they invite people to think in a narrow way, as consumers, and, of course, not even think very rationally as consumers, if they're going to choose Microsoft @@ -1356,7 +1367,7 @@ operate. Professor Lessig, now at Stanford, noted that code functions as a kind of law. Whoever gets to write the code that just about everybody uses for all intents and purposes is writing the laws that run people's lives. With free software, these laws get written in a -democratic way. Not the classical form of democracy — we don't +democratic way. Not the classical form of democracy—we don't have a big election and say, “Everybody vote which way should this feature be done.” <i>[Laughter]</i> Instead we say, basically, those of you who want to work on implementing the feature @@ -1558,7 +1569,7 @@ from that investment.</p> <p>I'd like to mention that there's a new approach to free software business being proposed by Tony Stanco, which he calls “Free -Developers”, which involves a certain business structure which +Developers,” which involves a certain business structure which hopes eventually to pay out a certain share of the profits to every, to all the authors of the free software who've joined the organization. And they're looking at the prospects of getting me some @@ -1596,8 +1607,8 @@ into the Microsoft Company Town.</p> <p>And this is relevant because, you know, the trial court in the Microsoft antitrust trial recommended breaking up the company, -Microsoft. But in a way, that makes no sense — it wouldn't do -any good at all — into the operating part and the applications +Microsoft. But in a way, that makes no sense—it wouldn't do +any good at all—into the operating part and the applications part.</p> <p>But having seen that article, I now see a useful, effective way to @@ -1616,7 +1627,7 @@ will be able to make the free software, and maybe you people will use it to talk to Microsoft services, and we won't mind.</p> <p>Because, after all, although Microsoft is the proprietary software -company that has subjugated the most people — the others have +company that has subjugated the most people—the others have subjugated fewer people, it's not for want of trying. <i>[Laughter]</i> They just haven't succeeded in subjugating as many people. So, the problem is not Microsoft and only Microsoft. @@ -1735,8 +1746,8 @@ restricted publishers. Now, it's a restriction imposed by the publishers on the public. So, the power relationship is turned around 180 degrees, even if it's the same law.</p> -<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: So you can have the same thing — -but like in making music from other music?</p> +<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: So you can have the same thing—but +like in making music from other music?</p> <p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Right. That is an interesting …</p> @@ -1848,8 +1859,8 @@ a shame, you know.</p> <p>There's another more important and more substantive issue about what IBM is doing. They're saying that they're putting a billion -dollars into “Linux”. But perhaps, I should also put -quotes around “into”, as well, because some of that money +dollars into “Linux.” But perhaps, I should also put +quotes around “into,” as well, because some of that money is paying people to develop free software. That really is a contribution to our community. But other parts is paying to pay people to write proprietary software, or port proprietary software to @@ -1865,15 +1876,15 @@ oversimplification.</p> <p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: Can you talk a little bit more about the thinking that went into the General Public License?</p> -<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, here's the — I'm sorry, I'm +<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, here's the—I'm sorry, I'm answering his question now. <i>[Laughter]</i></p> <p><strong>SCHONBERG</strong>: Do you want to reserve some time for the press conference? Or do you want to continue here?</p> <p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Who is here for the press conference? -Not a lot of press. Oh, three — OK. Can you afford if we -— if I go on answering everybody's questions for another ten +Not a lot of press. Oh, three… OK. Can you afford if +we… if I go on answering everybody's questions for another ten minutes or so? OK. So, we'll go on answering everybody's questions.</p> @@ -2059,10 +2070,11 @@ know. <i>[Laughter]</i> I'm not holding you prisoner here.</p> <p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: One final thing. Our website: www.gnu.org</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -2080,13 +2092,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -2107,7 +2119,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2001, 2005, 2006, 2014, 2015, 2016 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2001, 2005, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -2117,10 +2129,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2016/11/22 00:58:41 $ +$Date: 2021/12/25 21:07:06 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-on-radio-nz.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-on-radio-nz.html index 384dedb..73a5aab 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-on-radio-nz.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-on-radio-nz.html @@ -1,39 +1,53 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.87 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>RMS on Radio New Zealand - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="screen"><!-- +@media (min-width: 55em) { .toc li { display: inline-block; width: 95%; }} +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-on-radio-nz.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>RMS on Radio NZ - October 2009</h2> - -<p><em>Interview between Kim Hill (presenter) and Richard M Stallman</em></p> -<hr class="thin" /> - -<div class="summary"> -<h3>Interesting sections</h3> -<ul> -<li>[<a href="#t0">00:00</a>] Introduction</li> -<li>[<a href="#t1">00:40</a>] Surveillance</li> -<li>[<a href="#t2">00:19</a>] Terrorism and 9/11</li> -<li>[<a href="#t3">04:30</a>] Barack Obama</li> -<li>[<a href="#t4">06:23</a>] Airline Security</li> -<li>[<a href="#t5">08:02</a>] Digital Surveillance</li> -<li>[<a href="#t6">10:26</a>] Systematic Surveillance</li> -<li>[<a href="#t7">12:20</a>] Taxi surveillance</li> -<li>[<a href="#t8">14:25</a>] Matters of Principle — cellphones</li> -<li>[<a href="#t9">15:33</a>] Free Software and Freedom</li> -<li>[<a href="#t10">17:24</a>] Free Trade treaties</li> -<li>[<a href="#t11">20:08</a>] Cars, microwaves and planes</li> -<li>[<a href="#t12">21:05</a>] Copying books</li> -<li>[<a href="#t13">25:31</a>] E-books & supporting artists</li> -<li>[<a href="#t14">28:42</a>] Micropayments</li> -<li>[<a href="#t15">30:47</a>] A simplistic political philosophy?</li> -<li>[<a href="#t16">32:51</a>] Income</li> -<li>[<a href="#t17">33:48</a>] Digital handcuffs — Amazon Kindle</li> -<li>[<a href="#t18">36:13</a>] Buying books</li> -<li>[<a href="#t19">37:16</a>] Social networking</li> -<li>[<a href="#t20">38:08</a>] The -<abbr title="Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement">ACTA</abbr></li> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>RMS on Radio New Zealand</h2> + +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Transcript (by Jim Cheetham) of an interview between Kim Hill (presenter) +and Richard Stallman in October 2009; originally published on +<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114203543/http://nb.inode.co.nz/articles/rmsrnz2/index.html"> +<cite>iNode: Nota Bene</cite></a>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="toc"> +<h3 class="no-display">Interesting sections</h3> +<ul class="columns no-bullet"> +<li><a href="#t0">[00:00] Introduction</a></li> +<li><a href="#t1">[00:40] Surveillance</a></li> +<li><a href="#t2">[00:19] Terrorism and 9/11</a></li> +<li><a href="#t3">[04:30] Barack Obama</a></li> +<li><a href="#t4">[06:23] Airline Security</a></li> +<li><a href="#t5">[08:02] Digital Surveillance</a></li> +<li><a href="#t6">[10:26] Systematic Surveillance</a></li> +<li><a href="#t7">[12:20] Taxi surveillance</a></li> +<li><a href="#t8">[14:25] Matters of Principle—cellphones</a></li> +<li><a href="#t9">[15:33] Free Software and Freedom</a></li> +<li><a href="#t10">[17:24] Free Trade treaties</a></li> +<li><a href="#t11">[20:08] Cars, microwaves and planes</a></li> +<li><a href="#t12">[21:05] Copying books</a></li> +<li><a href="#t13">[25:31] E-books & supporting artists</a></li> +<li><a href="#t14">[28:42] Micropayments</a></li> +<li><a href="#t15">[30:47] A simplistic political philosophy?</a></li> +<li><a href="#t16">[32:51] Income</a></li> +<li><a href="#t17">[33:48] Digital handcuffs—Amazon Kindle</a></li> +<li><a href="#t18">[36:13] Buying books</a></li> +<li><a href="#t19">[37:16] Social networking</a></li> +<li><a href="#t20">[38:08] The +<abbr title="Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement">ACTA</abbr></a></li> </ul> <hr class="no-display" /> </div> @@ -48,7 +62,7 @@ patents and extensions of copyright laws. His battle is, as he told us last year, against what he calls extreme capitalism. His GNU operating system with Linux was the first Free operating system that could run on a PC. Richard Stallman says “it's all about -freedom”, a cause which goes beyond software; and we could talk +freedom,” a cause which goes beyond software; and we could talk about the others he's identified, surveillance and censorship, because he joins me now, hello.</dd> @@ -73,7 +87,7 @@ mistreated that way.</dd> <dd>Because it's too much information to collect about people who aren't criminals. And by the way for the same reason I will not ever go to Japan again unless they changed that policy, which makes me sad, -but one must …</dd> +but one must…</dd> <dt id="t2">[01:19]<br /> KH</dt> @@ -93,14 +107,13 @@ prevent it from happening.</dd> 9/11?</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> -<dd>I can't say … first of all I think it's unfair — we +<dd>I can't say … first of all I think it's unfair—we know that the attack was a conspiracy. All the theories are conspiracies.</dd> <dt>KH</dt> <dd>Well, all right, the conspiracy theory for example, that has the -Bush administration staging the 9/11 attack in order to justify -…</dd> +Bush administration staging the 9/11 attack in order to justify…</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>I don't know. The only way there could ever be proof of that is @@ -126,8 +139,8 @@ world's biggest danger, as an excuse for what they want to do, which is … and remember that these governments are much more dangerous, it's quite clear that Bush's invasion of Iraq was far more destructive than anything non state-sponsored terrorists have been -able to do — that's assuming that those terrorists in September -2001 were not state-sponsored, which we don't know — but the +able to do—that's assuming that those terrorists in September +2001 were not state-sponsored, which we don't know—but the point is, what Bush did by invading Iraq, using those attacks as an excuse, was tremendously worse and we must remember than governments gone amok can do far more damage than anybody not state-sponsored. @@ -163,14 +176,14 @@ them or release them. They're entitled to that.</dd> <dt>KH</dt> <dd>Yeah, they may be entitled to that but he's also democratically -elected President who …</dd> +elected President who…</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>That doesn't mean he's entitled to violate human rights.</dd> <dt>KH</dt> <dd>No, but would the American people be in favor of the release of -those …</dd> +those…</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>I don't know.</dd> @@ -182,15 +195,15 @@ those …</dd> <dd>No it's not, if they're not that just makes them responsible.</dd> <dt>KH</dt> -<dd>I know you're …</dd> +<dd>I know you're…</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>I don't think I can excuse massive violations of human rights by saying that the public is maddened and supports it. Especially, why are they so maddened? Because of a constant propaganda campaign -telling you “Be terrified of terrorists”, “throw +telling you “Be terrified of terrorists, throw away your human rights and everyone else's because you're so scared of -these terrorists”. It's disproportionate, we have to keep these +these terrorists.” It's disproportionate, we have to keep these dangers in their proportion, there isn't a campaign saying “be terrified of getting in a car” but maybe there ought to be.</dd> @@ -207,7 +220,7 @@ OK, that's a sensible measure.</dd> <dt>KH</dt> <dd>But are you? I would have thought that you would have said “why would they spend money reinforcing the cabin doors because -hijackers are a minor issue”.</dd> +hijackers are a minor issue.”</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>I'm not against spending a little bit of money.</dd> @@ -235,7 +248,7 @@ gang.</dd> <dt id="t5">[08:02]<br /> KH</dt> <dd>If you don't agree with surveillance, is there any way that you -would accept that it might be quite a handy thing, CCTV …</dd> +would accept that it might be quite a handy thing, CCTV…</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>Wait a second, your view of surveillance is oversimplifying @@ -245,7 +258,7 @@ governments like Romania under Ceaușescu, or East Germany with the Stasi, they did a lot of surveillance but it took a lot of people working on it and even then it was limited what they could actually watch and record because it was so hard. Now, we're entering a kind -of surveillance society that has never been seen before …</dd> +of surveillance society that has never been seen before…</dd> <dt>KH</dt> <dd>You're talking about digital surveillance.</dd> @@ -315,7 +328,7 @@ say that they don't exist, or that they're no danger at all.</dd> <dt>KH</dt> <dd>No, the difficulty is being on guard against the danger that -you've cited, without giving quarter to …</dd> +you've cited, without giving quarter to…</dd> <dt id="t7">[12:20]<br /> RMS</dt> @@ -339,7 +352,7 @@ in those ways.</dd> <dt>KH</dt> <dd>How come you can justify people being treated as if they're going -to attack taxi drivers …</dd> +to attack taxi drivers…</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>But you see there the point is, those are not looked at unless @@ -356,7 +369,7 @@ place I've been, that I bought anything in, what I bought.</dd> <dt id="t8">[14:25]<br /> KH</dt> -<dd>As a matter of principle, rather than …</dd> +<dd>As a matter of principle, rather than…</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>As a matter of principle. It's not an issue of convenience.</dd> @@ -389,14 +402,14 @@ that they're constantly saying where you are, and I just don't want to participate in a system like that, I think people shouldn't. It would be very convenient for me to have a cellphone, I'm not one of those people who would, who says “I resent the fact that people can -call me”, it's convenient when people can call me, but I'm not +call me,” it's convenient when people can call me, but I'm not going to do it that way.</dd> <dt id="t9">[15:33]<br /> KH</dt> <dd>It's interesting that your battle for Free Software and the issues of freedom that you identify intersect. They didn't start out being -the same — or did they?</dd> +the same—or did they?</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>Well they didn't start out being the same. Pervasive digital @@ -405,7 +418,7 @@ surveillance wasn't a big problem twenty-seven years ago.</dd> <dt>KH</dt> <dd>But the people who were in charge were still the people who were in charge, the people who you identified as the people you didn't want -to see …</dd> +to see…</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>Well actually they're not the same people. Proprietary software's @@ -421,11 +434,11 @@ capitalism.</dd> <dd>Well I'm sorry, when I say extreme capitalism I'm talking about a philosophy, and that philosophy says “the market should control everything, everything should be for sale, and business should be -allowed to dominate politics and get the laws it wants”, which +allowed to dominate politics and get the laws it wants,” which is very different from mere capitalism, which says “within a society which we set up to protect peoples rights and so on, there are lots of things that people should be free to do, and make businesses -to do them, as they wish”. That difference is why today's form +to do them, as they wish.” That difference is why today's form of capitalism is running wild and why we see free exploitation treaties which basically undermine democracy and turn it in to a sham.</dd> @@ -449,7 +462,7 @@ do it. <span class="gnun-split"></span>Of course it was they who decided to adopt that treaty in the first place which they shouldn't have done. But then a lot of these treaties go beyond that, and they explicitly deny democracy. Now the -US had a law that said it wouldn't sell tuna — you weren't +US had a law that said it wouldn't sell tuna—you weren't allowed to sell tuna in the US if it had been caught in a way that endangered dolphins. Well that law had to be scrapped because of the World Trade Organization, that's just one example.</dd> @@ -466,7 +479,7 @@ way of that, we owe them.</dd> <dt>KH</dt> <dd>Of course, we're in favor of Free Trade here, Richard, because we -rely on it …</dd> +rely on it…</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>Well I'm not in favor of free trade beyond a certain point. The @@ -602,8 +615,7 @@ start wanting the money more, and the thing that they used to yearn to do, they want less.</dd> <dt>KH</dt> -<dd>So if being read and appreciated is what authors want -…</dd> +<dd>So if being read and appreciated is what authors want…</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>Well they start out wanting. Those who have got rich, some of @@ -627,7 +639,7 @@ penury.</dd> <dd>Oh no I'm not, you're mistaken.</dd> <dt>KH</dt> -<dd>If they cannot sell the book …</dd> +<dd>If they cannot sell the book…</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>You're mistaken, you're making a projection which people who know @@ -662,8 +674,8 @@ and I'm against it, because the freedom to share must be respected. the current system mostly supports corporations, so I don't think it works very well. And it makes a few authors quite rich, and those get treated with great deference by the corporations, and the rest -basically get ground into the dust. My proposals — I have two, -and another that combines them — one proposal is support artists +basically get ground into the dust. My proposals—I have two, +and another that combines them—one proposal is support artists using taxes, it could either be a specific tax on Internet connectivity or general funds, it wouldn't be a tremendous amount of money by comparison with other government expenditures, and then you @@ -734,7 +746,7 @@ it.</dd> <dt>KH</dt> <dd>What about getting rid of taxes entirely, and giving us all the -power to direct …</dd> +power to direct…</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>I'm not against taxes.</dd> @@ -841,8 +853,8 @@ Free Software that can break digital handcuffs. More and more products are designed with digital handcuffs, that is features to stop the user from doing things. So nowadays when I hear about a new product or a new service my first thought is “what's malicious -in that?”, “how is it designed to restrict what you can -do?”. And these products are very malicious, for instance there +in that? How is it designed to restrict what you can +do?” And these products are very malicious, for instance there is the Amazon Kindle, it's an e-book reader, and they call it the Kindle to express what it's designed to do to our books [<a href="#f1">1</a>].</dd> @@ -879,7 +891,7 @@ dependent on any company's goodwill.</dd> <dt id="t18">[36:13]<br /> RMS</dt> <dd>I buy books from bookstores, yes I go to a store and I say -“I want that one”.</dd> +“I want that one.”</dd> <dt>KH</dt> <dd>And you hand money over for it? Even though you think that that's @@ -900,7 +912,7 @@ get some money. With academic textbooks they generally don't.</dd> <dt>KH</dt> <dd>As a matter of interest we've been talking about freedoms, surveillance and digital monitoring, does the extraordinary rise of -social networking …</dd> +social networking…</dd> <dt>RMS</dt> <dd>I buy CDs of music as well even though in that case I know the @@ -942,7 +954,7 @@ publishers what's in the text that they're working on, but they won't tell the public. So the point is that the; many governments, including of course the US are conspiring in secret to impose new restrictions on us relating to copyright and part of their latest -propaganda is they call sharing “counterfeiting”. +propaganda is they call sharing “counterfeiting.” <span class="gnun-split"></span>But the point is that this treaty will have provisions to restrict the public, we think, but they won't tell us. This is called Policy Laundering, @@ -960,17 +972,18 @@ time.</dd> </dl> <div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3 style="font-size: 1.2em">Footnote</h3> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> <ol> <li id="f1">[2019] We call it <a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">the Swindle</a> because it's designed to swindle readers out of the traditional freedoms of readers of books.</li> </ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -988,51 +1001,31 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to - files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this - without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. - Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the - document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the - document was modified, or published. - - If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. - Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying - years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable - year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including - being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). - - There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers - Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - -<!-- This page is an exception; only the web page copyright year should - get updated. --> -<p>Web page Copyright © 2014, 2019, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> -<p>Transcript Copyright © 2009, 2010 Jim Cheetham.</p> - -<p>This transcript is licensed under the -<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/nz/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NonCommercial NoDerivatives New Zealand</a> license. +<p>Transcript Copyright © 2009, 2010 Jim Cheetham</p> + +<p>This transcript is licensed under the <a rel="license" +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/nz/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 New Zealand License</a>. </p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/07/01 15:25:23 $ +$Date: 2022/06/09 12:46:36 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-patents.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-patents.html index 9fa351a..2d46fa7 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-patents.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-patents.html @@ -1,19 +1,30 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Solutions to the Software Patent Problem - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="screen"><!-- +#content i { color: #505050; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-patents.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Solutions to the Software Patent Problem</h2> -<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<p><em>Speech given at the Locatelli Center, Santa Clara University, -in November 2012</em> (<a +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Speech given at the Locatelli Center, Santa Clara University, +in November 2012 (<a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/keynote-what-is-the-problem.webm">video</a>, <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2012">metadata</a>)</p> -<hr /> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p><b>Andrew Chen:</b> Thank you, Eric.</p> @@ -39,7 +50,7 @@ time in either the Ogg Theora or WebM formats.</p> <p>Dr Stallman.</p> -<p>[applause]</p> +<p><i>[applause]</i></p> <p><b>Richard Stallman:</b> Can the tech people please confirm that the streaming is off?</p> @@ -168,7 +179,7 @@ then the program is all that implements any specific, patented idea.</p> <p>So, that's the case I want to get at, and I'm trying to separate it -from a case like that in <cite>Diamond vs. Diehr</cite> where there +from a case like that in <cite>Diamond v. Diehr</cite> where there was a patent for a system, a method of curing rubber. The implementation involved a computer, but it also involved special purpose hardware, not a general purpose universal machine, and that @@ -235,13 +246,14 @@ like.</p> <p>So, there I go.</p> -<p>[applause]</p> +<p><i>[applause]</i></p> <p><b>Andrew Chen:</b> Thank you, Dr Stallman.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -259,13 +271,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -286,7 +298,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2016, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -296,10 +308,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2016/09/10 18:23:12 $ +$Date: 2022/06/11 13:47:06 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ad9f57 --- /dev/null +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.html @@ -0,0 +1,310 @@ +<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.97 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Pavia Doctoral Address: Innovation Is Secondary When Freedom Is +at Stake - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> + <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.translist" --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>Pavia Doctoral Address: Innovation Is Secondary When Freedom Is at +Stake</h2> + +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> + +<div class="infobox"> +<p>On September 24th, 2007, Richard Stallman received an +<i>honoris causa</i> doctorate in Computer Engineering from the <a +href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004234138/http://www.unipv.eu/on-line/Home/Ateneo/Organidigoverno/Rettore/articolo1229.html">University of Pavia</a>, Italy. Stallman began by +criticizing the overvaluing of innovation as a response to previous +speakers at the same event.</p> + +<p>Here is the speech that he gave at the ceremony, transcribed by +Alessandro Rubini.</p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> + +<p>Innovation can create riches, and once in a while those riches can +lead to general economic prosperity, especially if you don't have +neo-liberal economics to impede the result.</p> + +<p>But innovation affects things much more important than riches or even +economic prosperity. Democracy was an innovation, fascism was an +innovation. Today, in Italy, we see the innovation of placing criminal +charges against fishermen for saving people from drowning in the +sea <a href="#Note1" id="Note1-rev">[1]</a>. +Innovations can directly affect our freedom, which is more important than +anything else. Innovation can affect social solidarity, for good or for +ill.</p> + +<p>So when we consider technical progress in computers or in software, +the most important question to ask is: How does this affect our freedom? +How does this affect our social solidarity? Technically speaking, it's +progress, but is it really progress in social and ethical terms, or is it +the opposite?</p> + +<p>During my career in programming, as computers developed from something +used by a few specialists and enthusiasts into something that most people +use, there has been tremendous technical progress and it was accompanied by +ghastly social and ethical regression. In fact, nearly everyone who uses +computers began using them under a social system that can only be described +as dictatorship.</p> + +<p>The developer of the program controls what it does. If you use it, the +developer controls what you can do, and what you can't do. And controls +what it does to you. So that the software that you think is yours is not +there to serve you. It is there to control you. Companies such as +Microsoft and Apple designed their software specifically to restrict you.</p> + +<p>Windows Vista is primarily an advance in how to restrict the user, which +is why we have the badvista.org campaign. And when this is over, outside +the building I will offer you stickers from that campaign, if you wish to +help teach people why they shouldn't downgrade to Vista.</p> + +<p>Apple designs software specifically to restrict the users. It's known +as “Digital Restrictions Management,” or DRM. We have helped +protests against Apple just as we helped protests against Microsoft. See +the site defectivebydesign.org for more information and for how to +participate.</p> + +<p>Google designs software specifically to restrict the user. That's the +nature of the Google Earth client: it is made the way it is specifically to +restrict the people who use it. Obviously, it's not free software, because +free software develops under the democratic control of its users. With the +four freedoms—the freedom to run the program as you wish, to study +the source code and change it so the program does what you wish, the +freedom to distribute exact copies to others (which is the freedom to help +your neighbor), and the freedom to distribute copies of your modified +version (which is the freedom to contribute to your community)—with +these four freedoms the users, individually and collectively, are in +charge.</p> + +<p>And therefore free software cannot be designed to restrict the users. +To design to restrict the user is only possible when there is a dictator, +when someone has power to control what the program will do and what it +won't do. When the users have the control, when they can control their own +computing, then nobody has the kind of power that would enable him to +impose malicious features to restrict users or spy on users or attack +users. If you use MacOS or Windows Vista, you are completely at the mercy +of that system's developer. Those developers have the power to forcibly +change your software in any way they like, whenever the machine is +connected to the network. The user no longer has even the chance to say +yes or no. The system is one big backdoor.</p> + +<p>But with free software, <em>you</em> are in charge of what the computer +will do. So it will serve you, instead of subjugating you. The question +of free software is therefore <em>not</em> a technical question, it's an +ethical, social and political question. It's a question of the human +rights that the users of software ought to have.</p> + +<p>Proprietary software developers say, “No rights, we are in +control, we should be in control, we demand total power over what your +computer does; we will implement certain features and let you use them, but +meanwhile we may spy on you as you use them and we can take them away at +any time.” But free software developers respect your freedom, and +this is the ethical obligation of every software developer: to respect the +freedom of the users of that software. Making proprietary user-subjugating +software sometimes is profitable, but it is never ethical, and it should +never happen.</p> + +<p>But it will be up to you to make that be true. I, alone, can say these +things, but I, alone, cannot make them reality. We must all work together +to establish freedom and democracy for the users of software. And this +freedom and democracy is now essential to enjoy freedom and democracy in +other aspects of life. Right now, some of the biggest Internet service +providers in the United States are carrying out political censorship of +email. A major organization called <cite>truthout</cite>, whose website +you may have seen, truthout.org, is being blocked from sending mail to +their subscribers by Yahoo and Hotmail and WebTV. And they have done this +for more than a week, despite the complaints from many of the users of +those companies. Apparently they think they have gone beyond the point +where they have to care what anyone says about them.</p> + +<p>All the forms of freedom that we hold dear are transformed when we carry +out the relevant activities through computers. We must <em>re</em>-found +these freedoms in such a way that we can depend on them while we use +digital technology. An essential part of this re-foundation is insisting +that the software we use be under our control.</p> + +<p>Not everyone wants to be a programmer, not everyone will learn +personally how to study the source code and change it. But in a world +where your software is free, you can, if you feel it necessary, hire someone +else to change it for you. You can persuade your cousin programmer to +change it for you if you say it's really important. You can join together +with other users and pool your funds to hire a programmer. And the simple +fact that there are millions of programmers who can study and change the +software will mean that if the software is malicious, almost certainly +somebody else, who has the requisite skills, will find that and correct it, +and you will get the corrected version without any special effort of your +own. So we all benefit, programmers and non-programmers alike, from the +freedoms that free software grants to us. The freedom to cooperate and the +freedom to control our own lives personally. They go together because both +of them are the opposite of being under the power of the dictatorial +software developer that unilaterally make decisions that nobody else can +change.</p> + +<p>Free software has a special connection with universities—and +indeed all schools of all levels—because free software supports +education, proprietary software forbids education. There is no +compatibility between education and proprietary software, not at the +ethical level.</p> + +<p>The source code and the methods of free software are part of human +knowledge. The mission of every school is to disseminate human knowledge. +Proprietary software is not part of human knowledge. It's secret, +restricted knowledge which schools are not allowed to disseminate. Schools +that recognize this exclude proprietary software from their grounds. And +this is what every school should do. Not only to save money, which is an +obvious advantage that will appeal immediately to many school +administrators, but for ethical reasons as well. For instance, why do many +proprietary software developers offer discounts, or even gratis copies of +their nonfree software to schools and students?</p> + +<p>I'm told that Microsoft offered a discount to those who wish to accept +the shiny new chains of Windows Vista to the employees of this university. +Why would they do such a thing? Is it because they wish to contribute to +education? Obviously not. Rather, Microsoft and other similar companies +wish to convert the university into an instrument for imposing the +dependency on the user-subjugating software on society as a whole. They +figured that if they get their software into schools, then students will +learn to use it, and become dependent on it. They will develop a +dependency. And thus after they graduate you can be sure that Microsoft +and these other companies would no longer offer them discounted copies. +And especially, the companies that these former students go to work for +will not be offered discounted copies. So, the software developers push on +the schools, then push on arresting society and push it deep into a pit. +This is not something schools should do. This is the opposite of the +mission of the school, which is to build a strong, capable, independent and +free society. Schools should teach their students to be citizens of a +strong, capable, independent and free society. And this means teaching +them to use free software, not proprietary software. So none of the +classes in this university should teach proprietary software.</p> + +<p>For those who will be great programmers, there is another reason why +their schools must teach and use free software. Because when they get to +the age of 13 or so, they are fascinated with software and they want to +learn everything about how their computer and their system are functioning. +So they will ask the teacher, “How does this work?,” and if +this is proprietary software, the teacher has to say, “I'm sorry, +it's a secret, you can't find out.” So there is no room for +education. But if it's free software, the teacher can explain the basic +subject and then say, “Here is the source code, read this and you'll +understand everything.” And those programmers will read the whole +source code because they are fascinated, and this way they will learn +something very important: how to write software well. They don't need to +be taught how to program, because for them programming is obvious, but +writing good code is a different story. You have to learn that by reading +lots of code and writing lots of code. Only free software provides that +opportunity.</p> + +<p>But there is a particular reason, for the sake of education in good +citizenship. You see, schools must teach not just facts, not just skills, +but above all the spirit of good will, the habit of helping your neighbor. +So every class, at every level, should have this rule: “Students, if +you bring software to class, you may not keep it for yourself, you must +share copies with the rest of the class.”</p> + +<p>However, the school has to practice its own rule; it has to set a good +example. So every school should bring only free software to class, and set +an example with its software of the practice of disseminating human +knowledge while building a strong, capable, independent and free society. +And encouraging the spirit of good will, of helping other people. Every +school must migrate to free software, and I call on you, those of you who +are faculty, or staff, or students of this university, to work together to +bring about the migration of this university to free software, completely +to free software, within a few years. It <em>can</em> be done in a few +years; it requires taking a substantial step each year. Other universities +are doing this or have done it, you can do it too. You only have to reject +social inertia as a valid reason for going deeper and deeper into the +pit.</p> + +<p>For those of you who are interested, after we leave this hall and this +ceremony, outside I will have various things from the Free Software +Foundation that you might be interested in. And you can support the Free +Software Foundation by going to fsf.org and become an associate member. +For more information about the free software movement and the GNU operating +system, and for where to find the entirely free distributions of the +GNU/Linux operating system please look at gnu.org.</p> + +<p>Thank you.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> + +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> + +<p> <a href="#Note1-rev" id="Note1">[1]</a> +Shortly before Stallman's award ceremony, some Tunisian fishermen who had +rescued shipwrecked migrants at sea were <a +href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115214946/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45439513"> +arrested in Italy</a> on charges of facilitating illegal immigration.</p> +</div> + +</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> +<div class="unprintable"> + +<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to +<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are +also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken +links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent +to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> + +<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, + replace it with the translation of these two: + + We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality + translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. + Please send your comments and general suggestions in this + regard to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> + <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> + + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of + our web pages, see <a + href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations + README</a>. --> + +Please see the +<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing +translations of this article.</p> + +</div> + +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2007, 2022 Richard Stallman</p> + +<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> + +<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> + +<p class="unprintable">Updated: +<!-- timestamp start --> +$Date: 2022/06/13 12:06:57 $ +<!-- timestamp end --> +</p> +</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rtlinux-patent.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rtlinux-patent.html index 8c4487a..59e1b82 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rtlinux-patent.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/rtlinux-patent.html @@ -1,5 +1,8 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing copyleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>GPL-compliant version of RTLinux Open Patent License in Works - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software @@ -10,12 +13,18 @@ and Finite State Machine Labs (FSMLAbs) have come to an agreement on a fully GPL-compliant version of FSMLabs RTLinux Open Patent License." /> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rtlinux-patent.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>GPL-compliant version of RTLinux Open Patent License in Works</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p> -Here is our new announcement as of Oct 8 (its actual posting was +Here is our new announcement as of Oct 8, 2001 (its actual posting was delayed).</p> +<blockquote> <p> The Free Software Foundation and Finite State Machine Labs Inc. (FSMLabs) today announced the release of the Open RTLinux patent @@ -38,12 +47,16 @@ delayed).</p> thanks FSMLabs for its continuing contributions to the free software community. </p> +</blockquote> + +<hr class="column-limit" /> <p> Here is the previous announcement, which was the subject of our <a href="/press/2001-09-18-RTLinux.html">18 September press release</a>. </p> +<blockquote> <p> The Free Software Foundation and Finite State Machine Labs (FSMLAbs) have come to an agreement on a fully GPL-compliant version of FSMLabs RTLinux @@ -59,11 +72,12 @@ availability of FSMLabs patented technology for use in GNU/Linux systems. The FSF thanks FSMLabs for its contribution of this patent license to the free software community, and for its longstanding support and publication of free software under the GPL.</p> - +</blockquote> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -81,19 +95,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -108,20 +122,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2001, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:45 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 10:10:08 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/savingeurope.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/savingeurope.html index 32e3730..ee377a3 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/savingeurope.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/savingeurope.html @@ -1,12 +1,17 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Saving Europe from Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/savingeurope.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Saving Europe from Software Patents</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p> Imagine that each time you made a software design decision, and @@ -93,13 +98,14 @@ with empirical fact, by developing a broad range of powerful software that respects users' freedom. Giving the public the full spectrum of general-purpose software is within our reach—unless giving software to the public is prohibited.</p> -<p> +<p class="important"> Software patents threaten to do that. The time to take action is now. -Please visit <a href="http://www.ffii.org/">www.ffii.org</a> for more +Please visit <a href="https://ffii.org/">ffii.org</a> for more information, plus detailed suggestions for action. And please take time to help.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -<h4>Footnotes:</h4> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> <ol> <li id="ft1">The European Patent Office, used by many European @@ -118,18 +124,12 @@ reply.</li> <li id="ft3">As of 2017 the patents on playing MP3 files have reportedly expired.</li> </ol> - -<hr /> -<h4><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a></h4> -<ul> - <li>Get the latest threats to Europe's internet - from <a href="http://www.ffii.org">ffii.org</a></li> -</ul> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -147,13 +147,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -174,8 +174,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2007, 2017, 2018 Free Software -Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1996-1999, 2017, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -185,7 +184,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $ +$Date: 2021/09/22 09:19:58 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/saying-no-even-once.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/saying-no-even-once.html index a9a3c84..da1eb2f 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/saying-no-even-once.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/saying-no-even-once.html @@ -1,18 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.95 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Saying No to unjust computing even once is help - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/saying-no-even-once.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<div class="reduced-width"> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Saying No to unjust computing even once is help</h2> <address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<div class="thin"></div> -<div class="article"> <p>A misunderstanding is circulating that the GNU Project demands you run 100% <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>, all the time. Anything less (90%?), and we will tell @@ -91,10 +94,9 @@ you have gained an increment of freedom; you will have helped your whole community by spreading awareness of the issue.</p> </div> -</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -139,7 +141,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2020, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -149,7 +151,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/12/30 11:43:33 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 10:10:09 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/second-sight.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/second-sight.html index d9d9dc4..294f809 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/second-sight.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/second-sight.html @@ -1,19 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural society" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Free Software and (e-)Government - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/second-sight.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Free Software and (e-)Government</h2> -<div class="announcement"> -<blockquote><p>This article originally appeared in The Guardian -— March 3, 2005</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p> The UK government has funded the development of software useful for @@ -27,8 +28,8 @@ The public have already paid to develop this software. Isn't it absurd to make them pay, now, for permission to use it? Isn't it absurd to restrict what they can do with it? Alas, such absurdity is not unusual; it is standard practice for governments to deliver publicly -funded software into private hands, to companies that make the public -— and even the government — beg for permission to use it +funded software into private hands, to companies that make the +public—and even the government—beg for permission to use it afterwards. </p> @@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ afterwards. Even worse, they impose frustrating restrictions on the users, denying them access to the software's source code, the plans that a programmer can read and understand and change. All the users get is an -executable, a “black box”, so that they cannot adapt it, +executable, a “black box,” so that they cannot adapt it, understand it or even verify what it does. </p> @@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ jobs. <p> The word “free” refers to freedom, not price; think -“free speech”, not “free beer”. When there are +“free speech,” not “free beer.” When there are users that value support and are willing to pay for it, free software means a free market for support, instead of a monopoly. Free software also offers government agencies a way to fulfil their responsibility @@ -68,9 +69,9 @@ that control fall into private hands. <p> Since 1984, groups of volunteers have developed and maintained -powerful and useful free programs — a few at first, then entire +powerful and useful free programs—a few at first, then entire operating systems such as GNU/Linux and BSD. Today, -the <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Main_Page">Free Software Directory</a> +the <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Main_Page">Free Software Directory</a> lists almost 4,000 free software packages. The UK government has already decided to increase its use of free software; here is a perfect opportunity to both use it and contribute. @@ -89,15 +90,17 @@ The whole world will benefit, and all the users will admire Britain's leadership. </p> -<pre> --- Richard Stallman launched the GNU operating system (www.gnu.org) in - 1984 and founded the Free Software Foundation (fsf.org) in 1985. -</pre> +<div class="infobox"> +<hr /> +<p>This article originally appeared in <cite>The Guardian</cite>, +March 3, 2005, under the title “Second Sight.”</p> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -115,17 +118,34 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2005, 2017, 2018 Richard Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2005, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -135,7 +155,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/self-interest.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/self-interest.html index ca24bfa..cdf669b 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/self-interest.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/self-interest.html @@ -1,16 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.92 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="thirdparty" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Self-Interest - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/self-interest.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<div class="reduced-width"> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Self-Interest</h2> <address class="byline">by Loyd Fueston</address> -<hr class="thin" /> -<div class="article"> <p> Is Self-Interest Sufficient to Organize a Free Economy?</p> @@ -57,7 +61,7 @@ citizens of Russia and other eastern European countries, are those of a society organized to allow a high percentage of Americans to act in such a way as to serve both their self-interest and some substantial stock of moral principles. Not only our habits and customs, but also -our positive laws — such as those of copyright — enter +our positive laws—such as those of copyright—enter into that organization of our society, for good or bad, but not in a morally neutral manner.</p> <p> @@ -101,9 +105,9 @@ words of Thomas Sowell, a free-market theorist of our time:</p> There are, of course, noneconomic values. Indeed, there are <em>only</em> noneconomic values. Economics is not a value itself but merely a method of trading off one value against another. If -statements about ‘noneconomic values’ (or, more -specifically, ‘social values’ or ‘human -values’) are meant to deny the inherent reality of trade-offs, +statements about “noneconomic values” (or, more +specifically, “social values” or “human +values”) are meant to deny the inherent reality of trade-offs, or to exempt some particular value from the trade-off process, then such selfless ideals can be no more effectively demonstrated than by trading off financial gains in the interest of such ideals. This is an @@ -115,7 +119,7 @@ In context, Professor Sowell was not arguing against those imputing some sort of moral power to self-interest; he was instead arguing against those who think there should be an easy path to the reform of a society which may have a particular moral defect. Those are two -sides to the same coin — serving self-interest may put a person +sides to the same coin—serving self-interest may put a person in conflict with moral values and the attempt to serve moral values may lead to some sacrifice of one's self-interest.</p> <p> @@ -130,23 +134,21 @@ rather by the acts of people who are aiming at a higher purpose, whether the preservation of liberty in the society as a whole or the preservation of a cooperative spirit within communities of programmers, or maybe both of those at the same time.</p> -</div> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -<div class="infobox"> -<h3>Footnotes</h3> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> <ol> - <li id="fn1">Both quotes are from page 2 of “Adam Smith: In His Time and -Ours”, Jerry Z. Muller, Princeton: Princeton University Press, + <li id="fn1">Both quotes are from page 2 of <cite>Adam Smith: In His Time and +Ours</cite>, Jerry Z. Muller, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.</li> - <li id="fn2">From page 79 of “Knowledge & Decisions”, + <li id="fn2">From page 79 of <cite>Knowledge & Decisions</cite>, Thomas Sowell, New York: Basic Books, 1980.</li> </ol> </div> -</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -164,33 +166,16 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to - files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this - without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. - Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the - document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the - document was modified, or published. - - If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. - Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying - years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable - year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including - being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). - - There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers - Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - <p>Copyright © 1998 Loyd Fueston <a href="mailto:fueston@banet.net"><fueston@banet.net></a></p> @@ -201,10 +186,10 @@ permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/11/10 17:00:48 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:44:35 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/selling-exceptions.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/selling-exceptions.html index 5da0eb9..8be6fe0 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/selling-exceptions.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/selling-exceptions.html @@ -1,13 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing copyleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Selling Exceptions to the GNU GPL - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <link rel="canonical" href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/selling-exceptions" /> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/selling-exceptions.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Selling Exceptions to the GNU GPL</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>Selling exceptions means that the copyright holder of the code releases it to the general public under a valid free software license, @@ -116,7 +124,7 @@ those things: we release under the GPL only.</p> <p>Another reason we release only under the GPL is so as not to permit proprietary extensions that would present practical advantages over our free programs. Users for whom freedom is not a value might choose -those non-free versions rather than the free programs they are based +those nonfree versions rather than the free programs they are based on—and lose their freedom. We don't want to encourage that.</p> <p>There are occasional cases where, for specific reasons of @@ -135,10 +143,11 @@ everyone.</p> consider selling exceptions an acceptable thing for a company to do, and I will suggest it where appropriate as a way to get programs freed.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -156,16 +165,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2009, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Richard Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2009, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -175,7 +201,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/12/30 11:28:30 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/selling.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/selling.html index 38f4314..a1f0523 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/selling.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/selling.html @@ -1,14 +1,22 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs principles" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Selling Free Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/selling.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Selling Free Software</h2> <p><em><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">Some views on the ideas of selling exceptions to free software licenses, such as the GNU GPL</a> are also available.</em></p> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> Many people believe that the spirit of the GNU Project is that you @@ -25,9 +33,9 @@ surprising to you, please read on.</p> <p> The word “free” has two legitimate general meanings; it can refer -either to freedom or to price. When we speak of “free software”, -we're talking about freedom, not price. (Think of “free speech”, -not “free beer”.) Specifically, it means that a user is free to run +either to freedom or to price. When we speak of “free software,” +we're talking about freedom, not price. (Think of “free speech,” +not “free beer.”) Specifically, it means that a user is free to run the program, study and change the program, and redistribute the program with or without changes.</p> @@ -57,7 +65,7 @@ from it.</p> Free software is a community project, and everyone who depends on it ought to look for ways to contribute to building the community. For a distributor, the way to do this is to give a part of the profit to free software development projects or to the -<a href="/fsf/fsf.html">Free Software Foundation</a>. This way you can +<a href="https://www.fsf.org/">Free Software Foundation</a>. This way you can advance the world of free software.</p> <p> @@ -120,7 +128,7 @@ to increase the number of users in the long run, we should above all <p> The most direct way to do this is by writing needed -<a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist">free software</a> +<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist">free software</a> or <a href="/doc/doc.html">manuals</a> yourself. But if you do distribution rather than writing, the best way you can help is by @@ -135,8 +143,8 @@ money. Selling a copy of a free program is legitimate, and we encourage it.</p> <p> -However, when people think of -<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#SellSoftware">“selling software”</a>, +However, when people think of “<a +href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#SellSoftware">selling software</a>,” they usually imagine doing it the way most companies do it: making the software proprietary rather than free.</p> @@ -152,7 +160,7 @@ fee”—that is unambiguous.</p> <p> Except for one special situation, the -<a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) +<a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) has no requirements about how much you can charge for distributing a copy of free software. You can charge nothing, a penny, a dollar, or a billion dollars. It's up to you, and the marketplace, so don't @@ -180,10 +188,11 @@ with us. Free software is about freedom, and enforcing the GPL is defending freedom. When we defend users' freedom, we are not distracted by side issues such as how much of a distribution fee is charged. Freedom is the issue, the whole issue, and the only issue.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -201,13 +210,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -228,7 +237,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2007, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 +<p>Copyright © 1996-1998, 2001, 2007, 2015, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" @@ -239,7 +248,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:39 $ +$Date: 2021/09/10 10:58:36 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/shouldbefree.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/shouldbefree.html index 4fb1e6b..19d4b8d 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/shouldbefree.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/shouldbefree.html @@ -1,15 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs principles" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Why Software Should Be Free - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +#content h3 { margin-top: 1.6em; } +--> +</style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Why Software Should Be Free</h2> -<p> -by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p> -<h3 id="introduction">Introduction</h3> -<p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> + +<p id="introduction"> The existence of software inevitably raises the question of how decisions about its use should be made. For example, suppose one individual who has a copy of a program meets another who would like a @@ -286,7 +297,7 @@ and laws have no moral force.</p> will not be allowed to use their work. This leads to an attitude of cynicism or denial. A programmer may describe enthusiastically the work that he finds technically exciting; then when asked, “Will I be -permitted to use it?”, his face falls, and he admits the answer is no. +permitted to use it?” his face falls, and he admits the answer is no. To avoid feeling discouraged, he either ignores this fact most of the time or adopts a cynical stance designed to minimize the importance of it.</p> @@ -312,7 +323,7 @@ change the numbers to make the program do something different.</p> program, which is written in a programming language such as Fortran or C. It uses names to designate the data being used and the parts of the program, and it represents operations with symbols such as -‘+’ for addition and ‘-’ for subtraction. It +<code>+</code> for addition and <code>-</code> for subtraction. It is designed to help programmers read and change programs. Here is an example; a program to calculate the distance between two points in a plane:</p> @@ -556,7 +567,7 @@ development.</p> <p> It is common today for university researchers to get grants to develop a system, develop it nearly to the point of completion and -call that “finished”, and then start companies where they +call that “finished,” and then start companies where they really finish the project and make it usable. Sometimes they declare the unfinished version “free”; if they are thoroughly corrupt, they instead get an exclusive license from the university. @@ -802,9 +813,9 @@ cooperates when appropriate, not one who is successful at taking from others. I hope that the free software movement will contribute to this: at least in one area, we will replace the jungle with a more efficient system which encourages and runs on voluntary cooperation.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> - -<h3 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3> +<h3 id="footnotes" class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> <ol> <li id="f1">The word “free” in “free software” @@ -831,15 +842,16 @@ wish in the case of a program whose use is considered destructive.</li> </ol> -<hr /> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This essay is published -in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -857,17 +869,34 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2017, 2018, 2020 Free -Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2006, 2010, 2021 Free Software +Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -877,7 +906,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/26 13:08:00 $ +$Date: 2021/09/20 15:06:49 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/social-inertia.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/social-inertia.html index 94f8665..e633ef4 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/social-inertia.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/social-inertia.html @@ -1,13 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.94 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Overcoming Social Inertia - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/social-inertia.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Overcoming Social Inertia</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p> Almost two decades have passed since the combination of GNU and Linux @@ -66,10 +73,11 @@ nonfree software by <a href="/philosophy/saying-no-even-once.html"> taking action each time we can</a>, voicing our reasons out loud. As more people recognize what they need to do to overcome the inertia, we will make more progress.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -87,13 +95,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -114,7 +122,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2007, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -124,10 +132,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/30 06:25:43 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 10:10:09 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/software-libre-commercial-viability.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/software-libre-commercial-viability.html index b26f198..b61c30c 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/software-libre-commercial-viability.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/software-libre-commercial-viability.html @@ -1,29 +1,34 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="thirdparty" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Software Libre and Commercial Viability - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Software Libre and Commercial Viability</h2> -<blockquote> -<p>(Nov 12th 1998, published in February 1999)</p> -</blockquote> +<address class="byline">by Alessandro Rubini +<a href="#rubini"> <sup>[*]</sup></a></address> -<p> -by <strong>Alessandro Rubini</strong></p> +<p><i>Nov 12th 1998, published in February 1999</i></p> <p>Fortunately, Linus' project of world domination is going to come true fairly soon. The trend toward this goal can be verified by checking how the press is behaving towards GNU/Linux solutions, looking at how -several educational entities are going to introduce Free Software in +several educational entities are going to introduce free software in the schools and verifying its usual technical excellence.</p> <p>Today in 1998 (yes, it is still 1998 as I write), the most important job remaining, in my opinion, is propagating the social and -commercial implications of Free Software. While I greatly appreciated +commercial implications of free software. While I greatly appreciated Russell Nelson's article “Open Source Software Model” in -the July issue of <i>LJ</i>, I feel the need to expand on the points +the July issue of <cite>LJ</cite>, I feel the need to expand on the points he briefly touched.</p> <p>Please note that I'm not an expert in economics or politics. I'm @@ -31,20 +36,20 @@ just a build-it-yourself kind of technical guy whose discussion is based on his own experience in the battle for survival, in the hopes of helping someone else adapt to new environmental conditions. Some of these ideas have already been discussed with friends or on the Free -Software Business mailing list -(<a href="mailto:fsb-subscribe@crynwr.com"><fsb-subscribe@crynwr.com></a>), +Software Business mailing list, +<a href="mailto:fsb-subscribe@crynwr.com"><fsb-subscribe@crynwr.com></a>, which I joined after reading Russell's article.</p> <h3 id="sec1">Viability for Individual Consultants</h3> -<p>The best feature of any computer system is flexibility — -allowing users to tailor its behaviour to their own needs. This +<p>The best feature of any computer system is flexibility—allowing +users to tailor its behaviour to their own needs. This flexibility is often completely unknown to the general computer user, because proprietary software solutions tend to hide functionality behind a rigid external interface which denies any divergence from the expected behaviour—a <i>user's</i> behaviour.</p> -<p>When adopting Free Software, users are able to discover the real +<p>When adopting free software, users are able to discover the real power of computer systems. Today I talked with a commercial consultant who never thought that programs could be adapted to one's needs. He confessed his company has always acted the other way around—they @@ -70,18 +75,18 @@ total of all fees they paid during these years reveals the program to be more expensive in the end than some of the commercial alternatives. This fact is not relevant to my clients, as they have exactly what they want and they know they can have more should the -need arise. The program is obviously Free Software and other centers +need arise. The program is obviously free software and other centers expressed interest in getting a copy.</p> -<p>As more and more people are choosing Free Software to address their +<p>As more and more people are choosing free software to address their needs, I'm sure some software companies will try to demonize GNU/Linux -and both the Free Software and the Open Source movements because they +and both the free software and the Open Source movements because they are losing their own market share. Such companies will probably try to demonstrate that IT employment is decreasing and that humankind is -being damaged by the general adoption of Free Software. This whole +being damaged by the general adoption of free software. This whole argument is bogus; computers exist to be programmed, and the more you allow programming them, the more you build employment opportunities. -If you count the number of people who offer Free Software consulting, +If you count the number of people who offer free software consulting, you will greatly exceed any shrinkage of proprietary companies. Sticking to my previous example, the physiology lab hired my company to write the program, and other centers interested in the product are @@ -90,14 +95,14 @@ enhancing our package. Did I say “enhance”? Isn't the program working? Yes, the program is working well, but there <i>is</i> room for enhancement of the product. The local lab decided to stop development “because we must run our experiment rather than -invent new software features”. As anyone knows, every program +invent new software features.” As anyone knows, every program has a bug and a missing feature, and this is where we build our credibility: bugs <i>can</i> be fixed and features <i>can</i> be implemented. As I suggested before, the more you make things programmable, the more they will be programmed.</p> <p>Why should there be more employment opportunities in IT than there -are now? First of all, because Free Software users have more requests +are now? First of all, because free software users have more requests for new features than users of proprietary products do, as explained above. Next, because anyone can build her own professionalism without paying tributes to access the sources of information. I built my own @@ -127,14 +132,14 @@ all knowledge in a few companies (or one of them), open standards leverage technical knowledge to anyone willing to learn. Whereas a proprietary product can be supported only by a limited number of qualified consultants (whose number and quality is centrally managed), -the number of consultants supporting a Free Software solution is +the number of consultants supporting a free software solution is virtually unlimited and the offer can quickly adapt to the request.</p> <p>In a world where computers are just tools to accomplish some other goals, easy customization and quick maintenance are basic requirements -of power users. In my opinion, Free Software will quickly gain the +of power users. In my opinion, free software will quickly gain the trust it needs to be a real market phenomenon. As soon as you start to -trust some Free Software products, you learn that they deserve more. +trust some free software products, you learn that they deserve more. GNU/Linux fans must be ready to offer support in order to fulfill the upcoming need for consultants.</p> @@ -182,8 +187,8 @@ distributions.</p> <h3 id="sec3">Viability for Education Centers</h3> <p>Needless to say, schools and universities have the best interest in -teaching information technologies using Free Software tools. Due to -its technical superiority, Free Software environments have more to +teaching information technologies using free software tools. Due to +its technical superiority, free software environments have more to offer to the students, but also need more technical knowledge to be proficiently administered. I see no money saved here in choosing Free operating systems over proprietary ones, but educational entities @@ -195,7 +200,7 @@ countries are already moving in the right direction—Mexico and France, for example, have announced plans to use GNU/Linux in their public schools.</p> -<p>One more point leads toward Free Software in education: when +<p>One more point leads toward free software in education: when students get jobs, they prefer to use tools they learned at school in order to minimize extra learning efforts. This fact should lead colleges to teach only those tools not owned by anyone—those @@ -212,7 +217,7 @@ another one. Although I mark them as social, they have economic implications as well.</p> <p> -While Free Software may not be cheaper than proprietary software if +While free software may not be cheaper than proprietary software if you bill for your own time, some environments use different rates in converting time to money. Most emerging countries have good intellectual resources but little money, and they usually have many @@ -222,14 +227,14 @@ productive. Actually, the “Halloween” document supports my point by underlining that “Linux” is growing very fast in the Far East. Charity organizations usually have this same environment—little money and a good amount of human -resources. This leads straight to the Free Software model for any IT +resources. This leads straight to the free software model for any IT requirement.</p> <p>These ideas will probably suggest that free availability of information looks fairly leftist in spirit, as “information to the masses” looks quite similar to the old adage “power to -the masses”. What is usually ignored is the strong rightist -flavour of the Free Software movement. The Free Software arena is +the masses.” What is usually ignored is the strong rightist +flavour of the free software movement. The free software arena is fiercely meritocratic and a perfect environment for free competition, where the laws of the market ensure that only the best ideas and the best players survive. Proprietary standards, on the other hand, tend @@ -239,7 +244,7 @@ previous results.</p> <h3 id="sec5">Limits of the Free Software Model</h3> <p>Naturally, I'm aware that not every software package can easily be -turned into Free Software. I'm not talking about office +turned into free software. I'm not talking about office products—I'm confident some good projects will supply this need, sooner or later.</p> @@ -267,19 +272,23 @@ I would really like to see free industrial applications because their technological content is usually worth reusing and adapting to new problems.</p> +<div class="infobox"> <hr /> -<p>Alessandro writes Free Software for a living and advocates Free -Software for a mission. He hopes his upcoming child will keep off +<p id="rubini">[*] +Alessandro writes free software for a living and advocates free +software for a mission. He hopes his upcoming child will keep off computers, recalling the good old times when such beasts where confined to their technical zoos. He reads e-mail -as <a href="mailto:rubini@gnu.org"><rubini@gnu.org></a> trying +at <a href="mailto:rubini@gnu.org"><rubini@gnu.org></a>, trying to reply to everyone.</p> -<p>Reprinted with permission of Linux Journal.</p> +<p>Reprinted with permission of <cite>Linux Journal</cite>.</p> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -297,34 +306,17 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to - files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this - without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. - Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the - document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the - document was modified, or published. - - If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. - Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying - years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable - year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including - being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). - - There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers - Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - -<p>Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 Alessandro Rubini</p> +<p>Copyright © 1998-2001 Alessandro Rubini</p> <p>Verbatim copying and redistribution of this entire article are permitted in any medium provided this notice and the copyright notice are preserved. @@ -334,10 +326,10 @@ in any medium provided this notice and the copyright notice are preserved. <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:46 $ +$Date: 2021/09/22 09:19:58 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/software-literary-patents.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/software-literary-patents.html index c4993c0..b2999ec 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/software-literary-patents.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/software-literary-patents.html @@ -1,17 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Software Patents and Literary Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/software-literary-patents.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Software Patents and Literary Patents</h2> -<p>by <strong><a href="http://stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></strong></p> - -<p> -<em>The first version of this article was published in -<cite>The Guardian</cite>, of London, on June 23, 2005. It focused on -the proposed European software patent directive.</em></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p> When politicians consider the question of software patents, they are @@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ whose given name matches the last syllable of his family name.</li> </ul> <p> -through the name “Jean Valjean”, but at least this patent +through the name “Jean Valjean,” but at least this patent would have been easy to avoid. </p> @@ -212,15 +215,22 @@ issuing patents on the ideas implemented in programs. Unless this is blocked, the result will be to put all software developers in danger. </p> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> <hr /> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This essay is published -in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<p>The first version of this article was published in +<cite>The Guardian</cite>, of London, on June 23, 2005. It focused on +the proposed European software patent directive.</p> +</div> + +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -238,13 +248,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -265,7 +275,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2005, 2007, 2008, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2005, 2009, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -275,10 +285,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/26 13:25:22 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 10:10:09 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/software-patents.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/software-patents.html index 1d54d01..e3836bd 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/software-patents.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/software-patents.html @@ -1,27 +1,32 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/software-patents.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Software patents — Obstacles to software development</h2> -<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<p> -<i> -This is the transcription of a talk presented by Richard M. Stallman on +<div class="infobox"> +<p>This is the transcription of a talk presented by Richard M. Stallman on March 25, 2002, at the University of Cambridge -<a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/">Computer Laboratory</a>, -organized by the <a href="http://www.fipr.org/">Foundation for Information -Policy Research</a>. Transcript and -<a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#patent-cambridge-2002-03-25"> -audio recording</a> by Nicholas Hill. HTML editing and links by Markus -Kuhn. The original version is hosted at -<a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/stallman-patents.html"> -http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/stallman-patents.html</a>. -</i> -</p> - +<a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/">Computer Laboratory</a>, +organized by the <a href="https://www.fipr.org/">Foundation for Information +Policy Research</a>.</p> +<p>Transcript (<a +href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/stallman-patents.html">original +version</a>) and <a +href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#patent-cambridge-2002-03-25">audio +recording</a> by Nicholas Hill. HTML editing and links by Markus Kuhn.</p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> <p> You might have been familiar with my work on @@ -47,8 +52,8 @@ dangerous obstacle to all software development. <p> You may have heard people using a misleading term -“<a href="http://www.wipo.org/about-ip/en/">Intellectual -Property</a>”. This term, as you can see, is biased. It makes +“<a href="https://www.wipo.org/about-ip/en/">Intellectual +Property</a>.” This term, as you can see, is biased. It makes an assumption that whatever it is you are talking about, the way to treat it is as a kind of property, which is one among many alternatives. This term “Intellectual Property” @@ -72,7 +77,7 @@ The public policy issues they raise are completely unrelated. So, if you try to think about them by lumping them together, you are guaranteed to come to foolish conclusions. There is literally no sensible intelligent opinion you can have about “Intellectual -Property”. If you want to think clearly, don't lump them +Property.” If you want to think clearly, don't lump them together. Think about copyrights and then think about patents. Learn about copyright law and separately learn about patent law. </p> @@ -132,7 +137,7 @@ it from the point of view of somebody who is hoping to get a patent- what it would be like for you to get a patent. What it would be like for you to be walking down the street with a patent in your pocket so that every so often you can pull it out and point it out at somebody -and say “Give Me Your Money!”. There is a reason for this +and say “Give Me Your Money!” There is a reason for this bias, which is that most of the people who will tell you about this patent system have a stake in it, so they want you like it. </p> @@ -233,16 +238,16 @@ and recommended abolishing it if not for international pressure. One of the things they cited was that engineers don't try reading patents to learn anything, as it is too hard to understand them. They quoted one engineer saying “I can't recognize my own inventions in -patenteese”. +patenteese.” </p> <p> This is not just theoretical. Around 1990, a programmer named -<a href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/startv2n3/hypercard.html">Paul +<a href="https://www.atarimagazines.com/startv2n3/hypercard.html">Paul Heckel</a> sued Apple claiming that Hypercard infringed a couple of his <a href="https://patents.justia.com/patent/4486857">patents</a>. When he first saw Hypercard, he didn't think it had anything to do -with his patent, with his “Inventions”. It didn't look +with his patent, with his “Inventions.” It didn't look similar. When his lawyer told him that you could read the patents as covering part of Hypercard, he decided to attack Apple. <span class="gnun-split"></span>When I had a @@ -257,7 +262,7 @@ to say something like this: “If you do something in here, you are sure to lose, If you do something here, there is a substantial chance of losing, and if you really want to be safe, stay out of this area. And, by the way, there is a sizable element of chance in the -outcome of any law suit”. +outcome of any law suit.” </p> <p> @@ -365,7 +370,7 @@ by chance, I happened to see a copy of the New York Times. It happened to have the weekly patent column in it. I didn't see a copy of the Times more than once every few months. So I looked at it and it said that somebody had got a patent for “Inventing a new -method of compressing data”. +method of compressing data.” <span class="gnun-split"></span>I figured I better take a look at this patent. I got a copy and it turned out to cover the program that we were just a week away from releasing. That program died before it @@ -382,13 +387,13 @@ the job people wanted to do was not to simply compress data but to make an image that people could display with their software, it turned out extremely hard to switch over to a different algorithm. We have not been able to do it in 10 years! Yes, people use the gzip -algorithm to define <a href="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/PNG/">another +algorithm to define <a href="https://www.w3.org/Graphics/PNG/">another image format</a>, once people started getting threatened with law suits for using GIF files. When we started saying to people stop using GIF files, switch over to this, people said “We can't -switch. The browsers don't support the new format yet”. The +switch. The browsers don't support the new format yet.” The browser developers said “We're not in a hurry about this. After -all, nobody is using this file format”. +all, nobody is using this file format.” </p> <p> @@ -439,7 +444,7 @@ consortium can make a format or protocol the de-facto standard. Then, if that format or protocol is patented, that is a real disaster for you. There are even official standards that are restricted by patents. There was a big political uproar last September when the -<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/patent-practice">World Wide Web +<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/patent-practice/">World Wide Web Consortium</a> was proposing to start adopting standards that were covered by patents. The community objected so they reversed themselves. @@ -542,13 +547,13 @@ their patents. <p> This phenomenon of cross-licensing refutes a common myth, the myth of the starving genius. The myth that patents “protect” the -“small inventor”. Those terms are propaganda terms. You +“small inventor.” Those terms are propaganda terms. You shouldn't use them. The scenario is like this: Suppose there is a brilliant designer of whatever of whatever. Suppose he has spent years starving in the attic designing a new wonderful kind of whatever and now wants to manufacture it and isn't it a shame the big companies are going to go into competition with him, take away all the business -and he'll “starve”. +and he'll “starve.” <span class="gnun-split"></span>I will have to point out that people in high tech fields are not generally working on their own and that ideas don't come in a vacuum, they are based on ideas of others and @@ -568,7 +573,7 @@ one, which parts of your product infringe. If you think you can fight against all of them in court, I will just go back and find some more. So, why don't you cross license with me?” And then this brilliant small inventor says “Well, OK, I'll cross -license”. So he can go back and make these wonderful whatever +license.” So he can go back and make these wonderful whatever it is, but so can IBM. IBM gets access to his patent and gets the right to compete with him, which means that this patent didn't “protect” him at all. The patent system doesn't really do @@ -666,7 +671,7 @@ href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040604051644/http://people.qualcomm.com/karn obvious</a>! Patent bureaucrats have all sorts of excuses to justify ignoring what programmers think. They say “Oh! But you have to consider it in terms of the way things were 10 or 20 years -ago”. Then they discovered that if they talk something to death +ago.” Then they discovered that if they talk something to death then you can eventually lose your bearings. Anything can look unobvious if you tear it apart enough, analyze it enough. You simply lose all standard of obviousness or at least lose the ability to @@ -741,7 +746,7 @@ that can really cause a lot of trouble for you. You might be able to bluff them away by showing them the prior art. It depends upon whether they can get scared off that way or they might think “well, you are just bluffing, we figure you can't really go to -court, you can't afford it so we'll sue you anyway”. +court, you can't afford it so we'll sue you anyway.” </p> <p> @@ -759,7 +764,7 @@ patent gets less and less as the program gets bigger. <p> Now, people used to say to me, “Well, there are patents in other -fields, why should software be exempt?”. Note the bizarre +fields, why should software be exempt?.” Note the bizarre assumption in there that somehow we are all supposed to suffer through the patent system. It is like saying “Some people get cancer. Why should you be exempt?” As I see it, each person who doesn't @@ -786,7 +791,7 @@ be whoever developed the new product. <p> That fits in with the naive idea of the patent system that we have, that if you are designing a new product, you are going to get -“The Patent”. The idea that there is one patent per +“The Patent.” The idea that there is one patent per product and that it covers the idea of that product. In some fields it is closer to being true. In other fields it is further from being true. This is because software packages are usually very big. They @@ -819,7 +824,7 @@ retard progress. <span class="gnun-split"></span>You see, the advocates of software patents say “well yes, there may be problems but more important than any problems, the patents must promote innovation and that is so important -it doesn't matter what problems you cause”. Of course, they +it doesn't matter what problems you cause.” Of course, they don't say that out loud because it is ridiculous but implicitly they want you to believe that as long as it promotes progress, that outweighs any possible cost. But actually, there is no reason to @@ -841,30 +846,30 @@ the challenge is to make physical objects that really work. </p> <p> -If I wanted to put an ‘If’ statement in a -‘While’ statement, I don't have to worry about whether the -‘If’ statement will oscillate at a certain frequency and -rub against the ‘While’ statement and eventually they will +If I wanted to put an <code>if</code> statement in a +<code>while</code> statement, I don't have to worry about whether the +<code>if</code> statement will oscillate at a certain frequency and +rub against the <code>while</code> statement and eventually they will fracture. I don't have to worry whether it will oscillate at a certain higher frequency and induce a signal in the value of some other variable. I don't have to worry about how much current that -‘If’ statement will draw and whether it can dissipate the -heat there inside that while statement. Whether there will be a -voltage drop across the while statement that will make the -‘If’ statement not function. +<code>if</code> statement will draw and whether it can dissipate the +heat there inside that <code>while</code> statement. Whether there will be a +voltage drop across the <code>while</code> statement that will make the +<code>if</code> statement not function. <span class="gnun-split"></span>I don't have to worry that if i run this program in a salt water environment that the salt water -may get in between the ‘If’ statement and the -‘While’ statement and cause corrosion. I don't have to +may get in between the <code>if</code> statement and the +<code>while</code> statement and cause corrosion. I don't have to worry when I refer to the value of a variable whether I am exceeding the fan-out limit by referring to it 20 times. I don't have to worry, when I refer to the variable, how much capacitance it has and whether there has been sufficient time to charge up the value. I don't have to worry when I write the program, about how I am going to physically assemble each copy and whether I can manage to get access to put that -‘If’ statement inside the ‘While’ statement. +<code>if</code> statement inside the <code>while</code> statement. I don't have to worry about how I am going to gain access in case that -‘If’ statement breaks, to remove it and replace it with a +<code>if</code> statement breaks, to remove it and replace it with a new one. </p> @@ -899,7 +904,7 @@ people in their spare time. There is another big saving. If you have designed a physical product, the next thing you have to do is design the factory to make it. To build this factory may cost millions or tens of millions whereas to -make copies of the program, you just have to type ‘copy’. +make copies of the program, you just have to type <kbd>copy</kbd>. The same copy command will copy any program. You want copies on CD then fine. You burn a master CD and send it off to a CD plant. They will use the same equipment which will copy any contents on a CD. You @@ -945,13 +950,13 @@ any patents is going to be harder than writing a good symphony. <span class="gnun-split"></span>When you complain about this, the patent holders would say “Ah Beethoven, you are just bitching because you have no ideas of your -own. All you want to do is rip off our inventions”. Beethoven, +own. All you want to do is rip off our inventions.” Beethoven, as it happens, had a lot of new musical ideas but he had to use a lot of existing musical ideas in order to make recognizable music. In order to make music that listeners could possibly like, that they could recognize as music. Nobody is so brilliant that he can re-invent music and make something that people would want to listen -to. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez">Pierre +to. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> said he would try to do that, but who listens to Pierre Boulez? </p> @@ -1066,9 +1071,9 @@ how the field worked before and how the field worked after. I saw no particular speed up in progress after 1990. There was no political debate in the US, but in Europe there has been a big political debate. Several years ago there was a push to amend the -Munich treaty that established the <a href="http://www.epo.org/"> +Munich treaty that established the <a href="https://www.epo.org/"> European Patent Office</a>. It has a -<a href="http://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/epc/1973/e/ar52.html"> +<a href="https://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/epc/1973/e/ar52.html"> clause saying that software is not patentable</a>. The push was to amend that to start allowing software patents. But the community took notice of this. It was actually free software developers and free @@ -1144,13 +1149,13 @@ The people in the same ministry are also involved in the copyright issue which really has nothing to do with software patents except that it is being handled by the same people. It is a question of interpreting the recent EU copyright directive, a horrible law like -the <a href="http://www.eff.org/issues/dmca">Digital Millennium Copyright +the <a href="https://www.eff.org/issues/dmca">Digital Millennium Copyright Act in the US</a>. But there is some latitude for countries to decide how to implement it. The UK is proposing the most draconian possible way of implementing this directive. You could greatly reduce the harm that it does by implementing it properly. The UK wants to maximize the tyrannical effect of this directive. It seems there is a certain -group, the <a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070603164510/http://www.dti.gov.uk/">Department of Trade and +group, the <a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20070603164510/http://www.dti.gov.uk/">Department of Trade and Industry [archived]</a>, who need to be reined in. It is necessary to put a check on their activities. Stop their creating new forms of power. </p> @@ -1176,15 +1181,16 @@ out of developers and users, then we should reject it. <p> We need to make management aware of what software patents will do to them. Get their support -in <a href="http://www.ffii.org/">fighting against +in <a href="https://ffii.org/">fighting against software patents in Europe</a>. </p> <p> The battle is not over. It still can be won. </p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3>Footnotes</h3> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> <ol> <li id="f1">There are approximately 300-400 unique parts in an automatic transmission, and a transmission is generally the most @@ -1216,15 +1222,16 @@ The battle is not over. It still can be won. spread.</li> </ol> -<hr /> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This essay is published -in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -1242,13 +1249,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -1269,7 +1276,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2002, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Richard Stallman.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2002, 2006, 2021 Richard Stallman.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -1279,7 +1286,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/26 13:08:00 $ +$Date: 2021/09/20 15:06:49 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/speeches-and-interview.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/speeches-and-interview.html index a8c622e..a669427 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/speeches-and-interview.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/speeches-and-interview.html @@ -1,382 +1,760 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.97 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> <!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> - <title>Speeches and Interviews - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - +<style type="text/css" media="screen"><!-- +#content h3 { margin-top: 1.5em; border-bottom: 2px solid #bbb; } +h3 small { font-weight: normal; font-size: .66em; } +#content a[href^="http://"]:after, +#content a[href^="https://"]:after { content: "\2197"; } +.lang { background: #ffc; } +.speech-title { font-size: 1.06em; } +.descr { color: #555; } +span.descr { font-size: .875em; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - -<div id="education-content"> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.html" --> - -</div> <!-- id="education-content" --> <!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> -<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" --><!--#else --> -<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" --> -<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> -<!--#endif --> -<!--#endif --> +<div class="reduced-width"> <h2>Speeches and Interviews</h2> +<hr class="thin" /> + +<div class="introduction"> +<p class="important">See the <a +href="//www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/20140407-geneva-tedx-talk-free-software-free-society/"> +video recording</a> (and <a +href="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/RMS_Intro_to_FS_TEDx_Slideshow.odp">slides</a>) +of Richard Stallman's TEDx talk in Geneva, Switzerland on April 7, 2014.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> + +<p>Most recordings of speeches and other FSF and GNU Project events +are at <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org">audio-video.gnu.org</a>:</p> + +<div class="button c"> + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/">Audio recordings</a> + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/">Video recordings</a> +</div> -<blockquote><p> -See the <a href="https://www.fsf.org/tedx" ->video recording</a> -(and <a href="https://static.fsf.org/nosvn/RMS_Intro_to_FS_TEDx_Slideshow.odp">slides</a>) -of Richard Stallman's TEDx talk in Geneva, Switzerland on April 7, 2014. -</p></blockquote> - -<p>Here are more of Stallman's speech and interview recordings, listed -in reverse chronological order. Further recordings of speeches and -other Free Software Foundation and GNU project events are available at -<a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org">https://audio-video.gnu.org</a>.</p> - -<ul> - <li><a href="/philosophy/rms-pour-une-societe-numerique-libre.html"> - Pour une société numérique libre</a>, transcript (in French) of a talk by RMS - at <cite>Médiathèque Aragon</cite> in Choisy-le-Roi, France on April 16, 2016.</li> - - <li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2015-07-10--rms--a-free-digital-society">A Free Digital Society</a>, - video recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at Gerthsen-Hörsaal - in Karlsruhe, Germany on July 10, 2015.</li> - - <li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2015-05-27--rms--chania--greece">Video</a> and - <a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#2015-05-27--rms--chania--greece">audio</a> - recordings of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at the Technical University of Crete - in Chaniá, Greece on May 27, 2015.</li> - - <li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2015-05-12--rms--logiciels-libres-et-l-education">Logiciels Libres et l'éducation (in French)</a>, - video recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at Amphi Guilcher, Faculté Segalen - in Brest, France on May 12, 2015.</li> - - <li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2015-03-16--rms--free-software-and-your-freedom">Free Software and Your Freedom</a>, - video recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at Grainger Auditorium - in Champaign-Urbana, IL, USA on March 16, 2015.</li> - - <li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#2014-12-29--rms--freedom-in-your-computer-and-in-the-net">Audio</a> - and - <a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-12-29--rms--freedom-in-your-computer-and-in-the-net">video</a> - recordings of “Free Software in Your Computer and in the Net”, - a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at Congress Centrum - in Hamburg, Germany on December 29, 2014.</li> - - <li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-12-04--rms--por-una-sociedad-digital-libre">Por una Sociedad Digital Libre (in Spanish)</a>, - video recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at Salón de Actos, Facultad de Informática de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid - in Madrid, Spain on December 4, 2014.</li> - - <li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#2014-11-21--rms--internet-le-logiciel-libre-et-l-entreprise-libertes-sans-frontiere">Le logiciel libre et ta liberté (in French)</a>, - audio recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman - in Paris, France on November 21, 2014.</li> - - <li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-11-07--rms--copyright-vs-community">Copyright vs. Community</a>, - video recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at Hoffman Hall, Portland State University - in Portland, OR, USA on November 7, 2014.</li> - - <li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-10-17-libre-software-libre-education">Libre Software, Libre Education</a>, - video recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at Butler Library, Columbia University - in New York, NY, USA on October 17, 2014.</li> - - <li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-10-14--stallman--uga">Should We Have More Surveillance Than the USSR?</a>, - video recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at The University of Georgia Chapel - in Athens, GA, USA on October 14, 2014.</li> - - <li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-07-06--rms--le-logiciel-libre-et-ta-liberte">Le logiciel libre et ta liberté (in French)</a>, - video recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at Esplanade Charles de Gaulle - in Montpellier, France on July 06, 2014.</li> - - <li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-05-11--rms--a-free-digital-society">A Free Digital Society</a>, - video recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at National Chi Nan University - in Puli, Nantou, Taiwan on May 11, 2014.</li> - - <li><a href="https://archive.org/details/RichardStallmanInterviewByJustinHall201403"> - Freedom, Malware & Cannibalism</a>, video recording of an interview - conducted by Justin Hall in March, 2014.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/rms-patents.html"> - Solutions to the Software Patent Problem</a>, a speech given - by Richard Stallman at Locatelli Center, Santa Clara University, - November, 2012.</li> - - <li><a href="http://hackerpublicradio.org/eps.php?id=1116"> - Audio recording of Richard Stallman interviewed by Hacker - Public Radio</a> conducted on November 12, 2012</li> - - <li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2012-RMS-SFD-Iran">Welcome to Software Freedom Day</a>, - video recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at the Free Software Foundation - office in Boston, MA, USA on September 11, 2012 for the Iran Software Freedom Day.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/ough-interview.html">Richard Stallman - interviewed by Theodoros Papatheodorou</a>, transcript of an - interview conducted in May, 2012.</li> - -<li>Richard Stallman was <a href="http://liberte-info.net/interviews/richard_stallman.html"> interviewed by Medhi on May 14 2012.</a></li> - - <li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2012-02-29--rms--free-software-and-your-freedom">Free Software and Your Freedom</a>, - video recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at XIX SINFO, - Instituto Superior Técnico in Lisbon, Portugal on February 29, 2012.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/rms-aj.html">RMS on Alex Jones Show</a>, - transcript of an interview conducted on January 19, 2012.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/free-digital-society.html">A Free Digital -Society</a>, transcript of a talk by <a -href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard Stallman</a>.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/the-law-of-success-2.html">The Law of -Success 2.0: An Interview with Richard Stallman</a>, with Haegwan Kim, -posted November 4, 2010.</li> - - <li><a href="http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/45532">Richard Stallman and the free software movement</a>, - transcript of an interview with - <a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard Stallman</a>.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/rms-on-radio-nz.html">RMS on Radio New Zealand</a>. - Transcript of an interview with Richard Stallman, October 2009.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.html" - id="StallmanTalkLSM">Copyright versus community in the age of - computer networks</a>: transcript of a keynote by Richard Stallman at - the LIANZA conference in Christchurch, New Zealand, on October 12, - 2009.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html">The Danger - of Software Patents</a>, transcript of a talk by - <a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard Stallman</a>.</li> - - <li><a href="http://broadcast.oreilly.com/2009/04/stallman-discusses-free-softwa.html">Transcript of an interview with Richard Stallman</a> conducted by - Federico Biancuzzi for O'Reilly Media. As well as a wide-ranging discussion of - developments in Free Software licencing the interview covers issues including - the history and current activities of the FSF, the spread of DMCA-like laws - around the world, software patents and the need for free device drivers.</li> - - <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20111114124839/http://nb.inode.co.nz/articles/rmsrnz/index.html">Transcript - of an interview</a> with Richard Stallman for Radio New Zealand, - conducted by Kim Hill on August 9, 2008. It covers various topics - — free software, the dawn of the free software movement, the - fallacy of the term “intellectual property”, Google's - services and New Zealand's Copyright laws.</li> - - <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090516000904/http://www.zeuux.org/philosophy/billxu-rms-fsm-ancient-to-gplv2.html"> - Free Software Movement: From Genesis to the GNU GPL version 2</a>, - an interview with Richard Stallman conducted by Bill Xu - (<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100621084138/http://www.zeuux.org/philosophy/billxu-rms-fsm-ancient-to-gplv2.cn.html">Chinese - version</a> also available).</li> - - <li><a - href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/copy_vs_comm.ogg">Video - recording of Copyright vs. Community speech</a> with <a - href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/copy_vs_comm.txt">brief - text description</a>, given by Richard Stallman on July 5, 2007 - in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/rms-kol.html">Transcript of a speech</a> - given by <a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard Stallman</a> - about free software and the West Bengal government, in Kolkata - (formerly Calcutta) on August, 2006.</li> - - <li><a href="http://archive.org/details/QuestionsPleaseOnFreeSoftware">Jonathan - Roberts interviews Richard Stallman and others</a> on free software.</li> - - <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090907065901/http://www.zeuux.org/law/billxu-rms-drm.html">Bill - Xu interviews Richard Stallman on DRM</a>. You can also read - it <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100621070721/http://www.zeuux.org/law/billxu-rms-drm.cn.html">in - Chinese</a>.</li> - - <li>Eben Moglen, <a href="http://punkcast.com/964/">Free - Software and Free Media</a>, at the Jefferson Market Library - in New York, New York, May 3, 2006 for the Metropolitan NY Chapter - of the Internet Society</li> - - <li><a href="http://www.countercurrents.org/stallman201205.htm"> - Richard Stallman interviewed</a> by Justin Podur on Free - Software as a Social Movement, 01 December 2005</li> - - <li><a href="http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/09/22/gpl3.html">Richard Stallman - interviewed</a> by Federico Biancuzzi about the importance of - the GPL, for ONLamp.com, 22 September 2005</li> - - <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628165142/http://wm-eddie.info/rms.html">Presentation of the goals - and philosophy of the GNU operating system</a> by - <a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard Stallman</a> at the - University of Pittsburgh, April 7th 2005 </li> - - <li><a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard Stallman</a>'s - <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050517082933/http://www.ofb.biz/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=353"> - interview</a> with Timothy R. Butler on “The state of - GNU/Linux”, 31 March 2005.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.html">Interview - with Richard Stallman</a> by Jeremy Andrews in 2005.</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html">GNU & The Free - Software Foundation</a>, an Engineering Tech Talk at Google by - <a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard Stallman</a>, 2004</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/nit-india.html">Transcript of a speech</a> - on free software given by <a href="http://www.stallman.org"> - Richard M. Stallman</a> at National Institute of Technology, - Trichy, India, 17 February 2004.</li> - -<li><a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard - Stallman</a>'s <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050310003435/http://www.neteconomie.com/perl/navig.pl/neteconomie/infos/article/20041208104640"> - interview with NetEconomie.com [Archived Page]</a> (In French) 10 December - 2004</li> - - <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-practice-panel.html">Transcript of a panel - presentation</a>, <cite>New developments in patent practice: - assessing the risks and cost of portfolio licensing and - hold-ups</cite>, given by Daniel B. Ravicher as the executive - director of the Public Patent Foundation on Wednesday, November - 10, 2004, at a conference organized by the Foundation for a Free - Information Infrastructure (FFII) in Brussels, Belgium</li> - -<li><a href="http://www.ariel.com.au/a/rms-unsw.html">Synopsis of a - speech</a> given by <a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard - M. Stallman</a> about software patents on 14 October 2004.</li> - -<li><a href="/philosophy/rms-interview-edinburgh.html">Interview</a> - with Richard Stallman that took place at the School of Informatics, - Edinburgh University, on 27<sup>th</sup> May 2004. Originally - published at Indymedia, most of the questions are about the - relationship between the free software movement and other social - movements, and the different values of the “open - source” campaign.</li> - -<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040603002019/http://laurel.datsi.fi.upm.es/~fsanchez/rms/" > - Web page with interviews/audio/video from speeches in Madrid (May 2004) [Archived Page]</a> - given by <a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard M. Stallman</a> (site is in Spanish) - </li> - -<li><a href="/philosophy/moglen-harvard-speech-2004.html" >Transcript - of a speech</a> about copyright law and SCO given - by <a href="http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/" >Prof. Eben - Moglen</a> at Harvard on 23 February, 2004.</li> - -<li><a href="/philosophy/wsis-2003.html">Transcript of a speech</a> - about free software and sustainable development given - by <a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard M. Stallman</a> at - WSIS, 16 July 2003.</li> - -<li><a href="/philosophy/rieti.html">Transcript of a speech</a> about - the future of free software given - by <a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard M. Stallman</a>, 21 - April 2003.</li> - -<li><a -href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/bradley-m-kuhn-software-freedom-and-the-gnu-generation-07-2002.ogg"> - Audio recording of a speech, <cite>Software Freedom and the GNU - Generation</cite>, given by Bradley M. Kuhn</a> 22 April - 2003.</li> - -<li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-cambridgeuni-england2002.ogg">Audio - recording of a speech, <cite>Software Patents:Obstacles to - software development</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at the - University of Cambridge, England</a> 25th March 2002. - A <a href="/philosophy/software-patents.html">transcript of the - speech</a> is also available.</li> - -<li><a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard Stallman</a>'s interview in 2002, about <a href="/philosophy/rms-hack.html"> - the hacker community and ethics</a>. This interview is also <a - href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100903110335/http://www.uta.fi/~fiteva/rms_int_fi.html">available - in Finnish</a> [Archived].</li> -<li><a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard Stallman</a>'s <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030314184246/http://www.mytech.it/mytech/internet/art006010045404.jsp"> - interview, <cite>Perché l'open source non è tutto</cite>, in Italian,</a> to the Mytech website, 22 April 2003. (The title reads, <cite>Why Open Source is not all</cite>.)</li> - -<li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-qmul-london2002.ogg">Audio - recording of a speech, <cite>Copyright vs Community in the age of - computer Networks</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at Queen - Mary University of London, England</a> 12th Feb 2002.</li> - -<li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/francais/rms-speech-paris-30-jan-2002.ogg">Audio - recording in French of a speech, <cite>l'éthique du - système GNU/Linux et de la communauté des logiciels - libres, les tâches à accomplir et les risques à - envisager</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at Linux Expo 2002</a>, CNIT - de La Défense (Paris, France), 30th Jan 2002. - A <a href="/philosophy/2002-linuxexpo-paris.fr.html">transcript of the - speech</a> is available.</li> - -<li><a href="http://www.april.org/actions/rms/20011120/stream.html">Audio recordings and a partial transcript</a> of the conference given by <a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard M. Stallman</a> to the French National Assembly on 20th November 2001.</li> - -<li><a href="/philosophy/stallman-mec-india.html">Transcript of the speech, <cite>The Danger of Software Patents</cite></a> by <a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard M. Stallman</a> given at Government Model Engineering College, India on 24th July 2001. <!-- (Content is removed, the site shows 'Page Not Found' - 25-Mar-2011 - shailesh) Also, the MEC has posted an <a href="http://www.mec.ac.in/events/rms/">audio recording and transcript</a> at their website.--></li> - -<li><a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard - Stallman</a>'s <a href="/philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.html"> - interview</a> about free software and business with Louis - Suarez-Potts in May of 2001.</li> - -<li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-nyu2001.ogg">Audio - recording of a speech, <cite>Free Software: Freedom and - Cooperation</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at New York - University</a>. - A <a href="/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html">transcript of the - speech</a> is also available.</li> - -<li><a href="/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.html">Transcript of - a speech, <cite>Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer - Networks</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at MIT</a>.</li> - -<li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-mit2001.ogg">Audio - recording of a speech, <cite>Copyright and Globalization in the - Age of Computer Networks</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at - MIT</a>.</li> - -<li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-arsdigita2001.ogg">Audio - recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the - GNU/Linux Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at - ArsDigita University</a>.</li> - -<li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-slovenia-2000.ogg">Audio - recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the - GNU/Linux Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at - Auditorium Smelt, Ljubljana, Slovenia</a>.</li> - -<li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-linuxtag2000.ogg">Audio - recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the - GNU/Linux Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at - LinuxTag 2000</a>.</li> - -<li><a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html">Copyright - versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks</a>, transcription of a - speech by Richard Stallman, 2000.</li> - -<li><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-cglug2000.ogg">Audio - recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the - GNU/Linux Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at - the University of Cincinnati</a>.</li> - - <li><a href="http://www.april.org/actions/rms/10111998/texte.html">Transcription (in French)</a> of a - speech that - <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> - gave in 1998 at the University of - Paris.</li> - <li><a href="/philosophy/greve-clown.en.html">English translation of a - speech</a> about the history and philosophy of the GNU Project - that Georg Greve gave in 1998 at the GNU/Linux Cluster - “CLOWN” in Germany - (<a href="/philosophy/greve-clown.de.html">German - original</a>).</li> - <li><a href="/gnu/byte-interview.html">BYTE Interview</a> - in July 1986 with - <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> about - the development of the GNU system.</li> - <li>A <a href="/philosophy/stallman-kth.html">speech</a> - that <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> - gave in 1986 at the Royal Institute of Technology in - Sweden about the hacker community and the early days of the - free software movement.</li> - -<li>Two more recordings of <a -href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/francais">interviews in French</a> -are available at audio-video.gnu.org.</li> +<p>Listed below in reverse chronological order are speeches and +interviews for which full or partial transcriptions are available, and +some of those hosted on websites other than audio-video.gnu.org. Except +as otherwise stated, they were given by Richard Stallman. If you wish to +contribute a transcription, please write to +<<a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">webmasters@gnu.org</a>>.</p> +</div> + +<h3 id="speeches" class="inline-block">Speeches +<small>[<a href="#interviews">Skip to Interviews</a>]</small></h3> + +<ul class="blurbs"> +<!--=========== Please use this template to add new items =========== + (adjust as needed) + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">DATE_OF_THE_SPEECH</span> + <span class="lang">[in LANG]</span><br /> (#) + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="TRANSCRIPT_URL" hreflang="LANGUAGE_CODE_IF_NOT_EN"> + TITLE</a> + (by AUTHOR_IF_NOT_RMS) (#) + [TRANSLATED_TITLE_AS_NEEDED] (#) + </span> + <br /><span class="descr">at LOCATION</span> (#) + </p> + + <p class="descr">DESCRIPTION</p> (#) + + <p><a href="URL" hreflang="LANG_CODE_IF_NOT_EN">audio/video</a></p> (#) + </li> + (#) Delete if unused + ===================================================================--> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 16, 2016</span> + <span class="lang">[in French]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-pour-une-societe-numerique-libre.fr.html" + hreflang="fr"> + <i>Pour une société numérique libre</i></a> + [For a free digital society]</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the Médiathèque Aragon in Choisy-le-Roi, + France</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/2016-04-16--rms--pour-une-societe-numerique-libre--choisy-le-roi--france.ogv" + hreflang="fr">video</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">August 3, 2013</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="//www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/20130803-berlin"> + Induction into the Internet Hall of Fame</a> — Acceptance speech</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/2013-08-03--rms--berlin--internet-hall-of-fame.webm"> + video</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">March 22, 2013</span> + <span class="lang">[in French]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/vers-une-societe-numerique-libre.fr.html" + hreflang="fr"> + <i>Vers une société numérique libre</i></a> + [Towards a free digital society]</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the University of Poitiers, France</span></p> + + <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222040519/https://uptv.univ-poitiers.fr/program/richard-stallman-vers-une-societe-numerique-libre/video/3736/index/index.html" + hreflang="fr">video</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">November 2012</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-patents.html"> + Solutions to the Software Patent Problem</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the Locatelli Center, Santa Clara + University</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/keynote-what-is-the-problem.webm"> + video</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">October 19, 2011</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/free-digital-society.html"> + A Free Digital Society - What Makes Digital Inclusion Good or Bad?</a> + </span> + <br /><span class="descr">at Sciences Po Paris</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/stallman-sciencespo-freesociety.webm"> + video</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">October 12, 2009</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.html"> + Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the LIANZA conference in Christchurch, + New Zealand</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/Richard_Stallman_LIANZA_09.ogg"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">October 8, 2009</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html"> + The Danger of Software Patents</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at Victoria University of Wellington, + New Zealand</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/patentsvuw2009.ogg"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">July 15, 2008</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/education/misc/rms-education-es-transcription.txt" hreflang="es"> + Free Software and Education</a>, six-minutes speech</span> + <span class="lang">[in Spanish]</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the FKFT2008 Conference, Barcelona, + Spain</span></p> + + <p class="descr"><a + href="/education/misc/edu-misc.html#transcription-rms-education"> + Transcriptions</a> and + <a href="/education/misc/edu-misc.html#subtitles-rms-education"> + subtitles</a> in several languages.</p> + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es.ogv" hreflang="es"> + Original video</a> in Spanish (no subtitles)<br /> + Videos with embedded subtitles in + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.pt-br.ogv"> + Brazilian Portuguese</a>, + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.nl.ogv"> + Dutch</a>, + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.en.ogv"> + English</a>, + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.fr.ogv"> + French</a>, + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.it.ogv"> + Italian</a>, + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.es.ogv"> + Spanish</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">September 24, 2007</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="rms-pavia-doctoral-address.html"> + Pavia Doctoral Address: Innovation Is Secondary When Freedom Is at Stake</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the University of Pavia, Italy</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 3, 2007</span> + <span class="lang">[in French]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417172347/https://www.librealire.org/conference-de-richard-stallman-a-l-enst-de-paris"> + <i>Logiciel libre : les droits de l'homme de l'utilisateur</i></a> (Free software: the human rights of the user)</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at Télécom Paris (ENST), France</span></p> + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/Richard_Stallman/fr/RMS03042007.theora.ogg" + hreflang="fr"> + video</a> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018033034/http://media.april.org/video/RMS-ENST-20070403/RMS03042007.ogg" + hreflang="fr"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">August 2006</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-kol.html"> + Free Software and the West Bengal Government</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta)</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">May 3, 2006</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Free_Software_and_Free_Media"> + Free Software and Free Media</a> + (by Eben Moglen)</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the Jefferson Market Library in New York, for the + Metropolitan NY Chapter of the Internet Society</span></p> + + <p><a href="https://punkcast.com/964/"> + video</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 7, 2005</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + Goals and Philosophy of Free Software and the GNU Project</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the University of Pittsburgh</span></p> + + <p class="descr"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628165142/http://wm-eddie.info/rms.html"> + introduction</a> (no transcript of the speech) + <br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329115124/http://wm-eddie.info/20050407_RMS.ogg"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">October 14, 2004</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + The Danger of Software Patents</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, + Australia</span></p> + + <p class="descr"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411070158/http://www.ariel.com.au/a/rms-unsw.html"> + detailed synopsis</a> by Patrick Jordan (no transcript of the speech) + <br /><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/dangers_of_software_patents-Richard_Stallman-nsw_04.ogg"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">June 11, 2004</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html"> + GNU & The Free Software Foundation</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">an Engineering Tech Talk at Google</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">February 23, 2004</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/moglen-harvard-speech-2004.html"> + Copyright Law and SCO</a> + (by Eben Moglen)</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at Harvard</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">February 17, 2004</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/nit-india.html"> + Free Software</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the National Institute of Technology, + Tiruchirappalli, India</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">July 16, 2003</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/wsis-2003.html"> + Free Software and Sustainable Development</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the World Summit on the Information + Society</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 21, 2003</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rieti.html"> + The Future of Jiyuna (Free) Software</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the Research Institute of Economy, Trade and + Industry (RIETI), Japanese Ministry of Economy</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">March 25, 2002</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/software-patents.html"> + Software Patents - Obstacles to Software Development</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the University of Cambridge Computer + Laboratory</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#patent-cambridge-2002-03-25"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">January 30, 2002</span> + <span class="lang">[in French]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/2002-linuxexpo-paris.fr.html" + hreflang="fr"> + <i>L'éthique du système GNU/Linux et de la communauté des logiciels libres, + les tâches à accomplir et les risques à envisager</i></a> + [Ethics of the GNU/Linux system and the free software community, pending + tasks, and foreseeable risks]</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at Linux Expo 2002, CNIT de La Défense, Paris, + France</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/francais/rms-speech-paris-30-jan-2002.ogg" + hreflang="fr">audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">November 20, 2001</span> + <span class="lang">[in French]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + Free Software and Government</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the French National Assembly</span></p> + + <p class="descr"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414194638/https://www.april.org/actions/rms/20011120/" + hreflang="fr">transcript of introductory speech by Noël Mamère</a> + <br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321194812/https://www.april.org/actions/rms/20011120/stream.html" + hreflang="fr">audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">July 24, 2001</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/stallman-mec-india.html"> + The Danger of Software Patents</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at Government Model Engineering College, Kerala, + India</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-mec-india.ogg"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">May 29, 2001</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html"> + Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at New York University</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 19, 2001</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.html"> + Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at MIT in the Communications Forum</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">July 2000</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html"> + Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks</a></span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">December 5, 1998</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/greve-clown.html"> + History and Philosophy of the GNU Project</a> + (by Georg Greve)</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the University of Paderborn, Germany</span></p> + + <p class="descr">The speech was given + <a href="/philosophy/greve-clown.de.html" hreflang="de"> + <span class="lang">in German</span></a>, and subsequently translated to + <a href="/philosophy/greve-clown.en.html">English</a> by the author.</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">November 10, 1998</span> + <span class="lang">[in French]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012122917/http://april.org/files/documents/html/texte.html" + hreflang="fr"> + <i>Logiciel libre</i></a> [Free software]</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at Paris 8 University, France</span></p> + + <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012124221/http://april.org/actions/rms/19981110/photos/"> + photos</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">October 30, 1986</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/stallman-kth.html"> + The hacker community and the early days of the free software movement</a> + </span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (Royal Institute of + Technology) in Stockholm, Sweden</span></p> + </li> +</ul> + + +<h3 id="interviews">Interviews +<small>[<a href="#speeches">Skip to Speeches</a>]</small></h3> + +<ul class="blurbs"> +<!--=========== Please use this template to add new items =========== + (adjust as needed) + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">DATE_OF_THE_INTERVIEW</span> + <span class="lang">[in LANG]</span><br /> (#) + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="TRANSCRIPT_URL" hreflang="LANGUAGE_CODE_IF_NOT_EN"> + TITLE</a> + [TRANSLATED_TITLE_AS_NEEDED] (#) + </span> + <br />conducted by HOST for ... + </p> + + <p class="descr">OTHER_INFO</p> (#) + + <p><a href="URL" hreflang="LANG_CODE_IF_NOT_EN">audio/video</a></p> (#) + </li> + (#) Delete if unused + ===================================================================--> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">September 2018</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii113/articles/richard-stallman-talking-to-the-mailman.pdf"> + Talking to the Mailman</a></span> + <br />conducted by Rob Lucas</p> + + <p class="descr">(published in the <cite>New Left Review</cite>, + issue 113)</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">March 18, 2014</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + Freedom, Malware & Cannibalism</span> + <br />conducted by Justin Hall at the Internet Archive in San Francisco</p> + + <p class="descr"> + <a href="https://archive.org/details/RichardStallmanInterviewByJustinHall201403"> + introduction</a> (no transcript of the interview)</p> + <p><a href="https://archive.org/download/RichardStallmanInterviewByJustinHall201403/Richard%20Stallman%20Interview%20by%20Justin%20Hall%202014-03.ogv"> + video</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">November 12, 2012</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + Interview on Hacker Public Radio</span> + <br />conducted by pokey</p> + + <p class="descr"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309092526/https://hackerpublicradio.org/eps.php?id=1116"> + introduction and comments</a> (no transcript of the interview) + <br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220202249/https://hackerpublicradio.org/local/hpr1116.ogg"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">May 2012</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/ough-interview.html"> + Richard Stallman: A Legend of Informatics</a></span> + <br />conducted by Theodoros Papatheodorou for <cite>OUGH!</cite></p> + + <p class="descr">(originally published <span class="lang">in Greek</span>, + in two parts: + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119115640/https://www.ough.gr/index.php?mod=articles&op=view&id=753" + hreflang="el">Part I</a>, + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422231305/https://www.ough.gr/index.php?mod=articles&op=view&id=839" + hreflang="el">Part II</a>)</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">May 14, 2012</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320064515/https://liberte-info.net/interviews/richard_stallman.html"> + The US is democratic in form, but its democracy is so sick that it + hardly functions</a></span> + <br />conducted by Mehdi for <cite>Liberté Info</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">January 19, 2012</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-aj.html"> + Richard Stallman Interviewed The Day After SOPA/PIPA Global Protests</a></span></p> + + <p class="descr">Includes comments by Stallman about the SOPA and PIPA + copyright bills and the protests, which the GNU Project and the Free Software + Foundation <a + href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118201902/http://www.gnu.org/"> + joined</a>.</p> + + <p><a href="https://inv.bp.projectsegfau.lt/watch?v=fwz_vMdxmDU"> + video</a> (does not include the interviewer's introduction)</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">November 4, 2010</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/the-law-of-success-2.html"> + The Law of Success 2.0: An Interview with Richard Stallman</a></span> + <br />conducted by Haegwan Kim</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">September 28, 2010</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026085549/https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/richard-stallman-and-free-software-movement"> + Richard Stallman and the Free Software Movement</a></span> + <br />conducted by Greg Adamson for <cite>Green Left</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">October 2009</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-on-radio-nz.html"> + RMS on Radio NZ - October 2009</a></span> + <br />conducted by Kim Hill for Radio New Zealand</p> + + <p class="descr">Main topics: surveillance, “war on terrorism,” + free trade treaties, DRM, supporting artists, and more.</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 13, 2009</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430053331/http://broadcast.oreilly.com/2009/04/stallman-discusses-free-softwa.html"> + Stallman Discusses Free Software and GPLv3</a></span> + <br />conducted by Federico Biacuzzi for <cite>O’Reilly Media</cite></p> + + <p class="descr">As well as a wide-ranging discussion of developments in free + software licensing, the interview covers issues including the history + and current activities of the FSF, the spread of DMCA-like laws around + the world, software patents and the need for free device drivers.</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">September 28, 2008</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090516000904/http://www.zeuux.org/philosophy/billxu-rms-fsm-ancient-to-gplv2.html"> + Free Software Movement: From Genesis to the GNU GPL version 2</a> (v.1.8)</span> + <br />conducted by Bill Xu for <cite>Zeuux</cite></p> + + <p class="descr">(also published + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621084138/http://www.zeuux.org/philosophy/billxu-rms-fsm-ancient-to-gplv2.cn.html" + hreflang="zh-cn"><span class="lang">in Chinese</span></a>)</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">August 9, 2008</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114124839/http://nb.inode.co.nz/articles/rmsrnz/index.html"> + RMS on Radio NZ - August 2008</a></span> + <br />conducted by Kim Hill for Radio New Zealand</p> + + <p class="descr">It covers various topics: free software, the dawn of the free + software movement, the fallacy of the term “intellectual + property,” Google's services and New Zealand's copyright laws.</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">July 7, 2008</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117072920/http://www.zeuux.org/law/billxu-rms-drm.html"> + Join the FSF to Eliminate DRM</a> (v.1.5)</span> + <br />conducted by Bill Xu for <cite>Zeuux</cite></p> + + <p class="descr">(also published + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621070721/http://www.zeuux.org/law/billxu-rms-drm.cn.html" + hreflang="zh-cn"><span class="lang">in Chinese</span></a>)</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 13, 2008</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + Questions Please on Free Software</span><br /> + interview of Richard Stallman and others by Jonathan Roberts</p> + + <p class="descr"> + <a href="https://archive.org/details/QuestionsPleaseOnFreeSoftware"> + introduction</a> (no transcript of the interview)</p> + <p><a href="https://archive.org/download/QuestionsPleaseOnFreeSoftware/Questions_please_1.mp3"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">December 01, 2005</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310132952/https://www.countercurrents.org/stallman201205.htm"> + Free Software as a Social Movement</a></span> + <br />conducted by Justin Podur for <cite>Countercurrents</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">September 22, 2005</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051001021518/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/09/22/gpl3.html"> + The GNU GPL Is Here to Stay</a></span> + <br />conducted by Federico Biancuzzi for <cite>ONLamp.com</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">March 31, 2005</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006051044/http://www.ofb.biz/article.pl?sid=353"> + Stallman on the State of GNU/Linux</a></span> + <br />conducted by Timothy R. Butler for <cite>Open for Business</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">January 4, 2005</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.html"> + Interview for <cite>KernelTrap</cite></a></span> + <br />conducted by Jeremy Andrews</p> + + <p class="descr">It covers topics such as Stallman's background as a programmer, + the founding of the GNU Project and the FSF and Stallman's transition + to activism, the naming controversies, the Hurd, Emacs, whether free + software affects unemployment and low wages, some new technologies, + and more.</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">December 10, 2004</span> + <span class="lang">[in French]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310003435/http://www.neteconomie.com/perl/navig.pl/neteconomie/infos/article/20041208104640" + hreflang="fr"> + <i>Richard « GNU » Stallman précise son point de vue sur les brevets + logiciels</i></a> [Richard “GNU” Stallman clarifies his views + on software patents]</span> + <br />conducted by Ariane Beky for <cite>NetEconomie</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">May 27, 2004</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-interview-edinburgh.html"> + Free Software, Free Society!</a></span><br /> + at the Edinburgh University Informatics Colloquium</p> + + <p class="descr">Most of the questions are about the relationship between the + free software movement and other social movements, and the different + values of the “open source” campaign.</p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-interview-edinburgh-11k-270504.ogg"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 27, 2004</span> + <span class="lang">[in Spanish]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320232131/https://www.elmundo.es/navegante/2004/04/27/entrevistas/1083074999.html" + hreflang="es"> + <i>La única manera de ser libre es rechazar los programas propietarios</i></a> + [The only way to be free is to refuse proprietary software]</span> + <br />conducted by Pablo Romero</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">August 13, 2003</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017093941/http://www.ofb.biz//article.pl?sid=260"> + GNU Questions: RMS on SCO, Distributions, DRM</a></span> + <br />conducted by Timothy R. Butler for <cite>Open for Business</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 22, 2003</span> + <span class="lang">[in Italian]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030314184246/http://www.mytech.it/mytech/internet/art006010045404.jsp" + hreflang="it"> + <i>Perché l'open source non è tutto</i></a> [Why Open Source is not all]</span> + <br />conducted by Antonio Volpon for <cite>Mytech</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">2002</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-hack.html"> + The Hacker Community and Ethics</a></span> + <br />conducted by Tere Vadén</p> + + <p class="descr">(also published + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903110335/http://www.uta.fi/~fiteva/rms_int_fi.html" + hreflang="fi"><span class="lang">in Finnish</span></a>)</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">May 2001</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.html"> + Free Software and Business</a></span> + <br />conducted by Louis Suarez-Potts</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">July 1986</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/gnu/byte-interview.html"> + Development of the GNU System</a></span> + <br />conducted by David Betz and Jon Edwards for <cite>BYTE</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">November 9-11, 1984</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/gnu/first-hackers-conference-1984.html"> + Richard Stallman at the First Hackers Conference</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">in Sausalito, California</span></p> + + <p class="descr">Short excerpts of Richard Stallman speaking and interviewed. + It was at this conference that Stallman first publicly and explicitly stated + the idea that <em>all software should be free</em>, and the ethical + principles that set the foundations of the free software movement</p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-at-first-hackers-conference-1984.webm"> + video</a></p> + </li> </ul> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -386,24 +764,41 @@ corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> <p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, - replace it with the translation of these two: - - We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality - translations. 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Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1996-2013, 2015-2017, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -413,7 +808,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/05/04 10:26:22 $ +$Date: 2022/06/19 17:31:59 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/speeches-and-interviews.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/speeches-and-interviews.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0867a37 --- /dev/null +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/speeches-and-interviews.html @@ -0,0 +1,817 @@ +<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.97 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Speeches and Interviews +- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="screen"><!-- +#content h3 { margin-top: 1.5em; border-bottom: 2px solid #bbb; } +h3 small { font-weight: normal; font-size: .66em; } +#content a[href^="http://"]:after, +#content a[href^="https://"]:after { content: "\2197"; } +.lang { background: #ffc; } +.speech-title { font-size: 1.06em; } +.descr { color: #555; } +span.descr { font-size: .875em; } +--></style> + <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/speeches-and-interviews.translist" --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="reduced-width"> +<h2>Speeches and Interviews</h2> +<hr class="thin" /> + +<div class="introduction"> +<p class="important">See the <a +href="//www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/20140407-geneva-tedx-talk-free-software-free-society/"> +video recording</a> (and <a +href="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/RMS_Intro_to_FS_TEDx_Slideshow.odp">slides</a>) +of Richard Stallman's TEDx talk in Geneva, Switzerland on April 7, 2014.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> + +<p>Most recordings of speeches and other FSF and GNU Project events +are at <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org">audio-video.gnu.org</a>:</p> + +<div class="button c"> + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/">Audio recordings</a> + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/">Video recordings</a> +</div> + +<p>Listed below in reverse chronological order are speeches and +interviews for which full or partial transcriptions are available, and +some of those hosted on websites other than audio-video.gnu.org. Except +as otherwise stated, they were given by Richard Stallman. If you wish to +contribute a transcription, please write to +<<a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">webmasters@gnu.org</a>>.</p> +</div> + +<h3 id="speeches" class="inline-block">Speeches +<small>[<a href="#interviews">Skip to Interviews</a>]</small></h3> + +<ul class="blurbs"> +<!--=========== Please use this template to add new items =========== + (adjust as needed) + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">DATE_OF_THE_SPEECH</span> + <span class="lang">[in LANG]</span><br /> (#) + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="TRANSCRIPT_URL" hreflang="LANGUAGE_CODE_IF_NOT_EN"> + TITLE</a> + (by AUTHOR_IF_NOT_RMS) (#) + [TRANSLATED_TITLE_AS_NEEDED] (#) + </span> + <br /><span class="descr">at LOCATION</span> (#) + </p> + + <p class="descr">DESCRIPTION</p> (#) + + <p><a href="URL" hreflang="LANG_CODE_IF_NOT_EN">audio/video</a></p> (#) + </li> + (#) Delete if unused + ===================================================================--> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 16, 2016</span> + <span class="lang">[in French]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-pour-une-societe-numerique-libre.fr.html" + hreflang="fr"> + <i>Pour une société numérique libre</i></a> + [For a free digital society]</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the Médiathèque Aragon in Choisy-le-Roi, + France</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/2016-04-16--rms--pour-une-societe-numerique-libre--choisy-le-roi--france.ogv" + hreflang="fr">video</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">August 3, 2013</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="//www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/20130803-berlin"> + Induction into the Internet Hall of Fame</a> — Acceptance speech</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/2013-08-03--rms--berlin--internet-hall-of-fame.webm"> + video</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">March 22, 2013</span> + <span class="lang">[in French]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/vers-une-societe-numerique-libre.fr.html" + hreflang="fr"> + <i>Vers une société numérique libre</i></a> + [Towards a free digital society]</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the University of Poitiers, France</span></p> + + <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222040519/https://uptv.univ-poitiers.fr/program/richard-stallman-vers-une-societe-numerique-libre/video/3736/index/index.html" + hreflang="fr">video</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">November 2012</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-patents.html"> + Solutions to the Software Patent Problem</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the Locatelli Center, Santa Clara + University</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/keynote-what-is-the-problem.webm"> + video</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">October 19, 2011</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/free-digital-society.html"> + A Free Digital Society - What Makes Digital Inclusion Good or Bad?</a> + </span> + <br /><span class="descr">at Sciences Po Paris</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/stallman-sciencespo-freesociety.webm"> + video</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">October 12, 2009</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.html"> + Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the LIANZA conference in Christchurch, + New Zealand</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/Richard_Stallman_LIANZA_09.ogg"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">October 8, 2009</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html"> + The Danger of Software Patents</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at Victoria University of Wellington, + New Zealand</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/patentsvuw2009.ogg"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">July 15, 2008</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/education/misc/rms-education-es-transcription.txt" hreflang="es"> + Free Software and Education</a>, six-minutes speech</span> + <span class="lang">[in Spanish]</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the FKFT2008 Conference, Barcelona, + Spain</span></p> + + <p class="descr"><a + href="/education/misc/edu-misc.html#transcription-rms-education"> + Transcriptions</a> and + <a href="/education/misc/edu-misc.html#subtitles-rms-education"> + subtitles</a> in several languages.</p> + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es.ogv" hreflang="es"> + Original video</a> in Spanish (no subtitles)<br /> + Videos with embedded subtitles in + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.pt-br.ogv"> + Brazilian Portuguese</a>, + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.nl.ogv"> + Dutch</a>, + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.en.ogv"> + English</a>, + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.fr.ogv"> + French</a>, + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.it.ogv"> + Italian</a>, + <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.es.ogv"> + Spanish</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">September 24, 2007</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="rms-pavia-doctoral-address.html"> + Pavia Doctoral Address: Innovation Is Secondary When Freedom Is at Stake</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the University of Pavia, Italy</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 3, 2007</span> + <span class="lang">[in French]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417172347/https://www.librealire.org/conference-de-richard-stallman-a-l-enst-de-paris"> + <i>Logiciel libre : les droits de l'homme de l'utilisateur</i></a> (Free software: the human rights of the user)</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at Télécom Paris (ENST), France</span></p> + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/Richard_Stallman/fr/RMS03042007.theora.ogg" + hreflang="fr"> + video</a> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018033034/http://media.april.org/video/RMS-ENST-20070403/RMS03042007.ogg" + hreflang="fr"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">August 2006</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-kol.html"> + Free Software and the West Bengal Government</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta)</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">May 3, 2006</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Free_Software_and_Free_Media"> + Free Software and Free Media</a> + (by Eben Moglen)</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the Jefferson Market Library in New York, for the + Metropolitan NY Chapter of the Internet Society</span></p> + + <p><a href="https://punkcast.com/964/"> + video</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 7, 2005</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + Goals and Philosophy of Free Software and the GNU Project</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the University of Pittsburgh</span></p> + + <p class="descr"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628165142/http://wm-eddie.info/rms.html"> + introduction</a> (no transcript of the speech) + <br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329115124/http://wm-eddie.info/20050407_RMS.ogg"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">October 14, 2004</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + The Danger of Software Patents</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, + Australia</span></p> + + <p class="descr"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411070158/http://www.ariel.com.au/a/rms-unsw.html"> + detailed synopsis</a> by Patrick Jordan (no transcript of the speech) + <br /><a href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/dangers_of_software_patents-Richard_Stallman-nsw_04.ogg"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">June 11, 2004</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html"> + GNU & The Free Software Foundation</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">an Engineering Tech Talk at Google</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">February 23, 2004</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/moglen-harvard-speech-2004.html"> + Copyright Law and SCO</a> + (by Eben Moglen)</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at Harvard</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">February 17, 2004</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/nit-india.html"> + Free Software</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the National Institute of Technology, + Tiruchirappalli, India</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">July 16, 2003</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/wsis-2003.html"> + Free Software and Sustainable Development</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the World Summit on the Information + Society</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 21, 2003</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rieti.html"> + The Future of Jiyuna (Free) Software</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the Research Institute of Economy, Trade and + Industry (RIETI), Japanese Ministry of Economy</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">March 25, 2002</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/software-patents.html"> + Software Patents - Obstacles to Software Development</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the University of Cambridge Computer + Laboratory</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#patent-cambridge-2002-03-25"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">January 30, 2002</span> + <span class="lang">[in French]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/2002-linuxexpo-paris.fr.html" + hreflang="fr"> + <i>L'éthique du système GNU/Linux et de la communauté des logiciels libres, + les tâches à accomplir et les risques à envisager</i></a> + [Ethics of the GNU/Linux system and the free software community, pending + tasks, and foreseeable risks]</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at Linux Expo 2002, CNIT de La Défense, Paris, + France</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/francais/rms-speech-paris-30-jan-2002.ogg" + hreflang="fr">audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">November 20, 2001</span> + <span class="lang">[in French]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + Free Software and Government</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the French National Assembly</span></p> + + <p class="descr"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414194638/https://www.april.org/actions/rms/20011120/" + hreflang="fr">transcript of introductory speech by Noël Mamère</a> + <br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321194812/https://www.april.org/actions/rms/20011120/stream.html" + hreflang="fr">audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">July 24, 2001</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/stallman-mec-india.html"> + The Danger of Software Patents</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at Government Model Engineering College, Kerala, + India</span></p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-mec-india.ogg"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">May 29, 2001</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html"> + Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at New York University</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 19, 2001</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.html"> + Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">at MIT in the Communications Forum</span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">July 2000</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html"> + Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks</a></span></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">December 5, 1998</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/greve-clown.html"> + History and Philosophy of the GNU Project</a> + (by Georg Greve)</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the University of Paderborn, Germany</span></p> + + <p class="descr">The speech was given + <a href="/philosophy/greve-clown.de.html" hreflang="de"> + <span class="lang">in German</span></a>, and subsequently translated to + <a href="/philosophy/greve-clown.en.html">English</a> by the author.</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">November 10, 1998</span> + <span class="lang">[in French]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012122917/http://april.org/files/documents/html/texte.html" + hreflang="fr"> + <i>Logiciel libre</i></a> [Free software]</span> + <br /><span class="descr">at Paris 8 University, France</span></p> + + <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012124221/http://april.org/actions/rms/19981110/photos/"> + photos</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">October 30, 1986</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/stallman-kth.html"> + The hacker community and the early days of the free software movement</a> + </span> + <br /><span class="descr">at the Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (Royal Institute of + Technology) in Stockholm, Sweden</span></p> + </li> +</ul> + + +<h3 id="interviews">Interviews +<small>[<a href="#speeches">Skip to Speeches</a>]</small></h3> + +<ul class="blurbs"> +<!--=========== Please use this template to add new items =========== + (adjust as needed) + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">DATE_OF_THE_INTERVIEW</span> + <span class="lang">[in LANG]</span><br /> (#) + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="TRANSCRIPT_URL" hreflang="LANGUAGE_CODE_IF_NOT_EN"> + TITLE</a> + [TRANSLATED_TITLE_AS_NEEDED] (#) + </span> + <br />conducted by HOST for ... + </p> + + <p class="descr">OTHER_INFO</p> (#) + + <p><a href="URL" hreflang="LANG_CODE_IF_NOT_EN">audio/video</a></p> (#) + </li> + (#) Delete if unused + ===================================================================--> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">September 2018</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii113/articles/richard-stallman-talking-to-the-mailman.pdf"> + Talking to the Mailman</a></span> + <br />conducted by Rob Lucas</p> + + <p class="descr">(published in the <cite>New Left Review</cite>, + issue 113)</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">March 18, 2014</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + Freedom, Malware & Cannibalism</span> + <br />conducted by Justin Hall at the Internet Archive in San Francisco</p> + + <p class="descr"> + <a href="https://archive.org/details/RichardStallmanInterviewByJustinHall201403"> + introduction</a> (no transcript of the interview)</p> + <p><a href="https://archive.org/download/RichardStallmanInterviewByJustinHall201403/Richard%20Stallman%20Interview%20by%20Justin%20Hall%202014-03.ogv"> + video</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">November 12, 2012</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + Interview on Hacker Public Radio</span> + <br />conducted by pokey</p> + + <p class="descr"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309092526/https://hackerpublicradio.org/eps.php?id=1116"> + introduction and comments</a> (no transcript of the interview) + <br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220202249/https://hackerpublicradio.org/local/hpr1116.ogg"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">May 2012</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/ough-interview.html"> + Richard Stallman: A Legend of Informatics</a></span> + <br />conducted by Theodoros Papatheodorou for <cite>OUGH!</cite></p> + + <p class="descr">(originally published <span class="lang">in Greek</span>, + in two parts: + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119115640/https://www.ough.gr/index.php?mod=articles&op=view&id=753" + hreflang="el">Part I</a>, + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422231305/https://www.ough.gr/index.php?mod=articles&op=view&id=839" + hreflang="el">Part II</a>)</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">May 14, 2012</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320064515/https://liberte-info.net/interviews/richard_stallman.html"> + The US is democratic in form, but its democracy is so sick that it + hardly functions</a></span> + <br />conducted by Mehdi for <cite>Liberté Info</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">January 19, 2012</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-aj.html"> + Richard Stallman Interviewed The Day After SOPA/PIPA Global Protests</a></span></p> + + <p class="descr">Includes comments by Stallman about the SOPA and PIPA + copyright bills and the protests, which the GNU Project and the Free Software + Foundation <a + href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118201902/http://www.gnu.org/"> + joined</a>.</p> + + <p><a href="https://inv.bp.projectsegfau.lt/watch?v=fwz_vMdxmDU"> + video</a> (does not include the interviewer's introduction)</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">November 4, 2010</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/the-law-of-success-2.html"> + The Law of Success 2.0: An Interview with Richard Stallman</a></span> + <br />conducted by Haegwan Kim</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">September 28, 2010</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026085549/https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/richard-stallman-and-free-software-movement"> + Richard Stallman and the Free Software Movement</a></span> + <br />conducted by Greg Adamson for <cite>Green Left</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">October 2009</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-on-radio-nz.html"> + RMS on Radio NZ - October 2009</a></span> + <br />conducted by Kim Hill for Radio New Zealand</p> + + <p class="descr">Main topics: surveillance, “war on terrorism,” + free trade treaties, DRM, supporting artists, and more.</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 13, 2009</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430053331/http://broadcast.oreilly.com/2009/04/stallman-discusses-free-softwa.html"> + Stallman Discusses Free Software and GPLv3</a></span> + <br />conducted by Federico Biacuzzi for <cite>O’Reilly Media</cite></p> + + <p class="descr">As well as a wide-ranging discussion of developments in free + software licensing, the interview covers issues including the history + and current activities of the FSF, the spread of DMCA-like laws around + the world, software patents and the need for free device drivers.</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">September 28, 2008</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090516000904/http://www.zeuux.org/philosophy/billxu-rms-fsm-ancient-to-gplv2.html"> + Free Software Movement: From Genesis to the GNU GPL version 2</a> (v.1.8)</span> + <br />conducted by Bill Xu for <cite>Zeuux</cite></p> + + <p class="descr">(also published + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621084138/http://www.zeuux.org/philosophy/billxu-rms-fsm-ancient-to-gplv2.cn.html" + hreflang="zh-cn"><span class="lang">in Chinese</span></a>)</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">August 9, 2008</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114124839/http://nb.inode.co.nz/articles/rmsrnz/index.html"> + RMS on Radio NZ - August 2008</a></span> + <br />conducted by Kim Hill for Radio New Zealand</p> + + <p class="descr">It covers various topics: free software, the dawn of the free + software movement, the fallacy of the term “intellectual + property,” Google's services and New Zealand's copyright laws.</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">July 7, 2008</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117072920/http://www.zeuux.org/law/billxu-rms-drm.html"> + Join the FSF to Eliminate DRM</a> (v.1.5)</span> + <br />conducted by Bill Xu for <cite>Zeuux</cite></p> + + <p class="descr">(also published + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621070721/http://www.zeuux.org/law/billxu-rms-drm.cn.html" + hreflang="zh-cn"><span class="lang">in Chinese</span></a>)</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 13, 2008</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + Questions Please on Free Software</span><br /> + interview of Richard Stallman and others by Jonathan Roberts</p> + + <p class="descr"> + <a href="https://archive.org/details/QuestionsPleaseOnFreeSoftware"> + introduction</a> (no transcript of the interview)</p> + <p><a href="https://archive.org/download/QuestionsPleaseOnFreeSoftware/Questions_please_1.mp3"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">December 01, 2005</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310132952/https://www.countercurrents.org/stallman201205.htm"> + Free Software as a Social Movement</a></span> + <br />conducted by Justin Podur for <cite>Countercurrents</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">September 22, 2005</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051001021518/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/09/22/gpl3.html"> + The GNU GPL Is Here to Stay</a></span> + <br />conducted by Federico Biancuzzi for <cite>ONLamp.com</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">March 31, 2005</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006051044/http://www.ofb.biz/article.pl?sid=353"> + Stallman on the State of GNU/Linux</a></span> + <br />conducted by Timothy R. Butler for <cite>Open for Business</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">January 4, 2005</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.html"> + Interview for <cite>KernelTrap</cite></a></span> + <br />conducted by Jeremy Andrews</p> + + <p class="descr">It covers topics such as Stallman's background as a programmer, + the founding of the GNU Project and the FSF and Stallman's transition + to activism, the naming controversies, the Hurd, Emacs, whether free + software affects unemployment and low wages, some new technologies, + and more.</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">December 10, 2004</span> + <span class="lang">[in French]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310003435/http://www.neteconomie.com/perl/navig.pl/neteconomie/infos/article/20041208104640" + hreflang="fr"> + <i>Richard « GNU » Stallman précise son point de vue sur les brevets + logiciels</i></a> [Richard “GNU” Stallman clarifies his views + on software patents]</span> + <br />conducted by Ariane Beky for <cite>NetEconomie</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">May 27, 2004</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-interview-edinburgh.html"> + Free Software, Free Society!</a></span><br /> + at the Edinburgh University Informatics Colloquium</p> + + <p class="descr">Most of the questions are about the relationship between the + free software movement and other social movements, and the different + values of the “open source” campaign.</p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-interview-edinburgh-11k-270504.ogg"> + audio</a></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 27, 2004</span> + <span class="lang">[in Spanish]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320232131/https://www.elmundo.es/navegante/2004/04/27/entrevistas/1083074999.html" + hreflang="es"> + <i>La única manera de ser libre es rechazar los programas propietarios</i></a> + [The only way to be free is to refuse proprietary software]</span> + <br />conducted by Pablo Romero</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">August 13, 2003</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017093941/http://www.ofb.biz//article.pl?sid=260"> + GNU Questions: RMS on SCO, Distributions, DRM</a></span> + <br />conducted by Timothy R. Butler for <cite>Open for Business</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">April 22, 2003</span> + <span class="lang">[in Italian]</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030314184246/http://www.mytech.it/mytech/internet/art006010045404.jsp" + hreflang="it"> + <i>Perché l'open source non è tutto</i></a> [Why Open Source is not all]</span> + <br />conducted by Antonio Volpon for <cite>Mytech</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">2002</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/rms-hack.html"> + The Hacker Community and Ethics</a></span> + <br />conducted by Tere Vadén</p> + + <p class="descr">(also published + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903110335/http://www.uta.fi/~fiteva/rms_int_fi.html" + hreflang="fi"><span class="lang">in Finnish</span></a>)</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">May 2001</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.html"> + Free Software and Business</a></span> + <br />conducted by Louis Suarez-Potts</p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">July 1986</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/gnu/byte-interview.html"> + Development of the GNU System</a></span> + <br />conducted by David Betz and Jon Edwards for <cite>BYTE</cite></p> + </li> + + <li> + <p><span class="date-tag">November 9-11, 1984</span><br /> + <span class="speech-title"> + <a href="/gnu/first-hackers-conference-1984.html"> + Richard Stallman at the First Hackers Conference</a></span> + <br /><span class="descr">in Sausalito, California</span></p> + + <p class="descr">Short excerpts of Richard Stallman speaking and interviewed. + It was at this conference that Stallman first publicly and explicitly stated + the idea that <em>all software should be free</em>, and the ethical + principles that set the foundations of the free software movement</p> + + <p><a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-at-first-hackers-conference-1984.webm"> + video</a></p> + </li> +</ul> +</div> + +</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> +<div class="unprintable"> + +<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a +href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a +href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other +corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a +href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> + +<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, + replace it with the translation of these two: + + We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality + translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. + Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard + to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> + <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> + + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of + our web pages, see <a + href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations + README</a>. --> +Please see the <a +href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> +</div> + +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1996-2013, 2015-2017, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> + +<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> + +<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> + +<p class="unprintable">Updated: +<!-- timestamp start --> +$Date: 2022/06/24 07:39:04 $ +<!-- timestamp end --> +</p> +</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stallman-kth.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stallman-kth.html index 8133988..c47190e 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stallman-kth.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stallman-kth.html @@ -1,36 +1,46 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> -<title>Speech in Sweden +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>RMS lecture at KTH (Sweden), 1986 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="screen"><!-- +#content span { font-style: italic; color: #505050; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/stallman-kth.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>RMS lecture at KTH (Sweden), 30 October 1986</h2> - -<div style="text-align: center;"> -<p><em>(Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (Royal Institute of -Technology))<br /> -Stockholm, Sweden</em></p> -<p><em> -Arranged by the student society<br /> -“Datorföreningen Stacken”<br /> -30 October 1986 -</em></p> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>RMS lecture at KTH (Sweden), 1986</h2> + +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Transcript of Richard Stallman's speech at the <i>Kungliga Tekniska +Högskolan</i> (Royal Institute of Technology) in +Stockholm, Sweden, arranged by the student society <i>Datorföreningen +Stacken</i> on 30 October 1986. +</p> </div> +<hr class="thin" /> -<p><strong>[Note: This is a slightly edited transcript of the talk. +<div class="introduction"> +<p><i>Note: This is a slightly edited transcript of the talk. As such it contains false starts, as well as locutions that are natural in spoken English but look strange in print. It is not clear -how to correct them to written English style without ‘doing -violence to the original speech’.]</strong></p> +how to correct them to written English style without doing +violence to the original speech.</i></p> +</div> -<p>It seems that there are three things that people would like me to +<p><b>Rms:</b> It seems that there are three things that people would like me to talk about. On the one hand I thought that the best thing to talk about here for a club of hackers, was what it was like at the <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> in the old days. What made the Artificial Intelligence Lab such a special place. But people tell me also that since these are totally different people from the ones who were at the conference Monday and -Tuesday that I ought to talk about what's going on in the GNU project +Tuesday that I ought to talk about what's going on in the GNU Project and that I should talk about why software and information can not be owned, which means three talks in all, and since two of those subjects each took an hour it means we're in for a rather long time. So I had @@ -38,11 +48,19 @@ the idea that perhaps I could split it in to three parts, and people could go outside for the parts they are not interested in, and that then when I come to the end of a part I can say it's the end and people can go out and I can send Jan Rynning out to bring in the other -people. (Someone else says: “Janne, han trenger ingen -mike” (translation: “Janne, he doesn't need a -mike”)). Jan, are you prepared to go running out to fetch the -other people? Jmr: I am looking for a microphone, and someone tells -me it is inside this locked box. Rms: Now in the old days at the AI +people.</p> + +<p><span>[Someone else says: “<i>Janne, han trenger ingen +mike.</i>” (Translation: “Janne, he doesn't need a +mike.”)]</span></p> + +<p>Jan, are you prepared to go running out to fetch the +other people?</p> + +<p><b>Jmr:</b> I am looking for a microphone, and someone tells +me it is inside this locked box.</p> + +<p><b>Rms:</b> Now in the old days at the AI lab we would have taken a sledgehammer and cracked it open, and the broken door would be a lesson to whoever had dared to lock up something that people needed to use. Luckily however I used to study @@ -50,8 +68,8 @@ Bulgarian singing, so I have no trouble managing without a microphone.</p> <p>Anyway, should I set up this system to notify you about the parts -of the talk, or do you just like to sit through all of it? (Answer: -Yeaaah)</p> +of the talk, or do you just like to sit through all of it? <span>[Answer: +Yeaaah]</span></p> <p>When I started programming, it was 1969, and I did it in an IBM laboratory in New York. After that I went to a school with a computer @@ -86,7 +104,7 @@ be locked, they were able to find a compromise solution: some other place to put the things they were worried about, a desk they could lock, another little room. But the point is that people usually don't bother to think about that. They have the idea: “This room is -Mine, I can lock it, to hell with everyone else”, and that is +Mine, I can lock it, to hell with everyone else,” and that is exactly the spirit that we must teach them not to have.</p> <p>But this spirit of unlocking doors wasn't an isolated thing, it was @@ -179,7 +197,7 @@ to do those things would just go and fix it quickly, and since they were ten times as competent as any field service person, they could do a much better job. And then they would have the ruined boards, they would just leave them there and tell the field service person -“take these back and bring us some new ones”.</p> +“take these back and bring us some new ones.”</p> <p>In the real old days our hackers used to modify the machines that came from Digital also. For example, they built paging-boxes to put @@ -254,8 +272,8 @@ change, because the professors and the students who didn't really love the machine were just as numerous as before, so they were now the dominant party, and they were very scared. Without hackers to maintain the system, they said, “we're going to have a disaster, -we must have commercial software”, and they said “we can -expect the company to maintain it”. It proved that they were +we must have commercial software,” and they said “we can +expect the company to maintain it.” It proved that they were utterly wrong, but that's what they did.</p> <p>That was exactly when a new KL-10 system was supposed to arrive, @@ -281,7 +299,7 @@ message “so-and-so must be reading your mail, can it be that mail files aren't properly protected on your system?” “Of course, no file is protected on our system. What's the problem? You got your answer sooner; why are you unhappy? Of course we read each -other's mail so we can find people like you and help them”. +other's mail so we can find people like you and help them.” Some people just don't know when they're well off.</p> <p>But of course Twenex not only has security, and by default turns on @@ -316,7 +334,7 @@ turn off password checking and then I turned back on a whole bunch of people's wheel bits and posted a system message. I have to explain that the name of this machine was OZ, so I posted a system message saying: “There was another attempt to seize power. So far the -aristocratic forces have been defeated—Radio Free OZ”. +aristocratic forces have been defeated—Radio Free OZ.” Later I discovered that “Radio Free OZ” is one of the things used by Firesign Theater. I didn't know that at the time.</p> @@ -331,13 +349,13 @@ password that is as obvious as possible and I should tell everyone what it is. Because I don't believe that it's really desirable to have security on a computer, I shouldn't be willing to help uphold the security regime. On the systems that permit it I use the “empty -password”, and on systems where that isn't allowed, or where +password,” and on systems where that isn't allowed, or where that means you can't log in at all from other places, things like that, I use my login name as my password. It's about as obvious as you can get. And when people point out that this way people might be -able to log in as me, i say “yes that's the idea, somebody might +able to log in as me, I say “yes that's the idea, somebody might have a need to get some data from this machine. I want to make sure -that they aren't screwed by security”.</p> +that they aren't screwed by security.”</p> <p>And an other thing that I always do is I always turn of all protection on my directory and files, because from time to time I have @@ -345,7 +363,7 @@ useful programs stored there and if there's a bug I want people to be able to fix it.</p> <p>But that machine wasn't designed also to support the phenomenon -called “tourism”. Now “tourism” is a very old +called “tourism.” Now “tourism” is a very old tradition at the AI lab, that went along with our other forms of anarchy, and that was that we'd let outsiders come and use the machine. Now in the days where anybody could walk up to the machine @@ -398,8 +416,8 @@ knew, tourists always logging in as me two or three at a time, so they started flushing my account. And by that time I was mostly working on other machines anyway, so eventually I gave up and stopped ever turning it on again. And that was that. I haven't logged in on that -machine as myself … [At this point RMS is interrupted by -tremendous applause] … for.</p> +machine as myself … <span>[At this point RMS is interrupted by +tremendous applause.]</span> … for.</p> <p>But when they first got this Twenex system they had several changes in mind that they wanted to make. Changes in the way security worked. @@ -474,24 +492,24 @@ and I should make it compatible with Unix. Finally when I realized that I could use the most amusing word in the English language as a name for this system, it was clear which choice I had to make. And that word is of course GNU, which stands for “Gnu's Not -Unix”. The recursive acronym is a very old tradition among the +Unix.” The recursive acronym is a very old tradition among the hacker community around MIT. It started, I believe, with an editor -called TINT, which means: “Tint Is Not Teco”, and later on +called TINT, which means: “Tint Is Not Teco,” and later on it went through names such as “SINE” for “SINE Is -Not Emacs”, and FINE for “Fine Is Not Emacs”, and -EINE for “Eine Is Not Emacs”, and ZWEI for “Zwei Was -Eine Initially”, and ultimately now arrives at GNU.</p> +Not Emacs,” and FINE for “Fine Is Not Emacs,” and +EINE for “Eine Is Not Emacs,” and ZWEI for “Zwei Was +Eine Initially,” and ultimately now arrives at GNU.</p> <p>I would say that since the time about two and a half years ago when I actually started working on GNU, I've done more than half of the work. When I was getting ready to start working on the project, I first started looking around for what I could find already available free. I found out about an interesting portable compiler system which -was called “the free university compiler kit”, and I +was called “the free university compiler kit,” and I thought, with a name like that, perhaps I could have it. So, I sent a message to the person who had developed it asking if he would give it -to the GNU project, and he said “No, the university might be -free, but the software they develop isn't”, but he then said +to the GNU Project, and he said “No, the university might be +free, but the software they develop isn't,” but he then said that he wanted to have a Unix compatible system too, and he wanted to write a sort of kernel for it, so why didn't I then write the utilities, and they could both be distributed with his proprietary @@ -502,16 +520,16 @@ be a compiler.</p> <p>I didn't really know much about optimizing compilers at the time, because I'd never worked on one. But I got my hands on a compiler, that I was told at the time was free. It was a compiler called PASTEL, -which the authors say means “off-color PASCAL”.</p> +which the authors say means “off-color PASCAL.”</p> <p>Pastel was a very complicated language including features such as parametrized types and explicit type parameters and many complicated things. The compiler was of course written in this language, and had many complicated features to optimize the use of these things. For example: the type “string” in that language was a -parameterized type; you could say “string(n)” if you +parameterized type; you could say <code>string(n)</code> if you wanted a string of a particular length; you could also just say -“string”, and the parameter would be determined from the +<code>string</code>, and the parameter would be determined from the context. Now, strings are very important, and it is necessary for a lot of constructs that use them to run fast, and this means that they had to have a lot of features to detect such things as: when the @@ -522,13 +540,13 @@ But I did get to see in this compiler how to do automatic register allocation, and some ideas about how to handle different sorts of machines.</p> -<p>Well, since this compiler already compiled PASTEL, what i needed to +<p>Well, since this compiler already compiled PASTEL, what I needed to do was add a front-end for C, which I did, and add a back-end for the 68000 which I expected to be my first target machine. But I ran into a serious problem. Because the PASTEL language was defined not to require you to declare something before you used it, the declarations and uses could be in any order, in other words: Pascal's -“forward” declaration was obsolete, because of this it was +<code>forward</code> declaration was obsolete, because of this it was necessary to read in an entire program, and keep it in core, and then process it all at once. The result was that the intermediate storage used in the compiler, the size of the memory needed, was proportional @@ -542,7 +560,7 @@ something like that. And of course to generate its conflict matrix to see which temporary values conflicted, or was alive at the same time as which others, it needed a quadratic matrix of bits, and that for large functions that would get it to hundreds of thousands of bytes. -So i managed to debug the first pass of the ten or so passes of the +So I managed to debug the first pass of the ten or so passes of the compiler, cross compiled on to that machine, and then found that the second one could never run.</p> @@ -671,14 +689,15 @@ certain address, you just say: “Give me the object of type FLOAT or DOUBLE at this address” and then assign that. Another thing you can do is to examine all the values that have been examined in the past. Every value examined gets put on the “value -history”. You can refer to any element in the history by its +history.” You can refer to any element in the history by its numerical position, or you can easily refer to the last element with just dollar-sign. And this makes it much easier to trace list structure. If you have any kind of C structure that contains a -pointer to another one, you can do something like “PRINT -*$.next”, which says: “Get the next field out of the last +pointer to another one, you can do something like +<code>PRINT *$.next</code>, which says: “Get +the next field out of the last thing you showed me, and then display the structure that points -at”. And you can repeat that command, and each time you'll see +at.” And you can repeat that command, and each time you'll see then next structure in the list. Whereas in every other C debugger that I've seen the only way to do that is to type a longer command each time. And when this is combined with the feature that just @@ -696,28 +715,28 @@ than remember its number in the history you might give it a name. You might also find use for them when you set conditional breakpoints. Conditional breakpoints are a feature in many symbolic debuggers, you say “stop when you get to this point in the program, but only if -a certain expression is true”. The variables in the debugger +a certain expression is true.” The variables in the debugger allow you to compare a variable in the program with a previous value of that variable that you saved in a debugger variable. Another thing that they can be used for is for counting, because after all, assignments are expressions in C, therefore you can do -“$foo+=5” to increment the value of “$foo” by -five, or just “$foo++” you can do. You can even do this +<code>$foo+=5</code> to increment the value of <code>$foo</code> by +five, or just <code>$foo++</code> you can do. You can even do this in a conditional breakpoint, so that's a cheap way of having it break the tenth time the breakpoint is hit, you can do -“$foo--==0”. Does everyone follow that? Decrement foo -and if it's zero now, break. And then you set $foo to the number of +<code>$foo--==0</code>. Does everyone follow that? Decrement foo +and if it's zero now, break. And then you set <code>$foo</code> to the number of times you want it to skip, and you let it go. You can also use that to examine elements of an array. Suppose you have an array of pointers, you can then do:</p> -<pre>PRINT X[$foo++]</pre> +<pre><code>PRINT X[$foo++]</code></pre> <p>But first you do</p> -<pre>SET $foo=0</pre> +<pre><code>SET $foo=0</code></pre> -<p>Okay, when you do that [points at the “Print” +<p>Okay, when you do that [points at the <code>PRINT</code> expression], you get the zeroth element of X, and then you do it again and it gets the first element, and suppose these are pointers to structures, then you probably put an asterisk there [before the X in @@ -725,16 +744,16 @@ the PRINT expression] and each time it prints the next structure pointed to by the element of the array. And of course you can repeat this command by typing carriage-return. If a single thing to repeat is not enough, you can create a user-defined-command. You can say -“Define Mumble”, and then you give some lines of commands -and then you say “end”. And now there is defined a -“Mumble” command which will execute those lines. And it's +<code>Define Mumble</code>, and then you give some lines of commands +and then you say <code>end</code>. And now there is defined a +<code>Mumble</code> command which will execute those lines. And it's very useful to put these definitions in a command file. You can have a command file in each directory, that will be loaded automatically when you start the debugger with that as your working directory. So for each program you can define a set of user defined commands to access the data structures of that program in a useful way. You can even provide documentation for your user-defined commands, so that -they get handled by the “help” features just like the +they get handled by the <code>help</code> features just like the built-in commands.</p> <p>One other unusual thing in this debugger, is the ability to discard @@ -748,12 +767,12 @@ change the data areas in you program flexibly, but also being able to change the flow of control. In this debugger you can change the flow of control very directly by saying:</p> -<pre>SET $PC=<some number></pre> +<pre><code>SET $PC=<some number></code></pre> <p>So you can set the program counter. You can also set the stack pointer, or you can say</p> -<pre>SET $SP+=<something></pre> +<pre><code>SET $SP+=<something></code></pre> <p>If you want to increment the stack pointer a certain amount. But in addition you can also tell it to start at a particular line in the @@ -762,8 +781,8 @@ But what if you find that you called a function by mistake and you didn't really want to call that function at all? Say, that function is so screwed up that what you really want to do is get back out of it and do by hand what that function should have done. For that you can -use the “RETURN” command. You select a stack frame and you -say “RETURN”, and it causes that stack-frame, and all the +use the <code>RETURN</code> command. You select a stack frame and you +say <code>RETURN</code>, and it causes that stack-frame, and all the ones within it, to be discarded as if that function were returning right now, and you can also specify the value it should return. This does not continue execution; it pretends that return happened and then @@ -810,7 +829,7 @@ represent the instructions in algebraic notation. For example, an ADD instruction might be represented like this:</p> <pre> - r[3]=r[2]+4 + <code>r[3]=r[2]+4</code> </pre> <p>This would be a representation inside their compiler for @@ -825,7 +844,7 @@ instruction.</p> <p>Sometimes depending on whether the result of the first instruction had any further use, it might be necessary to make a combined instruction with two assignment operators. One for this value -[pointing at ???]and another one with this value [pointing at ???] +[pointing at ???] and another one with this value [pointing at ???] substituted in it with what came from the second instruction. But if this value was only used that once, you could eliminate it after substituting for it; there'd be no need to compute it any more. So @@ -852,17 +871,17 @@ wanted, so I have rewritten it to use list structure representations for all these expressions. Things like this:</p> <pre> - (set (reg 2) - (+ (reg 2) - (int 4))) + <code>(set (reg 2)</code> + <code>(+ (reg 2)</code> + <code>(int 4)))</code> </pre> <p>This looks like Lisp, but the semantics of these are not quite LISP, because each symbol here is one recognized specially. There's a particular fixed set of these symbols that is defined, all the ones you need. And each one has a particular pattern of types of -arguments, for example: “reg” always has an integer, -because registers are numbered, but “+” takes two +arguments, for example: <code>reg</code> always has an integer, +because registers are numbered, but <code>+</code> takes two subexpressions, and so on. And with each of these expressions is also a data type which says essentially whether it's fixed or floating and how many bytes long it is. It could be extended to handle other @@ -909,7 +928,7 @@ implementing all the hair needed to make really fully efficient.</p> into effectively a syntax tree annotated with C datatype information. Then another pass which looks at that tree and generates code like this [LISP like code]. Then several optimization passes. One to -handle things like jumps across jumps, jumps to jumps, jumps to .+1, +handle things like jumps across jumps, jumps to jumps, jumps to <code>.+1</code>, all of which can be immediately simplified. Then a common subexpression recognizer, then finding basic blocks, and performing dataflow-analysis, so that it can tell for each instruction which @@ -961,7 +980,7 @@ has to copy things to registers and really it isn't going to have to, so it may free up too many things and thus not use all the registers that it could.</p> -<p>(Question: Do you have a code generator for 32000?) Not yet, but +<p><span>[Question: Do you have a code generator for 32000?]</span> Not yet, but again, it's not a code generator it's just a machine description that you need. A list of all the machine instructions described in this [LISP like] form. So in fact aside from the work of implementing the @@ -983,7 +1002,7 @@ yet, although it has compiled itself correctly. I expect this will just take a few months, and then I will release the compiler.</p> <p>The other sizable part of the system that exist, is the kernel. -(Question: A pause?) Ah, yeah I guess we've forgotten about breaks. +<span>[Question: A pause?]</span> Ah, yeah I guess we've forgotten about breaks. Why don't I finish talking about the kernel, which should only take about five minutes, and then we can take a break.</p> @@ -1018,7 +1037,7 @@ necessary.</p> undeletion, information on when and how and where the file was backed up on tape, atomic superseding of files. I believe that it is good that in Unix when a file is being written, you can already look at -what's going there, so for example, you can use “tail” to +what's going there, so for example, you can use <code>tail</code> to see how far the thing got, that's very nice. And if the program dies, having partly written the file, you can see what it produced. These things are all good, but, that partly written output should not ever @@ -1038,15 +1057,15 @@ specify a file name leaving the version number implicit, if you just specify the name in the ordinary way. But if you wish to specify a name exactly, either because you want to state explicitly what version to use, or because you don't want versions at all, you put a point at -the end of it. Thus if you give the filename “FOO” it +the end of it. Thus if you give the filename <code>FOO</code> it means “Search the versions that exists for FOO and take the -latest one”. But if you say “FOO.” it means -“use exactly the name FOO and none other”. If you say -“FOO.3.” it says “use exactly the name FOO.3 ” +latest one.” But if you say <code>FOO.</code> it means +“use exactly the name FOO and none other.” If you say +<code>FOO.3.</code> it says “use exactly the name FOO.3” which of course is version three of FOO and none other. On output, if -you just say “FOO”, it will eventually create a new -version of “FOO”, but if you say “FOO.” it -will write a file named exactly “FOO”.</p> +you just say <code>FOO</code>, it will eventually create a new +version of FOO, but if you say <code>FOO.</code> it +will write a file named exactly FOO.</p> <p>Now there's some challenges involved in working out all the details in this, and seeing whether there are any lingering problems, whether @@ -1062,35 +1081,35 @@ if you close it explicitly. If it gets closed because the job dies, or because the system crashes or anything like that, it should be under a different name.</p> -<p>And this idea can be connected up to “star matching”, +<p>And this idea can be connected up to “star matching,” by saying that a name that doesn't end in a point is matched against all the names without their version numbers, so if a certain directory has files like this:</p> <pre> - foo.1 foo.2 bar.8 + <code>foo.1 foo.2 bar.8</code> </pre> -<p>If I say “*”, that's equivalent to</p> +<p>If I say <code>*</code>, that's equivalent to</p> <pre> - foo bar + <code>foo bar</code> </pre> <p>because it takes all the names and gets rid of their versions, and -takes all the distinct ones. But if I say “*.” then it +takes all the distinct ones. But if I say <code>*.</code> then it takes all the exact names, puts a point after each one, and matches against them. So this gives me all the names for all the individual versions that exist. And similar, you can see the difference between -“*.c” and “*.c.” this [the first] would give -you essentially versionless references to all the “.c” +<code>*.c</code> and <code>*.c.</code> this [the first] would give +you essentially versionless references to all the <code>.c</code> files, whereas this [the second] will give you all the versions … well this actually wouldn't, you'd have to say -“*.c.*.”. I haven't worked out the details here.</p> +<code>*.c.*.</code>; I haven't worked out the details here.</p> <p>Another thing, that isn't a user visible feature and is certainly compatible to put in, is failsafeness in the file system. Namely, by writing all the information on disk in the proper order, arranging -that you can press “halt” at any time without ever +that you can press “<kbd>halt</kbd>” at any time without ever corrupting thereby the file system on disk. It is so well known how to do this, I can't imagine why anyone would neglect it. Another idea is further redundant information. I'm not sure whether I'll do this @@ -1196,7 +1215,7 @@ extremely impressed by the sharing spirit that we had. We were doing something that we hoped was useful and were happy if people could use it. So when I developed the first EMACS, and people wanted to start use it outside of MIT, I said that it belongs to the EMACS -“Commune”, that in order to use EMACS you had to be a +“Commune,” that in order to use EMACS you had to be a member of the commune, and that meant that you had the responsibility to contribute all the improvements that you made. All the improvements to the original EMACS had to be sent back to me so that I @@ -1259,11 +1278,11 @@ tries to pressure other people into helping. Whenever a user signs a nondisclosure agreement he has essentially sold out his fellow users. Instead of following the golden rule and saying, “I like this program, my neighbor would like the program, I want us both to have -it”, instead he said, “Yeah, give it to me. To hell with +it,” instead he said, “Yeah, give it to me. To hell with my neighbor! I'll help you keep it away from my neighbor, just give -it to me!”, and that spirit is what does the spiritual harm. +it to me!” and that spirit is what does the spiritual harm. That attitude of saying, “To hell with my neighbors, give ME a -copy”.</p> +copy.”</p> <p>After I ran into people saying they wouldn't let me have copies of something, because they had signed some secrecy agreement, then when @@ -1304,12 +1323,12 @@ other things that were what we wanted. We then got a much nicer graphic printer, one of the first laser printers, but then the software was supplied by Xerox, and we couldn't change it. They wouldn't put in these features, and we couldn't, so we had to make do -with things that “half worked”. And it was very +with things that “half worked.” And it was very frustrating to know that we were ready, willing and able to fix it, but weren't permitted. We were sabotaged.</p> <p>And then there are all the people who use computers and say that -the computers are a mystery to them, they don't know they work. Well +the computers are a mystery to them, they don't know [how] they work. Well how can they possibly know? They can't read the programs they're using. The only way people learn how programs should be written, or how programs do what they do, is by reading the source code.</p> @@ -1329,7 +1348,7 @@ really under the control of others. And a person who sees this becomes in a certain way demoralized: “It's no use trying to change those things, they're always going to be bad. No point even hassling it. I'll just put in my time and … when it's over -I'll go away and try not to think about it any more”. That kind +I'll go away and try not to think about it any more.” That kind of spirit, that unenthusiasm is what results from not being permitted to make things better when you have feelings of public spirit.</p> @@ -1406,7 +1425,7 @@ happen, because someone believed he should own it.</p> put forward two lines of argument for this. The first one is “I wrote it, it is a child of my spirit, my heart, my soul is in this. How can anyone take it away from me? Wherever it goes it's mine, -mine, MINE!!”. Well, it's sort of strange that most of them +mine, MINE!!” Well, it's sort of strange that most of them signs agreements saying it belongs to the company they work for.</p> <p>So I believe this is one of the things you can easily talk yourself @@ -1415,12 +1434,12 @@ yourself it doesn't matter at all.</p> <p>Usually, these people use this argument to demand the right to control even how people can change a program. They say: “Nobody -should be able to mess up my work of art”. Well, imagine that +should be able to mess up my work of art.” Well, imagine that the person who invented a dish that you plan to cook had the right to control how you can cook it, because it's his work of art. You want to leave out the salt, but he says “Oh, no. I designed this dish, and it has to have this much salt!” “But my doctor -says it's not safe for me to eat salt. What can I do?”.</p> +says it's not safe for me to eat salt. What can I do?”</p> <p>Clearly, the person who is using the program is much closer to the event. The use of the program affects him very directly, whereas it @@ -1439,11 +1458,11 @@ fashion” on the one hand, and to say “We need to have the current system, you need to get rich by programming” on the other hand. There's a big difference between just making a living wage and making the kind of money programmers, at least in the US make -nowadays. They always say: “How will I eat?”, but the -problem is not really how “Will he eat?”, but “How -will he eat sushi?”. “How will I have a roof over my -head?”, but the real problem is “How can he afford a -condo?”.</p> +nowadays. They always say: “How will I eat?” but the +problem is not really how “Will he eat?” but “How +will he eat sushi?” “How will I have a roof over my +head?” but the real problem is “How can he afford a +condo?”</p> <p>The current system were chosen by the people who invest in software development, because it gives them the possibility of making the most @@ -1490,7 +1509,7 @@ less. It is barely enough to live on, it's difficult. But there are lots of them trying to do that. And then, somehow when it gets generally possible to get very well paid to do something, all those people disappear, and people start saying “nobody will do it -unless they get paid that well”.</p> +unless they get paid that well.”</p> <p>And I saw this happen in the field of programming. The very same people who used to work at the AI lab and get payed very little and @@ -1532,21 +1551,21 @@ course. They would go up and say: “A lot of places around here have been burning down lately. You wouldn't want your place to burn down, would you? Well we can protect you from fires, you just have to pay us a thousand dollars a month, and we'll make sure you don't have -a fire here”. And this was called “the protection -racket”. Now we have something where a person says “You +a fire here.” And this was called “the protection +racket.” Now we have something where a person says “You got a nice computer there, and you've got some programs there that you're using. Well, if you don't want those programs to disappear, if you don't want the police to come after you, you better pay me a thousand dollars, and I'll give you a copy of this program with a -license”, and this is called “the software protection -racket”.</p> +license,” and this is called “the software protection +racket.”</p> <p>Really all they're doing is interfering with everybody else doing what needs to be done, but they're pretending as much to them selves as to the rest of us, that they are providing a useful function. Well, what I hope is that when that software Mafia guy comes up and says, “You want those programs to disappear on your -computer?”, the user can say “I'm not afraid of you any +computer?” the user can say “I'm not afraid of you any more. I have this free GNU software, and there's nothing you can do to me now.”</p> @@ -1586,11 +1605,11 @@ do the right thing, which is to make free software.</p> <p><strong>[After this RMS answered questions for about an hour. I have only included a very few of the questions and answers in this version. The tape was bad, and I didn't have the time to do a proper -job on all of it] +job on all of it.] </strong></p> <dl> -<dt><b>Q</b>: Has anyone tried to make problems for you?</dt> +<dt><b>Q:</b> Has anyone tried to make problems for you?</dt> <dd><p><b>A:</b> The only time anyone has tried to make a problem for me was those owners, so called, self-styled owners of Gosling Emacs. @@ -1601,8 +1620,8 @@ certain thoughts and not think of others. Much of the terminology current in the field was chosen by the self-styled software owners to try to encourage you to try to make you see software as similar to material objects that are property, and overlook the differences. The -most flagrant example of this is the term “pirate”. -Please refuse to use to use the term “pirate” to describe +most flagrant example of this is the term “pirate.” +Please refuse to use the term “pirate” to describe somebody who wishes to share software with his neighbor like a good citizen.</p> @@ -1629,7 +1648,7 @@ invented, and made sense morally because of a technological change. Now the reverse change is happening. Individual copying of information is becoming better and better, and we can see that the ultimate progress of technology is to make it possible to copy any -kind of information. [break due to turning of tape]</p> +kind of information. <span>[break due to turning of tape]</span></p> <p>Thus we are back in the same situation as in the ancient world where copyright did not make sense.</p> @@ -1652,20 +1671,20 @@ object, you can come and take away this chair, but you couldn't come and copy it. And if you took away the chair, it wouldn't be producing anything, so there's no excuse. I somebody says: “I did the work to make this one chair, and only one person can have this chair, it -might as well be me”, we might as well say: “Yeah, that makes -sense”. When a person says: “I carved the bits on this +might as well be me,” we might as well say: “Yeah, that makes +sense.” When a person says: “I carved the bits on this disk, only one person can have this disk, so don't you dare take it -away from me”, well that also make sense. If only one person is +away from me,” well that also make sense. If only one person is going to have the disk, it might as well be the guy who owns that disk.</p> <p>But when somebody else comes up and says: “I'm not going to hurt your disk, I'm just gonna magically make another one just like it and then I'll take it away and then you can go on using this disk just -the same as before”, well, it's the same as if somebody said: +the same as before,” well, it's the same as if somebody said: “I've got a magic chair copier. You can keep on enjoying your chair, sitting in it, having it always there when you want it, but -I'll have a chair too”. That's good.</p> +I'll have a chair too.” That's good.</p> <p>If people don't have to build, they can just snap their fingers and duplicate them, that's wonderful. But this change in technology @@ -1689,12 +1708,12 @@ benefit of the change in technology, to universal machines, but they don't want the public to get that benefit.</p> <p>Essentially they are trying to preserve the “material object -age”, but it's gone, and we should get our ideas of right and +age,” but it's gone, and we should get our ideas of right and wrong in sync with the actual facts of the world we live in.</p> </dd> -<dt><b>Q</b>: So it boils down to ownership of information. Do you -think there are any instances where, your opinion, it's right to own +<dt><b>Q:</b> So it boils down to ownership of information. Do you +think there are any instances where, [in] your opinion, it's right to own information?</dt> <dd><p><b>A:</b> With information that's not generally useful, or is of a @@ -1710,10 +1729,11 @@ use or enjoy, and that will be used and enjoyed more the more people who have it, always we should encourage the copying.</p> </dd> </dl> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -1731,13 +1751,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -1759,7 +1779,7 @@ of this article.</p> Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> <p> -Copyright © 1987, 2009, 2010, 2020 Richard Stallman and Bjrn Remseth +Copyright © 1987, 2022 Richard Stallman and Bjrn Remseth </p> <p> Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this @@ -1770,10 +1790,10 @@ transcript as long as the copyright and this permission notice appear. <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/07/01 15:25:23 $ +$Date: 2022/06/10 16:48:04 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stallman-mec-india.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stallman-mec-india.html index 5572bc5..99cbeb9 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stallman-mec-india.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stallman-mec-india.html @@ -1,2108 +1,2117 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> +<title>Stallman's Speech at Model Engineering College About Software Patent +Dangers - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +ul.big-list li { margin-top: 1em; } +#content i { color: #505050; } +--></style> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/stallman-mec-india.translist" --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>The Danger of Software Patents (2001)</h2> -<title>Stallman's Speech at Model Engineering College About Software Patent -Dangers - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/stallman-mec-india.translist" --> -<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - -<h2>The Danger of Software Patents (2001)</h2> - -<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p> -<p> <em>Speech given at Model Engineering College, Government of Kerala, -India, 2001</em> -(<a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-mec-india.ogg">audio -recording</a>)</p> -<hr class="thin" /> - -<div><h3>Summary</h3> - -<p><a href="#intro">Introduction of the speaker</a></p> - -<p><a href="#conf">Stallman's speech</a></p> - -<ul> - <li><a href="#conf1">There are two things wrong with the phrase - “intellectual property.”</a></li> - <li><a href="#conf2">Copyrights and patents have nothing to do with each - other.</a></li> - <li><a href="#conf3">How the patent system works.</a></li> - <li><a href="#conf4">You have to work with a lawyer.</a></li> - <li><a href="#conf5">Avoid the patent.</a></li> - <li><a href="#conf6">License the patent.</a></li> - <li><a href="#conf7">Challenge the validity of the patent.</a></li> - <li><a href="#conf8">Nobody can reinvent the entire field of software.</a></li> - <li><a href="#conf9">The relationship between patents and products varies - between the fields.</a></li> - <li><a href="#conf10">Program development is hampered by software - patents.</a></li> - <li><a href="#conf11">What can a country do to avoid this problem?</a></li> - <li><a href="#conf12">Preventing India from having software patents will - be up to the citizens of India.</a></li> - <li><a href="#conf13">Businesses should demand opposition to software - patents.</a></li> - <li><a href="#conf14">It's important for countries to work together - against this.</a></li> -</ul> - -<p><a href="#questions">Questions from the audience</a></p> +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Speech given at Model Engineering College, Government of Kerala, +India, 2001 +(<a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-mec-india.ogg">audio +recording</a>)</p> +</div> +<div class="toc"> +<h3 class="no-display">Summary</h3> <ul> - <li><a href="#questions1">Questions about software patents</a></li> +<li><a href="#intro">Introduction of the speaker</a></li> +<li><a href="#conf">Stallman's speech</a> + <ul> + <li><a href="#conf1">There are two things wrong with the phrase + “intellectual property.”</a></li> + <li><a href="#conf2">Copyrights and patents have nothing to do with each + other.</a></li> + <li><a href="#conf3">How the patent system works.</a></li> + <li><a href="#conf4">You have to work with a lawyer.</a></li> + <li><a href="#conf5">Avoid the patent.</a></li> + <li><a href="#conf6">License the patent.</a></li> + <li><a href="#conf7">Challenge the validity of the patent.</a></li> + <li><a href="#conf8">Nobody can reinvent the entire field of software.</a></li> + <li><a href="#conf9">The relationship between patents and products varies + between the fields.</a></li> + <li><a href="#conf10">Program development is hampered by software + patents.</a></li> + <li><a href="#conf11">What can a country do to avoid this problem?</a></li> + <li><a href="#conf12">Preventing India from having software patents will + be up to the citizens of India.</a></li> + <li><a href="#conf13">Businesses should demand opposition to software + patents.</a></li> + <li><a href="#conf14">It's important for countries to work together + against this.</a></li> + </ul> +</li> +<li><a href="#questions">Questions from the audience</a> + <ul> + <li><a href="#questions1">Questions about software patents</a></li> <li><a href="#questions2">Questions about free software</a></li> + </ul> +</li> </ul> -</div> <!-- Summary --> - -<div><h3 id="intro">Introduction of the speaker</h3> - -<p><strong>Prof. Jyothi John, Head of Computer Engineering Department -introduces Stallman:</strong></p> - -<p> It's my privilege and duty to welcome the most distinguished guest -ever we had in this college.</p> - -<p> Mr. Richard Mathew Stallman launched the development of the GNU -operating system in 1984, the goal being to create a completely free -Unix-like operating system. The organization that was founded in 1985 -to further this purpose is the Free Software Foundation.</p> - -<p> Stallman is a visionary of computing in our times, and is the -genius behind programs such as Emacs, GCC, the GNU debugger and more. -Most importantly, he's the author of the GNU General Public License, the -license under which more than half of all free software is distributed -and developed. The combination of GNU with Linux, the kernel, called -the GNU/Linux operating system, now has an estimated twenty million -users worldwide.</p> - -<p> Stallman's concept of free software talks about freedom, rather -than about price. His ideas go a long way into ensuring development of -software for the welfare of society, collectively developed by programmers -who do not “lock up” their work, but rather release it for -others to study, modify and redistribute.</p> - -<p> Stallman received the Grace Hopper award from the Association for -Computing Machinery for 1991, in 1990 he was awarded MacArthur Foundation -Fellowship — other recipients of this prestigious award include Noam -Chomsky and Tim Berners-Lee. In 1996, an honorary doctorate of Technology -from the Royal Institute, Sweden was awarded to him. In 1998, he received -the Electronic Frontier Foundation's Pioneer award, along with Linus -Torvalds. In 1999 he received the Yuri Rubinski Memorial award.</p> - -<p> Today, Stallman will be talking about the danger of software patents. -In fact this is one of the most important aspect of the freedom of -programming because the aspect of software patents may make all programmers -potential lawbreakers because unknowingly they may be violating some of the -patents registered by some other company.</p> - -<h3 id="conf">Stallman's speech</h3> - -<p> After that introduction, I am sure many of you want to know about free -software. But unfortunately that's not what I am supposed to speak about. -In fact, this topic, software patents, is <em>not</em> very closely related -to the issue of free software. Software patents are a danger that affect -all programmers and all computer users. I found out about them, of course, -in working on free software because they are a danger to my project as well -as to every other software project in the world.</p> - -<h4 id="conf1">There are two things wrong with the phrase -“intellectual property.”</h4> - -<p> There is a very unfortunate phrase that you may have heard. It is the -phrase “intellectual property.” Now, there are two things -wrong with this phrase.</p> - -<p> One — it prejudges the most important policy question about how -to treat some kind of ideas or practices or works, or whatever. It assumes -that they are going to be treated as some kind of property. Now, this is a -public policy decision and you should be able to consider various -alternatives to choose the best one. Which means you shouldn't name the -whole field, name the question with a term that prejudges what kind of -answer you use.</p> - -<p> But second and even more fundamental, that term is actually a -catchall for totally different areas of law, including copyrights, -patents, trademarks, trade secrets and various other things as well. Now -these areas of the law in fact have almost nothing in common. What the -laws say is totally different from one to the next. Their origins are -completely independent and the public policy issues they raise are -completely different. So, the only intelligent way to think about them is -to pick one of them and think about it; think about them separately.</p> - -<p> So the intelligent way to talk about them is never to generalize about -them but to talk about a specific one, you know, talk about copyrights, or -talk about patents, or talk about trademarks, but never lump them all -together as intellectual property because that's a recipe for simplistic -conclusions. It's almost impossible to think intelligently about -“intellectual property” and so I refuse to do that. I just tell -people why the term is a mistake, and then if you ask me for my opinion on -copyrights or my opinion on patents, it will take me an hour to tell you -it. But they are two different opinions, and my opinion about trademarks -is something completely different as well.</p> - -<h4 id="conf2">Copyrights and patents have nothing to do with each other.</h4> - -<p> So the most important thing for you to start with is never mix -copyrights and patents as topics. They have nothing to do with each -other. Let me tell you some of the basic differences between copyrights -and patents:</p> - -<ul class="blurbs"> - <li> A copyright deals with a particular work, usually a written work, - and it has to do with the details of that work. Ideas are completely - excluded. Patents, by contrast — well, a patent covers an idea. - It's that simple, and any idea that you can describe, that's what a +</div> + +<h3 id="intro">Introduction of the speaker</h3> + +<p><em>Prof. Jyothi John, Head of Computer Engineering Department +introduces Stallman:</em></p> + +<p> It's my privilege and duty to welcome the most distinguished guest +ever we had in this college.</p> + +<p> Mr. Richard Mathew Stallman launched the development of the GNU +operating system in 1984, the goal being to create a completely free +Unix-like operating system. The organization that was founded in 1985 +to further this purpose is the Free Software Foundation.</p> + +<p> Stallman is a visionary of computing in our times, and is the +genius behind programs such as Emacs, GCC, the GNU debugger and more. +Most importantly, he's the author of the GNU General Public License, the +license under which more than half of all free software is distributed +and developed. The combination of GNU with Linux, the kernel, called +the GNU/Linux operating system, now has an estimated twenty million +users worldwide.</p> + +<p> Stallman's concept of free software talks about freedom, rather +than about price. His ideas go a long way into ensuring development of +software for the welfare of society, collectively developed by programmers +who do not “lock up” their work, but rather release it for +others to study, modify and redistribute.</p> + +<p> Stallman received the Grace Hopper award from the Association for +Computing Machinery for 1991, in 1990 he was awarded MacArthur Foundation +Fellowship—other recipients of this prestigious award include Noam +Chomsky and Tim Berners-Lee. In 1996, an honorary doctorate of Technology +from the Royal Institute, Sweden was awarded to him. In 1998, he received +the Electronic Frontier Foundation's Pioneer award, along with Linus +Torvalds. In 1999 he received the Yuri Rubinski Memorial award.</p> + +<p> Today, Stallman will be talking about the danger of software patents. +In fact this is one of the most important aspect of the freedom of +programming because the aspect of software patents may make all programmers +potential lawbreakers because unknowingly they may be violating some of the +patents registered by some other company.</p> + +<h3 id="conf">Stallman's speech</h3> + +<p> After that introduction, I am sure many of you want to know about free +software. But unfortunately that's not what I am supposed to speak about. +In fact, this topic, software patents, is <em>not</em> very closely related +to the issue of free software. Software patents are a danger that affect +all programmers and all computer users. I found out about them, of course, +in working on free software because they are a danger to my project as well +as to every other software project in the world.</p> + +<h4 id="conf1">There are two things wrong with the phrase +“intellectual property.”</h4> + +<p> There is a very unfortunate phrase that you may have heard. It is the +phrase “intellectual property.” Now, there are two things +wrong with this phrase.</p> + +<p> One—it prejudges the most important policy question about how +to treat some kind of ideas or practices or works, or whatever. It assumes +that they are going to be treated as some kind of property. Now, this is a +public policy decision and you should be able to consider various +alternatives to choose the best one. Which means you shouldn't name the +whole field, name the question with a term that prejudges what kind of +answer you use.</p> + +<p> But second and even more fundamental, that term is actually a +catchall for totally different areas of law, including copyrights, +patents, trademarks, trade secrets and various other things as well. Now +these areas of the law in fact have almost nothing in common. What the +laws say is totally different from one to the next. Their origins are +completely independent and the public policy issues they raise are +completely different. So, the only intelligent way to think about them is +to pick one of them and think about it; think about them separately.</p> + +<p> So the intelligent way to talk about them is never to generalize about +them but to talk about a specific one, you know, talk about copyrights, or +talk about patents, or talk about trademarks, but never lump them all +together as intellectual property because that's a recipe for simplistic +conclusions. It's almost impossible to think intelligently about +“intellectual property” and so I refuse to do that. I just tell +people why the term is a mistake, and then if you ask me for my opinion on +copyrights or my opinion on patents, it will take me an hour to tell you +it. But they are two different opinions, and my opinion about trademarks +is something completely different as well.</p> + +<h4 id="conf2">Copyrights and patents have nothing to do with each other.</h4> + +<p> So the most important thing for you to start with is never mix +copyrights and patents as topics. They have nothing to do with each +other. Let me tell you some of the basic differences between copyrights +and patents:</p> + +<ul class="big-list"> + <li> A copyright deals with a particular work, usually a written work, + and it has to do with the details of that work. Ideas are completely + excluded. Patents, by contrast—well, a patent covers an idea. + It's that simple, and any idea that you can describe, that's what a patent might restrict you from doing.</li> - <li> Copyrights have to do with copying. If you wrote something - that was word for word the same as some famous novel, and you could prove - that you did this while you were locked up in a room and you have never - seen that novel, this would not be copyright violation because it's not - copying. But a patent is an absolute monopoly on using a particular idea. - And even if you could show that you thought of it on your own, that + <li> Copyrights have to do with copying. If you wrote something + that was word for word the same as some famous novel, and you could prove + that you did this while you were locked up in a room and you have never + seen that novel, this would not be copyright violation because it's not + copying. But a patent is an absolute monopoly on using a particular idea. + And even if you could show that you thought of it on your own, that would be considered totally irrelevant. It doesn't help you.</li> - <li> Copyrights exist automatically. Whenever anything is written, - it's copyrighted. Patents are issued through an expensive - application process. There is an expensive fee and even more expense - in paying lawyers, which of course tends to be good for big companies. - And the patent office says that it only issues patents for things - that are unobvious. However, practically speaking, in many patent - offices the criterion is unobvious to somebody with an IQ of fifty. - And they have all sorts of excuses to ignore the fact that whenever any - programmer looks at it, his first statement is “this is absurd, - it's obvious.” They say “well, this is hindsight.” So - they just have an excuse to completely ignore the judgment of everybody + <li> Copyrights exist automatically. Whenever anything is written, + it's copyrighted. Patents are issued through an expensive + application process. There is an expensive fee and even more expense + in paying lawyers, which of course tends to be good for big companies. + And the patent office says that it only issues patents for things + that are unobvious. However, practically speaking, in many patent + offices the criterion is unobvious to somebody with an IQ of fifty. + And they have all sorts of excuses to ignore the fact that whenever any + programmer looks at it, his first statement is “this is absurd, + it's obvious.” They say “well, this is hindsight.” So + they just have an excuse to completely ignore the judgment of everybody who really is a programmer.</li> - <li> Copyrights last an extremely long time. In the US today it's - possible for copyrights to last for 150 years, which is absurd. Patents - don't last that long; they merely last for a long time — 20 years, + <li> Copyrights last an extremely long time. In the US today it's + possible for copyrights to last for 150 years, which is absurd. Patents + don't last that long; they merely last for a long time—20 years, which in the field of software, as you can imagine, is a long time.</li> -</ul> - -<p> There are many other differences as well. In fact every detail is -different. So the worst thing you should ever do is learn something about -copyrights and suppose that the same is true of patents. No, more likely -it's not true of patents. If it's true of copyrights, it's not true for -patents. That would be a better guideline if you have to guess.</p> - -<h4 id="conf3">How the patent system works.</h4> - -<p> Now most of the time when people describe how the patent system works, -they are people with a vested interest in the system. And so they describe -the patent system from the point of view of somebody who wants to get a -patent and then point it at programmers and say -“hand me your money.” This is natural, you know; when they -sell lottery tickets, they talk about people who win, not people who lose. -Of course most of the people lose, but they don't want you to think about -that, so they talk about the ones who win. It's the same with patents. -The patent system is a very expensive lottery for its participants. But of -course, the people who run the system want you to think about the small -chance you might win.</p> - -<p> So to redress this imbalance, I am going to explain what the patent -system looks like from the point of view of somebody who might be the -victim of a patent; that is, somebody who wants to develop software. - Suppose that you want to develop a program and you are in a country that -has software patents. How do you have to deal with the patent system? </p> - -<p> Well, the first thing is you have to find out about the patents -that might potentially affect your area. This is impossible, because -patents that are in the pipeline, being considered by the patent office, -are secret. Well, in some countries they are published after 18 months -but that still gives plenty of time for them to be secret. So you might -develop a program this year, which is perfectly legal and safe this year. -And then next year, a patent could be issued and all of a sudden you -could be sued. It happens. Or your users could get sued.</p> - -<p> For instance, in 1984 the Compress program was developed and, since it -was free software, it was distributed by many companies along with Unix -systems. Well, in 1985, a US patent was issued on the LZW compression -algorithm used by Compress, and after a few years Unisys began squeezing -money out of various companies.</p> - -<p> Well, since we in the GNU project needed a data compression program -and since we could not use Compress, we began looking for some other -compression program. We found out about… Somebody came forward -and said: “I have been working on this algorithm for a year and -now I have decided I am going to contribute it to you, and here is -the code.” We were a week away from releasing this program when I -just happened to see a copy of the New York Times, which doesn't happen -very often, and it just happened to have the weekly patents column and -I noted it and so I read it. It said that somebody had got a patent -for inventing a new method, a better method of data compression. Well, +</ul> + +<p> There are many other differences as well. In fact every detail is +different. So the worst thing you should ever do is learn something about +copyrights and suppose that the same is true of patents. No, more likely +it's not true of patents. If it's true of copyrights, it's not true for +patents. That would be a better guideline if you have to guess.</p> + +<h4 id="conf3">How the patent system works.</h4> + +<p> Now most of the time when people describe how the patent system works, +they are people with a vested interest in the system. And so they describe +the patent system from the point of view of somebody who wants to get a +patent and then point it at programmers and say +“hand me your money.” This is natural, you know; when they +sell lottery tickets, they talk about people who win, not people who lose. +Of course most of the people lose, but they don't want you to think about +that, so they talk about the ones who win. It's the same with patents. +The patent system is a very expensive lottery for its participants. But of +course, the people who run the system want you to think about the small +chance you might win.</p> + +<p> So to redress this imbalance, I am going to explain what the patent +system looks like from the point of view of somebody who might be the +victim of a patent; that is, somebody who wants to develop software. + Suppose that you want to develop a program and you are in a country that +has software patents. How do you have to deal with the patent system? </p> + +<p> Well, the first thing is you have to find out about the patents +that might potentially affect your area. This is impossible, because +patents that are in the pipeline, being considered by the patent office, +are secret. Well, in some countries they are published after 18 months +but that still gives plenty of time for them to be secret. So you might +develop a program this year, which is perfectly legal and safe this year. +And then next year, a patent could be issued and all of a sudden you +could be sued. It happens. Or your users could get sued.</p> + +<p> For instance, in 1984 the Compress program was developed and, since it +was free software, it was distributed by many companies along with Unix +systems. Well, in 1985, a US patent was issued on the LZW compression +algorithm used by Compress, and after a few years Unisys began squeezing +money out of various companies.</p> + +<p> Well, since we in the GNU project needed a data compression program +and since we could not use Compress, we began looking for some other +compression program. We found out about… Somebody came forward +and said: “I have been working on this algorithm for a year and +now I have decided I am going to contribute it to you, and here is +the code.” We were a week away from releasing this program when I +just happened to see a copy of the New York Times, which doesn't happen +very often, and it just happened to have the weekly patents column and +I noted it and so I read it. It said that somebody had got a patent +for inventing a new method, a better method of data compression. Well, that was not in fact true. -<span class="gnun-split"></span>When I saw this, I thought we'd better get a -copy of this patent and see if it's a problem, and it turned out to cover -exactly the algorithm that we were about to release. So this program -was killed one week before it was released. And in fact that person, -that patent holder, had not invented a better method, because in fact -it wasn't new. But that doesn't matter, he had a monopoly.</p> - -<p> Eventually we found another compression algorithm which is used in the -program that's known as GZIP. But this illustrates the danger that you -face: even if you had unlimited resources, you couldn't find out about -all the patents that might endanger your project. But you can find out -about the issued patents because they are published by the patent office. -So in principle, you could read them all, and see what they restrict, -what they prohibit you from doing. Practically speaking though, once -there are software patents there are so many of them that you can't +<span class="gnun-split"></span>When I saw this, I thought we'd better get a +copy of this patent and see if it's a problem, and it turned out to cover +exactly the algorithm that we were about to release. So this program +was killed one week before it was released. And in fact that person, +that patent holder, had not invented a better method, because in fact +it wasn't new. But that doesn't matter, he had a monopoly.</p> + +<p> Eventually we found another compression algorithm which is used in the +program that's known as GZIP. But this illustrates the danger that you +face: even if you had unlimited resources, you couldn't find out about +all the patents that might endanger your project. But you can find out +about the issued patents because they are published by the patent office. +So in principle, you could read them all, and see what they restrict, +what they prohibit you from doing. Practically speaking though, once +there are software patents there are so many of them that you can't keep up with them. -<span class="gnun-split"></span>In the US there are over a hundred thousand of -them; maybe two hundred thousand by now. This is just an estimate. -I know that 10 years ago they were issuing 10,000 a year and I believe -that it has accelerated since then. So it's too much for you to keep -track of them unless that's your full-time job. Now you can try to -search for the ones that are relevant to what you are doing, and this -works some of the time. If you search for certain keywords or follow -links, you'll find some patents that are relevant to what you're doing. -You won't find them <em>all</em>.</p> - -<p> A few years ago somebody had a US patent — maybe it's -expired by now — on natural order recalculation in spreadsheets. -Now, what does this mean? It means the original spreadsheets did the -recalculation always from top to bottom. Which meant that if a cell -ever depended on a lower cell, then it wouldn't get recalculated the -first time; you'd have to do another recalculation to get that one. -Clearly it's better to do the recalculation in the order, you know. -If A depends on B, then do B first and then do A. This way a single -recalculation will make everything consistent. Well, that's what the -patent covered.</p> - -<p> Now, if you searched for the term spreadsheet, you would not have -found that patent because that term did not appear in it. The phrase -“natural order recalculation” didn't appear either. This -algorithm — and it was indeed the algorithm that they covered, -basically every imaginable way of coding this algorithm — the -algorithm is called topological sorting, and that term did not appear -in the patent either. It presented itself as a patent on a technique -for compilation. So, reasonable searching would not have found this -patent but it would still have been a basis to sue you.</p> - -<p> In fact you can't tell what a software patent covers even roughly, -except by studying it carefully. This is different from patents in other -areas, because in other areas there is some physical thing happening, -and the details of that physical thing usually give you a sort of anchor -so that you can tell whether it relates or not. But in software there -is no such thing, and so it's easy for two totally different ways of -saying something to cover, in fact, the same computation, and it takes -careful study to see that they cover the same one. Because of this, -even the patent office can't keep track. So, there is not one, but -two patents covering LZW data compression. The first one was issued in -1985 and I think the second one in 1989. But that one I think had been -applied for even earlier. One of these patents belongs to Unisys and -the other belongs to IBM.</p> - -<p> Now, this kind of mistake is not in fact that rare. It's not the -only one. You see, patent examiners don't have a lot of time to spend -on one patent. In the US they have an average of 17 hours per patent. -Now that's not enough to carefully study all the other patents in the -area to see if they are really the same thing. So they are going to -make this kind of mistake over and over.</p> - -<h4 id="conf4">You have to work with a lawyer.</h4> - -<p> So you won't find all the patents that might threaten you but you'll -find some of them. Then what do you do? You have to try to figure out -precisely what these patents prohibit. That is very hard, because patents -are written in tortuous legal language which is very hard for an engineer -to understand. You are going to have to work with a lawyer to do it.</p> - -<p> In the 1980's the Australian government commissioned a study of -the patent system — the patent system in general, not software patents. -This study concluded that Australia would be better off abolishing the -patent system because it did very little good for society and caused a lot -of trouble. The only reason they didn't recommend that was international -pressure. So one of the things they cited was that patents, which were -supposed to disclose information so that it would no longer be secret, -were in fact useless for that purpose. Engineers never looked at -patents to try to learn anything, because it's too hard to read them. -In fact they quoted an engineer saying “I can't recognize my own -inventions in patent deeds.” Now this is not just theoretical.</p> - -<p> A few years ago, an engineer in the US named Paul Heckel was -suing Apple. He got a couple of software patents in the late 80's for -a software package, and then when he saw Hypercard he looked at it and -said “ this is nothing like my program,” and didn't think -anymore of it. But then later on, his lawyer explained to him that if -you read his patents carefully, Hypercard fell into the prohibited area. -So he sued Apple, figuring this was an opportunity to get some money. -Well, once when I gave a speech like this, he was in the audience, and he -said “oh no that's not true, I just wasn't aware of the scope of my -protection.” And I said “yeah, that's what I said.”</p> - -<p> So you are going to have to spend a lot of time working with a -lawyer and explaining to the lawyer what project you are working on, so -the lawyer can explain to you what the patents imply. This is going to -be expensive, and when you're done the lawyer will tell you something -like this: “If you do something in this area, you are almost -sure to lose a lawsuit. If you do something in this area, you are in -a substantial danger, and if you really want to be safe you'd better -stay out of this area, and, of course there is a substantial element -of chance in the outcome of any lawsuit.” So now that you have -a predictable terrain for doing business, what are you going to do?</p> - -<p> Well, you have three options to consider:</p> +<span class="gnun-split"></span>In the US there are over a hundred thousand of +them; maybe two hundred thousand by now. This is just an estimate. +I know that 10 years ago they were issuing 10,000 a year and I believe +that it has accelerated since then. So it's too much for you to keep +track of them unless that's your full-time job. Now you can try to +search for the ones that are relevant to what you are doing, and this +works some of the time. If you search for certain keywords or follow +links, you'll find some patents that are relevant to what you're doing. +You won't find them <em>all</em>.</p> + +<p> A few years ago somebody had a US patent—maybe it's +expired by now—on natural order recalculation in spreadsheets. +Now, what does this mean? It means the original spreadsheets did the +recalculation always from top to bottom. Which meant that if a cell +ever depended on a lower cell, then it wouldn't get recalculated the +first time; you'd have to do another recalculation to get that one. +Clearly it's better to do the recalculation in the order, you know. +If A depends on B, then do B first and then do A. This way a single +recalculation will make everything consistent. Well, that's what the +patent covered.</p> + +<p> Now, if you searched for the term spreadsheet, you would not have +found that patent because that term did not appear in it. The phrase +“natural order recalculation” didn't appear either. This +algorithm—and it was indeed the algorithm that they covered, +basically every imaginable way of coding this algorithm—the +algorithm is called topological sorting, and that term did not appear +in the patent either. It presented itself as a patent on a technique +for compilation. So, reasonable searching would not have found this +patent but it would still have been a basis to sue you.</p> + +<p> In fact you can't tell what a software patent covers even roughly, +except by studying it carefully. This is different from patents in other +areas, because in other areas there is some physical thing happening, +and the details of that physical thing usually give you a sort of anchor +so that you can tell whether it relates or not. But in software there +is no such thing, and so it's easy for two totally different ways of +saying something to cover, in fact, the same computation, and it takes +careful study to see that they cover the same one. Because of this, +even the patent office can't keep track. So, there is not one, but +two patents covering LZW data compression. The first one was issued in +1985 and I think the second one in 1989. But that one I think had been +applied for even earlier. One of these patents belongs to Unisys and +the other belongs to IBM.</p> + +<p> Now, this kind of mistake is not in fact that rare. It's not the +only one. You see, patent examiners don't have a lot of time to spend +on one patent. In the US they have an average of 17 hours per patent. +Now that's not enough to carefully study all the other patents in the +area to see if they are really the same thing. So they are going to +make this kind of mistake over and over.</p> + +<h4 id="conf4">You have to work with a lawyer.</h4> + +<p> So you won't find all the patents that might threaten you but you'll +find some of them. Then what do you do? You have to try to figure out +precisely what these patents prohibit. That is very hard, because patents +are written in tortuous legal language which is very hard for an engineer +to understand. You are going to have to work with a lawyer to do it.</p> + +<p> In the 1980's the Australian government commissioned a study of +the patent system—the patent system in general, not software patents. +This study concluded that Australia would be better off abolishing the +patent system because it did very little good for society and caused a lot +of trouble. The only reason they didn't recommend that was international +pressure. So one of the things they cited was that patents, which were +supposed to disclose information so that it would no longer be secret, +were in fact useless for that purpose. Engineers never looked at +patents to try to learn anything, because it's too hard to read them. +In fact they quoted an engineer saying “I can't recognize my own +inventions in patent deeds.” Now this is not just theoretical.</p> + +<p> A few years ago, an engineer in the US named Paul Heckel was +suing Apple. He got a couple of software patents in the late 80's for +a software package, and then when he saw Hypercard he looked at it and +said “ this is nothing like my program,” and didn't think +anymore of it. But then later on, his lawyer explained to him that if +you read his patents carefully, Hypercard fell into the prohibited area. +So he sued Apple, figuring this was an opportunity to get some money. +Well, once when I gave a speech like this, he was in the audience, and he +said “oh no that's not true, I just wasn't aware of the scope of my +protection.” And I said “yeah, that's what I said.”</p> + +<p> So you are going to have to spend a lot of time working with a +lawyer and explaining to the lawyer what project you are working on, so +the lawyer can explain to you what the patents imply. This is going to +be expensive, and when you're done the lawyer will tell you something +like this: “If you do something in this area, you are almost +sure to lose a lawsuit. If you do something in this area, you are in +a substantial danger, and if you really want to be safe you'd better +stay out of this area, and, of course there is a substantial element +of chance in the outcome of any lawsuit.” So now that you have +a predictable terrain for doing business, what are you going to do?</p> + +<p> Well, you have three options to consider:</p> <ul> - <li>you can try to <a href="#conf5">avoid the patent</a>,</li> - <li>you can try to <a href="#conf6">license the patent</a>,</li> - <li>or you can try to <a href="#conf7">challenge its validity</a> + <li>you can try to <a href="#conf5">avoid the patent</a>,</li> + <li>you can try to <a href="#conf6">license the patent</a>,</li> + <li>or you can try to <a href="#conf7">challenge its validity</a> in court</li> -</ul> - -<p> Any one of these three is sometimes a viable alternative, and sometimes -not.</p> - -<h4 id="conf5">Avoid the patent.</h4> - -<p> First, let's consider avoiding the patent. Well, in some cases that's -easy. You know, Unisys was threatening people using the patent on LZW -compression; we just had to find another data compression algorithm and -we could avoid that patent. Well, that was somewhat difficult because -there were many other patents covering lots of other data compression -algorithms. But eventually we found one that was not in the area that -those others' patents cover; eventually we did. So that program was -implemented. It actually gave better compression results and so we now -have GZIP, and a lot of people use GZIP. So, in that one case it was -considerable work but we were able to do it, to avoid that patent.</p> - -<p> But in the 80's, CompuServe defined an image format called GIF and -used LZW compression in defining it. Well, of course once the uproar -about these patents became known, people defined another image format -using a different compression algorithm. They used the GZIP algorithm, -and that format is called PNG format, which I suppose means -“PNG is Not GIF.”</p> - -<p> But there was a problem: lots of people had already started using -GIF format, and there were many programs that could display GIF format -and produce GIF format and they couldn't display PNG format. So the -result was people felt it was too hard to switch. You see, when you -are dealing with a data compression program used by somebody who says -“I want to compress some data,” well, you can give him a -different data compression program; if he can get sued for using this -one and you give him another one, he'll switch; but if what he wants -to do is make images that can be displayed by Netscape, then he can't -switch, unless Netscape handles the other format… and it didn't. - -<span class="gnun-split"></span>It took years, I think, before Netscape started to handle PNG format. -So people essentially said “I can't switch, I just have… -” And so the result was, society had invested so much in this one -format, that the inertia was too great for a switch, even though there -was another superior format available.</p> - -<p> Even when a patent is rather narrow, avoiding it can be very hard. -The PostScript specification includes LZW compression, which we in our -implementation of postScript cannot implement. We support another kind -of compression in some sense that is not correct, even though it does the -useful job. So, even a narrow patent is not always feasible to avoid.</p> - -<p> Now, sometimes a feature gets patented. In that case, you can -avoid the patent by taking out that feature. In the late 80's the users -of the word processor XyWrite got a downgrade in the mail. That word -processor had a feature where you could define a short word or sequence -as an abbreviation. Whenever you typed in that short sequence and then -a space, it would turn into a longer expansion. You could define these -any way you liked. Then somebody patented this, and XyWrite decided to -deal with the patent by removing the feature. They contacted me because -in fact I had put a feature like that into the original Emacs editor back -in the 70's, many years before this patent. So there was a chance that -I could provide evidence that would enable them to fight the patent.</p> - -<p> Well, this showed me that I had at least one patentable idea in -my life. I know because someone else patented it. Now, of course, -you can respond to these patented features by taking the features out. -But once your program starts being missing several features that users -want, it might be useless as a program.</p> - -<p> Now you may have heard of Adobe Photoshop. We have a program called -the GIMP which is more powerful and general than Photoshop. But there -is one important feature that it doesn't have which is Pantone color -matching, which is very important for people who want to actually print -the images on paper and get reliable results. This feature is omitted -because it's patented. And as a result, the program for one substantial -class of users is crippled.</p> - -<p> If you look at programs today, you'll see that they often provide -many features, and the users demand these features. If any important -feature is missing, well, it's easy to leave it out, but the results -may be very bad.</p> - -<p> Of course, sometimes a patent is so broad that it's impossible to -avoid it. Public key encryption is essential for computer users to have -privacy. The whole field was patented. That patent expired just four years -ago; there could be no free software in the US for public key encryption, -until then: many programs, both free and nonfree, were wiped out by the -patent holders. And in fact that whole area of computing was held back -for more than a decade despite strong interest.</p> - -<h4 id="conf6">License the patent.</h4> - -<p> So, that is the possibility of avoiding the patent. Another -possibility that is sometimes available is to license the patent. Now, -the patent holder is not required to offer you a license that's his whim. -The patent holder can say “I'm not licensing this, you're just -out of business, period!”</p> - -<p> In the League for Programming Freedom, we heard in the early 90's -from somebody whose family business was making casino games — -computerized of course — and he had been threatened by somebody -who had a patent on a very broad category of computerized casino games. -The patent covered a network where there is more than one machine, and -each machine supports more than one kind of game and can display more -than one game in progress at a time.</p> - -<p> Now, one thing you should realize is the patent office thinks that -it's really brilliant. If you see that other people implemented doing -one thing and you decide to support doing two or more — you know, -if they made a system that plays one game and if you make it able to -play more than one game — that's an invention. If it can display -one game and you decide to set it up so that it can display two games at -once, that's an invention. If he did it with one computer and you do it -with a network having multiple computers, that's an invention for them. -They think that these steps are really brilliant.</p> - -<p> Of course, we in computer science know that this is just a rule, -you can generalize anything from one to more than one. It's the most -obvious principle there is. Every time you write a subroutine, that's -what you're doing. So this is one of the systematic reasons why the -patent system produces, and then upholds patents that we would all say are -ridiculously obvious. You can't assume, just because it's ridiculously -obvious, that they wouldn't be upheld by a court. They may be legally -valid despite the fact that are utterly stupid.</p> - -<p> So he was faced with this patent and the patent holder was not even -offering him the chance to get a license. “Shutdown!” -is what the patent holder said, and that's what he eventually did. -He couldn't afford to fight it.</p> - -<p> However, many patent holders will offer you a chance of a license. -But it will cost you dearly. The owners of the natural order -recalculation patent were demanding five percent of the gross sales of -every spreadsheet. And that, I was told, was the cheap pre-lawsuit price. -If you insisted on fighting over the matter, they were going to charge -more. Now you could, I suppose, sign a license like that for one patent, -you could do it for two, you could do it for three. But what if there are -twenty different patents in your program, and each patent holder wants -five percent of the gross sales? What if there are twenty one of them? -Then you are pretty badly screwed. But actually business people tell -me that two or three such patents would be such a big burden that they -would make the company fail in practice, even if in theory it might have -a chance.</p> - -<p> So, a license for a patent is not necessarily a feasible thing to do, -and for us, free software developers, we're in an even worse position -because we can't even count the copies, and most licenses demand a fee per -copy, so it's absolutely impossible for us to use one of those licenses. -You know, if a license charged one millionth part of a rupee for each -copy, we would be unable to comply because we can't count the copies. -The total amount of money, I might have in my pocket, but I can't count -it so I can't pay it. So we suffer some special burdens occasionally.</p> - -<p> But there is one kind of organization for which licensing patents -works very well, and that is the large multinational corporations; -the reason is that they own many patents themselves and they use them -to force cross-licensing. What does this mean? Well, essentially the -only defense against patents is deterrence: you have to have patents of -your own, then you hope that if somebody points a patent at you, you will -be able point a patent back and say “don't sue me, because I'll -sue you.”</p> - -<p> However, deterrence doesn't work as well for patents as it does -with nuclear weapons, and the reason is that each patent is pointed in -a fixed direction. It prohibits certain specified activities. So the -result is that most of the companies that are trying to get some patents -to defend themselves with, they have no chance of making this a success. -They might get a few patents, you know. So they might get a patent -that points there, and they might get a patent that points there. OK, -and then, if somebody over here threatens this company, what are they -going to do? They don't have a patent pointing over there, so they have -no defense.</p> - -<p> Meanwhile, sooner or later, somebody else will wander over there -and the executive of the company will think “gee, we're not as -profitable as I would like, why don't I go just squeeze some money out -of them.” So they say first “we're getting this patent for -defensive purposes,” but they often change their minds later when -a tempting victim walks by.</p> - -<p> And this, by the way, is the fallacy in the myth that the patent -system “protects” the “small inventor.” Let me -tell you this myth, it's the myth of the starving genius. It's somebody -who has been working in isolation for years, and starving, and has -a brilliant new idea for how to do something or other. And so, now, -he's starting a company and he is afraid some big company like IBM will -compete with him, and so he gets a patent and this patent is going to -“protect him.”</p> - -<p> Well, of course, this is not the way things work in our field. -People don't make this kind of progress in isolation this way. They are -working with other people and talking with the other people and they -are developing software usually. And so the whole scenario doesn't -make sense, and besides, if he was such a good computer scientist, -there was no need for him to starve. He could have got a job at any -time if he wanted.</p> - -<p> But let's suppose that this happened, and suppose that he has his -patent, and he says “IBM, you can't compete with me 'cause I've got -this patent.” But here is what IBM says: “Well, gee, let's -look at your product, hmm, I have this patent, and this patent and this -patent and this patent and this patent that your product is violating. -So how about if we cross-license?” And the starving genius says -“hmm, I haven't got enough food in my belly to fight these things, -so I'd better give in.” And so they sign a cross-license, and -now guess what — IBM can compete with him. He wasn't protected -at all!</p> - -<p> Now, IBM can do this because they have a lot of patents. They have -patents pointing here, here, here, everywhere. So, anybody from almost -anywhere that attacks IBM is facing a stand-off. A small company can't -do it but a big company can.</p> - -<p> So IBM wrote an article. It was in Think magazine, I believe, issue -number five, 1990 — that's IBM's own magazine — an article -about IBM's patent portfolio. IBM said that it got two kinds of benefit -from its 9000 active US patents. One benefit was collecting royalties -from licenses. But the other benefit, the bigger benefit, was access -to things patented by others. Permission to not be attacked by others -with their patents, through cross-licensing. And the article said that -the second benefit was an order of magnitude greater than the first. -In other words, the benefit to IBM of being able to make things freely, -not being sued, was ten times the benefit of collecting money for all -their patents.</p> - -<p> Now the patent system is a lot like a lottery, in that what happens -with any given patent is largely random and most of them don't bring any -benefits to their owners. But IBM is so big that these things average -out over the scale of IBM. So you could take IBM as measuring what the -average is like. What we see is — and this is a little bit subtle -— the benefit to IBM of being able to make use of ideas that were -patented by others is equal to the harm that the patent system would have -done to IBM if there were no cross-licensing — if IBM really were -prohibited from using all those ideas that were patented by others.</p> - -<p> So what it says is: the harm that the patent system would do is -ten times the benefit, on the average. Now, for IBM though, this -harm doesn't happen, because IBM does have 9000 patents and does force -most of them to cross-license, and avoids the problem. But if you are -small, then you can't avoid the problem that way, and you will really -be facing ten times as much trouble as benefit. Anyway, this is why -the big multinational corporations are in favor of software patents, and -they are lobbying governments around the world to adopt software patents -and saying naive things like “this is a new kind of monopoly for -software developers, it has to be good for them, right?”</p> - -<p> Well, today, after you have heard my speech I hope you understand -why that isn't true. You have to look carefully at how patents affect -software developers to see whether they are good or bad, and explaining -that is my overall purpose.</p> - -<h4 id="conf7">Challenge the validity of the patent.</h4> - -<p> So, that is the possibility of licensing a patent. The third possible -option is to go to court and challenge the validity of the patent.</p> - -<p> Now the outcome of this case will depend largely on technicalities, -which means essentially on randomness, you know. The dice were rolled -a few years ago, and you can investigate and find out what the dice -came up saying, and then you'll find out whether you've got a chance. -So it's mainly historical accident that determines whether the patent -is valid — the historical accident of whether, or precisely which -things, people happen to publish, and when.</p> - -<p> So, sometimes, there is a possibility of invalidating. So even if -a patent is ridiculously trivial, sometimes there is a good chance of -invalidating it and sometimes there is none.</p> - -<p> You can't expect the courts to recognize that it is trivial, because -their standards are generally much lower than we would think are sensible. -In fact, in the United States, this has been a persistent tendency. -I saw a Supreme Court decision from something like 1954, which had a -long list of patents that were invalidated by the Supreme Court starting -in the 1800's. And they were utterly ridiculous, like making a certain -shape of doorknob out of rubber, when previously they'd been made out -of wood. And this decision rebuked the patent system for going far, -far away from the proper standards. And they just keep on doing it.</p> - -<p> So you can't expect sensible results from that, but there are -situations where, when you look at the past record, you see that there is -a chance to invalidate a certain patent. It's worth the try, at least -to investigate. But the actual court cases happen to be extremely -expensive.</p> - -<p> A few years ago, one defendant lost and had to pay 13 million -dollars, of which most went to the lawyers on the two sides. I think -only 5 million dollars was actually taken away by the patent holder, -and so there were 8 million to the lawyers.</p> - -<h4 id="conf8">Nobody can reinvent the entire field of software.</h4> - -<p> Now, these are your possible options. At this point, of course, you -have to write the program. And there, the problem is that you face this -situation not just once but over and over and over, because programs today +</ul> + +<p> Any one of these three is sometimes a viable alternative, and sometimes +not.</p> + +<h4 id="conf5">Avoid the patent.</h4> + +<p> First, let's consider avoiding the patent. Well, in some cases that's +easy. You know, Unisys was threatening people using the patent on LZW +compression; we just had to find another data compression algorithm and +we could avoid that patent. Well, that was somewhat difficult because +there were many other patents covering lots of other data compression +algorithms. But eventually we found one that was not in the area that +those others' patents cover; eventually we did. So that program was +implemented. It actually gave better compression results and so we now +have GZIP, and a lot of people use GZIP. So, in that one case it was +considerable work but we were able to do it, to avoid that patent.</p> + +<p> But in the 80's, CompuServe defined an image format called GIF and +used LZW compression in defining it. Well, of course once the uproar +about these patents became known, people defined another image format +using a different compression algorithm. They used the GZIP algorithm, +and that format is called PNG format, which I suppose means +“PNG is Not GIF.”</p> + +<p> But there was a problem: lots of people had already started using +GIF format, and there were many programs that could display GIF format +and produce GIF format and they couldn't display PNG format. So the +result was people felt it was too hard to switch. You see, when you +are dealing with a data compression program used by somebody who says +“I want to compress some data,” well, you can give him a +different data compression program; if he can get sued for using this +one and you give him another one, he'll switch; but if what he wants +to do is make images that can be displayed by Netscape, then he can't +switch, unless Netscape handles the other format… and it didn't. +<span class="gnun-split"></span>It took years, I think, before Netscape started to handle PNG format. +So people essentially said “I can't switch, I just have… +” And so the result was, society had invested so much in this one +format, that the inertia was too great for a switch, even though there +was another superior format available.</p> + +<p> Even when a patent is rather narrow, avoiding it can be very hard. +The PostScript specification includes LZW compression, which we in our +implementation of postScript cannot implement. We support another kind +of compression in some sense that is not correct, even though it does the +useful job. So, even a narrow patent is not always feasible to avoid.</p> + +<p> Now, sometimes a feature gets patented. In that case, you can +avoid the patent by taking out that feature. In the late 80's the users +of the word processor XyWrite got a downgrade in the mail. That word +processor had a feature where you could define a short word or sequence +as an abbreviation. Whenever you typed in that short sequence and then +a space, it would turn into a longer expansion. You could define these +any way you liked. Then somebody patented this, and XyWrite decided to +deal with the patent by removing the feature. They contacted me because +in fact I had put a feature like that into the original Emacs editor back +in the 70's, many years before this patent. So there was a chance that +I could provide evidence that would enable them to fight the patent.</p> + +<p> Well, this showed me that I had at least one patentable idea in +my life. I know because someone else patented it. Now, of course, +you can respond to these patented features by taking the features out. +But once your program starts being missing several features that users +want, it might be useless as a program.</p> + +<p> Now you may have heard of Adobe Photoshop. We have a program called +the GIMP which is more powerful and general than Photoshop. But there +is one important feature that it doesn't have which is Pantone color +matching, which is very important for people who want to actually print +the images on paper and get reliable results. This feature is omitted +because it's patented. And as a result, the program for one substantial +class of users is crippled.</p> + +<p> If you look at programs today, you'll see that they often provide +many features, and the users demand these features. If any important +feature is missing, well, it's easy to leave it out, but the results +may be very bad.</p> + +<p> Of course, sometimes a patent is so broad that it's impossible to +avoid it. Public key encryption is essential for computer users to have +privacy. The whole field was patented. That patent expired just four years +ago; there could be no free software in the US for public key encryption, +until then: many programs, both free and nonfree, were wiped out by the +patent holders. And in fact that whole area of computing was held back +for more than a decade despite strong interest.</p> + +<h4 id="conf6">License the patent.</h4> + +<p> So, that is the possibility of avoiding the patent. Another +possibility that is sometimes available is to license the patent. Now, +the patent holder is not required to offer you a license that's his whim. +The patent holder can say “I'm not licensing this, you're just +out of business, period!”</p> + +<p> In the League for Programming Freedom, we heard in the early 90's +from somebody whose family business was making casino games— +computerized of course—and he had been threatened by somebody +who had a patent on a very broad category of computerized casino games. +The patent covered a network where there is more than one machine, and +each machine supports more than one kind of game and can display more +than one game in progress at a time.</p> + +<p> Now, one thing you should realize is the patent office thinks that +it's really brilliant. If you see that other people implemented doing +one thing and you decide to support doing two or more—you know, +if they made a system that plays one game and if you make it able to +play more than one game—that's an invention. If it can display +one game and you decide to set it up so that it can display two games at +once, that's an invention. If he did it with one computer and you do it +with a network having multiple computers, that's an invention for them. +They think that these steps are really brilliant.</p> + +<p> Of course, we in computer science know that this is just a rule, +you can generalize anything from one to more than one. It's the most +obvious principle there is. Every time you write a subroutine, that's +what you're doing. So this is one of the systematic reasons why the +patent system produces, and then upholds patents that we would all say are +ridiculously obvious. You can't assume, just because it's ridiculously +obvious, that they wouldn't be upheld by a court. They may be legally +valid despite the fact that are utterly stupid.</p> + +<p> So he was faced with this patent and the patent holder was not even +offering him the chance to get a license. “Shutdown!” +is what the patent holder said, and that's what he eventually did. +He couldn't afford to fight it.</p> + +<p> However, many patent holders will offer you a chance of a license. +But it will cost you dearly. The owners of the natural order +recalculation patent were demanding five percent of the gross sales of +every spreadsheet. And that, I was told, was the cheap pre-lawsuit price. +If you insisted on fighting over the matter, they were going to charge +more. Now you could, I suppose, sign a license like that for one patent, +you could do it for two, you could do it for three. But what if there are +twenty different patents in your program, and each patent holder wants +five percent of the gross sales? What if there are twenty one of them? +Then you are pretty badly screwed. But actually business people tell +me that two or three such patents would be such a big burden that they +would make the company fail in practice, even if in theory it might have +a chance.</p> + +<p> So, a license for a patent is not necessarily a feasible thing to do, +and for us, free software developers, we're in an even worse position +because we can't even count the copies, and most licenses demand a fee per +copy, so it's absolutely impossible for us to use one of those licenses. +You know, if a license charged one millionth part of a rupee for each +copy, we would be unable to comply because we can't count the copies. +The total amount of money, I might have in my pocket, but I can't count +it so I can't pay it. So we suffer some special burdens occasionally.</p> + +<p> But there is one kind of organization for which licensing patents +works very well, and that is the large multinational corporations; +the reason is that they own many patents themselves and they use them +to force cross-licensing. What does this mean? Well, essentially the +only defense against patents is deterrence: you have to have patents of +your own, then you hope that if somebody points a patent at you, you will +be able point a patent back and say “don't sue me, because I'll +sue you.”</p> + +<p> However, deterrence doesn't work as well for patents as it does +with nuclear weapons, and the reason is that each patent is pointed in +a fixed direction. It prohibits certain specified activities. So the +result is that most of the companies that are trying to get some patents +to defend themselves with, they have no chance of making this a success. +They might get a few patents, you know. So they might get a patent +that points there, and they might get a patent that points there. OK, +and then, if somebody over here threatens this company, what are they +going to do? They don't have a patent pointing over there, so they have +no defense.</p> + +<p> Meanwhile, sooner or later, somebody else will wander over there +and the executive of the company will think “gee, we're not as +profitable as I would like, why don't I go just squeeze some money out +of them.” So they say first “we're getting this patent for +defensive purposes,” but they often change their minds later when +a tempting victim walks by.</p> + +<p> And this, by the way, is the fallacy in the myth that the patent +system “protects” the “small inventor.” Let me +tell you this myth, it's the myth of the starving genius. It's somebody +who has been working in isolation for years, and starving, and has +a brilliant new idea for how to do something or other. And so, now, +he's starting a company and he is afraid some big company like IBM will +compete with him, and so he gets a patent and this patent is going to +“protect him.”</p> + +<p> Well, of course, this is not the way things work in our field. +People don't make this kind of progress in isolation this way. They are +working with other people and talking with the other people and they +are developing software usually. And so the whole scenario doesn't +make sense, and besides, if he was such a good computer scientist, +there was no need for him to starve. He could have got a job at any +time if he wanted.</p> + +<p> But let's suppose that this happened, and suppose that he has his +patent, and he says “IBM, you can't compete with me 'cause I've got +this patent.” But here is what IBM says: “Well, gee, let's +look at your product, hmm, I have this patent, and this patent and this +patent and this patent and this patent that your product is violating. +So how about if we cross-license?” And the starving genius says +“hmm, I haven't got enough food in my belly to fight these things, +so I'd better give in.” And so they sign a cross-license, and +now guess what—IBM can compete with him. He wasn't protected +at all!</p> + +<p> Now, IBM can do this because they have a lot of patents. They have +patents pointing here, here, here, everywhere. So, anybody from almost +anywhere that attacks IBM is facing a stand-off. A small company can't +do it but a big company can.</p> + +<p> So IBM wrote an article. It was in Think magazine, I believe, issue +number five, 1990—that's IBM's own magazine—an article +about IBM's patent portfolio. IBM said that it got two kinds of benefit +from its 9000 active US patents. One benefit was collecting royalties +from licenses. But the other benefit, the bigger benefit, was access +to things patented by others. Permission to not be attacked by others +with their patents, through cross-licensing. And the article said that +the second benefit was an order of magnitude greater than the first. +In other words, the benefit to IBM of being able to make things freely, +not being sued, was ten times the benefit of collecting money for all +their patents.</p> + +<p> Now the patent system is a lot like a lottery, in that what happens +with any given patent is largely random and most of them don't bring any +benefits to their owners. But IBM is so big that these things average +out over the scale of IBM. So you could take IBM as measuring what the +average is like. What we see is—and this is a little bit +subtle—the benefit to IBM of being able to make use of ideas that were +patented by others is equal to the harm that the patent system would have +done to IBM if there were no cross-licensing—if IBM really were +prohibited from using all those ideas that were patented by others.</p> + +<p> So what it says is: the harm that the patent system would do is +ten times the benefit, on the average. Now, for IBM though, this +harm doesn't happen, because IBM does have 9000 patents and does force +most of them to cross-license, and avoids the problem. But if you are +small, then you can't avoid the problem that way, and you will really +be facing ten times as much trouble as benefit. Anyway, this is why +the big multinational corporations are in favor of software patents, and +they are lobbying governments around the world to adopt software patents +and saying naive things like “this is a new kind of monopoly for +software developers, it has to be good for them, right?”</p> + +<p> Well, today, after you have heard my speech I hope you understand +why that isn't true. You have to look carefully at how patents affect +software developers to see whether they are good or bad, and explaining +that is my overall purpose.</p> + +<h4 id="conf7">Challenge the validity of the patent.</h4> + +<p> So, that is the possibility of licensing a patent. The third possible +option is to go to court and challenge the validity of the patent.</p> + +<p> Now the outcome of this case will depend largely on technicalities, +which means essentially on randomness, you know. The dice were rolled +a few years ago, and you can investigate and find out what the dice +came up saying, and then you'll find out whether you've got a chance. +So it's mainly historical accident that determines whether the patent +is valid—the historical accident of whether, or precisely which +things, people happen to publish, and when.</p> + +<p> So, sometimes, there is a possibility of invalidating. So even if +a patent is ridiculously trivial, sometimes there is a good chance of +invalidating it and sometimes there is none.</p> + +<p> You can't expect the courts to recognize that it is trivial, because +their standards are generally much lower than we would think are sensible. +In fact, in the United States, this has been a persistent tendency. +I saw a Supreme Court decision from something like 1954, which had a +long list of patents that were invalidated by the Supreme Court starting +in the 1800's. And they were utterly ridiculous, like making a certain +shape of doorknob out of rubber, when previously they'd been made out +of wood. And this decision rebuked the patent system for going far, +far away from the proper standards. And they just keep on doing it.</p> + +<p> So you can't expect sensible results from that, but there are +situations where, when you look at the past record, you see that there is +a chance to invalidate a certain patent. It's worth the try, at least +to investigate. But the actual court cases happen to be extremely +expensive.</p> + +<p> A few years ago, one defendant lost and had to pay 13 million +dollars, of which most went to the lawyers on the two sides. I think +only 5 million dollars was actually taken away by the patent holder, +and so there were 8 million to the lawyers.</p> + +<h4 id="conf8">Nobody can reinvent the entire field of software.</h4> + +<p> Now, these are your possible options. At this point, of course, you +have to write the program. And there, the problem is that you face this +situation not just once but over and over and over, because programs today are complicated. Look at a word processor; you'll see a lot of features, -many different things, each of which could be patented by somebody, or a -combination of two of them could be patented by somebody. British Telecom -has a patent in the US on the combination of following hypertext links -and letting the user dial up through a phone line. Now these are two -basically separate things, but the combination of the two is patented.</p> - -<p> So, that means if there are 100 things in your program, there are -potentially some five thousand pairs of two that might be patented by -somebody already, and there is no law against patenting a combination of -three of them either. That's just the features, you know. There's going -to be many techniques that you use in writing a program, many algorithms, -they could be patented too. So there are lots and lots of things that -could be patented. The result is that developing a program becomes -like crossing a field of land mines. Sure, each step probably will not -step on a patent, each design decision. Chances are it will be safe. -But crossing the whole field becomes dangerous.</p> - -<p> The best way for a nonprogrammer to understand what this is like is -to compare the writing of these large programs with another area in which -people write something very large: symphonies. Imagine if the governments -of Europe in the 1700's had wanted to promote progress in symphonic music -by adopting a system of music patents, so that any idea that could be -described in words could be patented if it seemed to be new and original. -So you'd be able to patent, say, a three-note melodic motif which is -be too short to be copyrightable, but it would have been patentable. -And maybe they could have patented a certain chord progression, and maybe -patented using a certain combination of instruments playing at the same -time, or any other idea that somebody could describe.</p> - -<p> Well, by 1800 there would have been thousands of these music -idea patents. And then imagine that you are Beethoven and you want -to write a symphony. To write a whole symphony, you are going to have -to do lots of different things, and at any point you could be using an -idea that somebody else has patented. Of course, if you do that he'll -say: “Oh! You are just a thief, why can't you write something -original?” Well, Beethoven had more than his share of new musical -ideas, but he used a lot of existing musical ideas. He had to, because -that's the only way to make it recognizable. If you don't do that, -people won't listen at all. Pierre Boulez thought he was going to totally -reinvent the language of music, and he tried, and nobody listens to it, -because it doesn't use all the ideas that they're familiar with.</p> - -<p> So you have to use the old ideas that other people have thought of. -Nobody is such a genius that he can reinvent the entire field of software -and do useful things without learning anything from anybody else. -So in effect, those people, the patent holders and their lawyers, they -are accusing us of being cheaters because we don't totally reinvent the -field from scratch. We have to build on previous work to make progress, -and that is exactly what the patent system prohibits us from doing. -And we have to provide features that the users are accustomed to and -can recognize, or they'll find our software just too difficult to use -no matter how good it is.</p> - -<h4 id="conf9">The relationship between patents and products varies -between the fields.</h4> - -<p> Now, people sometimes ask me: why is software different from other -fields? Sometimes, of course they ask this in a rather nasty fashion, -they say: “the other fields can deal with patents, why should -software be an exception?” Now that's a nasty way of putting it -because it's making the assumption that it's wrong to want to escape -from a problem. I could imagine I am saying: “well, other people -could get cancer, why shouldn't you?” Clearly, if it's a problem, -enabling any field to escape is good. But it is a good and serious -question: are these fields the same issue? Do patents affect all these -fields the same way? Is the right policy for software the same as -the right policy for automobile engines or pharmaceuticals or chemical -processes, you know, this is a serious question which is worth looking -at.</p> - -<p> When you look at it, what you see is that the relationship between -patents and products varies between the fields. At one extreme you have -pharmaceuticals where typically a whole chemical formula is patented. So -if you come up with a new drug, then it's not patented by somebody else. -At the other extreme is software where, when you write a new program, -you are combining dozens or hundreds of ideas, and we can't expect them -all to be new. Even an innovative program, which has a few new ideas, -has to use lots and lots of old ideas too. And in between you find the -other fields. Even in other fields, you can get patent deadlock.</p> - -<p> When the United States entered World War I, nobody in the US could -make a modern airplane. And the reason was that modern airplanes use -several different techniques that were patented by different companies, -and the owners hated each other. So nobody could get a license to -use all these patents. Well, the US government decided that this was -an unacceptable state of affairs, and essentially paid those patent -holders a lump sum and said “we have nationalized these patents; -now, everybody, go make airplanes for us!”</p> - -<p> But the amount to which this happens, the frequency and the -seriousness of it varies according to how many different ideas go in one -product. It varies according to how many points of patent vulnerability -there are in one product. And in that question, software is at the -extreme.</p> - -<p> It's not unusual for a few people working for a couple of years to -write a program that could have a million parts in it, different parts, -which is maybe, say, 300,000 lines of code. To design a physical system -that has a million different parts, that's a mega-project, that's very -rare. Now you'll find many times people make a physical object with a -million parts, but typically it's many copies of the same subunit and -that's much easier to design — that's not a million different -parts in the design.</p> - -<p> So, why is this? The reason is that, in other fields, people have -to deal with the perversity of matter. You are designing circuits -or cars or chemicals, you have to face the fact that these physical -substances will do what they do, not what they are supposed to do. We in -software don't have that problem, and that makes it tremendously easier. -We are designing a collection of idealized mathematical parts which -have definitions. They do exactly what they are defined to do.</p> - -<p> And so there are many problems we don't have. For instance, if we -put an if statement inside of a while statement, we don't have to worry -about whether the if statement can get enough power to run at the speed -it's going to run. We don't have to worry about whether it will run at -a speed that generates radio frequency interference and induces wrong -values in some other parts of the data. We don't have to worry about -whether it will loop at a speed that causes a resonance and eventually -the if statement will vibrate against the while statement and one of them +many different things, each of which could be patented by somebody, or a +combination of two of them could be patented by somebody. British Telecom +has a patent in the US on the combination of following hypertext links +and letting the user dial up through a phone line. Now these are two +basically separate things, but the combination of the two is patented.</p> + +<p> So, that means if there are 100 things in your program, there are +potentially some five thousand pairs of two that might be patented by +somebody already, and there is no law against patenting a combination of +three of them either. That's just the features, you know. There's going +to be many techniques that you use in writing a program, many algorithms, +they could be patented too. So there are lots and lots of things that +could be patented. The result is that developing a program becomes +like crossing a field of land mines. Sure, each step probably will not +step on a patent, each design decision. Chances are it will be safe. +But crossing the whole field becomes dangerous.</p> + +<p> The best way for a nonprogrammer to understand what this is like is +to compare the writing of these large programs with another area in which +people write something very large: symphonies. Imagine if the governments +of Europe in the 1700's had wanted to promote progress in symphonic music +by adopting a system of music patents, so that any idea that could be +described in words could be patented if it seemed to be new and original. +So you'd be able to patent, say, a three-note melodic motif which is +be too short to be copyrightable, but it would have been patentable. +And maybe they could have patented a certain chord progression, and maybe +patented using a certain combination of instruments playing at the same +time, or any other idea that somebody could describe.</p> + +<p> Well, by 1800 there would have been thousands of these music +idea patents. And then imagine that you are Beethoven and you want +to write a symphony. To write a whole symphony, you are going to have +to do lots of different things, and at any point you could be using an +idea that somebody else has patented. Of course, if you do that he'll +say: “Oh! You are just a thief, why can't you write something +original?” Well, Beethoven had more than his share of new musical +ideas, but he used a lot of existing musical ideas. He had to, because +that's the only way to make it recognizable. If you don't do that, +people won't listen at all. Pierre Boulez thought he was going to totally +reinvent the language of music, and he tried, and nobody listens to it, +because it doesn't use all the ideas that they're familiar with.</p> + +<p> So you have to use the old ideas that other people have thought of. +Nobody is such a genius that he can reinvent the entire field of software +and do useful things without learning anything from anybody else. +So in effect, those people, the patent holders and their lawyers, they +are accusing us of being cheaters because we don't totally reinvent the +field from scratch. We have to build on previous work to make progress, +and that is exactly what the patent system prohibits us from doing. +And we have to provide features that the users are accustomed to and +can recognize, or they'll find our software just too difficult to use +no matter how good it is.</p> + +<h4 id="conf9">The relationship between patents and products varies +between the fields.</h4> + +<p> Now, people sometimes ask me: why is software different from other +fields? Sometimes, of course they ask this in a rather nasty fashion, +they say: “the other fields can deal with patents, why should +software be an exception?” Now that's a nasty way of putting it +because it's making the assumption that it's wrong to want to escape +from a problem. I could imagine I am saying: “well, other people +could get cancer, why shouldn't you?” Clearly, if it's a problem, +enabling any field to escape is good. But it is a good and serious +question: are these fields the same issue? Do patents affect all these +fields the same way? Is the right policy for software the same as +the right policy for automobile engines or pharmaceuticals or chemical +processes, you know, this is a serious question which is worth looking +at.</p> + +<p> When you look at it, what you see is that the relationship between +patents and products varies between the fields. At one extreme you have +pharmaceuticals where typically a whole chemical formula is patented. So +if you come up with a new drug, then it's not patented by somebody else. +At the other extreme is software where, when you write a new program, +you are combining dozens or hundreds of ideas, and we can't expect them +all to be new. Even an innovative program, which has a few new ideas, +has to use lots and lots of old ideas too. And in between you find the +other fields. Even in other fields, you can get patent deadlock.</p> + +<p> When the United States entered World War I, nobody in the US could +make a modern airplane. And the reason was that modern airplanes use +several different techniques that were patented by different companies, +and the owners hated each other. So nobody could get a license to +use all these patents. Well, the US government decided that this was +an unacceptable state of affairs, and essentially paid those patent +holders a lump sum and said “we have nationalized these patents; +now, everybody, go make airplanes for us!”</p> + +<p> But the amount to which this happens, the frequency and the +seriousness of it varies according to how many different ideas go in one +product. It varies according to how many points of patent vulnerability +there are in one product. And in that question, software is at the +extreme.</p> + +<p> It's not unusual for a few people working for a couple of years to +write a program that could have a million parts in it, different parts, +which is maybe, say, 300,000 lines of code. To design a physical system +that has a million different parts, that's a mega-project, that's very +rare. Now you'll find many times people make a physical object with a +million parts, but typically it's many copies of the same subunit and +that's much easier to design—that's not a million different +parts in the design.</p> + +<p> So, why is this? The reason is that, in other fields, people have +to deal with the perversity of matter. You are designing circuits +or cars or chemicals, you have to face the fact that these physical +substances will do what they do, not what they are supposed to do. We in +software don't have that problem, and that makes it tremendously easier. +We are designing a collection of idealized mathematical parts which +have definitions. They do exactly what they are defined to do.</p> + +<p> And so there are many problems we don't have. For instance, if we +put an <code>if</code> statement inside of a <code>while</code> statement, we don't have to worry +about whether the <code>if</code> statement can get enough power to run at the speed +it's going to run. We don't have to worry about whether it will run at +a speed that generates radio frequency interference and induces wrong +values in some other parts of the data. We don't have to worry about +whether it will loop at a speed that causes a resonance and eventually +the <code>if</code> statement will vibrate against the <code>while</code> statement and one of them will crack. -<span class="gnun-split"></span>We don't have to worry that chemicals in the environment -will get into the boundary between the if statement and the while -statement and corrode them, and cause a bad connection. We don't have -to worry that other chemicals will get on them and cause a short-circuit. -We don't have to worry about whether the heat can be dissipated from this -if statement through the surrounding while statement. We don't have -to worry about whether the while statement would cause so much voltage -drop that the if statement won't function correctly. When you look at -the value of a variable you don't have to worry about whether you've -referenced that variable so many times that you exceed the fan-out limit. -You don't have to worry about how much capacitance there is in a certain -variable and how much time it will take to store the value in it.</p> - -<p> All these things are defined a way, the system is defined to function -in a certain way, and it always does. The physical computer might -malfunction, but that's not the program's fault. So, because of all these -problems we don't have to deal with, our field is tremendously easier.</p> - -<p> If we assume that the intelligence of programmers is the same as -the intelligence of mechanical engineers, and electrical engineers and -chemical engineers and so on, what's going to happen? Those of us with -the easiest field, fundamentally, are going to push it further. We make -bigger and bigger things and eventually it becomes hard again. That's why -we can develop much bigger systems than the people in the other fields. -They just have these hard problems to deal with all the time. In the -other fields, it may be necessary to develop an idea. You may have the -idea, but then you may have to try out lots of different ways to get -it to work at all. In software it's not like that, you have the idea -and what you go and do is you write a program which uses this idea, -and then the users may like it or not. And if they don't like it, -probably you can just fix some details and get it to work.</p> - -<p> There is another problem that we don't have to worry about: -manufacturing of copies. When we put this if statement inside the -while statement, we don't have to worry about how the if statement is -going to be inserted into the while statement as a copy is being built. -We don't have to worry either about making sure we have access to remove -and replace this if statement if it should burn out. So all we have to do -is type “copy” and it's an all-purpose copy-anything facility. -People making physical equipment and physical products, they can't do -that, these things have to be built piece by piece each time.</p> - -<p> The result is that for them, the cost of designing a system of a -certain complexity may be (gesturing) this much and the factory may -take this much to set up. So they have to deal with this much from the -patent system. It's a level of overhead they can live with. For us, -designing it may cost (gesturing) this much and manufacturing it may cost -this much, so this much overhead from the patent system is crushing.</p> - -<p> Another way to look at it is that because we can — a few of -us can — make a much bigger system, there are many more points -of vulnerability where somebody might have patented something already. -We have to walk a long distance through the mine field, whereas they -they only have to walk a few feet through the minefield. So it's much -more of a dangerous system for us.</p> - -<h4 id="conf10">Program development is hampered by software patents.</h4> - -<p> Now, you have to realize that the ostensible purpose of the patent -system is to promote progress. This is something that is often forgotten -because the companies that benefit from patents like to distract you -from it. They like to give you the idea that patents exist because they -deserve special treatment. But this is not what the patent system says. -The patent system says: the goal is to promote progress for society, -by encouraging certain behavior like publishing new ideas; and after a -certain — originally that was fairly short — time, everyone -could use them.</p> - -<p> Of course there is a certain price that society pays as well, and so -we have to ask the question: which is bigger, the benefit or the price? -Well, in other fields, I am not sure. I am not an expert on other -fields of engineering, I've never done them and I don't know whether -having patents is good for progress in those fields.</p> - -<p> I have been in software since before software patents existed, and -I know that software patents do a lot of harm and essentially no good. -In the old days, ideas came along. Either people in a university had -an idea, or somebody had an idea while he was working on developing -software. And either way, these ideas got published, and then everyone -could use them. Now why did the software publishers publish these ideas? -Because they knew that the big job was writing the program.</p> - -<p> They knew that publishing the ideas would get them credit from the -community, and meanwhile anybody else who wanted to compete with them -would still have to write a program, which is the big job. So they -typically kept the details of the program secret — of course some -of us think that's wrong, but that's a different issue. They kept the -details of the program secret and they published the ideas, and meanwhile -the software development — because software development was going -on — That provided the field with a steady stream of ideas, so -ideas were not the limiting factor. The limiting factor was the job of -writing programs that would work and that people would like using.</p> - -<p> So, in effect, applying the patent system to software focuses on -facilitating a thing which is not the limiting factor, while causing -trouble for the thing which is the limiting factor. You see the software -patents encourage somebody to have an idea, but at the same time they -encourage people to restrict its use, so in fact we are actually worse -off now in terms of having ideas we could use, because in the past people -had the ideas and published them and we could use them, and now they -have the ideas and patent them and we can't use them for twenty years. -In the mean time, the real limiting factor — which is developing -the programs — this is hampered by software patents because of -other dangers that I explained to you in the first half of this talk.</p> - -<p> So the result is that, while the system is supposed to be promoting -progress in software, actually it is so screwed up it's just obstructing -progress.</p> - -<p> Today we have some economic research showing mathematically how this -can happen. You can find it in <a -href="http://www.researchoninnovation.org">www.researchoninnovation.org</a>. -I am not completely sure of the name of the paper, but it's one -that shows that in a field where incremental innovation is typical, -having a patent system can result in slower progress. In other words the -system produces counter-intuitive results that are the opposite of what it -was intended to do. This backs up the intuitive conclusion of every -programmer who sees that software patents are absurd.</p> - -<h4 id="conf11">What can a country do to avoid this problem?</h4> - -<p> So, what can a country do to avoid this problem? Well, there are -two approaches: one is to address the problem at the issue of granting -patents, and the other is to approach it at the point where patents are -being enforced.</p> - -<p> Doing this at the stage of granting patents is not quite as easy -as you might think. Now, I have been talking about software patents -but strictly speaking you can't classify patents into hardware patents -and software patents, because one patent might cover both hardware and -software. So in fact my definition of a software patent is: a patent -that can restrict software development.</p> - -<p> And if you look at many software patents you often find that the -system they describe has a large part of the computer itself as part of -the description of what's going on. That's a great way of making the -whole thing seem complicated when it is really trivial. So it's a way -they can get the patent office to decide it's unobvious.</p> - -<p> But there is a different criterion that can be used, a slightly -different place to draw the line that still does a reasonable job, and -that is between processes that transform matter in a specific way, and -processes where the result is just calculation and display of information, -or a combination of data processing and display steps — or others -have put it as: mental steps being carried out by equipment. There are -various ways of formulating this, which are more or less equivalent.</p> - -<p> Now this is not exactly the same as prohibiting software patents, -because in some cases computers are used as part of specific physical -equipment to make it do a specific thing. And software patents might be -allowed if they are part of a specific physical activity. But that's not -really a disaster. After all, once people are involved in a specific -physical activity or a specific physical product, they are bringing -into their whole business all those complexities of dealing with matter. -So it's more like those other fields of engineering. Maybe it's okay to -have patents on that narrow kind of software. As long as we can keep the -core areas of software, the purely software activities safe from patents, -we have solved the bulk of the problem.</p> - -<p> So that is a feasible approach and that's what people are working -towards in Europe. However, that is not going to be any use in the -United States because the United States already has tens of thousands, -probably hundreds of thousands of software patents. Any change in the -criteria for issuing patents does not help at all with the patents that -already exist.</p> - -<p> So what I propose to the United States is to change the criteria -for applying patents, to say that <em>purely software systems running -on general purpose computing hardware are immune from patents</em>. -They by definition cannot infringe a patent. And this way the patents -can still be granted exactly the way they are now, and they can still, -in a formal sense, cover both hardware implementations and software -implementations as they do now. But software will be safe.</p> - -<h4 id="conf12">Preventing India from having software patents will be -up to the citizens of India.</h4> - -<p> That's the solution I propose to the US, but it could be used in -other countries as well.</p> - -<p> Now, one of the tremendous dangers facing most countries today -is the World Trade Organization, which sets up a system of corporate -regulated trade — not free trade as its proponents like to call -it, but corporate regulated trade. It replaces the regulation of trade -by governments, that are somewhat democratic and might listen to the -interest of their citizens, with regulation of trade by businesses, -which don't pretend to listen to the citizens. So it's fundamentally -antidemocratic and ought to be abolished.</p> - -<p> But it's crucial to note that the part of the GATT agreement which -deals with patents does not require software patents. Many experts who -have studied this, for instance in Europe, make this claim. And the -reason is that they interpret technical effect as: there is a specific -physical consequence or physical system going on. And so the software -that doesn't do that doesn't have to be in the domain that patents -can cover.</p> - -<p> So, at least you don't have to worry about the Word Trade Organization -causing problems here, despite the tremendous problems they cause in -other areas of life.</p> - -<p> Preventing India from having software patents will be up to you -— to the citizens of India. I am a foreigner, I have no influence -except when I can convince other people through the logic of what I say. -There is a chance that you can do this. When the US started to have -software patents, the public policy question was not considered at all. -Nobody even asked whether it was a good idea to have software patents. -The Supreme Court made a decision which was then twisted around by an -appeals court, and ever since then, there were software patents.</p> - -<p> But when Europe started to consider officially authorizing software -patents a few years ago, public opposition started to rise and became -so strong that the politicians and the parties began paying attention -to it, and started saying they were against it. In fact two attempts -to authorize software patents have been blocked already in Europe. -The French Minister of Industry says that software patents would be a -disaster and under no circumstances should they be allowed in France. -All of the German political parties have taken a stand against software -patents.</p> - -<p> The battle is not yet over, you know. We have not conclusively -blocked software patents in Europe, because the multinational companies -and their servant, the United States government, is lobbying very hard, -and they have ignorance on their side. It's so easy for somebody with -a naive neo-liberal view to be persuaded that a new kind of monopoly -has to be good!</p> - -<p> You have to look at the details of how software patents affect -software development to see that they cause a problem. You have to -study that economic research in its mathematics in order to see why you -shouldn't assume that patents always promote progress. So, it's easy -for IBM to send a lobbyist to someone and say: “You should really -adopt software patents, they are great for programming. And look, the US -is ahead and the US has software patents. If you have software patents -too, you might catch up.” Well, you can't get more dominant than -that, and the US was ahead in computers before it had software patents, -it can't be because of software patents.</p> - -<p> It's important to understand that each country has its own patent -system and its own patent laws and what you do in a certain country is -under the jurisdiction of that country's patent law. So the result is, -that if the US has software patents, the US becomes a sort of battleground -where anybody using computers might get sued. If India avoids software -patents, then India is not a battleground, and computer users in India -do not face this danger of getting sued.</p> - -<p> It turns out that each country will issue patents to foreigners, -just as to its own citizens. So in fact, in a place which has this -scourge of software patents, foreigners can own those patents. There are -lots of non-US companies that own US software patents, so they are all -welcome to get involved in the fighting in the US. Of course it's we -Americans who become the victims of this. Meanwhile, in India, if there -are no software patents, that means both Indian companies and foreign -companies are prevented from coming into India and attacking people with -software patents.</p> - -<p> So, yes it is important that each country has its own patent law. -That makes a big difference, but you've got to understand what difference -it makes. Having software patents in a certain country is not an -advantage for the developers in that country. It's a problem for anybody -distributing and using software in that country.</p> - -<p> Now, if you in India are developing a program for use in the US, -you may face the problem — or at least your client will face the -problem — of US software patents. At least probably you can't -get sued here. The client who commissioned the program and tries to use -it might get sued in the US, and indeed you will have to deal with the -problem — the US's problems — when you try doing business -in the US. But at least you'll be safe here. You know, at least it is -a big difference between your client got sued because your client told -you to make a product and that product is patented, versus you get sued -for making that product.</p> - -<p> If there are software patents in India, then you will get sued. -Whereas in the current situation, at least you can say to the client: -“You told us to make this and we made it. So, I'm sorry this -happened to you but it's not our fault.” Whereas if there are -software patents in India, you'll get sued yourself and there is nothing -you can say about that.</p> - -<h4 id="conf13">Businesses should demand opposition to software -patents.</h4> - -<p> So the ultimate conclusion is that software patents tie all software -developers, all computer users and essentially all businesses in a -new kind of bureaucracy, which serves no beneficial social purpose. -So it's a bad policy and it should be avoided.</p> - -<p> Businesses don't like bureaucracy. If businesses knew that they were -threatened with a new kind of bureaucracy, they would oppose software -patents very strongly. But most of them aren't aware of this.</p> - -<p> In the US, software patents have led directly to business method -patents. What does this mean? A business method is basically how -you make decisions about what to do in the business. And in the past, -these decisions were made by humans but now sometimes they are made by -computers, and that means they are carried out by software, and that means -the decision policies can be patented. Software patents imply business -method patents and business procedure patents. The result is that any -business could find itself, you know, once they decide “we're -going to automate the way we carry out our procedures,” now they -get sued with a software patent.</p> - -<p> So if businesses only knew, they would be organizing through things -like the chamber of commerce to demand opposition to software patents. -But mostly they don't know, and therefore it's going to be your job -to inform them. Make sure they understand the danger that they are -facing.</p> - -<h4 id="conf14">It's important for countries to work together against -this.</h4> - -<p> And then India may be able, with the help of other countries like -France and Germany, to reject software patents. It is important for -people in the Indian government to make contact with officials in European -countries, so that this battle against software patents doesn't have to be -fought one country at a time, so that countries can work together to adopt -an intelligent policy. Maybe there should be a <em>no software patents -treaty</em> that various countries can sign and promise each other aid, -when they are threatened by economic pressure from the United States, -as part of its economic imperialism.</p> - -<p> Because the United States likes to do that, you know. One of -the provisions in the GATT agreement is that countries have the right -to make compulsory licenses for making medicine, to address a public -health crisis. And the South-African government proposed to do this for -medicine against AIDS. Now, South-Africa has a very bad problem with -AIDS; the figures I've heard was that a quarter of the adult population -is infected. And of course, most of them can't afford to buy these -medicines at the prices charged by the US companies.</p> - -<p> So the South-African government was going to issue compulsory licenses -which, even under GATT, it's allowed to do. But the US government -threatened economic sanctions. Vice-President Gore was directly involved -with this. And then, about a year before the presidential election, -he realized that this was going to look bad, so he dropped out of the -effort.</p> - -<p> But this kind of thing is what the US government does all the time -in regard to patents and copyrights. They don't even mind if people get -patented to death.</p> - -<p> So it's important for countries to work together against this.</p> - -<p> For more information about the problem of software patents, -see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329202214/http://www.progfree.org/Patents/Gif/Gif.html">www.progfree.org</a> [archived] and <a -href="http://www.ffii.org">www.ffii.org</a>. And there is also a petition -to sign, www.noepatents.org <a href="#Note1" id="Note1-rev">[1]</a> -</p> - -<p> Please talk with all executives of businesses — any kind -of businesses — about this issue. Make sure they understand -the extent of the problems they face, and that they think of going to -business organizations to have them lobby against software patents.</p> - -<h3 id="questions">Questions from the audience</h3> - -<p>Now I'll answer questions.</p> - -<p> Oh, by the way to any journalists who are here, I recommend writing -articles about software patents separately from articles about free -software. If you cover them in one article together, people may get the -idea that software patents are only bad for free software developers -and they are okay for other software developers. This is not true. -If you think back of what I have said, hardly any of it relates to the -question of whether the programs are free or not; the dangers are the -same for all software developers. So please don't take the risk, the -people will get confused. Write separate articles.</p> - -<h4 id="questions1">Questions about software patents</h4> - -<dl> -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, you said that companies like IBM are harmed -about 10 times as much as they benefit?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: No. What I said is the harm that would have happened to - them is 10 times the benefit, but this harm is purely theoretical, - it doesn't occur. You see, they avoid it through cross-licensing. - So in fact, the harm does not happen.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: But it is only neutralized, they don't really benefit?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, they do you see, because the bad aspect, they avoid - through cross-licensing, and meanwhile they do collect money from some - other licenses. So they are benefiting in total. There is the small - benefit which happens and the big potential harm which does not happen. - So you have zero plus something for the benefit.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: But for that something will oppose this movement against -patents?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Right, IBM favors software patents. I had with trouble - one, I couldn't hear all the words in your sentence. I don't know - whether there was a ‘not’ in it. I couldn't tell, there are - two diametrically opposite meanings for what you just said, so what you - can do is make sure that the situation is clear. IBM favors software - patents, IBM thinks it stands to gain a lot from software patents. So - what it stands to gain is that the IBM and the other very big companies - would basically control software development, because it will be very - hard to do independent software development. - - <p> To develop nontrivial programs you're going to have to infringe - patents of IBM's. Now if you are big and often lucky enough, you might - have some patents of your own and make IBM cross-license with you. - Otherwise you are completely at their mercy and you have to hope that - they just let you pay the money.</p> - - <p> Is someone else asking?</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, what was the reason for the development of the -software patent?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, in the US, there was no reason. Somebody tried to - get a patent that was a software patent, and, I think, the patent office - said no, so he took it to court and eventually went to the Supreme Court - and they, they didn't judge it as a public policy question, they judged - it in terms of what does the law say.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: So was it not the realization that …</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Sorry, I can't … could you try to pronounce your - consonants more clearly, I'm having trouble understanding the words.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: So was it not the realization that copyright is notoriously -weak for protecting software?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Copyright is not only what?</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Notoriously weak…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, I think the whole sentence is nonsensical. I don't - understand this term “protecting software,” and I don't - agree with you. - - <p> Most programmers don't agree with you.</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: So when you are saying that you are not favoring protection -of software and you yourself is giving General Public License, where do -you get that power to issue General Public License?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: OK, you are asking questions about copyright and free - software which is not the topic now, I will accept questions about that - later on, but I gave a speech about software patents and I want to answer - questions about software patents.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir I have a question about software patents, the thing is -that how can one protect where there is a functional element …</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Protect what?</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Functional element…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: What's going to happen to them?</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, how can we get a protection when there is a…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Protection from what? Somebody's gonna come with a - gun?</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: No Sir …</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Basically the protection you need is the protection against - being sued for the program you wrote. Programmers need protection from - software patents.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: No, it's not the programmers themselves sir, there are -companies who have invested in something.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: And do you want the company to get sued because in your - large program there are five different things that somebody, that five - different people already patented? Now it's clear to see the myth that - you are operating on, it's the naive idea that, when <em>you</em> develop - a program, <em>you</em> will have the patent. Well, the idea, that very - statement contains a mistake because there is no such thing as <em>the - patent.</em> When you develop a program with many different things in it, - there are many things, each of which might be patented by somebody else - already, and you find out about them one by one when they come to you, - saying: “either pay us a lot of money, or else shut down.” - And when you dealt with five of them, you never know when number six is - going to come along. It's much safer to be in the software field if you - know you are not going to get sued as long as you wrote the program - yourself. - - <p> That's the way it was before software patents. If you wrote the - program yourself there was nothing to sue you about. Today you can - write the program yourself, it may even be a useful and innovative - program, but because you didn't reinvent the whole field, you use some - ideas that were already known, other people sue you. Now, of course, - those people who wanna go around suing you, they are going to pretend - that this extortion is protection for them. Protection from what? - Protection from having competitors, I guess. They don't believe in - competition, they want monopolies.</p> - - <p> Well, to hell with them. It's not good for the public that they - should get what they want. This is a question of public policy. We have +<span class="gnun-split"></span>We don't have to worry that chemicals in the environment +will get into the boundary between the <code>if</code> statement and the <code>while</code> +statement and corrode them, and cause a bad connection. We don't have +to worry that other chemicals will get on them and cause a short-circuit. +We don't have to worry about whether the heat can be dissipated from this +<code>if</code> statement through the surrounding <code>while</code> statement. We don't have +to worry about whether the <code>while</code> statement would cause so much voltage +drop that the <code>if</code> statement won't function correctly. When you look at +the value of a variable you don't have to worry about whether you've +referenced that variable so many times that you exceed the fan-out limit. +You don't have to worry about how much capacitance there is in a certain +variable and how much time it will take to store the value in it.</p> + +<p> All these things are defined a way, the system is defined to function +in a certain way, and it always does. The physical computer might +malfunction, but that's not the program's fault. So, because of all these +problems we don't have to deal with, our field is tremendously easier.</p> + +<p> If we assume that the intelligence of programmers is the same as +the intelligence of mechanical engineers, and electrical engineers and +chemical engineers and so on, what's going to happen? Those of us with +the easiest field, fundamentally, are going to push it further. We make +bigger and bigger things and eventually it becomes hard again. That's why +we can develop much bigger systems than the people in the other fields. +They just have these hard problems to deal with all the time. In the +other fields, it may be necessary to develop an idea. You may have the +idea, but then you may have to try out lots of different ways to get +it to work at all. In software it's not like that, you have the idea +and what you go and do is you write a program which uses this idea, +and then the users may like it or not. And if they don't like it, +probably you can just fix some details and get it to work.</p> + +<p> There is another problem that we don't have to worry about: +manufacturing of copies. When we put this <code>if</code> statement inside the +<code>while</code> statement, we don't have to worry about how the <code>if</code> statement is +going to be inserted into the <code>while</code> statement as a copy is being built. +We don't have to worry either about making sure we have access to remove +and replace this <code>if</code> statement if it should burn out. So all we have to do +is type <kbd>copy</kbd> and it's an all-purpose copy-anything facility. +People making physical equipment and physical products, they can't do +that, these things have to be built piece by piece each time.</p> + +<p> The result is that for them, the cost of designing a system of a +certain complexity may be <i>[gesturing]</i> this much and the factory may +take this much to set up. So they have to deal with this much from the +patent system. It's a level of overhead they can live with. For us, +designing it may cost <i>[gesturing]</i> this much and manufacturing it may cost +this much, so this much overhead from the patent system is crushing.</p> + +<p> Another way to look at it is that because we can—a few of +us can—make a much bigger system, there are many more points +of vulnerability where somebody might have patented something already. +We have to walk a long distance through the mine field, whereas they +they only have to walk a few feet through the minefield. So it's much +more of a dangerous system for us.</p> + +<h4 id="conf10">Program development is hampered by software patents.</h4> + +<p> Now, you have to realize that the ostensible purpose of the patent +system is to promote progress. This is something that is often forgotten +because the companies that benefit from patents like to distract you +from it. They like to give you the idea that patents exist because they +deserve special treatment. But this is not what the patent system says. +The patent system says: the goal is to promote progress for society, +by encouraging certain behavior like publishing new ideas; and after a +certain—originally that was fairly short—time, everyone +could use them.</p> + +<p> Of course there is a certain price that society pays as well, and so +we have to ask the question: which is bigger, the benefit or the price? +Well, in other fields, I am not sure. I am not an expert on other +fields of engineering, I've never done them and I don't know whether +having patents is good for progress in those fields.</p> + +<p> I have been in software since before software patents existed, and +I know that software patents do a lot of harm and essentially no good. +In the old days, ideas came along. Either people in a university had +an idea, or somebody had an idea while he was working on developing +software. And either way, these ideas got published, and then everyone +could use them. Now why did the software publishers publish these ideas? +Because they knew that the big job was writing the program.</p> + +<p> They knew that publishing the ideas would get them credit from the +community, and meanwhile anybody else who wanted to compete with them +would still have to write a program, which is the big job. So they +typically kept the details of the program secret—of course some +of us think that's wrong, but that's a different issue. They kept the +details of the program secret and they published the ideas, and meanwhile +the software development—because software development was going +on—That provided the field with a steady stream of ideas, so +ideas were not the limiting factor. The limiting factor was the job of +writing programs that would work and that people would like using.</p> + +<p> So, in effect, applying the patent system to software focuses on +facilitating a thing which is not the limiting factor, while causing +trouble for the thing which is the limiting factor. You see the software +patents encourage somebody to have an idea, but at the same time they +encourage people to restrict its use, so in fact we are actually worse +off now in terms of having ideas we could use, because in the past people +had the ideas and published them and we could use them, and now they +have the ideas and patent them and we can't use them for twenty years. +In the mean time, the real limiting factor—which is developing +the programs—this is hampered by software patents because of +other dangers that I explained to you in the first half of this talk.</p> + +<p> So the result is that, while the system is supposed to be promoting +progress in software, actually it is so screwed up it's just obstructing +progress.</p> + +<p> Today we have some economic research showing mathematically how this +can happen. You can find it in <a +href="http://www.researchoninnovation.org">www.researchoninnovation.org</a>. +I am not completely sure of the name of the paper, but it's one +that shows that in a field where incremental innovation is typical, +having a patent system can result in slower progress. In other words the +system produces counter-intuitive results that are the opposite of what it +was intended to do. This backs up the intuitive conclusion of every +programmer who sees that software patents are absurd.</p> + +<h4 id="conf11">What can a country do to avoid this problem?</h4> + +<p> So, what can a country do to avoid this problem? Well, there are +two approaches: one is to address the problem at the issue of granting +patents, and the other is to approach it at the point where patents are +being enforced.</p> + +<p> Doing this at the stage of granting patents is not quite as easy +as you might think. Now, I have been talking about software patents +but strictly speaking you can't classify patents into hardware patents +and software patents, because one patent might cover both hardware and +software. So in fact my definition of a software patent is: a patent +that can restrict software development.</p> + +<p> And if you look at many software patents you often find that the +system they describe has a large part of the computer itself as part of +the description of what's going on. That's a great way of making the +whole thing seem complicated when it is really trivial. So it's a way +they can get the patent office to decide it's unobvious.</p> + +<p> But there is a different criterion that can be used, a slightly +different place to draw the line that still does a reasonable job, and +that is between processes that transform matter in a specific way, and +processes where the result is just calculation and display of information, +or a combination of data processing and display steps—or others +have put it as: mental steps being carried out by equipment. There are +various ways of formulating this, which are more or less equivalent.</p> + +<p> Now this is not exactly the same as prohibiting software patents, +because in some cases computers are used as part of specific physical +equipment to make it do a specific thing. And software patents might be +allowed if they are part of a specific physical activity. But that's not +really a disaster. After all, once people are involved in a specific +physical activity or a specific physical product, they are bringing +into their whole business all those complexities of dealing with matter. +So it's more like those other fields of engineering. Maybe it's okay to +have patents on that narrow kind of software. As long as we can keep the +core areas of software, the purely software activities safe from patents, +we have solved the bulk of the problem.</p> + +<p> So that is a feasible approach and that's what people are working +towards in Europe. However, that is not going to be any use in the +United States because the United States already has tens of thousands, +probably hundreds of thousands of software patents. Any change in the +criteria for issuing patents does not help at all with the patents that +already exist.</p> + +<p> So what I propose to the United States is to change the criteria +for applying patents, to say that <em>purely software systems running +on general purpose computing hardware are immune from patents</em>. +They by definition cannot infringe a patent. And this way the patents +can still be granted exactly the way they are now, and they can still, +in a formal sense, cover both hardware implementations and software +implementations as they do now. But software will be safe.</p> + +<h4 id="conf12">Preventing India from having software patents will be +up to the citizens of India.</h4> + +<p> That's the solution I propose to the US, but it could be used in +other countries as well.</p> + +<p> Now, one of the tremendous dangers facing most countries today +is the World Trade Organization, which sets up a system of corporate +regulated trade—not free trade as its proponents like to call +it, but corporate regulated trade. It replaces the regulation of trade +by governments, that are somewhat democratic and might listen to the +interest of their citizens, with regulation of trade by businesses, +which don't pretend to listen to the citizens. So it's fundamentally +antidemocratic and ought to be abolished.</p> + +<p> But it's crucial to note that the part of the GATT agreement which +deals with patents does not require software patents. Many experts who +have studied this, for instance in Europe, make this claim. And the +reason is that they interpret technical effect as: there is a specific +physical consequence or physical system going on. And so the software +that doesn't do that doesn't have to be in the domain that patents +can cover.</p> + +<p> So, at least you don't have to worry about the Word Trade Organization +causing problems here, despite the tremendous problems they cause in +other areas of life.</p> + +<p> Preventing India from having software patents will be up to you—to +the citizens of India. I am a foreigner, I have no influence +except when I can convince other people through the logic of what I say. +There is a chance that you can do this. When the US started to have +software patents, the public policy question was not considered at all. +Nobody even asked whether it was a good idea to have software patents. +The Supreme Court made a decision which was then twisted around by an +appeals court, and ever since then, there were software patents.</p> + +<p> But when Europe started to consider officially authorizing software +patents a few years ago, public opposition started to rise and became +so strong that the politicians and the parties began paying attention +to it, and started saying they were against it. In fact two attempts +to authorize software patents have been blocked already in Europe. +The French Minister of Industry says that software patents would be a +disaster and under no circumstances should they be allowed in France. +All of the German political parties have taken a stand against software +patents.</p> + +<p> The battle is not yet over, you know. We have not conclusively +blocked software patents in Europe, because the multinational companies +and their servant, the United States government, is lobbying very hard, +and they have ignorance on their side. It's so easy for somebody with +a naive neo-liberal view to be persuaded that a new kind of monopoly +has to be good!</p> + +<p> You have to look at the details of how software patents affect +software development to see that they cause a problem. You have to +study that economic research in its mathematics in order to see why you +shouldn't assume that patents always promote progress. So, it's easy +for IBM to send a lobbyist to someone and say: “You should really +adopt software patents, they are great for programming. And look, the US +is ahead and the US has software patents. If you have software patents +too, you might catch up.” Well, you can't get more dominant than +that, and the US was ahead in computers before it had software patents, +it can't be because of software patents.</p> + +<p> It's important to understand that each country has its own patent +system and its own patent laws and what you do in a certain country is +under the jurisdiction of that country's patent law. So the result is, +that if the US has software patents, the US becomes a sort of battleground +where anybody using computers might get sued. If India avoids software +patents, then India is not a battleground, and computer users in India +do not face this danger of getting sued.</p> + +<p> It turns out that each country will issue patents to foreigners, +just as to its own citizens. So in fact, in a place which has this +scourge of software patents, foreigners can own those patents. There are +lots of non-US companies that own US software patents, so they are all +welcome to get involved in the fighting in the US. Of course it's we +Americans who become the victims of this. Meanwhile, in India, if there +are no software patents, that means both Indian companies and foreign +companies are prevented from coming into India and attacking people with +software patents.</p> + +<p> So, yes it is important that each country has its own patent law. +That makes a big difference, but you've got to understand what difference +it makes. Having software patents in a certain country is not an +advantage for the developers in that country. It's a problem for anybody +distributing and using software in that country.</p> + +<p> Now, if you in India are developing a program for use in the US, +you may face the problem—or at least your client will face the +problem—of US software patents. At least probably you can't +get sued here. The client who commissioned the program and tries to use +it might get sued in the US, and indeed you will have to deal with the +problem—the US's problems—when you try doing business +in the US. But at least you'll be safe here. You know, at least it is +a big difference between your client got sued because your client told +you to make a product and that product is patented, versus you get sued +for making that product.</p> + +<p> If there are software patents in India, then you will get sued. +Whereas in the current situation, at least you can say to the client: +“You told us to make this and we made it. So, I'm sorry this +happened to you but it's not our fault.” Whereas if there are +software patents in India, you'll get sued yourself and there is nothing +you can say about that.</p> + +<h4 id="conf13">Businesses should demand opposition to software +patents.</h4> + +<p> So the ultimate conclusion is that software patents tie all software +developers, all computer users and essentially all businesses in a +new kind of bureaucracy, which serves no beneficial social purpose. +So it's a bad policy and it should be avoided.</p> + +<p> Businesses don't like bureaucracy. If businesses knew that they were +threatened with a new kind of bureaucracy, they would oppose software +patents very strongly. But most of them aren't aware of this.</p> + +<p> In the US, software patents have led directly to business method +patents. What does this mean? A business method is basically how +you make decisions about what to do in the business. And in the past, +these decisions were made by humans but now sometimes they are made by +computers, and that means they are carried out by software, and that means +the decision policies can be patented. Software patents imply business +method patents and business procedure patents. The result is that any +business could find itself, you know, once they decide “we're +going to automate the way we carry out our procedures,” now they +get sued with a software patent.</p> + +<p> So if businesses only knew, they would be organizing through things +like the chamber of commerce to demand opposition to software patents. +But mostly they don't know, and therefore it's going to be your job +to inform them. Make sure they understand the danger that they are +facing.</p> + +<h4 id="conf14">It's important for countries to work together against +this.</h4> + +<p> And then India may be able, with the help of other countries like +France and Germany, to reject software patents. It is important for +people in the Indian government to make contact with officials in European +countries, so that this battle against software patents doesn't have to be +fought one country at a time, so that countries can work together to adopt +an intelligent policy. Maybe there should be a <em>no software patents +treaty</em> that various countries can sign and promise each other aid, +when they are threatened by economic pressure from the United States, +as part of its economic imperialism.</p> + +<p> Because the United States likes to do that, you know. One of +the provisions in the GATT agreement is that countries have the right +to make compulsory licenses for making medicine, to address a public +health crisis. And the South-African government proposed to do this for +medicine against AIDS. Now, South-Africa has a very bad problem with +AIDS; the figures I've heard was that a quarter of the adult population +is infected. And of course, most of them can't afford to buy these +medicines at the prices charged by the US companies.</p> + +<p> So the South-African government was going to issue compulsory licenses +which, even under GATT, it's allowed to do. But the US government +threatened economic sanctions. Vice-President Gore was directly involved +with this. And then, about a year before the presidential election, +he realized that this was going to look bad, so he dropped out of the +effort.</p> + +<p> But this kind of thing is what the US government does all the time +in regard to patents and copyrights. They don't even mind if people get +patented to death.</p> + +<p> So it's important for countries to work together against this.</p> + +<p> For more information about the problem of software patents, +see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329202214/http://www.progfree.org/Patents/Gif/Gif.html">www.progfree.org</a> [archived] and <a +href="http://www.ffii.org">www.ffii.org</a>. And there is also a petition +to sign, www.noepatents.org <a href="#Note1" id="Note1-rev">[1]</a> +</p> + +<p> Please talk with all executives of businesses—any kind +of businesses—about this issue. Make sure they understand +the extent of the problems they face, and that they think of going to +business organizations to have them lobby against software patents.</p> + +<h3 id="questions">Questions from the audience</h3> + +<p>Now I'll answer questions.</p> + +<p> Oh, by the way to any journalists who are here, I recommend writing +articles about software patents separately from articles about free +software. If you cover them in one article together, people may get the +idea that software patents are only bad for free software developers +and they are okay for other software developers. This is not true. +If you think back of what I have said, hardly any of it relates to the +question of whether the programs are free or not; the dangers are the +same for all software developers. So please don't take the risk, the +people will get confused. Write separate articles.</p> + +<h4 id="questions1">Questions about software patents</h4> + +<dl> +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, you said that companies like IBM are harmed +about 10 times as much as they benefit?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: No. What I said is the harm that would have happened to + them is 10 times the benefit, but this harm is purely theoretical, + it doesn't occur. You see, they avoid it through cross-licensing. + So in fact, the harm does not happen.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: But it is only neutralized, they don't really benefit?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, they do you see, because the bad aspect, they avoid + through cross-licensing, and meanwhile they do collect money from some + other licenses. So they are benefiting in total. There is the small + benefit which happens and the big potential harm which does not happen. + So you have zero plus something for the benefit.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: But for that something will oppose this movement against +patents?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Right, IBM favors software patents. I had with trouble + one, I couldn't hear all the words in your sentence. I don't know + whether there was a “not” in it. I couldn't tell, there are + two diametrically opposite meanings for what you just said, so what you + can do is make sure that the situation is clear. IBM favors software + patents, IBM thinks it stands to gain a lot from software patents. So + what it stands to gain is that the IBM and the other very big companies + would basically control software development, because it will be very + hard to do independent software development. + + <p> To develop nontrivial programs you're going to have to infringe + patents of IBM's. Now if you are big and often lucky enough, you might + have some patents of your own and make IBM cross-license with you. + Otherwise you are completely at their mercy and you have to hope that + they just let you pay the money.</p> + + <p> Is someone else asking?</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, what was the reason for the development of the +software patent?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, in the US, there was no reason. Somebody tried to + get a patent that was a software patent, and, I think, the patent office + said no, so he took it to court and eventually went to the Supreme Court + and they, they didn't judge it as a public policy question, they judged + it in terms of what does the law say.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: So was it not the realization that…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Sorry, I can't … could you try to pronounce your + consonants more clearly, I'm having trouble understanding the words.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: So was it not the realization that copyright is notoriously +weak for protecting software?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Copyright is not only what?</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Notoriously weak…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, I think the whole sentence is nonsensical. I don't + understand this term “protecting software,” and I don't + agree with you. + + <p> Most programmers don't agree with you.</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: So when you are saying that you are not favoring protection +of software and you yourself is giving General Public License, where do +you get that power to issue General Public License?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: OK, you are asking questions about copyright and free + software which is not the topic now, I will accept questions about that + later on, but I gave a speech about software patents and I want to answer + questions about software patents.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir I have a question about software patents, the thing is +that how can one protect where there is a functional element…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Protect what?</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Functional element…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: What's going to happen to them?</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, how can we get a protection when there is a…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Protection from what? Somebody's gonna come with a + gun?</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: No Sir…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Basically the protection you need is the protection against + being sued for the program you wrote. Programmers need protection from + software patents.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: No, it's not the programmers themselves sir, there are +companies who have invested in something.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: And do you want the company to get sued because in your + large program there are five different things that somebody, that five + different people already patented? Now it's clear to see the myth that + you are operating on, it's the naive idea that, when <em>you</em> develop + a program, <em>you</em> will have the patent. Well, the idea, that very + statement contains a mistake because there is no such thing as <em>the + patent.</em> When you develop a program with many different things in it, + there are many things, each of which might be patented by somebody else + already, and you find out about them one by one when they come to you, + saying: “either pay us a lot of money, or else shut down.” + And when you dealt with five of them, you never know when number six is + going to come along. It's much safer to be in the software field if you + know you are not going to get sued as long as you wrote the program + yourself. + + <p> That's the way it was before software patents. If you wrote the + program yourself there was nothing to sue you about. Today you can + write the program yourself, it may even be a useful and innovative + program, but because you didn't reinvent the whole field, you use some + ideas that were already known, other people sue you. Now, of course, + those people who wanna go around suing you, they are going to pretend + that this extortion is protection for them. Protection from what? + Protection from having competitors, I guess. They don't believe in + competition, they want monopolies.</p> + + <p> Well, to hell with them. It's not good for the public that they + should get what they want. This is a question of public policy. We have to decide what is good for the citizens <em>generally</em>.</p> - - <p><b>Audience</b>: [applause]</p> - - <p>Not have somebody saying “I wanna have a monopoly - because I think I am so important I should have one, so protect me from - anybody else being allowed to develop software.”</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: You are suggesting that we should avoid making a -battleground for patents, don't we still have to deal with the problem -that there are a lot of American products being sold here and…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well…</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: … and we are still going to be mistaken…?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: No! No, you misunderstood. US developers may be in - trouble because of the patent system, and what effect will that have? - It means that there are certain products that won't be coming from the - US, and therefore they won't be sold in the US, or here. You see, - if a developer is in the US and there is a US software patent, that - software developer is going to get sued there, whether or not he tries - to deal with anybody in India, he is going to get sued. But the fact - that he is distributing the program in India is not going to cause him - an additional problem, because that's under the jurisdiction of India. - That's the one thing he will <em>not</em> get sued for. So, basically, - what it means is, whatever exists can be distributed in India, safely, - and the developers who are lucky enough to be in India will be safe - from this kind of gang warfare, and those who are unlucky enough to be - in the US will not be safe.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, are you basically against the very concept of -intellectual property rights?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: As I said at the beginning, it is foolish to even - think about that topic. That topic is an overgeneralization. It lumps - together totally different things like copyrights and patents, and so any - opinion about “intellectual property” is a foolish one. I - don't have an opinion about intellectual property, I have opinions about - copyrights, and I have completely different opinions about patents, and - even in the area of patents, you know, I have different opinions in - different fields. Even that area is a big area. And then there are - trademarks which are also “intellectual property”; I think - trademarks are basically a good idea. The US has taken trademarks all - little too far but, basically it is reasonable to have labels that you - can rely on. - - <p> So you shouldn't try to have an opinion about intellectual property. - If you are thinking about intellectual property, you are thinking at a - simplistic level. And any conclusions you reach will be simplistic. So, - do as I do, you know, pick one topic at a time and focus on it, and find - out the details about that one area, then you can think intelligently - about that area, and later on you can think intelligently about the - other areas too.</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: So there is an argument that if particular intellectual -property right is not protected…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry, what you are saying makes no sense at all and - is at this foolish general level…</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Let me complete sir, if that particular intellectual -property right is not protected, it may impede the investment, and this -impediment…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: This generalistic thinking is so simplistic, it's totally - stupid. It makes no sense at all. There is no principle of intellectual - property. Copyrights and patents and trademarks originated completely - separately, they have nothing in common, except later somebody else - made up this term “intellectual property” to call them all - by it.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, will you extend this concept to the physical -property?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: No, I'm sorry, none of these things has anything to do with - physical property rights, they are totally different. What do you say - extend “this concept”? Which is “this concept”? - The idea that the term “intellectual property” is a - generalization that leads you into simplistic thinking, should we apply - that to physical property? No, they are totally different. They have - nothing in common.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: So the basis under which this intellectual property -is protected is “protect the labor,” “intellectual -labor”?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: No! No, you are totally wrong, you are totally wrong. - The purpose of… You have been brainwashed, you have been listening to - the propaganda of the companies that want to have these monopolies. - If you ask what legal scholars say is the basis of these systems, - they say that they are attempts — for copyrights and for patents - — they are attempts to manipulate the behavior of people to get - benefit for the public. Trademarks are a different issue, I think the - issues for trademark are completely different. So you are making an - overgeneralization also.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: So why can't we extend the very same principle…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: But in any case, your principle is <em>wrong</em>, and if - you take a look at that economic research on www.researchoninnovation.org, - you will see that you are making naive statements, naive blanket - statements that are simply not true. You got the silly idea that creating - a monopoly over some aspect of life <em>always</em>, <em>invariably</em> - makes that aspect of life thrive. Well, this is dumb. Occasionally it - might work, and occasionally it causes a lot of trouble.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Don't you think that the same kind of monopoly is created -in favor of a party when he owns a physical property?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I can't hear you.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, don't you think that the same kind of monopoly rights -are created if a particular physical property is allowed to be owned by -a person, just like an intellectual property?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Physical property can only be in one place at a time. - You know, only one person can sit in a chair at a time in the normal way. - [Applause] You know these are totally different issues. You know, - trying to generalize to the utmost is a foolish thing to do. We're - dealing with complicated laws that have many, many, many complicated - details and you are asking us to ignore all these details. We're dealing - with laws that have complicated effects in various fields and you are - asking us to ignore the details of their effects. Don't bother - judging… I think that if we are talking about a public policy - issue, we've got to look at the actual results of the policy, not some - myth as to what results a certain ideology would predict. I'm telling - you the real results, I'm telling you what I have seen and what other - programmers have seen.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, what about the LZW patent? Is it…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: What about the <em>what</em>?</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: LZW patent?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: The LZW patent?</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Yeah. Is it still in effect?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Yes, it is. Well, there are actually two LZW patents as - I explained to you, and they are both still in effect.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, so it's for 20 years?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Yeah, it's not 20 years yet.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, can you reduce the scope of the problem by reducing -the period of the patent?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Definitely, you could. If there were software patents, - but they only lasted for, say, 5 years or three years, that would mostly - solve the problem. Yes it's a pain to have to wait 3 or 5 years, but - it's much, much less of a pain. But, but there is a difficulty there. - The GATT agreement says that patents must last 20 years. So, the only - way you could have something like software patents which lasted for 3 - or 5 years is as follows. - - <p> First, make it clear that ordinary patents do not apply, and second, - if you wish, you could create a different system of five-year software - idea monopolies. Well, it's not clear that there is any particular - benefit in these five-year software monopolies but it would be much - better than the current situation. So if you found the government - prepared to make this deal, well, I would say, we should take it. But, - but we have to realize, though, that the first step is to abolish - software patents strictly speaking, and that has to be part of this - deal.</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: So and patent has also now become victim of…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I couldn't hear you at all, could you speak - louder?</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, patent has now become a way of making money by -businesses rather than promoting inventions?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Yes, a lot of them use it that way.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: So, sir, can we reduce this problem further by assigning -the patent to the actual inventor rather than a business?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Not really. What you'll find is that, that aspect of the - relationship between the employee and the business is something that gets - negotiated; and the business has more clout, so they are always going to - end up arranging to have the employee hand the patent to the company. - The other thing is that it doesn't make a big difference who owns the - patent. The point is that you are prohibited from developing a program - using that idea, and it may make some difference precisely who has the - power to sue you. But what you really want is not to be sued at all. - So why look for a half-measure like this? It's much better just to say - that software shouldn't have patents. - - <p> Okay, if you gonna pass a note, you'd better read it out loud. - Any other questions?</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: People who are being to Malaysia say that, if we buy a PC -there, the amount of money we would pay for all the standard software -is about a tenth of what we should pay in this country. In Malaysia -they are little more relaxed about patents and copyrights?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, are you not sure what you are talking about? - Because you seem to mixing together copyrights and patents. I'm not - sure if what you are talking about has anything to do with the issue of - software patents.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Precisely what I want to know is about: this has something -to do with patents?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Probably not.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Different countries depending on how much, whether they -are part of WTO or not part of WTO…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: No, no.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: …I think matter…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: You see, I don't know for certain because I don't know - what's going on there. I've never been there. But I suspect that it's - a matter of copyright and has nothing to do with patents, because if you - are talking about the same programs… Remember, software patents - are primarily a restriction on software developers. So if it's the - same program and it was developed, say, in the US, the patent problems - they have are independent of, you know… the patent problems they - have are biggest in the US, not in either India or Malaysia. So, that - probably has to do with copyright, not patents, and that's a totally - different issue. We mustn't lump these issues together.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir earlier you've told that…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry I can't hear you.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Earlier in your speech you've told that software that -should be brought under the purvey of patents is what you defined that -as what can be run on a general purpose machine.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I'm afraid I can't… Can anyone understand what - he's saying? I cannot understand your words. If you make an effort to - enunciate more clearly, I may be able to understand.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: You had spoken earlier that software that should be patented -is, you defined that as, software that can be run on a general purpose -machine…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry I didn't say that software <em>should</em> be - patented, so I just can't make out these words. Maybe if you tell that - to someone else, the other person could say it and I could understand.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Software patents, like whatever you call software patents, -like those are what can be run on a general purpose machine. So if some -algorithm or some piece of software is capable of being executed on a -general purpose machine, it should not be patented.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Yes. Now I can hear you, yes. One of the things I - proposed was that patent should not apply to software for general - purpose machines or the use of it on those general purpose machines. - So that if you develop that program or if you are using that program, - you couldn't be sued.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: We've an increasing number of software not being run on -general purpose machines.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, then that would be covered still by software patents, - so it wouldn't be a total a solution, but at least it would be a partial - solution.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: So if the defining line is general purpose machines, don't -you see there's a possibility that people could find loopholes in it, -like, to find workarounds for…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry. Do I see a possibility that people would - do what?</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: … of finding loopholes or workarounds of converting -what you would call software patents and to get it actually patented.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I do not understand. Loopholes to do… - I'm sorry. What people would do, what software developers would do in - that situation is use general purpose machines more.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Some algorithm can be run on a general purpose machine -— what I'd say that, that algorithm, I'm using it for some embedded -device and go ahead and patent it.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Why you could try it, you misunderstood. The point is - that, you misunderstood what the solution is. The solution is that - if I am developing and using the software on general purpose machines, - then nobody can sue me for patent infringement. So yes, somebody could - get a patent, and maybe he could sue others who are doing specialized - things which involve particular hardware. But they couldn't sue me.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Excuse me sir, may I ask you a question.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Yes.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, you spoke of general purpose machines. In the sense, -how would you define these machines, because these days you have a lot -of custom made handheld devices etc. Now some way…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: No, handheld computers are general purpose when they are - not designed to carry out a specific computation or a specific physical - process. They're general purpose computers. They have general purpose - computer chips in them.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Then the idea would be contestable in a court of law as -to whether it's a general purpose or not…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I guess, it will have to be, yeah. The precise details - of drawing those lines, one ends up having to leave to judges.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Thank you sir.</dt> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Germany and France, the only countries who has said no to -patents in Europe…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, I don't know the full situation. Those are the just - the ones I know of. The last time there was a vote, there were going - to be a majority of <em>no</em> votes, and so they dropped the issue. - And I don't remember the other countries.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: There's no European community decision on this…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Not yet. In fact, the European Commission itself is - divided. One of the agencies — the one which unfortunately is the - lead agency on this issue — has been won over by the multinationals - and is in favor of software patents, and then the agency that tries to - encourage software development is against them, and so they're trying to - work against it. So if there is somebody who wants to get in touch with - the official in charge of the agency that is opposed to software patents, - I can put them in touch.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Is there any country that said ‘no’ to software -patents?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, there are countries which don't have them, but it's - not clear that there's any country which has affirmed this recently.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, could you please elaborate on the benefits the software -development community got in European countries from this policy?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, the benefit is that you don't have to be afraid - someone will sue you, because of one of the ideas or a combination of - ideas that you used in a program that you wrote. Basically software - patents mean that if you write a program, somebody else might sue you - and say “you're not allowed to write that program.” The - benefit of not having software patents is you're safe from that. - - <p> Now in India you have probably taken for granted that you are safe - from that. But that will only last as long as there are no software - patents in India.</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Are there any threats to India not acceding to the software -regime?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well there's no software regime. The GATT agreement - doesn't require software patents. There is no treaty requiring software - patents.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Most people, if they had a chance to get a patent and make -a lot of money out of it, they wouldn't pass it up…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, many people if they had a chance to get a gun and - make a lot of money from, they wouldn't pass it up. - - <p>The point is, therefore, let we try not to hand them that opportunity. - For instance, we don't have a government agency handing out guns to - people on the street, and we should not have a government agency handing - out software patents to people on the street either.</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Being an advocate of this non-patency, have you ever -faced any…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I'm having trouble hearing you. Please try to make an - effort to pronounce every sound clearly that I might understand.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: You being an advocate of this non-patency, have you faced -any problems with these multinationals or something?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Have I faced any problems…</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: … so far in your life?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry. What did he say?</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Have you faced any problems with multinationals in your -life?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, there are many. In the community where I develop - software, there are many examples of programs that had their features - taken out, programs that didn't have the feature put in the first place, - programs that were not even written for many years, because of this. - There are many examples of jobs we can't do, because we're not allowed - to do them. - - <p> Now we collected examples of this, and we are looking for people to - write them up — you know, to look at each example and investigate - it fully and write down a clear description of what happened and what - the harm was and so on. We have had trouble finding people to do this. - We're looking for more. So someone who is really good at writing clear - English might want to volunteer for this.</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: I think he asked whether you had any threat to you by any -multinational companies…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well they never threatened my life!</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Yeah that's the question!</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: No, but they do threaten our work. You know, they do + + <p><b>Audience</b>: <i>[applause]</i></p> + + <p>Not have somebody saying “I wanna have a monopoly + because I think I am so important I should have one, so protect me from + anybody else being allowed to develop software.”</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: You are suggesting that we should avoid making a +battleground for patents, don't we still have to deal with the problem +that there are a lot of American products being sold here and…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well…</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: … and we are still going to be mistaken…?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: No! No, you misunderstood. US developers may be in + trouble because of the patent system, and what effect will that have? + It means that there are certain products that won't be coming from the + US, and therefore they won't be sold in the US, or here. You see, + if a developer is in the US and there is a US software patent, that + software developer is going to get sued there, whether or not he tries + to deal with anybody in India, he is going to get sued. But the fact + that he is distributing the program in India is not going to cause him + an additional problem, because that's under the jurisdiction of India. + That's the one thing he will <em>not</em> get sued for. So, basically, + what it means is, whatever exists can be distributed in India, safely, + and the developers who are lucky enough to be in India will be safe + from this kind of gang warfare, and those who are unlucky enough to be + in the US will not be safe.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, are you basically against the very concept of +intellectual property rights?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: As I said at the beginning, it is foolish to even + think about that topic. That topic is an overgeneralization. It lumps + together totally different things like copyrights and patents, and so any + opinion about “intellectual property” is a foolish one. I + don't have an opinion about intellectual property, I have opinions about + copyrights, and I have completely different opinions about patents, and + even in the area of patents, you know, I have different opinions in + different fields. Even that area is a big area. And then there are + trademarks which are also “intellectual property”; I think + trademarks are basically a good idea. The US has taken trademarks all + little too far but, basically it is reasonable to have labels that you + can rely on. + + <p> So you shouldn't try to have an opinion about intellectual property. + If you are thinking about intellectual property, you are thinking at a + simplistic level. And any conclusions you reach will be simplistic. So, + do as I do, you know, pick one topic at a time and focus on it, and find + out the details about that one area, then you can think intelligently + about that area, and later on you can think intelligently about the + other areas too.</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: So there is an argument that if particular intellectual +property right is not protected…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry, what you are saying makes no sense at all and + is at this foolish general level…</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Let me complete sir, if that particular intellectual +property right is not protected, it may impede the investment, and this +impediment…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: This generalistic thinking is so simplistic, it's totally + stupid. It makes no sense at all. There is no principle of intellectual + property. Copyrights and patents and trademarks originated completely + separately, they have nothing in common, except later somebody else + made up this term “intellectual property” to call them all + by it.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, will you extend this concept to the physical +property?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: No, I'm sorry, none of these things has anything to do with + physical property rights, they are totally different. What do you say + extend “this concept”? Which is “this concept”? + The idea that the term “intellectual property” is a + generalization that leads you into simplistic thinking, should we apply + that to physical property? No, they are totally different. They have + nothing in common.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: So the basis under which this intellectual property +is protected is “protect the labor,” “intellectual +labor”?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: No! No, you are totally wrong, you are totally wrong. + The purpose of… You have been brainwashed, you have been listening to + the propaganda of the companies that want to have these monopolies. + If you ask what legal scholars say is the basis of these systems, + they say that they are attempts—for copyrights and for + patents—they are attempts to manipulate the behavior of people to get + benefit for the public. Trademarks are a different issue, I think the + issues for trademark are completely different. So you are making an + overgeneralization also.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: So why can't we extend the very same principle…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: But in any case, your principle is <em>wrong</em>, and if + you take a look at that economic research on www.researchoninnovation.org, + you will see that you are making naive statements, naive blanket + statements that are simply not true. You got the silly idea that creating + a monopoly over some aspect of life <em>always</em>, <em>invariably</em> + makes that aspect of life thrive. Well, this is dumb. Occasionally it + might work, and occasionally it causes a lot of trouble.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Don't you think that the same kind of monopoly is created +in favor of a party when he owns a physical property?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I can't hear you.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, don't you think that the same kind of monopoly rights +are created if a particular physical property is allowed to be owned by +a person, just like an intellectual property?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Physical property can only be in one place at a time. + You know, only one person can sit in a chair at a time in the normal way. + <i>[Applause]</i> You know these are totally different issues. You know, + trying to generalize to the utmost is a foolish thing to do. We're + dealing with complicated laws that have many, many, many complicated + details and you are asking us to ignore all these details. We're dealing + with laws that have complicated effects in various fields and you are + asking us to ignore the details of their effects. Don't bother + judging… I think that if we are talking about a public policy + issue, we've got to look at the actual results of the policy, not some + myth as to what results a certain ideology would predict. I'm telling + you the real results, I'm telling you what I have seen and what other + programmers have seen.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, what about the LZW patent? Is it…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: What about the <em>what</em>?</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: LZW patent?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: The LZW patent?</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Yeah. Is it still in effect?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Yes, it is. Well, there are actually two LZW patents as + I explained to you, and they are both still in effect.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, so it's for 20 years?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Yeah, it's not 20 years yet.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, can you reduce the scope of the problem by reducing +the period of the patent?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Definitely, you could. If there were software patents, + but they only lasted for, say, 5 years or three years, that would mostly + solve the problem. Yes it's a pain to have to wait 3 or 5 years, but + it's much, much less of a pain. But, but there is a difficulty there. + The GATT agreement says that patents must last 20 years. So, the only + way you could have something like software patents which lasted for 3 + or 5 years is as follows. + + <p> First, make it clear that ordinary patents do not apply, and second, + if you wish, you could create a different system of five-year software + idea monopolies. Well, it's not clear that there is any particular + benefit in these five-year software monopolies but it would be much + better than the current situation. So if you found the government + prepared to make this deal, well, I would say, we should take it. But, + but we have to realize, though, that the first step is to abolish + software patents strictly speaking, and that has to be part of this + deal.</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: So and patent has also now become victim of…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I couldn't hear you at all, could you speak + louder?</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, patent has now become a way of making money by +businesses rather than promoting inventions?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Yes, a lot of them use it that way.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: So, sir, can we reduce this problem further by assigning +the patent to the actual inventor rather than a business?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Not really. What you'll find is that, that aspect of the + relationship between the employee and the business is something that gets + negotiated; and the business has more clout, so they are always going to + end up arranging to have the employee hand the patent to the company. + The other thing is that it doesn't make a big difference who owns the + patent. The point is that you are prohibited from developing a program + using that idea, and it may make some difference precisely who has the + power to sue you. But what you really want is not to be sued at all. + So why look for a half-measure like this? It's much better just to say + that software shouldn't have patents. + + <p> Okay, if you gonna pass a note, you'd better read it out loud. + Any other questions?</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: People who are being to Malaysia say that, if we buy a PC +there, the amount of money we would pay for all the standard software +is about a tenth of what we should pay in this country. In Malaysia +they are little more relaxed about patents and copyrights?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, are you not sure what you are talking about? + Because you seem to mixing together copyrights and patents. I'm not + sure if what you are talking about has anything to do with the issue of + software patents.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Precisely what I want to know is about: this has something +to do with patents?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Probably not.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Different countries depending on how much, whether they +are part of WTO or not part of WTO…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: No, no.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: …I think matter…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: You see, I don't know for certain because I don't know + what's going on there. I've never been there. But I suspect that it's + a matter of copyright and has nothing to do with patents, because if you + are talking about the same programs… Remember, software patents + are primarily a restriction on software developers. So if it's the + same program and it was developed, say, in the US, the patent problems + they have are independent of, you know… the patent problems they + have are biggest in the US, not in either India or Malaysia. So, that + probably has to do with copyright, not patents, and that's a totally + different issue. We mustn't lump these issues together.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir earlier you've told that…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry I can't hear you.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Earlier in your speech you've told that software that +should be brought under the purvey of patents is what you defined that +as what can be run on a general purpose machine.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I'm afraid I can't… Can anyone understand what + he's saying? I cannot understand your words. If you make an effort to + enunciate more clearly, I may be able to understand.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: You had spoken earlier that software that should be patented +is, you defined that as, software that can be run on a general purpose +machine…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry I didn't say that software <em>should</em> be + patented, so I just can't make out these words. Maybe if you tell that + to someone else, the other person could say it and I could understand.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Software patents, like whatever you call software patents, +like those are what can be run on a general purpose machine. So if some +algorithm or some piece of software is capable of being executed on a +general purpose machine, it should not be patented.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Yes. Now I can hear you, yes. One of the things I + proposed was that patent should not apply to software for general + purpose machines or the use of it on those general purpose machines. + So that if you develop that program or if you are using that program, + you couldn't be sued.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: We've an increasing number of software not being run on +general purpose machines.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, then that would be covered still by software patents, + so it wouldn't be a total a solution, but at least it would be a partial + solution.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: So if the defining line is general purpose machines, don't +you see there's a possibility that people could find loopholes in it, +like, to find workarounds for…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry. Do I see a possibility that people would + do what?</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: … of finding loopholes or workarounds of converting +what you would call software patents and to get it actually patented.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I do not understand. Loopholes to do… + I'm sorry. What people would do, what software developers would do in + that situation is use general purpose machines more.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Some algorithm can be run on a general purpose machine—what +I'd say that, that algorithm, I'm using it for some embedded +device and go ahead and patent it.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Why you could try it, you misunderstood. The point is + that, you misunderstood what the solution is. The solution is that + if I am developing and using the software on general purpose machines, + then nobody can sue me for patent infringement. So yes, somebody could + get a patent, and maybe he could sue others who are doing specialized + things which involve particular hardware. But they couldn't sue me.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Excuse me sir, may I ask you a question.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Yes.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, you spoke of general purpose machines. In the sense, +how would you define these machines, because these days you have a lot +of custom made handheld devices etc. Now some way…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: No, handheld computers are general purpose when they are + not designed to carry out a specific computation or a specific physical + process. They're general purpose computers. They have general purpose + computer chips in them.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Then the idea would be contestable in a court of law as +to whether it's a general purpose or not…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I guess, it will have to be, yeah. The precise details + of drawing those lines, one ends up having to leave to judges.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Thank you sir.</dt> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Germany and France, the only countries who has said no to +patents in Europe…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, I don't know the full situation. Those are the just + the ones I know of. The last time there was a vote, there were going + to be a majority of <em>no</em> votes, and so they dropped the issue. + And I don't remember the other countries.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: There's no European community decision on this…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Not yet. In fact, the European Commission itself is + divided. One of the agencies—the one which unfortunately is the + lead agency on this issue—has been won over by the multinationals + and is in favor of software patents, and then the agency that tries to + encourage software development is against them, and so they're trying to + work against it. So if there is somebody who wants to get in touch with + the official in charge of the agency that is opposed to software patents, + I can put them in touch.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Is there any country that said no to software +patents?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, there are countries which don't have them, but it's + not clear that there's any country which has affirmed this recently.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, could you please elaborate on the benefits the software +development community got in European countries from this policy?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, the benefit is that you don't have to be afraid + someone will sue you, because of one of the ideas or a combination of + ideas that you used in a program that you wrote. Basically software + patents mean that if you write a program, somebody else might sue you + and say “you're not allowed to write that program.” The + benefit of not having software patents is you're safe from that. + + <p> Now in India you have probably taken for granted that you are safe + from that. But that will only last as long as there are no software + patents in India.</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Are there any threats to India not acceding to the software +regime?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well there's no software regime. The GATT agreement + doesn't require software patents. There is no treaty requiring software + patents.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Most people, if they had a chance to get a patent and make +a lot of money out of it, they wouldn't pass it up…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, many people if they had a chance to get a gun and + make a lot of money from, they wouldn't pass it up. + + <p>The point is, therefore, let we try not to hand them that opportunity. + For instance, we don't have a government agency handing out guns to + people on the street, and we should not have a government agency handing + out software patents to people on the street either.</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Being an advocate of this non-patency, have you ever +faced any…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I'm having trouble hearing you. Please try to make an + effort to pronounce every sound clearly that I might understand.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: You being an advocate of this non-patency, have you faced +any problems with these multinationals or something?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Have I faced any problems…</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: … so far in your life?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry. What did he say?</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Have you faced any problems with multinationals in your +life?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, there are many. In the community where I develop + software, there are many examples of programs that had their features + taken out, programs that didn't have the feature put in the first place, + programs that were not even written for many years, because of this. + There are many examples of jobs we can't do, because we're not allowed + to do them. + + <p> Now we collected examples of this, and we are looking for people to + write them up—you know, to look at each example and investigate + it fully and write down a clear description of what happened and what + the harm was and so on. We have had trouble finding people to do this. + We're looking for more. So someone who is really good at writing clear + English might want to volunteer for this.</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: I think he asked whether you had any threat to you by any +multinational companies…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well they never threatened my life!</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Yeah that's the question!</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: No, but they do threaten our work. You know, they do threaten to sue us.</dd> -</dl> - -<h4 id="questions2">Questions about free software</h4> - -<dl><dt><b>Volunteer</b>: There's a question from a gentleman at the -back: “If the multinational companies that produce hardware, like -Intel, coming to a contract with big software companies to restrict free -software by changing the microprocessor patents, how will you overcome -such a hazard?”</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I see very little danger of that. Intel recently - developed a new computer architecture, and far from trying to stop us - from supporting it, they hired people to implement it. - - <p> So it looks like we have now moved to free software questions. - I'd like to remind people that, until this last answer, I was not - speaking for the Free Software movement. I was speaking about something - of vital interest to every programmer which is: to be free to write - programs and not get sued for having written them, as long as you wrote - it yourself. And that is a freedom that you've taken for granted until - now, and it's a freedom you will lose if you have software patents.</p> - - <p> Now however we're moving to the topic of free software, which is - what I spent most of my time working on, and the individual, the actual - software development project that I've lead, which is developing the GNU - operating system, which is a free software, Unix-like operating system - used by some twenty million people estimated today. So I am now going - to start answering questions about free software and GNU.</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: In the absence of a concrete revenue model for free -software, will this also go bust like the dotcom?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I can't predict the future but I want to remind you - that the dotcoms were businesses. And free software is not primarily - a business. There are some free software businesses. Whether they - will succeed or ultimately fail, I don't know. But those businesses, - while they contribute to our community, they are not what our community - is all about. What our community is all about is having the freedom to - redistribute and study and change software. A lot of free software is - developed by volunteers, and the amount is increasing. No matter what - happens with the companies, that's not going away.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: I understand that companies like IBM are also investing -considerably in making their systems and software compatible with free -source code like Linux…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: You mean GNU?</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: All right…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Yes, they call it Linux. Actually the system is mainly - GNU and Linux is one of the pieces.</dd> - -<dt><b>[From audience]</b> The kernel is hardly eighteen percent.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, really, that much? What I saw is three percent.</dd> - -<dt><b>[From audience]</b> You can see through a needle. Very -insignificant.</dt> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: But, I also understand that they've invested around a -billion dollars in doing so. Now my question is…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well that's not true.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: My question is: for a service that has no revenue model, -will this be sustainable in the future, and if I change my business -into…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I can't predict the future. No one can.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: How can I…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: There are some God men who claim they can predict the - future. I'm not. I'm a rationalist. - - <p> I can't tell you what's going to happen. What I can tell you is - that when IBM claims to have put a billion dollars into the GNU plus - Linux operating system, that is not entirely true. You have to look - carefully at what they're spending this money on, and you'll find they - are spending this money on various different things, some contribute - and some don't.</p> - - <p> For instance, they are funding some work on developing the GNU/Linux - system. That's good, that contributes. They do develop some other free - software packages that they've contributed to the community. That's a - real contribution.</p> - - <p> They are also developing many nonfree programs to make them run - with the GNU/Linux system and that is not a contribution. And they - are publicizing the system, well, it's not a primary contribution but - it does help, you know. Having more users is not our primary goal. - But it's nice, if more people would try our software, so that does help, - but then they're mistakenly calling this Linux which is not quite right, - and they're lobbying for software patents in Europe, which is bad. So, - you know, IBM is doing many different things. Some are good and some - are bad, and if you want to have a thoughtful view, it's important to - look at the individual actions. Do not try to add it up because that - just means you're missing the important aspects of the situation.</p> - - <p> Are there any more questions?</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: [...]</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I can't hear you at all, I'm sorry [...] whispering. - I'm a little bit hard of hearing, and when you combine that with the - noise of the fans, and with the unusual accent, all three of those things +</dl> + +<h4 id="questions2">Questions about free software</h4> + +<dl><dt><b>Volunteer</b>: There's a question from a gentleman at the +back: “If the multinational companies that produce hardware, like +Intel, coming to a contract with big software companies to restrict free +software by changing the microprocessor patents, how will you overcome +such a hazard?”</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I see very little danger of that. Intel recently + developed a new computer architecture, and far from trying to stop us + from supporting it, they hired people to implement it. + + <p> So it looks like we have now moved to free software questions. + I'd like to remind people that, until this last answer, I was not + speaking for the Free Software movement. I was speaking about something + of vital interest to every programmer which is: to be free to write + programs and not get sued for having written them, as long as you wrote + it yourself. And that is a freedom that you've taken for granted until + now, and it's a freedom you will lose if you have software patents.</p> + + <p> Now however we're moving to the topic of free software, which is + what I spent most of my time working on, and the individual, the actual + software development project that I've lead, which is developing the GNU + operating system, which is a free software, Unix-like operating system + used by some twenty million people estimated today. So I am now going + to start answering questions about free software and GNU.</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: In the absence of a concrete revenue model for free +software, will this also go bust like the dotcom?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I can't predict the future but I want to remind you + that the dotcoms were businesses. And free software is not primarily + a business. There are some free software businesses. Whether they + will succeed or ultimately fail, I don't know. But those businesses, + while they contribute to our community, they are not what our community + is all about. What our community is all about is having the freedom to + redistribute and study and change software. A lot of free software is + developed by volunteers, and the amount is increasing. No matter what + happens with the companies, that's not going away.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: I understand that companies like IBM are also investing +considerably in making their systems and software compatible with free +source code like Linux…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: You mean GNU?</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: All right…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Yes, they call it Linux. Actually the system is mainly + GNU and Linux is one of the pieces.</dd> + +<dt><b>[From audience]</b> The kernel is hardly eighteen percent.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, really, that much? What I saw is three percent.</dd> + +<dt><b>[From audience]</b> You can see through a needle. Very +insignificant.</dt> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: But, I also understand that they've invested around a +billion dollars in doing so. Now my question is…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well that's not true.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: My question is: for a service that has no revenue model, +will this be sustainable in the future, and if I change my business +into…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I can't predict the future. No one can.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: How can I…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: There are some God men who claim they can predict the + future. I'm not. I'm a rationalist. + + <p> I can't tell you what's going to happen. What I can tell you is + that when IBM claims to have put a billion dollars into the GNU plus + Linux operating system, that is not entirely true. You have to look + carefully at what they're spending this money on, and you'll find they + are spending this money on various different things, some contribute + and some don't.</p> + + <p> For instance, they are funding some work on developing the GNU/Linux + system. That's good, that contributes. They do develop some other free + software packages that they've contributed to the community. That's a + real contribution.</p> + + <p> They are also developing many nonfree programs to make them run + with the GNU/Linux system and that is not a contribution. And they + are publicizing the system, well, it's not a primary contribution but + it does help, you know. Having more users is not our primary goal. + But it's nice, if more people would try our software, so that does help, + but then they're mistakenly calling this Linux which is not quite right, + and they're lobbying for software patents in Europe, which is bad. So, + you know, IBM is doing many different things. Some are good and some + are bad, and if you want to have a thoughtful view, it's important to + look at the individual actions. Do not try to add it up because that + just means you're missing the important aspects of the situation.</p> + + <p> Are there any more questions?</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: […]</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I can't hear you at all, I'm sorry […] whispering. + I'm a little bit hard of hearing, and when you combine that with the + noise of the fans, and with the unusual accent, all three of those things together make very hard for me to make out the words.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: This question is not about patent or copyright or anything -like that. But this is one example what you said about — if -statement and while statement — that you said something about the -differences in the field of computer science and differences with other -sciences, that is other engineering sciences. You said that if I change -something in the if loop that's if statement, there won't be any effect, -that you said…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: No I didn't say that.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: You said that! You said that there isn't any heating -effect. I remember that…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I know what I said. I said something that's - partly similar to that…</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: I'll tell the exact statement: you said there won't any -heating effect.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Any whating effect?</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Heating effect. Heating…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Oh yes we don't have to worry about how much heat the - if statement…</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Yeah, yeah, exactly. Then what is it that cascading effect -is? If I change the structure of the loop, there will be an effect.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Oh sure. The program will behave differently when you - change it, but I'm not saying that writing every program is easy, or that - we never make mistakes. I listed a lot of specific kinds of problems, - that would plague a mechanical or electrical engineer at every little - detail. Even each one detail gets to be very hard for them. Whereas for - us, the problems are because we do so much, we're doing it so fast, - we don't think carefully about each one thing. So we make mistakes.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: So you admit that there's an effect.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Of course. I never said otherwise, I'm sorry if you - thought so. Sure if you change your program it's going to do different - things.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, can you comment on the commercial distributions?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, you asked me to comment on the commercial - distribution of GNU/Linux systems? Well, I think that's fine. That's one - of the freedoms that free software gives you — the freedom to use - it in business, the freedom to distribute it as part of a business, the - freedom to sell copies in exchange for money. These are all legitimate. - - <p> Now, one thing I am unhappy about is when the companies that do this - add some nonfree software to it.</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: That's the installation program?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Yeah, any nonfree software. Because the goal was: you - should be able to get a completely free operating system. Well, if - they have a thing in a store which says I'm the GNU/Linux system — - of course it says Linux — but inside of it there are some nonfree - programs, now you're not getting something that is entirely free anymore. - It doesn't entirely respect your freedom. So the real goal for which - we wrote the system is being lost. - - <p> So that's a major problem that our community faces now, the tendency - to put free software together with nonfree software and make these - nonfree overall systems. And then, you know, it might seem that our - software is a success because there are many people using it. But if - you look at our real goal, our real goal is not popularity. Our real - goal is to spread a community of freedom, and we're not succeeding in - doing that if the people are using nonfree software still.</p> - - <p> Unfortunately, I couldn't give both speeches. I can give a - speech about software patents, or I can give a speech about free - software. They're very different and each one of them is a long speech. - So unfortunately what that means is that I can't fully explain about free - software and the GNU project here. Am I giving another speech in Kochi? - Am I giving the free software speech in Kochi?</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: No.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Oh well. I gave that speech in Trivandrum. - - <p> So I'll answer five more questions and then I'll have to call it - quits because it gets to be quite draining to answer so many.</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Excuse me sir, question from me again. Sir, this is a -personal question. Me, as such, I love programming. I spend a lot -of time in front of my system. And I was listening to some of your -earlier speeches where you said that back in the 70's, the community of -programmers had a sense of goodwill among them. They used to share code, -they used to develop on it.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, a specific community of programmers which I belonged - to. This was not all programmers. It was one specific community. - Continue.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Yes sir. In that context, I feel particularly, me as such, -I feel very hurt when I see the so-called interaction among programmers -today. Because many of us are very good programmers, but we look at -each other in different colors depending upon the tools we use — -“hey, he's a windows guy,” “hey, he's a GNU/Linux -guy,” “hey, he's into Solaris systems,” “he's a -network programmer.” And unfortunately most of this prejudice comes -from a lot of misinterpretation out of things like this. None of these -people promote free software as such, and it hurts me as a programmer -and many of my colleagues, and I work in an environment…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Could you speak a bit more slowly, I am hearing most - of it, but there was one point that I miss, so if you speak slowly I - will…</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Yeah, here we work with in an environment where you -are judged according to the tools you use rather than the quality of -work.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: To me that, well, in one sense there is a situation where - in a limited way that is rational. If there is a tool which is normally - used for doing fairly easy jobs and there are lot of people who now had - to do it, then I would imagine now, I wouldn't want, I might not pay as - much to them as somebody who does very hard jobs with a different tool - that's used for hard jobs. But it's true if you're talking about hard - jobs, it makes no sense that you'd be prejudiced about what tools people - are using. The good programmers can use any tools.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: That was not the focus here. The focus was that here it is -a question of goodwill. Goodwill amongst programmers these days seems -to be, you know, melted out into these little boxes of this system and -that system, and that hurts.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I agree we should encourage people to learn about more - different things and we should never be prejudiced against people because - of some detail, you know the fact that this person likes Perl and this - person likes C, why should they hate each other…</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: It's not even that distinct. It's like this person works -on GNU/Linux and this person works on Windows, which are the two major -operating systems today in India at least.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, in that case, though, it's not just a prejudice, - you see. Windows is a system, a social system, that keeps people - helpless and divided [applause], whereas GNU/Linux is an alternative - that was created specifically to liberate people and to encourage them - to cooperate. So to some extent, this is not like: “where you - born in this country or that country?” No, this is like your - choice of politics. And it does make sense to criticize people for - their choices about important issues. - - <p> So, I would say, a person who's using Windows, well, either he is - actively supporting this power structure, or at least maybe he's trapped - in it and doesn't have the courage to get out. In that case you can - forgive him, I guess, and encourage him. You know, there are different - situations of people; in any place there are people… different. - Some people are making more or less effort to try to improve things. - I believe in judging people as individuals, not as lumping them together - by their groups.</p> - - <p> But this is, in this one case it is, somewhat of a political choice - with political consequences for society, and that's exactly where it - makes sense to criticize people.</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sorry to continue again on this, but I'm a little persistent -about this. It's…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: This is your last chance.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Yes sir, thank you. Generally when statements like these -are made, people who are not so much, you know, in connection with -these things tend to assume that cooperative communities and sharing -of source code and sharing of ideas and things like that don't exist in -other environments, but they do, and that's very unfortunate that they -think so.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry… <em>What</em> don't exist in other - environments? I don't know which other environments you're talking about. - I don't understand.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Other programming environments, other operating -systems.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well maybe there are some users developing some free - software that runs on Windows, in fact I'm sure there are… - -<p><em>Note: At this point, there was a short blackout, and both the -recording and the transcript is incomplete here.</em></p></dd> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, maybe there, are there anymore questions? Could you - speak louder? I can't hear you at all.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir may I ask you a question?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Okay you can, sure.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: In free software system we will be distributing the source -code also together with the software. So a person is entitled to change -whatever he can in the source code. So don't you think there will be -too many software versions of a particular software and this will in turn -cause problems for a layman to find out which will suit him the most.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Practical experience is that this is not a problem. - And occasionally it happens, but not very often. Now, you see, the - reason is that the users want interoperability and with free software the - users are ultimately in control, and what they want they tend to get. The - free software developers realize that they had better — if they are - going to make incompatible changes they are likely to make users unhappy - and their versions are not going to be used. So they generally draw the - obvious conclusion and pay a lot of attention to interoperability.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: What I feel is that like I'll be just loading a software -into my computer and the next morning I'll find a better version then -again I'll have to change it. The next morning again something has -been done to the source code and that's a better version, so don't -you…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: In general you are not going be finding a better version - every day and the reason is that typically for any given program, there - is usually only one version that is widely used. Maybe there will be - two, once in a while there will be three — when there is no good - maintainer that might happen. So you are just not going to keep finding - out about more versions that are good every day; there aren't so many. - There won't be that many popular versions. There is one situation - where you can get a new version every day. That is when there is one - team doing a lot of work on development then every day you can get their - latest version. That you can do. But that's only one version at any - given time.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, don't you think we will have to implement an -organization which will take into consideration all these updations and -it will just provide a single software which will have all the updations -right?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I didn't hear that. Shouldn't we have an - organization that would do something with all these versions, but I - don't know what.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Like, say I have developed a version of…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Did anyone else hear what she said? Could anyone else - tell me what she said?</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: The thing is that…</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: It's a very valuable skill to learn to speak slowly and - clearly. If you ever want to give a speech, which as part of your career - you will, it's very helpful to learn to enunciate clearly and slowly.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Thank you, Sir. Sir, the thing is that, don't you feel that -we require an organization which will just perform a number of updations -together and make available a software which will club all the updations -up to that date?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: You are saying, take various different applications and - put them together?</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Yes Sir.</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I will tell you. A lot of organizations are doing that; - in fact every one of the GNU/Linux distributions is exactly that. - Debian does that, Red Hat does that… We to some extent do that - also for the GNU packages. We work on making sure they work together.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Excuse me Sir. We have talked lot against patents. In US -conditions have you ever been forced to put forward any applications -for patents?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: No. But no one can force me to make a patent application.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Also do you own any patents?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: I do not own any patents. Now, I have considered the - possibility of applying for patents to use them as part of a <em>mutual - strategic defense alliance</em>.</dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Do you mean to say that if I have twenty patents with me, -I donate it to the FSF and you maintain it for me?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Well, not the FSF. It would be a separate specialized - organization that would exist specifically, so that we would all - contribute our patents and the organization would use all of these - patents to shelter anyone who wishes shelter. So anyone can join the - organization, even somebody who has no patents. And that person gets the - shelter of this organization. But then we all do try to get patents so - as to make the organization stronger so it can protect us all better. - That's the idea, but so far no one has been able to get this started. - It's not an easy thing to do, and part of the reason is that applying - for a patent is very expensive — and a lot of work as well. - - <p>So this will be the last question.</p></dd> - -<dt><b>Q</b>: Why can't the Free Software Foundation start its own -distribution?</dt> - - <dd><b>A</b>: Oh well, the reason is that Debian is almost what we want, - and it seems better to be friends with Debian and try to convince them - to change it a little, rather than say “well, we are not going to - use it; we are going to make our own thing.” And also it seems - likely to be more successful too because, after all, there are a lot - of people working on Debian already. Why try to make an alternative to - that large community. Much better to work with them and convince them - to support our goals better — if it works, of course, and we have - our ways to go on that.</dd> -</dl> - -<p> So that was the last question, I can't stay all day answering -questions, I'm sorry. So at this point I am going to have to call a halt -and get going, and go have lunch. So thank you for listening.</p> - -<p>[Applause].</p> - - -<h3>Footnote</h3> - -<p> <a href="#Note1-rev" id="Note1">[1]</a> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: This question is not about patent or copyright or anything +like that. But this is one example what you said about—<code>if</code> +statement and <code>while</code> statement—that you said something about the +differences in the field of computer science and differences with other +sciences, that is other engineering sciences. You said that if I change +something in the <code>if</code> loop that's <code>if</code> statement, there won't be any effect, +that you said…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: No I didn't say that.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: You said that! You said that there isn't any heating +effect. I remember that…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I know what I said. I said something that's + partly similar to that…</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: I'll tell the exact statement: you said there won't any +heating effect.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Any whating effect?</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Heating effect. Heating…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Oh yes we don't have to worry about how much heat the + <code>if</code> statement…</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Yeah, yeah, exactly. Then what is it that cascading effect +is? If I change the structure of the loop, there will be an effect.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Oh sure. The program will behave differently when you + change it, but I'm not saying that writing every program is easy, or that + we never make mistakes. I listed a lot of specific kinds of problems, + that would plague a mechanical or electrical engineer at every little + detail. Even each one detail gets to be very hard for them. Whereas for + us, the problems are because we do so much, we're doing it so fast, + we don't think carefully about each one thing. So we make mistakes.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: So you admit that there's an effect.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Of course. I never said otherwise, I'm sorry if you + thought so. Sure if you change your program it's going to do different + things.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, can you comment on the commercial distributions?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, you asked me to comment on the commercial + distribution of GNU/Linux systems? Well, I think that's fine. That's one + of the freedoms that free software gives you—the freedom to use + it in business, the freedom to distribute it as part of a business, the + freedom to sell copies in exchange for money. These are all legitimate. + + <p> Now, one thing I am unhappy about is when the companies that do this + add some nonfree software to it.</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: That's the installation program?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Yeah, any nonfree software. Because the goal was: you + should be able to get a completely free operating system. Well, if + they have a thing in a store which says I'm the GNU/Linux system— + of course it says Linux—but inside of it there are some nonfree + programs, now you're not getting something that is entirely free anymore. + It doesn't entirely respect your freedom. So the real goal for which + we wrote the system is being lost. + + <p> So that's a major problem that our community faces now, the tendency + to put free software together with nonfree software and make these + nonfree overall systems. And then, you know, it might seem that our + software is a success because there are many people using it. But if + you look at our real goal, our real goal is not popularity. Our real + goal is to spread a community of freedom, and we're not succeeding in + doing that if the people are using nonfree software still.</p> + + <p> Unfortunately, I couldn't give both speeches. I can give a + speech about software patents, or I can give a speech about free + software. They're very different and each one of them is a long speech. + So unfortunately what that means is that I can't fully explain about free + software and the GNU project here. Am I giving another speech in Kochi? + Am I giving the free software speech in Kochi?</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: No.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Oh well. I gave that speech in Trivandrum. + + <p> So I'll answer five more questions and then I'll have to call it + quits because it gets to be quite draining to answer so many.</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Excuse me sir, question from me again. Sir, this is a +personal question. Me, as such, I love programming. I spend a lot +of time in front of my system. And I was listening to some of your +earlier speeches where you said that back in the 70's, the community of +programmers had a sense of goodwill among them. They used to share code, +they used to develop on it.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, a specific community of programmers which I belonged + to. This was not all programmers. It was one specific community. + Continue.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Yes sir. In that context, I feel particularly, me as such, +I feel very hurt when I see the so-called interaction among programmers +today. Because many of us are very good programmers, but we look at +each other in different colors depending upon the tools we use— +“hey, he's a windows guy,” “hey, he's a GNU/Linux +guy,” “hey, he's into Solaris systems,” “he's a +network programmer.” And unfortunately most of this prejudice comes +from a lot of misinterpretation out of things like this. None of these +people promote free software as such, and it hurts me as a programmer +and many of my colleagues, and I work in an environment…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Could you speak a bit more slowly, I am hearing most + of it, but there was one point that I miss, so if you speak slowly I + will…</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Yeah, here we work with in an environment where you +are judged according to the tools you use rather than the quality of +work.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: To me that, well, in one sense there is a situation where + in a limited way that is rational. If there is a tool which is normally + used for doing fairly easy jobs and there are lot of people who now had + to do it, then I would imagine now, I wouldn't want, I might not pay as + much to them as somebody who does very hard jobs with a different tool + that's used for hard jobs. But it's true if you're talking about hard + jobs, it makes no sense that you'd be prejudiced about what tools people + are using. The good programmers can use any tools.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: That was not the focus here. The focus was that here it is +a question of goodwill. Goodwill amongst programmers these days seems +to be, you know, melted out into these little boxes of this system and +that system, and that hurts.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I agree we should encourage people to learn about more + different things and we should never be prejudiced against people because + of some detail, you know the fact that this person likes Perl and this + person likes C, why should they hate each other…</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: It's not even that distinct. It's like this person works +on GNU/Linux and this person works on Windows, which are the two major +operating systems today in India at least.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, in that case, though, it's not just a prejudice, + you see. Windows is a system, a social system, that keeps people + helpless and divided <i>[applause]</i>, whereas GNU/Linux is an alternative + that was created specifically to liberate people and to encourage them + to cooperate. So to some extent, this is not like: “where you + born in this country or that country?” No, this is like your + choice of politics. And it does make sense to criticize people for + their choices about important issues. + + <p> So, I would say, a person who's using Windows, well, either he is + actively supporting this power structure, or at least maybe he's trapped + in it and doesn't have the courage to get out. In that case you can + forgive him, I guess, and encourage him. You know, there are different + situations of people; in any place there are people… different. + Some people are making more or less effort to try to improve things. + I believe in judging people as individuals, not as lumping them together + by their groups.</p> + + <p> But this is, in this one case it is, somewhat of a political choice + with political consequences for society, and that's exactly where it + makes sense to criticize people.</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sorry to continue again on this, but I'm a little persistent +about this. It's…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: This is your last chance.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Yes sir, thank you. Generally when statements like these +are made, people who are not so much, you know, in connection with +these things tend to assume that cooperative communities and sharing +of source code and sharing of ideas and things like that don't exist in +other environments, but they do, and that's very unfortunate that they +think so.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry… <em>What</em> don't exist in other + environments? I don't know which other environments you're talking about. + I don't understand.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Other programming environments, other operating +systems.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well maybe there are some users developing some free + software that runs on Windows, in fact I'm sure there are… + +<p><em>Note: At this point, there was a short blackout, and both the +recording and the transcript is incomplete here.</em></p></dd> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, maybe there, are there anymore questions? Could you + speak louder? I can't hear you at all.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir may I ask you a question?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Okay you can, sure.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: In free software system we will be distributing the source +code also together with the software. So a person is entitled to change +whatever he can in the source code. So don't you think there will be +too many software versions of a particular software and this will in turn +cause problems for a layman to find out which will suit him the most.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Practical experience is that this is not a problem. + And occasionally it happens, but not very often. Now, you see, the + reason is that the users want interoperability and with free software the + users are ultimately in control, and what they want they tend to get. The + free software developers realize that they had better—if they are + going to make incompatible changes they are likely to make users unhappy + and their versions are not going to be used. So they generally draw the + obvious conclusion and pay a lot of attention to interoperability.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: What I feel is that like I'll be just loading a software +into my computer and the next morning I'll find a better version then +again I'll have to change it. The next morning again something has +been done to the source code and that's a better version, so don't +you…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: In general you are not going be finding a better version + every day and the reason is that typically for any given program, there + is usually only one version that is widely used. Maybe there will be + two, once in a while there will be three—when there is no good + maintainer that might happen. So you are just not going to keep finding + out about more versions that are good every day; there aren't so many. + There won't be that many popular versions. There is one situation + where you can get a new version every day. That is when there is one + team doing a lot of work on development then every day you can get their + latest version. That you can do. But that's only one version at any + given time.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir, don't you think we will have to implement an +organization which will take into consideration all these updations and +it will just provide a single software which will have all the updations +right?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I didn't hear that. Shouldn't we have an + organization that would do something with all these versions, but I + don't know what.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Like, say I have developed a version of…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Did anyone else hear what she said? Could anyone else + tell me what she said?</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: The thing is that…</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: It's a very valuable skill to learn to speak slowly and + clearly. If you ever want to give a speech, which as part of your career + you will, it's very helpful to learn to enunciate clearly and slowly.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Thank you, Sir. Sir, the thing is that, don't you feel that +we require an organization which will just perform a number of updations +together and make available a software which will club all the updations +up to that date?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: You are saying, take various different applications and + put them together?</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Yes Sir.</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I will tell you. A lot of organizations are doing that; + in fact every one of the GNU/Linux distributions is exactly that. + Debian does that, Red Hat does that… We to some extent do that + also for the GNU packages. We work on making sure they work together.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Excuse me Sir. We have talked lot against patents. In US +conditions have you ever been forced to put forward any applications +for patents?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: No. But no one can force me to make a patent application.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Also do you own any patents?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: I do not own any patents. Now, I have considered the + possibility of applying for patents to use them as part of a <em>mutual + strategic defense alliance</em>.</dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Do you mean to say that if I have twenty patents with me, +I donate it to the FSF and you maintain it for me?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Well, not the FSF. It would be a separate specialized + organization that would exist specifically, so that we would all + contribute our patents and the organization would use all of these + patents to shelter anyone who wishes shelter. So anyone can join the + organization, even somebody who has no patents. And that person gets the + shelter of this organization. But then we all do try to get patents so + as to make the organization stronger so it can protect us all better. + That's the idea, but so far no one has been able to get this started. + It's not an easy thing to do, and part of the reason is that applying + for a patent is very expensive—and a lot of work as well. + + <p>So this will be the last question.</p></dd> + +<dt><b>Q</b>: Why can't the Free Software Foundation start its own +distribution?</dt> + + <dd><b>A</b>: Oh well, the reason is that Debian is almost what we want, + and it seems better to be friends with Debian and try to convince them + to change it a little, rather than say “well, we are not going to + use it; we are going to make our own thing.” And also it seems + likely to be more successful too because, after all, there are a lot + of people working on Debian already. Why try to make an alternative to + that large community. Much better to work with them and convince them + to support our goals better—if it works, of course, and we have + our ways to go on that.</dd> +</dl> + +<p> So that was the last question, I can't stay all day answering +questions, I'm sorry. So at this point I am going to have to call a halt +and get going, and go have lunch. So thank you for listening.</p> + +<p><i>[Applause]</i></p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> + +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> + +<p> <a href="#Note1-rev" id="Note1">[1]</a> In 2014, this petition against software patents is <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061205023601/http://noepatents.org/index_html?NO_COOKIE=true"> archived</a><!-- [Dead as of 2019-03-23], and a more recent one (now closed) can be found at <a href="http://stopsoftwarepatents.eu/">stopsoftwarepatents.eu</a> -->. -</p> -<p>For more information about the problem of software patents, -see also our <a href="http://endsoftpatents.org">End Software Patents</a> +</p> +<p>For more information about the problem of software patents, +see also our <a href="https://endsoftwarepatents.org">End Software Patents</a> campaign.</p> -</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -2120,13 +2129,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -2137,31 +2146,30 @@ of this article.</p> Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the document was modified, or published. - + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). - + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - -<p> Copyright © 2001, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2019 -Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> - + +<p> Copyright © 2001, 2008, 2012, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> + <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: -<!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/03/23 11:26:56 $ -<!-- timestamp end --> -</p> -</div> +<!-- timestamp start --> +$Date: 2021/12/25 21:07:06 $ +<!-- timestamp end --> +</p> </div> -</body> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> +</body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stallmans-law.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stallmans-law.html index e248b7c..edb621a 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stallmans-law.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stallmans-law.html @@ -1,17 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural society" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Stallman's Law - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/stallmans-law.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Stallman's Law</h2> <p>Now that corporations dominate society and write the laws, each advance or change in technology is an opening for them to further restrict or mistreat its users.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -29,13 +37,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -56,7 +64,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2012, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2012, 2016, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -66,10 +74,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2016/12/27 16:25:39 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 10:10:10 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stophr3028.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stophr3028.html index d24d53c..1500659 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stophr3028.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/stophr3028.html @@ -1,28 +1,40 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural access" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Stop H.R. 3028 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +.foreword { margin: 2em 0 2em 15%; color: #444; } +.foreword p { margin: 0; } +.foreword p + p { text-align: right; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/stophr3028.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Stop H.R. 3028 - Protect the Net - Stop the Trademark Monopolists</h2> -<p> -This is posted on behalf of Marc Rotenberg -<a href="mailto:rotenberg@epic.org"><rotenberg@epic.org></a>. -More information is available by following the links at the end of -this page.</p> +<address class="byline">by Marc Rotenberg <<a +href="mailto:rotenberg@epic.org">rotenberg@epic.org</a>></address> +<blockquote class="foreword"> <p> -<cite> This bill fits a pattern: every time Congress wants to create a new monopoly covering some activity formerly open to all, or extend and increase an old monopoly, they apply the term “piracy” to the free activity that the monopoly will stamp out. So whenever you see anything described as “piracy” aside from the - capturing of ships, watch out for your liberties! -- Richard - Stallman -</cite> + capturing of ships, watch out for your liberties!</p> + <p>—<i>Richard Stallman</i> </p> +</blockquote> + +<p><em>More information is available by following the links at the end of +this page.</em></p> <h3>Urgent</h3> @@ -71,7 +83,7 @@ this page.</p> “Hello, I'm a registered voter in the district of Congressman <name>. I'm calling because I hope he/she - will vote against H.R. 3028, ‘The Cyberpiracy Act’. + will vote against H.R. 3028, ‘The Cyberpiracy Act.’ I don't like cyberpirates, but I believe this bill will hurt ALL domain name holders on the Internet, including small businesses, noncommercial organizations and individuals. Will @@ -96,7 +108,7 @@ this page.</p> </li> <li>If you like, you can also send an email to your Representative - with a new service offered at the House web site — check + with a new service offered at the House web site—check <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611003520/https://forms.house.gov/wyr/welcome.shtml">here</a> [archived].</li> <li>If you're still energized to do something, ask a friend or @@ -116,17 +128,18 @@ this page.</p> <h3>Relevant Information</h3> <ul> - <li><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3028"> + <li><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/106th-congress/house-bill/3028"> Information about H.R. 3028, including the Text of the bill</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/help/dndr/udrp-en"> Information about the ICANN Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815221026/http://www.acm.org/usacm/trademark.html"> Letter from ACM, Legal Experts on Problems with H.R. 3028</a></li> </ul> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -144,13 +157,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -171,7 +184,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1999, 2008, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1999, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -181,7 +194,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/04/11 11:55:40 $ +$Date: 2021/09/20 15:25:27 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/sun-in-night-time.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/sun-in-night-time.html index 77b999b..c40ea68 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/sun-in-night-time.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/sun-in-night-time.html @@ -1,24 +1,32 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing traps" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time</h2> -<p><i>We leave this web page in place for the sake of history, +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> + +<div class="infobox"> +<p>We leave this web page in place for the sake of history, but as of December 2006, Sun is in the middle of <a -href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html">rereleasing +href="https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html">rereleasing its Java platform under the GNU GPL</a>. When this license change is -completed, we expect Sun's Java will be free software.</i></p> +completed, we expect Sun's Java will be free software.</p> +</div> +<hr class="thin" /> - <p> - by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a><br /> - May 24, 2006. - </p> +<p><i>May 24, 2006</i></p> <p> Our community has been abuzz with the rumor that Sun has made @@ -66,7 +74,7 @@ completed, we expect Sun's Java will be free software.</i></p> Sun's Java platform is free software, or even open source. It only predicts that the platform will be “widely available” on “leading open source - platforms”. Available, that is, as proprietary + platforms.” Available, that is, as proprietary software, on terms that deny your freedom. </p> @@ -76,7 +84,7 @@ completed, we expect Sun's Java will be free software.</i></p> announcements carefully. Ever since the term “open source” was coined, we have seen companies find ways to use it and their product name in the same sentence. (They - don't seem to do this with “free software”, + don't seem to do this with “free software,” though they could if they wanted to.) The careless reader may note the two terms in proximity and falsely assume that one talks about the other. @@ -95,17 +103,18 @@ completed, we expect Sun's Java will be free software.</i></p> <p> We in the GNU Project continue developing the - <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/java/">GNU Compiler for Java and - GNU Classpath</a>; we made great progress in the past year, + GNU Compiler for Java and + GNU Classpath; we made great progress in the past year, so our free platform for Java is included in many major GNU/Linux distros. If you want to run Java and have freedom, please join in and help. </p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -123,30 +132,47 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2006 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2006, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:47 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:55:57 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/surveillance-testimony.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/surveillance-testimony.html index 11fe655..6f946aa 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/surveillance-testimony.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/surveillance-testimony.html @@ -1,12 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Surveillance Testimony - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/surveillance-testimony.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Surveillance Testimony</h2> -<p><em>Richard Stallman's statement to the Cambridge City Council, Jan 22, 2018, -about the proposed Cambridge surveillance ordinance.</em></p> +<div class="infobox"> +<p>Richard Stallman's statement to the Cambridge City Council, Jan 22, 2018, +about the proposed Cambridge surveillance ordinance.</p> +</div> <hr class="thin" /> <p><strong>Mayor McGovern:</strong> Thank you. Richard Stallman followed by Elaine DeRosa.</p> @@ -22,7 +31,7 @@ should include communications.</p> likely to raise concerns,” any recording of what is observed should be assumed to raise civil liberties concerns.</p> -<p>There's also a definition of “surveillance technology”, which I think is +<p>There's also a definition of “surveillance technology,” which I think is far too limited.</p> <p>I suggest that any physical device or system including computers running @@ -50,16 +59,17 @@ order [to do a search].</p> <p>And I think that same requirement should apply to any kind of surveillance that hasn't gone through the regular process.</p> -<p>[Item] number 9 talks about “persons injured in violation of the Ordinance”, +<p>[Item] number 9 talks about “persons injured in violation of the Ordinance,” but I don't think there's a definition of what it means to be injured.</p> <p>I'd like to suggest that to be surveilled is to be injured.</p> <p>Thank you.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -77,13 +87,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -104,7 +114,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2018 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2018, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -114,7 +124,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:39 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:55:57 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/surveillance-vs-democracy.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/surveillance-vs-democracy.html index 3fc17d7..450a6d8 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/surveillance-vs-democracy.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/surveillance-vs-democracy.html @@ -1,34 +1,34 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.97 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>How Much Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- #intro { margin: 2em auto 1.5em; } +.toc { width: auto; } .pict.wide { width: 23em; } .pict p { margin-bottom: 0; } +#conclusion { visibility: hidden; margin-top: 0; } @media (min-width: 55em) { #intro { max-width: 55em; } + .toc { max-width: 51em; } + .toc li { display: inline-block; width: 90%; } } --> </style> <!-- GNUN: localize URL /graphics/dog.small.jpg --> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article"> <h2 class="center">How Much Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand?</h2> <address class="byline center">by -<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> - -<!-- rms: I deleted the link because of Wired's announced - anti-ad-block system --> -<blockquote class="center"><p><em>A version of this article was first published in -<cite>Wired</cite> in October 2013.<br /> -Also consider reading “<a -href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/03/facebook-abusing-data-law-privacy-big-tech-surveillance">A -radical proposal to keep your personal data safe</a>,” published in -<cite>The Guardian</cite> in April 2018.</em></p></blockquote> - -<div class="article"> +<a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> <div id="intro"> <div class="pict wide"> @@ -70,14 +70,14 @@ of our digital lives, and that includes preventing surveillance. We can't trust nonfree software; the NSA <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622044225/http://blogs.computerworlduk.com/open-enterprise/2013/06/how-can-any-company-ever-trust-microsoft-again/index.htm">uses</a> and -even <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-gchq-encryption-codes-security">creates</a> +even <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-gchq-encryption-codes-security">creates</a> security weaknesses in nonfree software to invade our own computers and routers. Free software gives us control of our own computers, -but <a href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/10/149481/">that won't +but <a href="https://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/10/149481/">that won't protect our privacy once we set foot on the Internet</a>.</p> <p><a -href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/10/nsa-surveillance-patriot-act-author-bill">Bipartisan +href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/10/nsa-surveillance-patriot-act-author-bill">Bipartisan legislation to “curtail the domestic surveillance powers”</a> in the U.S. is being drawn up, but it relies on limiting the government's use of our virtual dossiers. That won't @@ -86,7 +86,26 @@ whistleblower” is grounds for access sufficient to identify him or her. We need to go further.</p> </div> -<h3 class="subheader" style="clear: both">The Upper Limit on Surveillance in a Democracy</h3> +<div class="toc" style="clear: both"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<h3 class="no-display">Table of contents</h3> +<ul class="columns"> + <li><a href="#upperlimit">The Upper Limit on Surveillance in a Democracy</a></li> + <li><a href="#willbemisused">Information, Once Collected, Will Be Misused</a></li> + <li><a href="#technical">Robust Protection for Privacy Must Be Technical</a></li> + <li><a href="#commonsense">First, Don't Be Foolish</a></li> + <li><a href="#privacybydesign">We Must Design Every System for Privacy</a></li> + <li><a href="#dispersal">Remedy for Collecting Data: Leaving It Dispersed</a></li> + <li><a href="#digitalcash">Remedy for Internet Commerce Surveillance</a></li> + <li><a href="#travel">Remedy for Travel Surveillance</a></li> + <li><a href="#communications">Remedy for Communications Dossiers</a></li> + <li><a href="#necessary">But Some Surveillance Is Necessary</a></li> + <li><a href="#conclusion">Conclusion</a></li> +</ul> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> + +<h3 id="upperlimit">The Upper Limit on Surveillance in a Democracy</h3> <div class="columns"> <p>If whistleblowers don't dare reveal crimes and lies, we lose the @@ -97,38 +116,38 @@ democracy to endure.</p> <p>An unnamed U.S. government official ominously told journalists in 2011 that -the <a href="http://www.rcfp.org/browse-media-law-resources/news-media-law/news-media-and-law-summer-2011/lessons-wye-river">U.S. would +the <a href="https://www.rcfp.org/journals/news-media-and-law-summer-2011/lessons-wye-river/">U.S. would not subpoena reporters because “We know who you're talking to.”</a> -Sometimes <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/sep/24/yemen-leak-sachtleben-guilty-associated-press">journalists' +Sometimes <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/sep/24/yemen-leak-sachtleben-guilty-associated-press">journalists' phone call records are subpoenaed</a> to find this out, but Snowden has shown us that in effect they subpoena all the phone call records of everyone in the U.S., all the time, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jun/06/verizon-telephone-data-court-order">from Verizon</a> -and <a href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/nsa-data-mining-digs-into-networks-beyond-verizon-2013-06-07">from +and <a href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/nsa-data-mining-digs-into-networks-beyond-verizon-2013-06-07">from other companies too</a>.</p> <p>Opposition and dissident activities need to keep secrets from states that are willing to play dirty tricks on them. The ACLU has demonstrated the U.S. government's <a -href="http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/Spyfiles_2_0.pdf">systematic +href="https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/Spyfiles_2_0.pdf">systematic practice of infiltrating peaceful dissident groups</a> on the pretext that there might be terrorists among them. The point at which surveillance is too much is the point at which the state can find who spoke to a known journalist or a known dissident.</p> </div> -<h3 class="subheader">Information, Once Collected, Will Be Misused</h3> +<h3 id="willbemisused">Information, Once Collected, Will Be Misused</h3> -<div class="columns"> -<p id="willbemisused">When people recognize +<div class="columns"> +<p>When people recognize that the level of general surveillance is too high, the first response is to propose limits on access to the accumulated data. That sounds nice, but it won't fix the problem, not even slightly, even supposing that the government obeys the rules. (The NSA has misled the FISA court, which said it -was <a href="http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/09/nsa-violations/">unable +was <a href="https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/09/nsa-violations/">unable to effectively hold the NSA accountable</a>.) Suspicion of a crime will be grounds for access, so once a whistleblower is accused of “espionage,” finding the “spy” will provide an @@ -144,7 +163,7 @@ like.</p> <p>In addition, the state's surveillance staff will misuse the data for personal reasons. Some NSA -agents <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/24/nsa-analysts-abused-surveillance-systems">used +agents <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/24/nsa-analysts-abused-surveillance-systems">used U.S. surveillance systems to track their lovers</a>—past, present, or wished-for—in a practice called “LOVEINT.” The NSA says it has caught and punished this a @@ -157,7 +176,7 @@ date.” This practice has expanded with <a href="https://theyarewatching.org/issues/risks-increase-once-data-shared">new digital systems</a>. In 2016, a prosecutor was accused of forging judges' signatures to get authorization -to <a href="http://gizmodo.com/government-officials-cant-stop-spying-on-their-crushes-1789490933"> +to <a href="https://gizmodo.com/government-officials-cant-stop-spying-on-their-crushes-1789490933"> wiretap someone who was the object of a romantic obsession</a>. The AP knows of <a href="https://apnews.com/699236946e3140659fff8a2362e16f43">many @@ -168,22 +187,35 @@ other instances in the US</a>. this is prohibited. Once the data has been accumulated and the state has the possibility of access to it, it can misuse that data in dreadful ways, as shown by examples -from <a href="http://falkvinge.net/2012/03/17/collected-personal-data-will-always-be-used-against-the-citizens/">Europe</a>, +from <a href="https://falkvinge.net/2012/03/17/collected-personal-data-will-always-be-used-against-the-citizens/">Europe</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_internment">the US</a>, and most -recently <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/terrifying-how-a-single-line-of-computer-code-put-thousands-of-innocent-turks-in-jail-1.4495021">Turkey</a>. +recently <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/terrifying-how-a-single-line-of-computer-code-put-thousands-of-innocent-turks-in-jail-1.4495021">Turkey</a>. (Turkey's confusion about who had really used the Bylock program only exacerbated the basic deliberate injustice of arbitrarily punishing people for having used it.) </p> +<p>You may feel your government won't use your personal data for +repression, but you can't rely on that feeling, because governments do +change. As of 2021, many ostensibly democratic states +are <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/aug/21/beware-state-surveillance-of-your-lives-governments-can-change-afghanistan">ruled +by people with authoritarian leanings</a>, and the Taliban have taken +over Afghanistan's systems of biometric identification that were set +up at the instigation of the US. The UK is working on a law +to <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/aug/09/police-bill-not-law-order-state-control-erosion-freedom">repress +nonviolent protests that might be described as causing “serious +disruption.”</a> The US could become permanently repressive in +2025, for all we know. +</p> + <p>Personal data collected by the state is also likely to be obtained by outside crackers that break the security of the servers, even -by <a href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150612/16334231330/second-opm-hack-revealed-even-worse-than-first.shtml">crackers +by <a href="https://www.techdirt.com/2015/06/12/second-opm-hack-revealed-even-worse-than-first/">crackers working for hostile states</a>.</p> <p>Governments can easily use massive surveillance capability -to <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/22/world/europe/macedonia-government-is-blamed-for-wiretapping-scandal.html">subvert +to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/22/world/europe/macedonia-government-is-blamed-for-wiretapping-scandal.html">subvert democracy directly</a>.</p> <p>Total surveillance accessible to the state enables the state to @@ -192,7 +224,7 @@ journalism and democracy safe, we must limit the accumulation of data that is easily accessible to the state.</p> </div> -<h3 class="subheader">Robust Protection for Privacy Must Be Technical</h3> +<h3 id="technical">Robust Protection for Privacy Must Be Technical</h3> <div class="columns"> <p>The Electronic Frontier Foundation and other organizations propose @@ -207,7 +239,7 @@ forever.</p> <p>However, such legal protections are precarious: as recent history shows, they can be repealed (as in the FISA Amendments Act), suspended, or <a -href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/16/us/16nsa.html">ignored</a>.</p> +href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/16/us/16nsa.html">ignored</a>.</p> <p>Meanwhile, demagogues will cite the usual excuses as grounds for total surveillance; any terrorist attack, even one that kills just a @@ -224,7 +256,7 @@ collect data starting at that date. As for suspending or momentarily ignoring this law, the idea would hardly make sense.</p> </div> -<h3 class="subheader">First, Don't Be Foolish</h3> +<h3 id="commonsense">First, Don't Be Foolish</h3> <div class="columns"> <p>To have privacy, you must not throw it away: the first one who has @@ -250,7 +282,7 @@ how your computing is done, it requires you to hand over all the pertinent data to the company's server.</p> <p>Protect your friends' and acquaintances' privacy, -too. <a href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/21/in-cybersecurity-sometimes-the-weakest-link-is-a-family-member/">Don't +too. <a href="https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/21/in-cybersecurity-sometimes-the-weakest-link-is-a-family-member/">Don't give out their personal information</a> except how to contact them, and never give any web site your list of email or phone contacts. Don't tell a company such as Facebook anything about your friends that @@ -269,7 +301,7 @@ make all these systems stop surveilling people other than legitimate suspects.</p> </div> -<h3 class="subheader">We Must Design Every System for Privacy</h3> +<h3 id="privacybydesign">We Must Design Every System for Privacy</h3> <div class="columns"> <p>If we don't want a total surveillance society, we must consider @@ -292,10 +324,10 @@ period. The same benefit, with no surveillance!</p> systems [<a href="#ambientprivacy">1</a>].</p> </div> -<h3 class="subheader">Remedy for Collecting Data: Leaving It Dispersed</h3> +<h3 id="dispersal">Remedy for Collecting Data: Leaving It Dispersed</h3> <div class="columns"> -<p id="dispersal">One way to make monitoring safe for privacy is +<p>One way to make monitoring safe for privacy is to keep the data dispersed and inconvenient to access. Old-fashioned security cameras were no threat to privacy(<a href="#privatespace">*</a>). The recording was stored on the premises, and kept for a few weeks at @@ -310,10 +342,10 @@ center and saved forever. In Detroit, the cops pressure businesses to give them <a href="https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/01/23/detroit-green-light/109524794/">unlimited access to their surveillance cameras</a> so that they can look through -them at any and all times. This is already dangerous, but it is going -to get worse. Advances in face recognition may bring the day when -suspected journalists can be tracked on the street all the time to see -who they talk with.</p> +them at any and all times. This is already dangerous, but it +is going to get worse. Advances in <a href="#facial-recognition">facial +recognition</a> may bring the day when suspected journalists can +be tracked on the street all the time to see who they talk with.</p> <p>Internet-connected cameras often have lousy digital security themselves, which means <a @@ -326,13 +358,24 @@ Everyone must be free to post photos and video recordings occasionally, but the systematic accumulation of such data on the Internet must be limited.</p> +<div class="infobox" style="margin-top: 1.5em"> <p id="privatespace">(*) I assume here that the security camera points at the inside of a store, or at the street. Any camera pointed at someone's private space by someone else violates privacy, but that is another issue.</p> </div> +</div> -<h3 id="digitalcash" class="subheader">Remedy for Internet Commerce Surveillance</h3> +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<p>Also consider reading “<a +href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/03/facebook-abusing-data-law-privacy-big-tech-surveillance">A +radical proposal to keep your personal data safe</a>,” published in +<cite>The Guardian</cite> in April 2018.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> + +<h3 id="digitalcash">Remedy for Internet Commerce Surveillance</h3> <div class="columns"> <p>Most data collection comes from people's own digital activities. @@ -343,10 +386,10 @@ business, because the data that the companies collect is systematically available to the state.</p> <p>The NSA, through PRISM, -has <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/headline/2013/08/23-2">gotten +has <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2013/08/23/latest-docs-show-financial-ties-between-nsa-and-internet-companies">gotten into the databases of many large Internet corporations</a>. AT&T has saved all its phone call records since 1987 -and <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/02/us/drug-agents-use-vast-phone-trove-eclipsing-nsas.html?_r=0">makes +and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/02/us/drug-agents-use-vast-phone-trove-eclipsing-nsas.html?_r=0">makes them available to the DEA</a> to search on request. Strictly speaking, the U.S. government does not possess that data, but in practical terms it may as well possess it. Some companies are praised @@ -376,17 +419,17 @@ privacy than commitments to uphold it.</p> <p>We could correct both problems by adopting a system of anonymous payments—anonymous for the payer, that is. (We don't want to help the payee dodge -taxes.) <a href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/05/lets-cut-through-the-bitcoin-hype/">Bitcoin +taxes.) <a href="https://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/05/lets-cut-through-the-bitcoin-hype/">Bitcoin is not anonymous</a>, though there are efforts to develop ways to pay anonymously with Bitcoin. However, technology -for <a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.12/emoney_pr.html">digital +for <a href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.12/emoney_pr.html">digital cash was first developed in the 1980s</a>; the GNU software for doing -this is called <a href="http://taler.net/">GNU Taler</a>. Now we need +this is called <a href="https://taler.net/">GNU Taler</a>. Now we need only suitable business arrangements, and for the state not to obstruct them.</p> <p>Another possible method for anonymous payments would -use <a href="https://stallman.org/articles/anonymous-payments-thru-phones.html">prepaid +use <a href="/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.html">prepaid phone cards</a>. It is less convenient, but very easy to implement.</p> @@ -397,7 +440,7 @@ this danger: a security hole in the site can't hurt you if the site knows nothing about you.</p> </div> -<h3 class="subheader">Remedy for Travel Surveillance</h3> +<h3 id="travel">Remedy for Travel Surveillance</h3> <div class="columns"> <p>We must convert digital toll collection to anonymous payment (using @@ -413,7 +456,7 @@ available over the Internet; access to the data should be limited to searching for a list of court-ordered license-numbers.</p> <p>The U.S. “no-fly” list must be abolished because it is -<a href="https://www.aclu.org/blog/national-security-technology-and-liberty-racial-justice/victory-federal-court-recognizes">punishment +<a href="https://www.aclu.org/news/national-security/victory-federal-court-recognizes-constitutional">punishment without trial</a>.</p> <p>It is acceptable to have a list of people whose person and luggage @@ -457,18 +500,18 @@ borrowed can inform headquarters; in that case, it could send the borrower's identity immediately.</p> </div> -<h3 class="subheader">Remedy for Communications Dossiers</h3> +<h3 id="communications">Remedy for Communications Dossiers</h3> <div class="columns"> <p>Internet service providers and telephone companies keep extensive data on their users' contacts (browsing, phone calls, etc). With mobile phones, they -also <a href="http://www.zeit.de/digital/datenschutz/2011-03/data-protection-malte-spitz">record +also <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312235125/http://www.zeit.de/digital/datenschutz/2011-03/data-protection-malte-spitz">record the user's physical location</a>. They keep these dossiers for a long time: over 30 years, in the case of AT&T. Soon they will -even <a href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/10/the-trojan-horse-of-the-latest-iphone-with-the-m7-coprocessor-we-all-become-qs-activity-trackers/">record +even <a href="https://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/10/the-trojan-horse-of-the-latest-iphone-with-the-m7-coprocessor-we-all-become-qs-activity-trackers/">record the user's body activities</a>. It appears that -the <a href="https://www.aclu.org/blog/national-security-technology-and-liberty/it-sure-sounds-nsa-tracking-your-location">NSA +the <a href="https://www.aclu.org/news/national-security/it-sure-sounds-nsa-tracking-our-locations">NSA collects cell phone location data</a> in bulk.</p> <p>Unmonitored communication is impossible where systems create such @@ -479,7 +522,7 @@ long, in the absence of a court order to surveil a certain party.</p> <p>This solution is not entirely satisfactory, because it won't physically stop the government from collecting all the information immediately as it is generated—which is what -the <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order">U.S. does +the <a href="https://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order">U.S. does with some or all phone companies</a>. We would have to rely on prohibiting that by law. However, that would be better than the current situation, where the relevant law (the PAT RIOT Act) does not @@ -499,7 +542,7 @@ that I received mail from some user of your email service, but it would be hard to determine that you had sent mail to me.</p> </div> -<h3 class="subheader">But Some Surveillance Is Necessary</h3> +<h3 id="necessary">But Some Surveillance Is Necessary</h3> <div class="columns"> <p>For the state to find criminals, it needs to be able to investigate @@ -520,7 +563,7 @@ and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131025014556/http://photographyisnota photographers</a>.) One city in California that required police to wear video cameras all the time -found <a href="http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/08/ubiquitous-surveillance-police-edition">their +found <a href="https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/08/ubiquitous-surveillance-police-edition">their use of force fell by 60%</a>. The ACLU is in favor of this.</p> <p><a @@ -528,7 +571,7 @@ href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019220057/http://action.citizen.org/p/dia are not people, and not entitled to human rights</a>. It is legitimate to require businesses to publish the details of processes that might cause chemical, biological, nuclear, fiscal, computational -(e.g., <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">DRM</a>) or political +(e.g., <a href="https://DefectiveByDesign.org">DRM</a>) or political (e.g., lobbying) hazards to society, to whatever level is needed for public well-being. The danger of these operations (consider the BP oil spill, the Fukushima meltdowns, and the 2008 fiscal crisis) dwarfs @@ -537,7 +580,8 @@ that of terrorism.</p> <p>However, journalism must be protected from surveillance even when it is carried out as part of a business.</p> </div> -<div class="column-limit"></div> + +<h3 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h3> <div class="reduced-width"> <p>Digital technology has brought about a tremendous increase in the @@ -559,7 +603,6 @@ to democracy is not speculation. It exists and is visible today.</p> a grave surveillance deficit, and ought to be surveilled more than the Soviet Union and East Germany were, we must reverse this increase. That requires stopping the accumulation of big data about people.</p> -</div> <div class="column-limit"></div> <h3 class="footnote">End Note</h3> @@ -568,12 +611,28 @@ That requires stopping the accumulation of big data about people.</p> has been referred to as <a href="https://idlewords.com/2019/06/the_new_wilderness.htm">ambient privacy</a>.</li> + +<li id="facial-recognition">In the 2020s, facial recognition deepens +the danger of surveillance cameras. China already identifies people +by their faces so as to punish them, +and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/05/iran-government-facial-recognition-technology-hijab-law-crackdown">Iran +is planning to use it to punish women who violate religion-imposed +dress codes</a>.</li> </ol> + +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<!-- rms: I deleted the link because of Wired's announced + anti-ad-block system --> +<p>A version of this article was first published in +<cite>Wired</cite> in October 2013.</p> +</div> +</div> </div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -591,13 +650,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -618,7 +677,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2013-2019, 2021, 2022 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -628,7 +687,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/12/17 21:13:59 $ +$Date: 2022/09/17 18:24:26 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/technological-neutrality.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/technological-neutrality.html index 78cf0fb..0e08d5c 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/technological-neutrality.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/technological-neutrality.html @@ -1,16 +1,24 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding need" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Technological Neutrality and Free Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/technological-neutrality.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Technological Neutrality and Free Software</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>Proprietary developers arguing against laws to move towards free software often claim this violates the principle of -“technological neutrality”. The conclusion is wrong, but +“technological neutrality.” The conclusion is wrong, but where is the error?</p> <p>Technological neutrality is the principle that the state should not @@ -58,10 +66,11 @@ citizens.</p> <p>When no ethical imperatives apply to a certain technical decision, it can be left to the domain of technological neutrality.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -79,19 +88,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -106,20 +115,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2014, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/11/07 08:38:00 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:55:57 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/the-danger-of-ebooks.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/the-danger-of-ebooks.html index 77d44cb..0855bd1 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/the-danger-of-ebooks.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/the-danger-of-ebooks.html @@ -1,12 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural access" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Danger of E-Books - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/the-danger-of-ebooks.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Danger of E-Books</h2> -<p class="comment">In an age where business dominates our governments and writes our laws, +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> + +<p>In an age where business dominates our governments and writes our laws, every technological advance offers business an opportunity to impose new restrictions on the public. Technologies that could have empowered us are used to chain us instead.</p> @@ -45,7 +54,8 @@ back door in 2009 to delete thousands of copies of George Orwell's 1984.</li> </ul> <p>Even one of these infringements makes e-books a step backward from -printed books. We must reject e-books until they respect our freedom [<a href="#footnote2">2</a>].</p> +printed books. We must reject e-books until they respect our freedom.<a +href="#footnote1">[1]</a></p> <p>The e-book companies say denying our traditional freedoms is necessary to continue to pay authors. The current copyright system @@ -56,36 +66,38 @@ are:</p> <ul> <li>To distribute tax funds to authors based on the cube root of each -author's popularity [<a href="#footnote1">1</a>].</li> +author's popularity.<a href="#footnote2">[2]</a></li> <li>To design players so users can send authors anonymous voluntary payments.</li> </ul> <p>E-books need not attack our freedom (Project Gutenberg's e-books don't), but they will if companies get to decide. It's up to us to stop them.</p> -<blockquote class="announcement"> +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> <p>Join the fight: sign up -at <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org/ebooks.html"> -http://DefectiveByDesign.org/ebooks.html</a>.</p> -</blockquote> +for <a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html"> +our mailing list about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> -<div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3 style="font-size: 1.2em">Footnotes</h3> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> <ol> -<li id="footnote1">See both my speech +<li id="footnote1">[2019] To show our rejection of Amazon's e-book reader, +we call it <a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">the +Swindle</a>.</li> +<li id="footnote2">See both my speech <a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.html">“Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks”</a> -and <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/internet-sharing-license.en.html">my +and <a href="https://stallman.org/articles/internet-sharing-license.en.html">my 2012 open letter to the President of the Brazilian Senate</a>, Senator José Sarney, for more on this.</li> -<li id="footnote2">[2019] To show our rejection of Amazon's e-book reader, -we call it <a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">the -Swindle</a>.</li> </ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -103,13 +115,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -130,7 +142,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2011, 2015, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -140,10 +152,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/12/30 11:28:30 $ +$Date: 2021/10/02 16:24:05 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/the-law-of-success-2.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/the-law-of-success-2.html index 471e946..1a10d65 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/the-law-of-success-2.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/the-law-of-success-2.html @@ -1,29 +1,39 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Law of Success 2.0: An Interview with Richard Stallman - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +.pict { width: 20em; height: auto; margin: 2em auto; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/the-law-of-success-2.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Law of Success 2.0: An Interview with Richard Stallman</h2> -<p><em>[ This is an interview between Haegwan Kim and Richard -M. Stallman. ]</em> -</p> +<div class="infobox"> +<p><em>This interview was conducted by Haegwan Kim in November 2010.</em></p> +</div> -<p><img src="http://www.gnu.org/graphics/RMS.jpeg" +<div class="pict"> +<img src="/graphics/RMS.jpeg" alt=" [Photo of Richard Stallman] " title="Richard Stallman" -width="259" height="194" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1761" /></p> - -<p>Haegwan Kim</p> +width="259" height="194" /> +</div> -<p>First, you mentioned that discussing success is not useful for you +<p><b>Haegwan Kim:</b> First, you mentioned that discussing success is +not useful for you and that's really interesting to me. In this interview mainly I want to talk about freedom and related issue. But before that, could you tell me the reason that talking about success is not useful to you?</p> -<p>Richard Stallman</p> - -<p>Because some activities are good for society and some are harmful for +<p><b>Richard Stallman:</b> Because some activities are good for society +and some are harmful for society. Of course, many are neutral. If person A knows how to aim for success, that may be good or bad for the rest of us. And I didn't set out to be a success. I didn't set out to make a lot of money or become @@ -37,14 +47,10 @@ community of people who use and contribute to free software, so in that sense it's a success. But when I look at it I don't ask, am I a success? I ask, do users have freedom?</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>Great to hear that. Can you tell me why you are so in favour of the +<p><b>HK:</b> Great to hear that. Can you tell me why you are so in favour of the freedom?</p> -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>Partly it's because I resent being pushed around. I resent anyone +<p><b>RMS:</b> Partly it's because I resent being pushed around. I resent anyone giving me orders. Partly because I grew up in the US, where people were taught to think about freedom—or at least were. I don't know if any of the children are taught any of these things any more. Partly @@ -62,33 +68,21 @@ group I was part of.</p> <p>So working, improving that system meant taking advantage of freedom all the time, so I came to appreciate freedom.</p> -<p>HK</p> +<p><b>HK:</b> Okay, I see.</p> -<p>Okay, I see.</p> +<p><b>RMS:</b> But that's not quite the end.</p> -<p>RMS</p> +<p><b>HK:</b> Okay.</p> -<p>But that's not quite the end.</p> - -<p>HK</p> - -<p>Okay.</p> - -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>Because the community fell apart in the early 80s and it was no +<p><b>RMS:</b> Because the community fell apart in the early 80s and it was no longer possible to have the freedom. So I saw the contrast -between living in freedom and losing freedom, and I found non-freedom +between living in freedom and losing freedom, and I found nonfreedom disgusting. So I decided to do something to bring freedom back.</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>Can you tell me how…? You are now trying to bring freedom +<p><b>HK:</b> Can you tell me how…? You are now trying to bring freedom back, which conversely means there's no freedom at the moment.</p> -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>Yes. With regard to software. First of all, this is a big question. +<p><b>RMS:</b> Yes. With regard to software. First of all, this is a big question. In regard to software, proprietary software does not respect users' freedom because the program controls the users. If the users aren't free to change a program and do so either individually or in groups @@ -153,13 +147,9 @@ problem. It would have to be fixed over and over and over.</p> <p>Also with the freedom to distribute your modified version, the people who don't know how to program can benefit.</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>I understand a bit about freedom for software now.</p> +<p><b>HK:</b> I understand a bit about freedom for software now.</p> -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>So if I'm using the free program and I make a change in it, which I +<p><b>RMS:</b> So if I'm using the free program and I make a change in it, which I know how to do, then I could publish my modified version and then you. Perhaps you're not a programmer; you would still be able to get the benefit of the change I make. Not only that, you could pay somebody to @@ -180,30 +170,18 @@ individually and collectively, control the program. If the users don't control the program then the program controls the users. That's proprietary software and that is what makes it evil.</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>Sounds similar to Creative Commons—verifying the types of +<p><b>HK:</b> Sounds similar to Creative Commons—verifying the types of copyrights.</p> -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>Yes. Creative commons publishes various licences.</p> - -<p>HK</p> - -<p>Yes. Do you agree with all those kind of activities on freedom?</p> - -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>They don't have a position on that.</p> +<p><b>RMS:</b> Yes. Creative commons publishes various licences.</p> -<p>HK</p> +<p><b>HK:</b> Yes. Do you agree with all those kind of activities on freedom?</p> -<p>Position?</p> +<p><b>RMS:</b> They don't have a position on that.</p> -<p>RMS</p> +<p><b>HK:</b> Position?</p> -<p>Creative commons licences grant the users varying amounts of freedom. +<p><b>RMS:</b> Creative commons licences grant the users varying amounts of freedom. Two of their licences qualify as free by our criteria. Those are the creative commons attribution licence and the attribution share-alike licence, those. And I think maybe there's also the CC zero licence, @@ -217,13 +195,9 @@ you use to do practical jobs. So that means software, recipes for cooking—and recipes for cooking are a good examples because, as I'm sure you know, cooks frequently share and modify recipes.</p> -<p>HK</p> +<p><b>HK:</b> Sure, yes.</p> -<p>Sure, yes.</p> - -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>And it would be a tremendous outrage to stop them. So in effect, +<p><b>RMS:</b> And it would be a tremendous outrage to stop them. So in effect, cooks treat recipes as free. But let's look at some more works that are used for practical jobs. Educational works are used for practical jobs; to teach yourself or teach others. Reference works are used for @@ -242,55 +216,35 @@ crucial conclusion for those other works is the freedom to non-commercially redistribute exact copies, in other words the freedom to share.</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>I'm interested in what you're doing. You're travelling around the +<p><b>HK:</b> I'm interested in what you're doing. You're travelling around the world, like me, and you're contributing to others, not for yourself. And I love that way you live and I respect it so much. So I was just wondering, how you describe yourself?</p> -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>I describe myself as a free software activist.</p> - -<p>HK</p> - -<p>Activist?</p> +<p><b>RMS:</b> I describe myself as a free software activist.</p> -<p>RMS</p> +<p><b>HK:</b> Activist?</p> -<p>Yes.</p> +<p><b>RMS:</b> Yes.</p> -<p>HK</p> +<p><b>HK:</b> Activists means the ones who change the world?</p> -<p>Activists means the ones who change the world?</p> - -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>First of all, we haven't changed the whole world, not even in this +<p><b>RMS:</b> First of all, we haven't changed the whole world, not even in this regard, we've only changed a part of it.</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>Ok.</p> - -<p>RMS</p> +<p><b>HK:</b> Ok.</p> -<p>As you can see, most computer users are still running proprietary +<p><b>RMS:</b> As you can see, most computer users are still running proprietary systems such as Windows and Macintosh. And then if they have smartphones, those smartphones are running proprietary software and it typically has malicious features too. We have a long way to go to achieve victory. And the other thing is that what we have achieved, I did not achieve by myself. But I did start this movement.</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>Your activities have lasted for a long time, what would be your +<p><b>HK:</b> Your activities have lasted for a long time, what would be your advice for being an activist?</p> -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>I was rather lucky, in a sense. I was in a position to do something +<p><b>RMS:</b> I was rather lucky, in a sense. I was in a position to do something that would forward my cause just working by myself. As other people showed up who were interested they could join. So it's generally good to look for a way to do things that way, in other words don't set out at @@ -299,13 +253,9 @@ Start doing things such that you alone, or a small group of people who support you, can achieve something, and by achieving something you can attract the attention of others who might want to join.</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>Great idea.</p> +<p><b>HK:</b> Great idea.</p> -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>In fact, I've read that advice in a book. I don't remember where, +<p><b>RMS:</b> In fact, I've read that advice in a book. I don't remember where, because that was a long time ago, but it fit what I had alreasy done. I can't say I thought of this as a general principle, but it did work well in my case.</p> @@ -321,53 +271,37 @@ start doing anything about your cause.</p> soon and that way you'll spend your time getting a certain amount done for your cause, which is better than nothing.</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>Fair enough.</p> +<p><b>HK:</b> Fair enough.</p> -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>And of the ones who follow the raise-money-first path, those few that +<p><b>RMS:</b> And of the ones who follow the raise-money-first path, those few that succeed in raising the money will find that their years of focusing on making that money have changed their goals. By the time they have that money they will be used to trying to do everything to get money. Few people have the ability to turn around and start directing their efforts toward something other than getting and keeping a lot of money.</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>Indeed. Can you tell me how did you gather great people when you +<p><b>HK:</b> Indeed. Can you tell me how did you gather great people when you launched the Free Software Foundation?</p> -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>I don't know if I always gathered great people. Some who came to us +<p><b>RMS:</b> I don't know if I always gathered great people. Some who came to us were good and some were not but I couldn't tell very well in advance, I didn't know how to judge that. But enough of them were good that they've managed to achieve a lot.</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>So did you gather people or did people automatically come to your +<p><b>HK:</b> So did you gather people or did people automatically come to your place?</p> -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>Mostly people had seen what we had already done and found it +<p><b>RMS:</b> Mostly people had seen what we had already done and found it interesting, and they would either help or, in some cases, come back when the FSF was hiring and we would say we were looking for someone to hire. Maybe we knew them already—who was a good programmer—by their contributing as a volunteer, so we knew if we hired them, they would be good.</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>I see. Thank you so much for your time. As a final question, I want +<p><b>HK:</b> I see. Thank you so much for your time. As a final question, I want to ask you about what we should do to spread the freedom.</p> -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>The big enemy of freedom is governments taking too much power over +<p><b>RMS:</b> The big enemy of freedom is governments taking too much power over society. They do that with two excuses: the excuse is terrorists or child pornographers. But we have to realise that anti-freedom is a bigger danger than either of those. For instance, censoring the @@ -390,21 +324,13 @@ and I was told 30,000 prisoners who are without trial. This is a monster that the US created. Governments around the world keep looking for more power. The problem is, they have too much already.</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>That's true. How can we get the power back from the governments?</p> - -<p>RMS</p> +<p><b>HK:</b> That's true. How can we get the power back from the governments?</p> -<p>I wish I knew.</p> +<p><b>RMS:</b> I wish I knew.</p> -<p>HK</p> +<p><b>HK:</b> <i style="color: #505050">[Laughter]</i></p> -<p>(Laughter)</p> - -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>I do know something about how we can teach people the need for this. +<p><b>RMS:</b> I do know something about how we can teach people the need for this. Governments get their power by focusing people's attention on some secondary problem.</p> @@ -430,14 +356,11 @@ under 3,000 people, and they were used as the excuse for the conquest of Iraq, in which 4500 or so Americans were killed. So even if we only consider who's more dangerous to Americans, the answer is Bush.</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>(Laughter) People can't judge what's right or wrong when the +<p><b>HK:</b> <i style="color: #505050">[Laughter]</i> People can't +judge what's right or wrong when the condition is getting complex and excited too much…</p> -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>And that ignored the million or so Iraqis that Bush killed and that +<p><b>RMS:</b> And that ignored the million or so Iraqis that Bush killed and that Bush prevented us from counting. But by preventing them from being accurately counted, Bush made it possible for low estimates such as that of Iraq Body Count to seem plausible.</p> @@ -449,26 +372,20 @@ hoping to cover up the effects so as to get it out of people's minds. And whether they're doing that for BP or for Obama or both, it's offensive to try to stop the public from knowing.</p> -<p>HK</p> - -<p>Do you believe that the internet has the possibility to change this +<p><b>HK:</b> Do you believe that the internet has the possibility to change this phenomenon?</p> -<p>RMS</p> - -<p>That's a different question. The internet is useful for various +<p><b>RMS:</b> That's a different question. The internet is useful for various things like sharing valuable information. But it's also useful for surveillance. So the internet can be used for good things and bad things. So how do we make sure that we are free to share? How do we limit the surveillance? It's a matter of stopping the Government from doing things that are unjust.</p> - -<p><em>Richard Stallman is a software freedom activist and the president -of the Free Software Foundation.</em></p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -486,13 +403,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -513,7 +430,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2010, 2013, 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2010, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -523,10 +440,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/01/05 18:25:49 $ +$Date: 2021/09/08 20:30:25 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/the-root-of-this-problem.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/the-root-of-this-problem.html index 7bf8ddf..dae78c5 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/the-root-of-this-problem.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/the-root-of-this-problem.html @@ -1,9 +1,16 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Problem Is Software Controlled By Its Developer - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/the-root-of-this-problem.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Problem Is Software Controlled By Its Developer</h2> <address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> @@ -33,7 +40,7 @@ devices be locked.</p> <p> It is true that a general computer lets you run programs designed to -<a href="/philosophy/proprietary.html">spy on you, restrict you, or +<a href="/proprietary/proprietary.html">spy on you, restrict you, or even let the developer attack you</a>. Such programs include KaZaA, RealPlayer, Adobe Flash Player, Windows Media Player, Microsoft Windows, and MacOS. Windows Vista does all three of those things; it @@ -55,7 +62,7 @@ are designed to stop you from sharing and lending your books. Features that artificially obstruct use of your data are known as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM); our protest campaign against DRM is hosted -at <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org">http://defectivebydesign.org</a>. (Our +at <a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/">defectivebydesign.org</a>. (Our adversaries call DRM “Digital Rights Management” based on their idea that restricting you is their right. When you choose a term, you choose your side.)</p> @@ -137,9 +144,9 @@ If we are concerned about the spread of restricted computers, we should tackle the issue of the price deception that sells them. If we are concerned about malware, we should insist on free software that gives the users control.</p> - <div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3 style="font-size: 1.2em">Postnote</h3> + +<h3 class="footnote">Postnote</h3> <p> Zittrain's suggestion to reduce the statute of limitations on software @@ -159,21 +166,22 @@ The complete, simple solution is to eliminate patents from the field of software. Since the patent system is created by statute, eliminating patents from software will be easy given sufficient political -will. (See <a href="http://www.endsoftpatents.org">http://www.endsoftpatents.org</a>.)</p> - -<h3 style="font-size: 1.2em">Footnote</h3> +will. (See <a href="https://endsoftwarepatents.org">End Software Patents</a>.)</p> -<p id="note1">1. Windows Vista initially had a “kill switch” with +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> +<ol> +<li id="note1">Windows Vista initially had a “kill switch” with which Microsoft could remotely command the computer to stop functioning. Microsoft -subsequently <a href="http://badvista.fsf.org/blog/windows-genuine-disadvantage">removed +subsequently <a href="https://badvista.fsf.org/blog/windows-genuine-disadvantage/">removed this</a>, ceding to public pressure, but reserved the -“right” to put it back in. -</p> +“right” to put it back in.</li> +</ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -191,17 +199,34 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2008, 2010, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2008, 2010, 2014, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -211,7 +236,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/06 08:25:53 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:55:57 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/thegnuproject.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/thegnuproject.html index 32c9ae2..0541c1a 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/thegnuproject.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/thegnuproject.html @@ -1,29 +1,24 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>About the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +a[href*='#ft'] { font-size: .94em; } +--></style> <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free Software Foundation, History" /> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The GNU Project</h2> -<p> -by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p> - -<blockquote> -<p> -Originally published in the book <em>Open Sources</em>. Richard -Stallman was <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> -never a supporter of “open source”</a>, but contributed -this article so that the ideas of the free software movement would not -be entirely absent from that book. -</p> -<p> -Why it is even more important than ever -<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">to insist -that the software we use be free</a>. -</p> -</blockquote> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <h3>The first software-sharing community</h3> <p> @@ -37,27 +32,29 @@ did it more than most.</p> <p> The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called <abbr title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</abbr> (the -Incompatible Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had +Incompatible Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers <a href="#ft1">[1]</a> had designed and written in assembler language for the Digital <abbr title="Programmed Data Processor">PDP</abbr>-10, one of the large computers of the era. As a member of this community, an AI Lab staff system hacker, my job was to improve this system.</p> <p> -We did not call our software “free software”, because that +We did not call our software “free software,” because that term did not yet exist; but that is what it was. Whenever people from another university or a company wanted to port and use a program, we gladly let them. If you saw someone using an unfamiliar and interesting program, you could always ask to see the source code, so that you could read it, change it, or cannibalize parts of it to make a new program.</p> + +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> <p> -(1) The use of “hacker” to mean “security -breaker” is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We -hackers refuse to recognize that meaning, and continue using the word -to mean someone who loves to program, someone who enjoys playful -cleverness, or the combination of the two. See my -article, <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">On -Hacking</a>.</p> +Why it is even more important than ever +<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">to insist +that the software we use be free</a>. +</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> <h3>The collapse of the community</h3> <p> @@ -70,7 +67,7 @@ all of the programs composing ITS were obsolete.</p> The AI Lab hacker community had already collapsed, not long before. In 1981, the spin-off company Symbolics had hired away nearly all of the hackers from the AI Lab, and the depopulated community was unable -to maintain itself. (The book Hackers, by Steve Levy, describes these +to maintain itself. (The book <cite>Hackers</cite>, by Steve Levy, describes these events, as well as giving a clear picture of this community in its prime.) When the AI Lab bought a new PDP-10 in 1982, its administrators decided to use Digital's nonfree timesharing system @@ -98,7 +95,8 @@ and hard to convince people that there is only one way to look at the issue.</p> <p> When software publishers talk about “enforcing” their -“rights” or “stopping <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a>”, what they +“rights” or “stopping <a +href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a>,” what they actually <em>say</em> is secondary. The real message of these statements is in the unstated assumptions they take for granted, which the public is asked to accept without examination. Let's therefore examine them.</p> @@ -129,11 +127,11 @@ free to modify programs to fit their needs, and free to share software, because helping other people is the basis of society.</p> <p> There is no room here for an extensive statement of the reasoning -behind this conclusion, so I refer the reader to the web pages -<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a> and -<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html</a>. +behind this conclusion, so I refer the reader to “<a +href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Why Software Should Not Have +Owners</a>,” and “<a +href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">Free +Software Is Even More Important Now</a>.” </p> <h3>A stark moral choice</h3> @@ -184,7 +182,7 @@ was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to it. The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.” It is pronounced -as <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a hard g</a>.</p> +as <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a hard <i>g</i></a>.</p> <p> An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run other programs. In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the @@ -193,7 +191,7 @@ debuggers, text editors, mailers, and much more. ITS had them, Multics had them, VMS had them, and Unix had them. The GNU operating system would include them too.</p> <p> -Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel (1):</p> +Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel <a href="#ft2">[2]</a>:</p> <blockquote><p> If I am not for myself, who will be for me?<br /> @@ -202,9 +200,6 @@ Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel (1):</p> </p></blockquote> <p> The decision to start the GNU Project was based on a similar spirit.</p> -<p> -(1) As an Atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I -sometimes find I admire something one of them has said.</p> <h3>Free as in freedom</h3> <p> @@ -237,13 +232,13 @@ important way to raise funds for free software development. Therefore, a program which people are not free to include on these collections is not free software.</p> <p> -Because of the ambiguity of “free”, people have long +Because of the ambiguity of “free,” people have long looked for alternatives, but no one has found a better term. The English language has more words and nuances than any other, but it -lacks a simple, unambiguous, word that means “free”, as in +lacks a simple, unambiguous, word that means “free,” as in freedom—“unfettered” being the word that comes closest in -meaning. Such alternatives as “liberated”, -“freedom”, and “open” have either the wrong +meaning. Such alternatives as “liberated,” +“freedom,” and “open” have either the wrong meaning or some other disadvantage.</p> <h3>GNU software and the GNU system</h3> @@ -280,7 +275,7 @@ invited me to keep using the lab's facilities.</p> <p> Shortly before beginning the GNU Project, I heard about the Free University Compiler Kit, also known as VUCK. (The Dutch word for -“free” is written with a <em>v</em>.) This was a compiler +“free” is written with a <i>v</i>.) This was a compiler designed to handle multiple languages, including C and Pascal, and to support multiple target machines. I wrote to its author asking if GNU could use it.</p> @@ -300,7 +295,7 @@ space, and the available 68000 Unix system would only allow 64k.</p> <p> I then realized that the Pastel compiler functioned by parsing the entire input file into a syntax tree, converting the whole syntax tree -into a chain of “instructions”, and then generating the +into a chain of “instructions,” and then generating the whole output file, without ever freeing any storage. At this point, I concluded I would have to write a new compiler from scratch. That new compiler is now known as <abbr title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</abbr>; @@ -355,7 +350,7 @@ no more free software than Unix was.</p> <p> The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a problem—they expected and intended this to happen. Their goal was -not freedom, just “success”, defined as “having many +not freedom, just “success,” defined as “having many users.” They did not care whether these users had freedom, only that they should be numerous.</p> <p> @@ -373,7 +368,7 @@ systems, not the free version.</p> The goal of GNU was to give users freedom, not just to be popular. So we needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software from being turned into proprietary software. The method we use is -called “copyleft”.(1)</p> +called “copyleft” <a href="#ft3">[3]</a>.</p> <p> Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite of its usual purpose: instead of a means for restricting a program, it @@ -416,26 +411,16 @@ software is the GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for short. We have other kinds of copyleft that are used in specific circumstances. GNU manuals are copylefted also, but use a much simpler kind of copyleft, because the complexity of the GNU GPL is not necessary -for manuals.(2)</p> -<p> -(1) In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me -a letter. On the envelope he had written several amusing sayings, -including this one: “Copyleft—all rights reversed.” I -used the word “copyleft” to name the distribution concept -I was developing at the time.</p> - -<p> -(2) We now use the <a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free -Documentation License</a> for documentation.</p> +for manuals <a href="#ft4">[4]</a>.</p> <h3>The Free Software Foundation</h3> <p>As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became involved in the GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek funding once again. So in 1985 we created -the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF), +the <a href="https://www.fsf.org/">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF), a tax-exempt charity for free software development. The -<abbr title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</abbr> also took over +FSF also took over the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by adding other free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by selling free manuals as well.</p> @@ -446,9 +431,9 @@ CD-ROMs with binaries, nicely printed manuals, all with the freedom to redistribute and modify), and Deluxe Distributions (distributions for which we built the whole collection of software for the customer's choice of platform). Today the FSF -still <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/"> sells manuals and other +still <a href="https://shop.fsf.org/"> sells manuals and other gear</a>, but it gets the bulk of its funding from members' dues. You -can join the FSF at <a href="http://fsf.org/join">fsf.org</a>.</p> +can join the FSF at <a href="https://my.fsf.org/join">fsf.org</a>.</p> <p>Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a number of GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library @@ -456,17 +441,14 @@ and the shell. The GNU C library is what every program running on a GNU/Linux system uses to communicate with Linux. It was developed by a member of the Free Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The shell used on most GNU/Linux systems is -<abbr title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</abbr>, the Bourne Again -Shell(1), which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox.</p> +BASH, the Bourne Again +SHell <a href="#ft5">[5]</a>, which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox.</p> <p>We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was not just about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a complete operating system, and these programs were needed for that goal.</p> -<p>(1) “Bourne Again Shell” is a play on the name -“Bourne Shell”, which was the usual shell on Unix.</p> - <h3>Free software support</h3> <p>The free software philosophy rejects a specific widespread business @@ -492,7 +474,7 @@ with the term “open source” actually base their business on nonfree software that works with free software. These are not free software companies, they are proprietary software companies whose products tempt users away from freedom. They call these programs -“value-added packages”, which shows the values they +“value-added packages,” which shows the values they would like us to adopt: convenience above freedom. If we value freedom more, we should call them “freedom-subtracted” packages.</p> @@ -550,10 +532,10 @@ List. In addition to missing Unix components, we listed various other useful software and documentation projects that, we thought, a truly complete system ought to have.</p> -<p>Today (1), hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU Task +<p>Today <a href="#ft6">[6]</a>, hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU Task List—those jobs had been done, aside from a few inessential ones. But the list is full of projects that some might call -“applications”. Any program that appeals to more than a +“applications.” Any program that appeals to more than a narrow class of users would be a useful thing to add to an operating system.</p> @@ -563,16 +545,10 @@ compatibility was not an issue for games, so we did not follow the list of games that Unix had. Instead, we listed a spectrum of different kinds of games that users might like.</p> -<p>(1) That was written in 1998. In 2009 we no longer maintain a long -task list. The community develops free software so fast that we can't -even keep track of it all. Instead, we have a list of High Priority -Projects, a much shorter list of projects we really want to encourage -people to write.</p> - -<h3>The GNU Library GPL</h3> +<h3>The GNU Lesser GPL</h3> <p>The GNU C library uses a special kind of copyleft called the GNU -Library General Public License(1), which gives permission to link +Lesser General Public License <a href="#ft7">[7]</a>, which gives permission to link proprietary software with the library. Why make this exception?</p> <p>It is not a matter of principle; there is no principle that says @@ -593,7 +569,7 @@ possible to compile a proprietary program for the GNU system. There is no ethical reason to allow proprietary applications on the GNU system, but strategically it seems that disallowing them would do more to discourage use of the GNU system than to encourage development of -free applications. That is why using the Library GPL is a good +free applications. That is why using the Lesser GPL is a good strategy for the C library.</p> <p>For other libraries, the strategic decision needs to be @@ -605,7 +581,7 @@ software.</p> <p>Consider GNU Readline, a library that was developed to provide command-line editing for BASH. Readline is released under the -ordinary GNU GPL, not the Library GPL. This probably does reduce the +ordinary GNU GPL, not the Lesser GPL. This probably does reduce the amount Readline is used, but that is no loss for us. Meanwhile, at least one useful application has been made free software specifically so it could use Readline, and that is a real gain for the @@ -618,11 +594,6 @@ that have no parallel available to proprietary software, providing useful modules to serve as building blocks in new free software, and adding up to a major advantage for further free software development.</p> -<p>(1) This license is now called the GNU Lesser General Public License, -to avoid giving the idea that all libraries ought to use it. -See <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">Why you shouldn't use the -Lesser GPL for your next library</a> for more information.</p> - <h3>Scratching an itch?</h3> <p> Eric Raymond says that “Every good work of software starts by @@ -736,7 +707,7 @@ version of the GNU system today.</p> We call this system version <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"> GNU/Linux</a>, to express its composition as a combination of the GNU system with Linux as the kernel. Please don't fall into the practice -of calling the whole system “Linux”, since that means +of calling the whole system “Linux,” since that means attributing our work to someone else. Please <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"> give us equal mention</a>.</p> @@ -753,7 +724,7 @@ away.</p> <p> The following four sections discuss these challenges.</p> -<h3>Secret hardware</h3> +<h4>Secret hardware</h4> <p> Hardware manufacturers increasingly tend to keep hardware specifications secret. This makes it difficult to write free drivers @@ -772,13 +743,9 @@ sufficient determination to undertake it? Yes—if we have built up a strong feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and nonfree drivers are intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend extra money, or even a little extra time, so we can use free drivers? -Yes, if the determination to have freedom is widespread.</p> -<p> -(2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well. There is a free -BIOS, <a href="http://www.libreboot.org/">LibreBoot</a> (a distribution of coreboot); the problem is getting specs for machines so that -LibreBoot can support them without nonfree “blobs”.)</p> +Yes, if the determination to have freedom is widespread <a href="#ft8">[8]</a>.</p> -<h3>Nonfree libraries</h3> +<h4>Nonfree libraries</h4> <p> A nonfree library that runs on free operating systems acts as a trap for free software developers. The library's attractive features are @@ -832,27 +799,23 @@ which, when carried out, should make Qt free software. There is no way to be sure, but I think that this was partly due to the community's firm response to the problem that Qt posed when it was nonfree. (The new license is inconvenient and inequitable, so it -remains desirable to avoid using Qt.)</p> -<p> -[Subsequent note: in September 2000, Qt was rereleased under the GNU GPL, -which essentially solved this problem.]</p> +remains desirable to avoid using Qt <a href="#ft9">[9]</a>.)</p> <p> How will we respond to the next tempting nonfree library? Will the whole community understand the need to stay out of the trap? Or will many of us give up freedom for convenience, and produce a major problem? Our future depends on our philosophy.</p> -<h3>Software patents</h3> +<h4>Software patents</h4> <p> The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty years. The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in 1983, and we still cannot release free software to produce proper -compressed <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>s. -[As of 2009 they have expired.] In 1998, a free program to produce +compressed <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr> <a href="#ft10">[10]</a>. +In 1998, a free program to produce <abbr title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</abbr> compressed audio -was removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit. [As of -2017, these patents have expired. Look how long we had to wait.] +was removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit <a href="#ft11">[11]</a>. </p> <p> There are ways to cope with patents: we can search for evidence that a @@ -871,7 +834,7 @@ the practical effectiveness of the “bazaar” model of development, and the reliability and power of some free software, we must not stop there. We must talk about freedom and principle.</p> -<h3>Free documentation</h3> +<h4>Free documentation</h4> <p> The biggest deficiency in our free operating systems is not in the software—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in @@ -924,7 +887,7 @@ depends on philosophy.</p> <h3>We must talk about freedom</h3> <p> Estimates today are that there are ten million users of GNU/Linux -systems such as Debian GNU/Linux and Red Hat “Linux”. +systems such as Debian GNU/Linux and Red Hat “Linux.” Free software has developed such practical advantages that users are flocking to it for purely practical reasons.</p> <p> @@ -977,7 +940,7 @@ even worse.</p> “Free software” and “open source” describe the same category of software, more or less, but say different things about the software, and about values. The GNU Project continues to -use the term “free software”, to express the idea that +use the term “free software,” to express the idea that freedom, not just technology, is important.</p> <h3>Try!</h3> @@ -1001,10 +964,75 @@ year, and now Microsoft has explicitly targeted our community. We can't take the future of freedom for granted. Don't take it for granted! If you want to keep your freedom, you must be prepared to defend it.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> + +<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> +<ol> +<li id="ft1">The use of “hacker” to mean “security +breaker” is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We +hackers refuse to recognize that meaning, and continue using the word +to mean someone who loves to program, someone who enjoys playful +cleverness, or the combination of the two. See my +article, “<a href="https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">On +Hacking</a>.”</li> + +<li id="ft2">As an Atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I +sometimes find I admire something one of them has said.</li> + +<li id="ft3">In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me +a letter. <a href="/graphics/copyleft-sticker.html">On the envelope</a> he +had written several amusing sayings, +including this one: “Copyleft—all rights reversed.” I +used the word “copyleft” to name the distribution concept +I was developing at the time.</li> + +<li id="ft4">We now use the <a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free +Documentation License</a> for documentation.</li> + +<li id="ft5">“Bourne Again Shell” is a play on the name +“Bourne Shell,” which was the usual shell on Unix.</li> + +<li id="ft6">That was written in 1998. In 2009 we no longer maintain a long +task list. The community develops free software so fast that we can't +even keep track of it all. Instead, we have a list of High Priority +Projects, a much shorter list of projects we really want to encourage +people to write.</li> + +<li id="ft7">This license was initially called the GNU Library General +Public License, we renamed it to avoid giving the idea that all +libraries ought to use it. +See <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">Why you shouldn't use the +Lesser GPL for your next library</a> for more information.</li> + +<li id="ft8">2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well. There is a free +BIOS, <a href="https://libreboot.org/">LibreBoot</a> (a distribution of +coreboot); the problem is getting specs for machines so that +LibreBoot can support them without nonfree “blobs.”</li> + +<li id="ft9">In September 2000, Qt was rereleased under the GNU GPL, +which essentially solved this problem.</li> + +<li id="ft10">As of 2009, the GIF patents have expired.</li> + +<li id="ft11">As of 2017, the MP3 patents have expired. Look how +long we had to wait.</li> +</ol> + +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p> +Originally published in the book <cite>Open Sources</cite>. Richard +Stallman was <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> +never a supporter of “open source”</a>, but contributed +this article so that the ideas of the free software movement would not +be entirely absent from that book. +</p> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -1022,13 +1050,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -1049,7 +1077,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2020 +<p>Copyright © 1998, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" @@ -1060,7 +1088,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/07/12 02:00:07 $ +$Date: 2021/12/25 21:07:05 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/third-party-ideas.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/third-party-ideas.html index 535c9c2..b1fc87d 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/third-party-ideas.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/third-party-ideas.html @@ -1,31 +1,23 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> <!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> - <title>Third Party Ideas - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/third-party-ideas.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - -<div id="education-content"> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.html" --> - -</div><!-- id="education-content" --> <!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> -<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" --><!--#else --> -<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" --> -<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> -<!--#endif --> -<!--#endif --> +<div class="reduced-width"> <h2 id="ThirdPartyIdeas">Third Party Ideas</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> +<div class="comment"> <p> These articles give other people's philosophical opinions in support of free software, or related issues, and don't -speak for the GNU project — but we more or less agree with them.</p> +speak for the GNU project—but we more or less agree with them.</p> <p> Many of the @@ -33,11 +25,12 @@ Many of the for Freedom in Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a> also have philosophical opinions in support of free software, or related issues.</p> +</div> <ul> <li><a href="/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.html">Introduction by Lawrence Lessig</a> to - <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><i> + <a href="https://shop.fsf.org/books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition"><i> Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</i></a>.</li> @@ -50,7 +43,7 @@ related issues.</p> Future of Copyright</a>, an essay by Rasmus Fleischer.</li> <li><a - href="http://cic.unb.br/~rezende/trabs/stockholm.html">The + href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917154711/https://cic.unb.br/~rezende/trabs/stockholm.html">The Digital Stockholm Syndrome</a>: reflections over some psychological responses to market forces, by Pedro Rezende, University of Brasilia.</li> @@ -59,7 +52,7 @@ related issues.</p> to raise awareness of the harmful consequences of today's copyright system.</li> <li> - <a href="http://www.informationweek.com/how-vista-lets-microsoft-lock-users-in/d/d-id/1049559"> + <a href="https://www.informationweek.com/it-life/how-vista-lets-microsoft-lock-users-in"> How Vista Lets Microsoft Lock Users In</a> by Cory Doctorow. <b>Note:</b> We think it is a mistake to use the enemy's favorable-sounding propaganda terms such as “trusted computing” to describe a malicious plan. @@ -84,13 +77,26 @@ related issues.</p> <li><a href="http://www.juergen-ernst.de/info_swpat_en.html">Software patents under the magnifying glass</a>. In this article, the author uses arguments based on lambda calculus to show why software cannot be patented.</li> + + <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-practice-panel.html">Transcript of a + panel presentation</a>, <cite>New developments in patent practice: + assessing the risks and cost of portfolio licensing and + hold-ups</cite>, given by Daniel B. Ravicher as the executive + director of the Public Patent Foundation on Wednesday, November + 10, 2004, at a conference organized by the Foundation for a Free + Information Infrastructure (FFII) in Brussels, Belgium. The GNU + Project disagrees with the article's assumption that nonfree programs + are morally legitimate competitors.</li> <li><a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/204641/">Free gadgets need free software</a>, an editorial reporting a firmware “upgrade” that removes the ability to record radio broadcasts.</li> <li>Lakhani and Wolf's <a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf">paper on the - motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This was despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</li> - <li><a href="http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=11663">Groklaw + motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable + fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This + was despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, + a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</li> + <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807055230/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1010603/groklaw-sends-dear-darl-letter">Groklaw sends a Dear Darl letter</a>: a group from the free software and open source community has put together a response to SCO CEO Darl McBride's Open Letter to the Open Source Community.</li> @@ -134,8 +140,8 @@ copyrights and patents raise. </p><p> Despite those flaws, it is significant. If one can judge copyright to be harmful even on narrow economic terms, disregarding the ethical -wrong of stopping people from sharing, it can only be more harmful -once we consider the ethics as well. +wrong of stopping people from sharing, it can only be even more harmful +when we consider the ethics as well. </p></li> <li>Two articles by Duncan Campbell describe how NSA backdoors were @@ -179,7 +185,7 @@ once we consider the ethics as well. <li><a href="http://www.chillingeffects.org">Chilling Effects</a> is a collection point for cease and desist notices concerning online - activity — we invite visitors to enter C&Ds they have + activity—we invite visitors to enter C&Ds they have received or sent. The website collects the C&Ds in a searchable database and hyperlinks them to explanations of the legal issues.</li> @@ -214,10 +220,11 @@ joint statement responding to comments by Craig Mundie of Microsoft Patent Public Advisory Committee.</li> <li><a href="/philosophy/stophr3028.html">Stop H.R. 3028</a>, - “The Trademark Cyberpiracy Prevention Act of 1999”.</li> + “The Trademark Cyberpiracy Prevention Act of 1999.”</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010410172314/http://www-personal.si.umich.edu/~beejoo/gnuproject.html"> - The GNU Project FTP Site: A Digital Collection Supporting a Social Movement [Archived Page]</a>, by Michelle Bejian.</li> + The GNU Project FTP Site: A Digital Collection Supporting a Social Movement + [Archived Page]</a>, by Michelle Bejian.</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000815064842/http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html">UCLA discriminates against students using GNU/Linux. One part of @@ -246,19 +253,15 @@ joint statement responding to comments by Craig Mundie of Microsoft http://www.musicisum.com/manifesto.shtml --> - <!-- - - 05 June 2013: Link Broken. It is not available in web.archive.org - because of robots.txt - rsiddharth - - <li><a href="http://www.maui.net/~zen_gtr/zgzinepg4.html">The Manifesto: - Piracy is Your Friend</a>, by Jaron Lanier. + <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509191813/http://www.maui.net/%7Ezen_gtr/zgzinepg4.html"> + The Manifesto: + Piracy is Your Friend</a> by Jaron Lanier. <br /> <strong>Note</strong> that the GNU Project recommends <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">avoiding</a> the term <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a> since it implies that sharing copies is somehow illegitimate.</li> - --> + <li><a href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html">A primer on the ethics of “Intellectual property”</a>, by Ram Samudrala.</li> <li><a href="/philosophy/self-interest.html">Is self-interest sufficient to @@ -293,7 +296,7 @@ joint statement responding to comments by Craig Mundie of Microsoft Prosperity</a> by Robert J. Chassell.</li> <li><a href="http://www.fsfla.org/~lxoliva/papers/free-software/selection-html/"> Competitive Advantages of Free Software</a> by Alexandre Oliva.</li> - <li><a href="http://www.advogato.org/article/89.html" + <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628063222/http://www.advogato.org/article/89.html" id="PatentgrantundertheGPL">Patent grant under the GPL</a> by Raph Levien.</li> <li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/05/biztech/articles/10digital.html" id="ConceptofCopyrightFightsMarkoff">The @@ -318,8 +321,8 @@ href="http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA158872.html">The using the term <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">intellectual property</a> and to instead speak about copyrights, patents, and/or trademarks.</li> - <li><a href="http://wearcam.org/seatsale/index.htm">Seat Sale</a>, a - satire about copyright.</li> + <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118053107/http://wearcam.org/seatsale/index.htm"> + Seat Sale</a>, a satire about copyright.</li> <li>A <a href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/DeCSS/Gallery/">gallery</a> of examples demonstrating how outrageous and absurd the Digital @@ -344,9 +347,13 @@ href="http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA158872.html">The <li><a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7813">Free Software and Scouting</a></li> - <li><a href="http://fare.tunes.org/articles/patents.html">Patents Are an Economic Absurdity</a>: This article adopts as a premise the popular view that free trade is desirable. We don't always agree — beyond a certain point, free trade gives businesses too much power, allowing them to intimidate democracy. But that is a different matter. </li><!-- Description text by RMS --> + <li><a href="http://fare.tunes.org/articles/patents.html">Patents Are an Economic + Absurdity</a>: This article adopts as a premise the popular view that free trade is + desirable. We don't always agree—beyond a certain point, free trade gives + businesses too much power, allowing them to intimidate democracy. But that is a + different matter. </li><!-- Description text by RMS --> - <li><a href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/2000/09/stephan-kinsella/in-defense-of-napster-and-against-the-second-homesteading-rule/">In Defense of Napster and Against the Second Homesteading Rule</a></li> + <li><a href="https://www.lewrockwell.com/2000/09/stephan-kinsella/in-defense-of-napster-and-against-the-second-homesteading-rule/">In Defense of Napster and Against the Second Homesteading Rule</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/15_2/15_2_1.pdf">Against Intellectual Property</a>, Spring 2001, Journal of Libertarian Studies (PDF)</li> <!-- Available only against a fee. @@ -386,10 +393,11 @@ by Samir Chopra and Scott Dexter</li> </blockquote> (Thanks to Nelson Beebe for the reference.)</li> </ul> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -407,17 +415,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, -2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1996-2009, 2015, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -427,10 +451,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/09/19 13:45:09 $ +$Date: 2022/08/14 15:41:42 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/trivial-patent.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/trivial-patent.html index 5fab4b6..95c7f93 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/trivial-patent.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/trivial-patent.html @@ -1,14 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Anatomy of a Trivial Patent - GNU project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Anatomy of a Trivial Patent</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>Programmers are well aware that many of the existing software patents cover laughably obvious ideas. Yet the patent system's defenders often @@ -89,7 +94,7 @@ piece of music.</p> <p>It is a basic principle of computer science that if a computer can do a thing once, it can do that thing many times, on different data each time. Many patents pretend that applying this principle to a specific -case makes an “invention”.</p> +case makes an “invention.”</p> <blockquote> <p>using a computer, a computer display and a telecommunications @@ -214,7 +219,7 @@ patented the use of a RAID array for this particular purpose.</p> <p>Trivial as it is, this patent would not necessarily be found legally invalid if there is a lawsuit about it. Not only the US Patent Office but the courts as well tend to apply a very low standard -when judging whether a patent is “unobvious”. This patent +when judging whether a patent is “unobvious.” This patent might pass muster, according to them.</p> <p>What's more, the courts are reluctant to overrule the Patent @@ -242,11 +247,12 @@ analysis shows that this is no paradox. (See <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064858/http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf">researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf</a> on web.archive.org.) There is no reason why society should expose software developers and users to the danger of software patents.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -264,17 +270,34 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2006, 2016 Richard Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2006, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -284,10 +307,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2016/11/18 06:31:39 $ +$Date: 2021/09/22 09:19:58 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ubuntu-spyware.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ubuntu-spyware.html index 2885bf3..e4916df 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ubuntu-spyware.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ubuntu-spyware.html @@ -1,17 +1,23 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Ubuntu Spyware: What to Do? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Ubuntu Spyware: What to Do?</h2> <address class="byline">by -<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> -<hr class="thin" /> +<a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> -<blockquote> -<p>Since <a href="http://fossbytes.com/the-spyware-feature-in-ubuntu-will-be-disabled-in-ubuntu-16-04-xenial-xerus/">Ubuntu +<div class="introduction"> +<p>Since <a href="https://fossbytes.com/the-spyware-feature-in-ubuntu-will-be-disabled-in-ubuntu-16-04-xenial-xerus/">Ubuntu version 16.04</a>, the spyware search facility is now disabled by default. It appears that the campaign of pressure launched by this article has been partly successful. Nonetheless, offering the spyware @@ -25,8 +31,7 @@ probably forget). page has partly changed, the page is still important. This example should teach our community not to do such things again, but in order for that to happen, we must continue to talk about it.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="column-limit"></div> +</div> <p>One of the major advantages of free software is that the community protects users from malicious software. Now @@ -81,7 +86,7 @@ for that to happen, we must continue to talk about it.</p> <p>Ubuntu uses the information about searches to show the user ads to buy various things from Amazon. - <a href="http://stallman.org/amazon.html">Amazon commits many + <a href="https://stallman.org/amazon.html">Amazon commits many wrongs</a>; by promoting Amazon, Canonical contributes to them. However, the ads are not the core of the problem. The main issue is the spying. Canonical says it does not tell Amazon who searched for @@ -161,16 +166,17 @@ for that to happen, we must continue to talk about it.</p> the other form of negative influence that Ubuntu exerts in the free software community: legitimizing nonfree software.</p> -<blockquote class="important"> +<div class="important"> <p> The presence of nonfree software in Ubuntu is a separate ethical issue. For Ubuntu to be ethical, that too must be fixed. </p> -</blockquote> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -188,13 +194,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -215,7 +221,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2012, 2014, 2016, 2022 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -225,7 +231,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/06 08:25:53 $ +$Date: 2022/04/12 11:15:32 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ucita.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ucita.html index f6dbbe8..f8fd709 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ucita.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/ucita.html @@ -1,10 +1,18 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Why We Must Fight UCITA - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ucita.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Why We Must Fight UCITA</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p> UCITA is a proposed law, designed by the proprietary software @@ -51,7 +59,7 @@ out.</p> <p> That could be a disastrous obstacle for development of free software that can serve users' practical needs, because communicating with -users of non-free software is one of those needs. Many users today +users of nonfree software is one of those needs. Many users today feel that they must run Windows, simply so they can read and write files in Word format. Microsoft's “Halloween documents” announced a plan to use secret formats and protocols as a weapon to @@ -62,11 +70,11 @@ Precisely this kind of restriction is now being used in Norway to prosecute 16-year-old Jon Johansen, who figured out the format of DVDs to make it possible to write free software to play them on free operating systems. (The Electronic Frontier Foundation is helping -with his defense; see <a href="http://www.eff.org/">http://www.eff.org</a> +with his defense; see <a href="https://www.eff.org/">eff.org</a> for further information.)</p> <p> Some friends of free software have argued that UCITA would benefit our -community, by making non-free software intolerably restrictive, and +community, by making nonfree software intolerably restrictive, and thus driving users to us. Realistically speaking, this is unlikely, because it assumes that proprietary software developers will act against their own interests. They may be greedy and ruthless, but @@ -107,17 +115,17 @@ coming soon. There will probably be a battle in every state sooner or later.</p> <p> For more information about UCITA, see -<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000520080750/http://www.badsoftware.com/uccindex.htm">http://www.badsoftware.com -[Archived Page]</a> or read the UCITA page on -Wikipedia: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Computer_Information_Transactions_Act"> -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Computer_Information_Transactions_Act</a>. </p> +<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000520080750/http://www.badsoftware.com/uccindex.htm"> +badsoftware.com [Archived Page]</a> or read the <a +href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Computer_Information_Transactions_Act"> +UCITA page on Wikipedia</a>. </p> <!-- Link broken as of 21 Oct 2012 InfoWorld magazine is also helping to fight against UCITA; see <a href="http://archive.infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayStory.pl?/features/990531ucita_home.htm"> http://archive.infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayStory.pl?/features/990531ucita_home.htm</a> --> -<h4>Notes</h4> +<h3 class="footnote">Notes</h3> <ol> <li id="Note1">Other people have been using the term “open source” to describe a similar category of software. I use the @@ -126,12 +134,12 @@ Movement still exists—that the Open Source Movement has not replaced or absorbed us. <p> If you value your freedom as well as your convenience, I suggest you -use the term “free software”, not “open -source”, to describe your own work, so as to stand up clearly +use the term “free software,” not “open +source,” to describe your own work, so as to stand up clearly for your values.</p> <p> If you value accuracy, please use the term “free -software”, not “open source”, to describe the work +software,” not “open source,” to describe the work of the Free Software Movement. The GNU operating system, its GNU/Linux variant, the many GNU software packages, and the GNU GPL, are all primarily the work of the Free Software Movement. The @@ -139,13 +147,13 @@ supporters of the Open Source Movement have the right to promote their views, but they should not do so on the basis of our achievements.</p> <p> See <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html</a> for +gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html</a> for more explanation.</p></li> -<li id="Note2">The system is often called “Linux”, but +<li id="Note2">The system is often called “Linux,” but properly speaking Linux is actually the kernel, one major component of the system (see -<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html</a>).</li> +<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html</a>).</li> <li id="Note3">The Maryland lower house has approved UCITA; there is a push to get the state senate to approve it before the end of the @@ -160,31 +168,31 @@ If you know anyone in Maryland who works with computers, please forward this message to that person and ask for per support.</p></li> </ol> -<hr /> -<p style="text-align:center"> +<hr class="column-limit" /> +<p class="c"> If you support the anti UCITA campaign, <em>please make prominent links to this page, http://www.4cite.org [closed].</em> </p> -<hr /> -<h4>Links to other articles</h4> -<ul> +<hr class="column-limit" /> +<h3 class="footnote">Links to other articles</h3> +<ul style="font-size: 1rem"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322150920/http://www.ieeeusa.org/policy/issues/UCITA">IEEE supports the movement to oppose UCITA [Archived Page]</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/2593115/cios-join-fight-to-kill-ucita.html">CIOs join fight to kill UCITA</a></li> - <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010818101424/http://interlog.com/~cjazz/bnews7.htm">Anti + <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010818101424/http://interlog.com/~cjazz/bnews7.htm">Anti UCITA, and other interesting links maintained by Citizens on the Web [Archived Page]</a> </li> - </ul> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -202,13 +210,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -229,7 +237,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2000, 2008, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2000, 2008, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -239,7 +247,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/04/13 12:56:28 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 10:55:57 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/udi.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/udi.html index 5ebf873..1ae01e4 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/udi.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/udi.html @@ -1,13 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-nonfree" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Free Software Movement and UDI - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/udi.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Free Software Movement and UDI</h2> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> + <p> A project called UDI (Uniform Driver Interface) aims to define a single interface between operating system kernels and device drivers. @@ -107,12 +113,11 @@ specifications secret.</p> <p> Still, there is no harm in keeping the door unlocked, as long as we are careful about who we let in.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> - <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> - -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -130,29 +135,46 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 1998 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1998, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:48 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/university.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/university.html index b93e5df..155cd42 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/university.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/university.html @@ -1,10 +1,18 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing copyleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Releasing Free Software If You Work at a University - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/university.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Releasing Free Software If You Work at a University</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p> In the free software movement, we believe computer users should have @@ -124,15 +132,16 @@ software negates it.</p> Nothing strengthens your resolve like knowing that the community's freedom depends, in one instance, on you.</p> -<hr /> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This essay is published -in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a @@ -150,16 +159,33 @@ href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for -information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p> +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2002, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2002, 2014, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -169,10 +195,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/26 13:25:22 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/upgrade-windows.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/upgrade-windows.html index d15d390..2d3fd0a 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/upgrade-windows.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/upgrade-windows.html @@ -1,12 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.87 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>What Is the Right Way to Upgrade an Installation of Windows? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/upgrade-windows.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>What Is the Right Way to Upgrade an Installation of Windows?</h2> -<p>by Richard Stallman</p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p>It is commonplace in the computing field to urge users to “upgrade” to newer versions of Windows (and other nonfree programs) so as to get @@ -41,10 +48,11 @@ to maintain that support, because we may as well cooperate when it is not difficult. We have no responsibility to continue doing so, but as long as it is feasible and not holding us back, we have no reason to stop.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -62,13 +70,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -89,7 +97,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2019, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -99,7 +107,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2019/01/29 00:08:10 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 10:10:10 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/uruguay.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/uruguay.html index 46e0fc4..064d09e 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/uruguay.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/uruguay.html @@ -1,14 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding need" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Lesson from Uruguay - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/uruguay.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Lesson from Uruguay</h2> -<blockquote><p> -22 July 2013 -</p></blockquote> - +<p> +<em>22 July 2013</em> +</p> <p>A bill now under consideration in Uruguay showed the Free Software Foundation an important point that was missing in our list of recommended government policies to promote free software. @@ -30,13 +36,14 @@ computing solutions for the state.</p> <p>Taking this into consideration, the FSF has updated its recommendations for government policies to suggest that contracts require that solutions -be developable in 100%-free-software environments. -(See <a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/government-free-software.html</a>.)</p> +be developable in 100%-free-software environments. (See “<a +href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Measures Governments Can +Use to Promote Free Software</a>.”)</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -54,30 +61,47 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:48 $ +$Date: 2021/10/01 17:02:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/use-free-software.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/use-free-software.html index 9665005..45b481d 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/use-free-software.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/use-free-software.html @@ -1,19 +1,28 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding fsmovement" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Free Software Community After 20 Years - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/use-free-software.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2>The Free Software Community After 20 Years: <br /> -With great but incomplete success, what now?</h2> - -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a></p> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2 style="margin-bottom: .2em"> +The Free Software Community After 20 Years: </h2> +<h3 style="margin: 0 0 1.2em"> +With great but incomplete success, what now?</h3> + +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p> It was 5 Jan 1984, twenty years ago today, that I quit my job at MIT to begin developing a free software operating system, -<a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">GNU</a>. While we have never +<a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">GNU</a>. While we have never released a complete GNU system suitable for production use, a variant of the GNU system is now used by tens of millions of people who mostly are not aware it is such. Free software does not mean @@ -29,7 +38,7 @@ software imposes on its users, and I was determined to escape and give others a way to escape.</p> <p> -Non-free software carries with it an antisocial system that prohibits +Nonfree software carries with it an antisocial system that prohibits cooperation and community. You are typically unable to see the source code; you cannot tell what nasty tricks, or what foolish bugs, it might contain. If you don't like it, you are helpless to change it. @@ -40,7 +49,7 @@ prohibit sharing software is to cut the bonds of society.</p> Today we have a large community of users who run GNU, Linux and other free software. Thousands of people would like to extend this, and have adopted the goal of convincing more computer users to “use -free software”. But what does it mean to “use free +free software.” But what does it mean to “use free software”? Does that mean escaping from proprietary software, or merely installing free programs alongside it? Are we aiming to lead people to freedom, or just introduce them to our code? In other @@ -79,7 +88,7 @@ But if our goal is freedom, that changes everything. Users cannot be free while using a nonfree program. To free the citizens of cyberspace, we have to replace those nonfree programs, not accept them. They are not contributions to our community, they are -temptations to settle for continuing non-freedom.</p> +temptations to settle for continuing nonfreedom.</p> <p> There are two common motivations to develop a free program. One is @@ -107,12 +116,15 @@ people to recognize the moral unacceptability of nonfree software. People who value freedom are, in the long term, its best and essential defense.</p> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> <hr /> -<p><strong>Originally published on Newsforge.</strong></p> +<p>Originally published on <cite>NewsForge</cite>.</p> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -130,13 +142,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -157,7 +169,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2004, 2017, 2018 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2004, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -167,7 +179,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:39 $ +$Date: 2021/09/10 10:58:36 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/using-gfdl.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/using-gfdl.html index ecddbdc..894fcc8 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/using-gfdl.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/using-gfdl.html @@ -1,18 +1,26 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing copyleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Using GNU FDL - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/using-gfdl.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Using GNU FDL</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>If you know someone who is writing a manual about free software, and looking towards commercial publication, you have a chance to help the Free Software Movement a great deal with a small amount of work: by suggesting the idea of publishing the manual under -the <a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation +the <a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a>.</p> <p>Until recently, commercial book publication almost always implied a @@ -27,7 +35,7 @@ way—IF the authors are firm about this.</p> <p>But publishers are likely to first propose an ordinary proprietary book. And if the authors agree, that's what it will be. So it is essential for authors to take the lead; to say, “We want to use -the GNU FDL for this book”. So when your friend mentions +the GNU FDL for this book.” So when your friend mentions writing a manual, you can influence the course of events simply by pointing out this possibility.</p> @@ -42,7 +50,7 @@ them requires care. For example, one license is equipped with two optional clauses that can be enabled; the license is free if neither optional clause is used, but enabling either of them makes the book nonfree. (See <a href="/licenses/license-list.html"> -http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html.</a>) Authors that want +gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html</a>.) Authors that want to publish free documentation, but using a license other than the GNU FDL, can contact us so we can check that the license really qualifies for free documentation.</p> @@ -57,13 +65,15 @@ not link to other pages about nonfree software or documentation, and should not be obnoxious about trying to persuade people to buy). Please inform <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"> <webmasters@gnu.org></a> about such pages.</p> +<hr class="column-limit" /> <p>See also <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Free Software and Free Manuals</a>.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -81,19 +91,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -108,20 +118,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1999 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 1999, 2021 Richard M. Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:48 $ +$Date: 2021/09/10 10:58:36 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/vaccination.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/vaccination.html index 8e1ced2..d082c61 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/vaccination.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/vaccination.html @@ -1,10 +1,18 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="thirdparty" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Viral Code and Vaccination - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/vaccination.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Viral Code and Vaccination</h2> -<p>by <strong>Robert J. Chassell</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Robert J. Chassell</address> <p>When others hurt me, I try to defend myself. But some tell me that this makes them sick. They tell me that I should permit people to rob @@ -19,9 +27,9 @@ They want me to give up my right to benefit from a derivative of my own work, a right I possess under current copyright law.</p> <p>Of course, the language is a little less feverish than this. -Usually, I myself am not called “infectious”. Rather, the -legal defense that I use is called “infectious”. The -license I choose is called “viral”.</p> +Usually, I myself am not called “infectious.” Rather, the +legal defense that I use is called “infectious.” The +license I choose is called “viral.”</p> <p>In every day language, words such as “infect” and “virus” describe disease. The rhetoric is metaphorical. @@ -51,30 +59,39 @@ some situations: if you license your work under a modified BSD license, or a similar license, then others may legally take your work, make fixes or improvements to it, and forbid you from using that code. I personally dislike this arrangement, but it exists.</p> - </div> -<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> - -<p> -Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to -<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>. -There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> -the FSF. -<br /> -Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to -<a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><em>webmasters@gnu.org</em></a>. -</p> -<p> -Please see the -<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting -translations of this article. -</p> +</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> +<div class="unprintable"> + +<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a +href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a +href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other +corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a +href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> + +<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, + replace it with the translation of these two: + + We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality + translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. + Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard + to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> + <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> + + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of + our web pages, see <a + href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations + README</a>. --> +Please see the <a +href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for +information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> +</div> <p> -Copyright © 2008, 2014 Robert J. Chassell +Copyright © 2008 Robert J. Chassell </p> <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this @@ -83,13 +100,12 @@ notice, and the copyright notice, are preserved. <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> -<p>Updated: +<p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/04 23:31:06 $ +$Date: 2021/09/16 16:30:32 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> - -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/w3c-patent.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/w3c-patent.html index 0edae8c..d8bac1f 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/w3c-patent.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/w3c-patent.html @@ -1,18 +1,22 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>FSF's Position on W3 Consortium “Royalty-Free” Patent Policy - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, patent, general, public, license, gpl, general public license, policy, freedom, software, Eben, Moglen, Eben Moglen" /> <meta http-equiv="Description" content="The W3C RF patent policy seems on its surface to be helpful to Free Software, but in fact it is not. FSF encourages the public to say so in response to the last call." /> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/w3c-patent.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>FSF's Position on W3 Consortium “Royalty-Free” Patent Policy</h2> -<p style="text-align:center"> +<p> <i>Rewritten 1 June 2003</i> </p> @@ -34,7 +38,7 @@ The problem comes from the “field of use” restrictions that patent holders are allowed to put in their royalty-free patent licenses. Such restrictions say that you are allowed to practice the patented idea, but only for implementing the standard precisely as -specified — not in any other way. Thus, if you change the code +specified—not in any other way. Thus, if you change the code to depart from the spec even slightly, the patent license no longer protects you from against being sued for infringing the patent.</p> @@ -73,7 +77,7 @@ freedom has been taken away by restrictions not stated there.</p> <p> Freedom to modify software can always be limited by third-party patents in ways that the software copyright license doesn't disclose. -This is why software patents are <a href="http://www.ffii.org/">so +This is why software patents are <a href="https://ffii.org/">so dangerous to software freedom</a>.</p> <p>The FSF plans to continue to participate in the implementation @@ -81,11 +85,12 @@ process. We will try to convince patent-holders not to impose “field of use” restrictions, and we encourage all those who care about the right of Free Software developers to implement all future web standards to do the same.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -103,30 +108,47 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2002, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2012, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/08/21 15:01:29 $ +$Date: 2021/09/22 09:19:58 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wassenaar.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wassenaar.html index f2872c1..fff7fc8 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wassenaar.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wassenaar.html @@ -1,10 +1,18 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The Wassenaar Arrangement - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/wassenaar.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The Wassenaar Arrangement</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p> Our first information about the new Wassenaar Arrangement came in the @@ -18,7 +26,7 @@ of free software for encryption.</p> Subsequently the actual text of the new version of Wassenaar Arrangement was published. Then we saw that it continues to have an exception that seems to cover free software. (They use the term “public -domain”, but they seem to mean something like free software by +domain,” but they seem to mean something like free software by that.) So the problem seems to have been a false alarm.</p> <p> @@ -34,7 +42,7 @@ lawyer.</p> <p> According to the General Software Notes, entry 2, the agreement does -not cover software which is in “the public domain”. This +not cover software which is in “the public domain.” This is defined in the definitions as technology or software which has been made available without restrictions upon its further dissemination. There is also a statement that copyright by itself does not deny a @@ -46,9 +54,9 @@ logical that the definition of “public domain” is something that will be clarified at future meetings.</p> <p> -Finnish officials have stated that <cite>“nothing will change as -far as the “public domain” software and the Dec 3 -Wassenaar Arrangement are concerned.”</cite></p> +Finnish officials have stated that “nothing will change as +far as the ‘public domain’ software and the Dec 3 +Wassenaar Arrangement are concerned.”</p> <p> In Denmark, we are told, there has been an incident where the Ministry @@ -60,10 +68,11 @@ Recent news indicate that the Australian government has prohibited the export of free software for encryption by modifying the Wassenaar list that related to the definition of software “in the public domain.”</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -81,19 +90,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -108,21 +117,21 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2008, 2014 Free Software Foundation, +<p>Copyright © 1996-1998, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:48 $ +$Date: 2021/09/26 11:56:54 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html index f05fda3..8d2d56d 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html @@ -1,11 +1,16 @@ -<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" --> -<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> <!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural ns" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>What's Wrong with YouTube - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<div class="reduced-width"> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>What's Wrong with YouTube</h2> <div class="thin"></div> @@ -91,9 +96,9 @@ privately mediating ownership of [publications] without involving the law</a>.&r </ul> <p>One thing about YouTube that is <em>not</em> a moral strike against -it is nonfree software on YouTube servers — if there is any. We +it is nonfree software on YouTube servers—if there is any. We as possible users of YouTube can't tell whether the servers run any -nonfree software, because that has no effect on us — therefore +nonfree software, because that has no effect on us—therefore it doesn't do any wrong to us.</p> <p>If there are any nonfree programs running on YouTube servers, they @@ -115,15 +120,15 @@ If you are concerned there will be a lot of download traffic, you can seed a torrent and suggest people download through that.</p> <p>Another way to publish videos on the web using free software is -<a href="https://mediagoblin.org/">GNU MediaGoblin</a>. Ideally +<a href="https://mediagoblin.org">GNU MediaGoblin</a>. Ideally you will set up -<a href="https://mediagoblin.readthedocs.io/en/master/">your own server</a>, or run +<a href="https://docs.mediagoblin.org/en/master/">your own server</a>, or run one for your family and friends, but you can also post on -<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123015349/https://wiki.mediagoblin.org/Live_instances"> +<a href="https://wiki.mediagoblin.org/Live_instances"> public servers</a>.</p> <p>Please -<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121025759/https://wiki.mediagoblin.org/HackingHowto"> +<a href="https://wiki.mediagoblin.org/HackingHowto"> contribute to GNU MediaGoblin</a> if you can.</p> </div> @@ -157,7 +162,24 @@ README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2015-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2014-2017, 2019, 2020, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -167,7 +189,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/03/27 12:56:20 $ +$Date: 2022/04/16 20:30:00 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/when-free-depends-on-nonfree.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/when-free-depends-on-nonfree.html index 3d472a9..a963412 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/when-free-depends-on-nonfree.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/when-free-depends-on-nonfree.html @@ -1,16 +1,23 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-nonfree" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>When Free Software Depends on Nonfree - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/when-free-depends-on-nonfree.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>When Free Software Depends on Nonfree</h2> - <p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> <p>When a program is free software (free as in freedom), that means it -gives users the four freedoms (<a -href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>) +gives users <a +href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">the four freedoms</a>, so that they control what the program does. In most cases, that is sufficient for the program's distribution to be ethical; but not always. There are additional problems that can arise in specific @@ -84,7 +91,7 @@ medical data) to OpenERP's server for reformatting. This is SaaSS: it requires the user of GNU Health (a clinic) to entrust its own computing and its data to the company developer of OpenERP. Rather than bow down, Falcón rewrote GNU Health -to use <a href="http://www.tryton.org">Tryton</a> instead.</p> +to use <a href="https://www.tryton.org">Tryton</a> instead.</p> <p>Using SaaSS is inherently equivalent to running a proprietary program with snooping functionality and a universal back door. The service @@ -93,9 +100,9 @@ can trust the company that runs the service never to intentionally show any form of the data to anyone, we can't be sure that it won't be accessed by <a href="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">the intelligence agencies of various countries</a> or security-breaking -crackers <a -href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">(please don't call -them “hackers”)</a>.</p> +crackers (<a +href="https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">please don't call +them “hackers”</a>).</p> <p>When a program is diachronically trapped, releasing it from the trap requires more than a one-time job of programming. Rather, the job has @@ -111,10 +118,11 @@ without nonfree software, but if you're going to do more than dabble, you must steer clear of really using it. Both businesses and individuals will find fine free alternatives that don't have such a problem; all it takes to avoid the trap is to recognize it.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -132,13 +140,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -159,7 +167,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2016, 2017, 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2016, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -169,7 +177,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:39 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 10:10:10 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/when-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/when-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.html index 40f3f0f..fc14ed1 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/when-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/when-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.html @@ -1,12 +1,19 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs practice" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title> When Free Software Isn't (Practically) Superior - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/when-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2> When Free Software Isn't (Practically) Superior</h2> -<p> -by <a href="https://mako.cc/writing/"><strong>Benjamin Mako Hill</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline"> +by <a href="https://mako.cc/writing/">Benjamin Mako Hill</a></address> <p>The Open Source Initiative's mission statement reads, “Open source is a development method for software that harnesses the power of @@ -74,7 +81,7 @@ software development in the vast majority of projects under free (or <p>Several academic studies of <a href="/software/repo-criteria.html"> free software hosting sites</a> SourceForge and <a -href="http://sv.gnu.org">Savannah</a> have shown what many free +href="https://sv.gnu.org">Savannah</a> have shown what many free software developers who have put a codebase online already know first-hand. The vast majority of free software projects are not particularly collaborative. The median number of contributors to a @@ -122,10 +129,11 @@ exactly that. The benefits of collaboration become something to understand, support, and work towards, rather than something to take for granted in the face of evidence that refuses to conform to ideology.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -143,13 +151,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -180,11 +188,10 @@ Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2016/11/18 06:31:40 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 10:10:11 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> - diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html index 5dd5077..bae461e 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html @@ -1,22 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural ns" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Who Does That Server Really Serve? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Who does that server really serve?</h2> -<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p> - -<blockquote><p>(The first version was published -in <a href="http://www.bostonreview.net/richard-stallman-free-software-DRM"> -Boston Review</a>.)</p></blockquote> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> -<p><strong>On the Internet, proprietary software isn't the only way to +<div class="introduction"> +<p><em>On the Internet, proprietary software isn't the only way to lose your computing freedom. Service as a Software Substitute, or SaaSS, is -another way to give someone else power over your computing.</strong></p> +another way to give someone else power over your computing.</em></p> +</div> <p>The basic point is, you can have control over a program someone else wrote (if it's free), but you can never have control over a @@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ running a program would do.</p> substitute for running your copy of a program. The term is ours; articles and ads won't use it, and they won't tell you whether a service is SaaSS. Instead they will probably use the vague and -distracting term “cloud”, which lumps SaaSS together with +distracting term “cloud,” which lumps SaaSS together with various other practices, some abusive and some ok. With the explanation and examples in this page, you can tell whether a service is SaaSS.</p> @@ -41,7 +44,7 @@ from <em>proprietary software</em>: software that the users cannot control because the owner (a company such as Apple or Microsoft) controls it. The owner often takes advantage of this unjust power by inserting malicious features such as spyware, back doors, and <a -href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Digital Restrictions Management +href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org">Digital Restrictions Management (DRM)</a> (referred to as “Digital Rights Management” in their propaganda).</p> @@ -76,7 +79,7 @@ to you or else acts directly on your behalf.</p> <p>What does it mean to say that a given computing activity is <em>your own</em>? It means that no one else is inherently involved in it. To clarify the meaning of “inherently -involved”, we present a thought experiment. Suppose that any +involved,” we present a thought experiment. Suppose that any free software you might need for the job is available to you, and whatever data you might need, as well as computers of whatever speed, functionality and capacity might be required. Could you do this @@ -125,9 +128,8 @@ server operator gets the data—with no special effort, by the nature of SaaSS. Amy Webb, who intended never to post any photos of her daughter, made the mistake of using SaaSS (Instagram) to edit photos of her. Eventually -<a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/data_mine_1/2013/09/privacy_facebook_kids_don_t_post_photos_of_your_kids_on_social_media.html"> they -leaked from there</a>. -</p> +<a href="https://slate.com/technology/2013/09/privacy-facebook-kids-dont-post-photos-of-your-kids-on-social-media.html"> +they leaked from there</a>.</p> <p>Theoretically, homomorphic encryption might some day advance to the point where future SaaSS services might be constructed to be unable to @@ -158,8 +160,8 @@ resist.</p> <h3>SaaSS and SaaS</h3> <p>Originally we referred to this problematical practice as -“SaaS”, which stands for “Software as a -Service”. It's a commonly used term for setting up software on a +“SaaS,” which stands for “Software as a +Service.” It's a commonly used term for setting up software on a server rather than offering copies of it to users, and we thought it described precisely the cases where this problem occurs.</p> @@ -167,7 +169,7 @@ described precisely the cases where this problem occurs.</p> communication services—activities for which this issue is not applicable. In addition, the term “Software as a Service” doesn't explain <em>why</em> the practice is bad. So we coined the term -“Service as a Software Substitute”, which defines the bad +“Service as a Software Substitute,” which defines the bad practice more clearly and says what is bad about it.</p> <h3>Untangling the SaaSS Issue from the Proprietary Software Issue</h3> @@ -216,7 +218,7 @@ remedy is, <em>Don't use SaaSS!</em> Don't use someone else's server to do your own computing on data provided by you.</p> <p>This issue demonstrates the depth of the difference between -“open” and “free”. Source code that is open +“open” and “free.” Source code that is open source <a href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">is, nearly always, free</a>. However, the idea of an <a href="https://opendefinition.org/ossd/">“open @@ -266,12 +268,10 @@ publication, not SaaSS. However, a service whose main facility is social networking can have features or extensions which are SaaSS.</p> <p>If a service is not SaaSS, that does not mean it is OK. There are -other ethical issues about services. For instance, Facebook -distributes video in Flash, which pressures users to run nonfree -software; it requires running nonfree JavaScript code; and it gives -users a misleading impression of privacy while luring them into baring -their lives to Facebook. Those are important issues, different from -the SaaSS issue. +other ethical issues about services. For instance, Facebook requires +running nonfree JavaScript code, and it gives users a misleading +impression of privacy while luring them into baring their lives to +Facebook. Those are important issues, different from the SaaSS issue. </p> <p>Services such as search engines collect data from around the web @@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ you a basis for trust beyond a mere commercial relationship.</p> using servers. For instance, we can create a peer-to-peer program through which collaborators can share data encrypted. The free software community should develop distributed peer-to-peer -replacements for important “web applications”. It may be +replacements for important “web applications.” It may be wise to release them under the <a href="/licenses/why-affero-gpl.html"> GNU Affero GPL</a>, since they are likely candidates for being converted into server-based @@ -416,19 +416,30 @@ free software projects to consider this issue in their design.</p> <p>In the meantime, if a company invites you to use its server to do your own computing tasks, don't yield; don't use SaaSS. Don't buy or -install “thin clients”, which are simply computers so weak +install “thin clients,” which are simply computers so weak they make you do the real work on a server, unless you're going to use them with <em>your</em> server. Use a real computer and keep your data there. Do your own computing with your own copy of a free program, for your freedom's sake.</p> -<h3>See also:</h3> -<p><a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">The +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<p>See also: +<a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">The Bug Nobody is Allowed to Understand</a>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>The first version of this article was published +in the <cite><a +href="https://bostonreview.net/articles/richard-stallman-free-software-drm/"> +Boston Review</a></cite>.</p> +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -446,13 +457,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -473,7 +484,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2010, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2010, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -483,7 +494,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/12/18 05:52:40 $ +$Date: 2022/01/01 17:25:38 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-audio-format-matters.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-audio-format-matters.html index 68da7c0..ec42d5e 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-audio-format-matters.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-audio-format-matters.html @@ -1,30 +1,34 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="thirdparty" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Why Audio Format Matters - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +h2 { margin-bottom: .1em; } +h2 + h3 { margin: 0 0 1.2em; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/why-audio-format-matters.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Why Audio Format Matters</h2> -<h3 class="subtitle">An invitation to audio producers to use Ogg +<h3>An invitation to audio producers to use Ogg Vorbis alongside MP3</h3> -<p>by Karl Fogel</p> - -<div class="announcement"> -<blockquote><p><a href="http://xiph.org/about/">More information</a> about Xiph.org (the -organization that created Ogg Vorbis) and the importance of free -distribution formats <a href="http://xiph.org/about/">is available</a>.</p> - -<p>The Free Software Foundation have also produced <a href="http://playogg.org">a user-friendly guide to installing Ogg Vorbis support in Microsoft -Windows and Apple Mac OS X</a>.</p> +<address class="byline">by Karl Fogel</address> +<div class="infobox"> <p>The patents covering MP3 will reportedly all have expired by 2018, but similar problems will continue to arise as long as patents are permitted to restrict software development.</p> -</blockquote> </div> - +<hr class="thin" /> + <p>If you produce audio for general distribution, you probably spend 99.9% of your time thinking about form, content, and production quality, and 0.1% thinking about what audio format to distribute your @@ -72,7 +76,7 @@ pieces of paper, are not patentable: no one can own them, they are free for everyone to use. But until those same liberties are extended to newer, less familiar methods (like particular standards for representing sounds via digital encoding), we who generate audio -works must take care what format we use — and +works must take care what format we use—and require our listeners to use.</p> <h4 class="sec">A way out: Ogg Vorbis format</h4> @@ -88,8 +92,18 @@ them. But you will increase the total number of people who can listen to your tracks, and at the same time help the push for patent-free standards in distribution formats.</p> -<p>The Ogg Vorbis home page, <a href="https://xiph.org/vorbis/" ->www.vorbis.com</a>, has all the information you need to both listen +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<p>More information <a href="https://xiph.org/about/">about Xiph.org</a> (the +organization that created Ogg Vorbis) and the importance of free +distribution formats.</p> + +<p>The Free Software Foundation has produced a user-friendly <a +href="https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/playogg/how">guide to installing Ogg +Vorbis support in Microsoft Windows and Apple Mac OS X</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The <a href="https://xiph.org/vorbis/">Ogg Vorbis home page</a> +has all the information you need to both listen to and produce Vorbis-encoded files. The safest thing, for you and your listeners, would be to offer Ogg Vorbis files exclusively. But since there are still some players that can only handle MP3, and you @@ -110,13 +124,13 @@ which is then passed on invisibly to users. However, not everyone is in a position to pay: some of your listeners use free software programs to play audio files. Because this software is freely copied and downloaded, there is no practical way for either the authors or -the users to pay a patent fee — that is, to pay for +the users to pay a patent fee—that is, to pay for the right to use the mathematical facts that underly the MP3 format. As a result, these programs cannot legally implement MP3, even though the tracks the users want to listen to may themselves be perfectly free! Because of this situation, some distributors of the GNU/Linux -computer operating system — which has millions of -users worldwide — have been unable to include MP3 +computer operating system—which has millions of +users worldwide—have been unable to include MP3 players in their software distributions.</p> <p>Luckily, you don't have to require such users to engage in civil @@ -130,10 +144,11 @@ the MP3 patent holders, may make it impractical to offer MP3 files at all. But even before that day comes, Ogg Vorbis remains the only portable, royalty-free audio format on the Internet, and it's worth a little extra effort to support.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -151,33 +166,16 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to - files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this - without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. - Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the - document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the - document was modified, or published. - - If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. - Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying - years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable - year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including - being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). - - There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers - Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> - <p>Copyright © 2007 Karl Fogel</p> <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are @@ -188,10 +186,10 @@ notice, and the copyright notice, are preserved.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/07/22 12:11:15 $ +$Date: 2021/09/22 08:18:39 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-call-it-the-swindle.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-call-it-the-swindle.html index 23524ab..ad2e3ae 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-call-it-the-swindle.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-call-it-the-swindle.html @@ -1,14 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays term" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Why call it the Swindle - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/why-call-it-the-swindle.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Why Call It The Swindle?</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>I go out of my way to call nasty things by names that criticize them. I call Apple's user-subjugating computers the @@ -103,8 +109,9 @@ mockery. Take care this does not lead you to skimp; don't let the pressure against such “digression” push you into insufficiently criticizing the nasty things you mention, because that would have the effect of legitimizing them.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3>Footnotes</h3> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> <ol> <li id="f1">Take action against these products: @@ -115,10 +122,11 @@ would have the effect of legitimizing them.</p> </li> <li id="f2"><a href="https://u.fsf.org/drm">u.fsf.org/drm</a></li> </ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -136,13 +144,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -163,7 +171,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2013, 2018 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2013, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -173,7 +181,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:39 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 10:10:11 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-copyleft.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-copyleft.html index ae365e0..b8659aa 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-copyleft.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-copyleft.html @@ -1,15 +1,22 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing copyleft" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Why Copyleft? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/why-copyleft.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Why Copyleft?</h2> -<p> -<cite>“When it comes to defending the freedom of others, to lie -down and do nothing is an act of weakness, not humility.”</cite> -</p> +<div class="important"> +<p><em>When it comes to defending everyone's freedom, to lie +down and do nothing is an act of weakness, not humility.</em></p> +</div> <p> In the GNU Project we usually recommend people @@ -26,7 +33,7 @@ In one such argument, a person stated that his use of one of the BSD licenses was an “act of humility”: “I ask nothing of those who use my code, except to credit me.” It is rather a stretch to describe a legal demand for credit as -“humility”, but there is a deeper point to be considered +“humility,” but there is a deeper point to be considered here. </p> @@ -62,15 +69,16 @@ nonfree adaptation of LLVM is the only compiler for those machines, and is likely to remain so.</li> <li>Intel uses -<a href="http://www.tomshardware.com/news/google-removing-minix-management-engine-intel,35876.html">a +<a href="https://www.tomshardware.com/news/google-removing-minix-management-engine-intel,35876.html">a proprietary version of the MINIX system</a>, which is free but not copylefted, in the Management Engine back door in its modern processors.</li> </ul> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -88,13 +96,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -115,7 +123,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2003, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2003, 2017, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -125,7 +133,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/07/01 15:25:23 $ +$Date: 2021/08/28 13:29:46 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-free.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-free.html index 2405153..1654fbb 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-free.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-free.html @@ -1,5 +1,8 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs principles" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Why Software Should Not Have Owners - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> @@ -7,11 +10,14 @@ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/why-free.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Why Software Should Not Have Owners</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard -Stallman</strong></a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p> Digital information technology contributes to the world by making it @@ -20,7 +26,7 @@ easier for all of us.</p> <p> Not everyone wants it to be easier. The system of copyright gives -software programs “owners”, most of whom aim to withhold +software programs “owners,” most of whom aim to withhold software's potential benefit from the rest of the public. They would like to be the only ones who can copy and modify the software that we use.</p> @@ -79,8 +85,8 @@ to control how we use information:</p> <p> Owners use smear words such as “piracy” and -“theft”, as well as expert terminology such as -“intellectual property” and “damage”, to +“theft,” as well as expert terminology such as +“intellectual property” and “damage,” to suggest a certain line of thinking to the public—a simplistic analogy between programs and physical objects.</p> @@ -233,7 +239,7 @@ lose freedom to control part of their own lives.</p> <p> And, above all, society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary cooperation in its citizens. When software owners tell us that -helping our neighbors in a natural way is “piracy”, they +helping our neighbors in a natural way is “piracy,” they pollute our society's civic spirit.</p> <p> @@ -297,21 +303,23 @@ able to hire your favorite programmer to fix it when it breaks.</p> <p> You deserve free software.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> -<h3>Footnotes</h3> +<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3> <ol> <li id="footnote1">The charges were subsequently dismissed.</li> </ol> -<hr /> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This essay is published -in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -329,13 +337,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -356,7 +364,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1994, 2009, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 1994, 2009, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -366,10 +374,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/26 13:08:00 $ +$Date: 2021/08/28 13:29:46 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-gnu-linux.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-gnu-linux.html index fcd55fe..cdef21a 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-gnu-linux.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-gnu-linux.html @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ -<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> <!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnulinux" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Why GNU/Linux? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<h2 class="c">What's in a Name?</h2> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> +<h2>What's in a Name?</h2> -<address class="byline c">by <a +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></address> -<div class="reduced-width"> -<hr class="no-display" /> -<div class="announcement"> -<p>To learn more about this issue, you can read -our <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on -<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>, which gives a history of the GNU/Linux system as it relates to this issue of naming, -and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU -Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p> -</div> - -<p id="fsfs">This essay is published in -<a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"> -<cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p> -<hr class="thin" /> - -<div class="article"> <p> Names convey meanings; our choice of names determines the meaning of what we say. An inappropriate name gives people the wrong idea. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet—but if you call it a pen, people will be rather disappointed when they try to write with it. -And if you call pens “roses”, people may not realize what +And if you call pens “roses,” people may not realize what they are good for. If you call our operating system Linux, that conveys a mistaken idea of the system's origin, history, and purpose. If you call it <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>, that conveys (though not in detail) an accurate idea.</p> + +<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<p>To learn more about this issue, you can read +our <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on +<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU System</a>, which gives a history of the GNU/Linux system as it relates to this issue of naming, +and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU +Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> + <p> Does this really matter for our community? Is it important whether people know the system's origin, history, and purpose? Yes—because people @@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ distribution developers do this; none limits itself to free software. Most of them do not clearly identify the nonfree packages in their distributions. Many even develop nonfree software and add it to the system. Some outrageously advertise -“Linux” systems that are “licensed per seat”, +“Linux” systems that are “licensed per seat,” which give the user as much freedom as Microsoft Windows.</p> <p> @@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ that the move toward open source software should be fueled by technical, rather than political, decisions.” And Caldera's <abbr title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</abbr> openly urged users -to <a href="http://www.zdnet.com/article/stallman-love-is-not-free/">drop +to <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/stallman-love-is-not-free/">drop the goal of freedom and work instead for the “popularity of Linux”</a>.</p> @@ -176,16 +177,16 @@ People who know they are using a system that came out of the GNU Project can see a direct relationship between themselves and GNU. They won't automatically agree with our philosophy, but at least they will see a reason to think seriously about it. In contrast, people -who consider themselves “Linux users”, and believe that +who consider themselves “Linux users,” and believe that the GNU Project “developed tools which proved to be useful in -Linux”, typically perceive only an indirect relationship between +Linux,” typically perceive only an indirect relationship between GNU and themselves. They may just ignore the GNU philosophy when they come across it.</p> <p> The GNU Project is idealistic, and anyone encouraging idealism today faces a great obstacle: the prevailing ideology encourages people to -dismiss idealism as “impractical”. Our idealism has been +dismiss idealism as “impractical.” Our idealism has been extremely practical: it is the reason we have a free <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> operating system. People who love this system ought to know that it is our idealism made @@ -198,7 +199,12 @@ But we are not in that position. To inspire people to do the work that needs to be done, we need to be recognized for what we have already done. Please help us, by calling the operating system <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>.</p> -</div> + +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> </div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> @@ -248,7 +254,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007, 2014-2016, 2020, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2000, 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -258,10 +264,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/04/07 17:55:37 $ +$Date: 2021/11/02 12:34:35 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-programs-should-be-shared.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-programs-should-be-shared.html index 3991476..6d754bd 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-programs-should-be-shared.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/why-programs-should-be-shared.html @@ -1,24 +1,33 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Why Programs Should be Shared - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/why-programs-should-be-shared.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Why Programs Should be Shared</h2> -<p><strong>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></strong></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> - <blockquote> - <p>Richard Stallman wrote this text, which was found in a file dated May +<div class="introduction"> + <p>Editor's note: This text was found in a file dated May 1983, though it is not clear whether it was written then or earlier. - In May 1983 he was privately considering plans to develop a + In May 1983 Richard Stallman was privately considering plans to develop a free operating system, but he may not yet have decided to make it a Unix-like system rather than something like the MIT Lisp Machine.</p> <p>He had not yet conceptually distinguished the two meanings of - “free;” this message is formulated in terms of gratis + “free”; this message is formulated in terms of gratis copies, but take for granted that this means users also have freedom.</p> - </blockquote> +</div> +<hr class="no-display" /> <p>Five years ago one could take for granted that any useful program written at SAIL, MIT, CMU, etc. would be shared. Since then, these @@ -59,10 +68,11 @@ the university wouldn't dare to do this. And if you start sharing, other people might start sharing with you.</p> <p>So let's start sharing again.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -80,13 +90,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -107,7 +117,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2015, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright ©Â 1983, 2015, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -117,10 +127,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2016/11/18 06:31:38 $ +$Date: 2021/11/28 07:45:37 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html index 9a6b778..a6492dc 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html @@ -1,15 +1,21 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays term" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Public Awareness of Copyright, WIPO - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, WIPO, Intellectual Property" /> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Public Awareness of Copyright, WIPO, June 2002</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard Stallman</a></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p>Geofrey Yu, Assistant Director General in charge of Copyright at WIPO, said this in a paper “Public Awareness of @@ -85,10 +91,11 @@ factories were “money-centred and legalistic”?</p> starting to backfire on WIPO, this does not mean we should use that term ourselves. If we did, we would be spreading WIPO-style hypocrisy, whether we intended to or not.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -106,19 +113,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -133,21 +140,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2001, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2014 Free Software -Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 2004, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:49 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 10:10:13 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/words-to-avoid.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/words-to-avoid.html index d33584a..9aa3079 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/words-to-avoid.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/words-to-avoid.html @@ -1,10 +1,22 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays term" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +#word-list a { line-height: 1.8em; text-decoration: none; } +--> +</style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> <p> There are a number of words and phrases that we recommend avoiding, or @@ -12,13 +24,7 @@ avoiding in certain contexts and usages. Some are ambiguous or misleading; others presuppose a viewpoint that we disagree with, and we hope you disagree with it too.</p> -<div class="announcement"> -<blockquote><p>Also note <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free -Software</a>, -<a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">Why Call It The -Swindle?</a></p></blockquote> -</div> - +<div id="word-list" class="emph-box"> <p><span class="gnun-split"></span><!-- GNUN-SORT-START --> “<a href="#Ad-blocker">Ad-blocker</a>” |<span class="gnun-split"></span><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> “<a @@ -66,6 +72,10 @@ Swindle?</a></p></blockquote> |<span class="gnun-split"></span><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> “<a href="#FreelyAvailable">Freely available</a>” |<span class="gnun-split"></span><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> “<a + href="#Freemium">Freemium</a>” +|<span class="gnun-split"></span><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> “<a + href="#FreeToPlay">Free-to-play</a>” +|<span class="gnun-split"></span><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> “<a href="#Freeware">Freeware</a>” |<span class="gnun-split"></span><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> “<a href="#GiveAwaySoftware">Give away software</a>” @@ -136,6 +146,16 @@ Swindle?</a></p></blockquote> |<span class="gnun-split"></span><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> “<a href="#Vendor">Vendor</a>” <span class="gnun-split"></span><!-- GNUN-SORT-STOP --></p> +</div> + +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="announcement"> +<p>Also note <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free +Software</a>, +<a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">Why Call It The +Swindle?</a></p> +</div> +<hr class="no-display" /> <!-- GNUN-SORT-START --> <!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --> @@ -224,9 +244,9 @@ job as an alternative. <h3 id="Assets">“Assets”</h3> <!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY --> <p> -To refer to published works as “assets”, or “digital -assets”, is even worse than calling -them <a href="#Content">“content”</a> — it presumes +To refer to published works as “assets,” or “digital +assets,” is even worse than calling +them <a href="#Content">“content”</a>—it presumes they have no value to society except commercial value.</p> <!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> @@ -266,7 +286,7 @@ with them. For instance, we avoid describing nonfree software as <!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY --> <p id="Cloud"> The term “cloud computing” (or -just “cloud”, in the context of +just “cloud,” in the context of computing) is a marketing buzzword with no coherent meaning. It is used for a range of different activities whose only common characteristic is that they use the Internet for something beyond @@ -287,7 +307,7 @@ about it becomes possible. One of the many meanings of “cloud computing” is storing your data in online services. In most scenarios, that is foolish because it exposes you to -<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/apr/25/hackers-spooks-cloud-antiauthoritarian-dream">surveillance</a>. +<a href="https://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/apr/25/hackers-spooks-cloud-antiauthoritarian-dream">surveillance</a>. </p> <p> @@ -309,10 +329,10 @@ That raises no particular ethical issues. <p> The <a href="https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-145/final"> -NIST definition of "cloud computing"</a> mentions three scenarios that +NIST definition of “cloud computing”</a> mentions three scenarios that raise different ethical issues: Software as a Service, Platform as a Service, and Infrastructure as a Service. However, that definition -does not match the common use of “cloud computing”, since +does not match the common use of “cloud computing,” since it does not include storing data in online services. Software as a Service as defined by NIST overlaps considerably with Service as a Software Substitute, which mistreats the user, but the two concepts @@ -329,7 +349,7 @@ it by a specific term. <p> Curiously, Larry Ellison, a proprietary software developer, -also <a href="http://www.cnet.com/news/oracles-ellison-nails-cloud-computing/"> +also <a href="https://www.cnet.com/culture/oracles-ellison-nails-cloud-computing/"> noted the vacuity of the term “cloud computing.”</a> He decided to use the term anyway because, as a proprietary software developer, he isn't motivated by the same ideals as we are. @@ -414,17 +434,19 @@ last week.</p> <p>What does it mean to think of works of authorship as a commodity, with the assumption that there is nothing special about any one story, article, program, or song? That is the twisted viewpoint of the owner -or the accountant of a publishing company. It is no surprise that -proprietary software would like you to think of the use of software as -a commodity. Their twisted viewpoint comes through clearly -in <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/former-google-exec-launches-sourcepoint-with-10-million-series-a-funding-2015-6">this +or the accountant of a publishing company, someone who doesn't appreciate +the published works as such. +It is no surprise that proprietary software developers would like +you to think of the use of software as a commodity. Their twisted +viewpoint comes through clearly +in <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/former-google-exec-launches-sourcepoint-with-10-million-series-a-funding-2015-6">this article</a>, which also refers to publications as “<a href="#Content">content</a>.”</p> <p> The narrow thinking associated with the idea that we “consume content” paves the way for laws such as the DMCA that forbid -users to break the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org/">Digital +users to break the <a href="https://DefectiveByDesign.org/">Digital Restrictions Management</a> (DRM) facilities in digital devices. If users think what they do with these devices is “consume,” they may see such restrictions as natural.</p> @@ -491,7 +513,7 @@ suggest terms such as “individuals” and “citizens,” rather than “consumers.”</p> <p> This problem with the word “consumer” has -been <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/11/capitalism-language-raymond-williams">noted before</a>. +been <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/11/capitalism-language-raymond-williams">noted before</a>. </p> <!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> @@ -512,8 +534,12 @@ Those who use the term “content” are often the publishers that push for increased copyright power in the name of the authors (“creators,” as they say) of the works. The term “content” reveals their real attitude towards these works -and their authors. This was also recognized by Tom Chatfield -<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/aug/02/how-to-deal-with-trump-trolls-online">in the Guardian</a>:</p> +and their authors.</p> + +<p>We first condemned this usage of “content” in 2002. +Since then, Tom Chatfield recognized the same point <a +href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/aug/02/how-to-deal-with-trump-trolls-online"> +in <cite>The Guardian</cite></a>:</p> <blockquote><p> Content itself is beside the point—as the very use of words like @@ -525,11 +551,41 @@ mill. <p> In other words, “content” reduces publications and -writings to a sort of pap fit to be piped through the +writings to a sort of pap fit to be metered and piped through the “tubes” of the internet. </p> -<p>See also <a href="https://www.salon.com/2000/06/14/love_7/">Courtney +<p>Later, <a +href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/aug/03/tax-concerns-axed-batgirl-but-studios-will-suffer-if-they-become-too-cynical"> +Peter Bradshaw noticed it too.</a></p> + +<blockquote><p> +This is what happens when studios treat movies as pure, +undifferentiated corporate “content,” a Gazprom pipeline of superhero +mush which can be turned off when the accountants say that it makes +sense to do so. +</p></blockquote> + +<p> +<a href="https://tedgioia.substack.com/p/14-warning-signs-that-you-are-living"> +Martin Scorsese condemned the attitude of “content” in +regard to films</a>.</p> + +<p> +The attitude implied by “content” is illustrated pointedly +in this critical description of +<a href="https://anildash.com/2022/02/09/the-stupid-tech-content-culture-cycle/"> +the development path of platforms run by +people who base their thinking on that concept</a>.</p> + +<p> +The article uses this word over and over, along with +“consume” and “creators.” Perhaps that is +meant to illustrate the way those people like to think. +</p> + +<p>See +also <a href="https://www.salon.com/2000/06/14/love_7/">Courtney Love's open letter to Steve Case</a> and search for “content provider” in that page. Alas, Ms. Love is unaware that the term “intellectual property” is @@ -557,7 +613,7 @@ system” (WRS).</p> <!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY --> <p> Copyright is an artificial privilege, handed out by the state to -achieve a public interest and lasting a period of time — not a +achieve a public interest and lasting a period of time—not a natural right like owning a house or a shirt. Lawyers used to recognize this by referring to the recipient of that privilege as a “copyright holder.”</p> @@ -633,7 +689,7 @@ Locks are not necessarily oppressive or bad. You probably own several locks, and their keys or codes as well; you may find them useful or troublesome, but they don't oppress you, because you can open and close them. Likewise, we -find <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/01/encryption-wont-work-if-it-has-a-back-door-only-the-good-guys-have-keys-to-">encryption</a> +find <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/01/encryption-wont-work-if-it-has-a-back-door-only-the-good-guys-have-keys-to-">encryption</a> invaluable for protecting our digital files. That too is a kind of digital lock that you have control over.</p> <p> @@ -665,7 +721,7 @@ whom these restrictions are imposed.</p> Good alternatives include “Digital Restrictions Management,” and “digital handcuffs.”</p> <p> -Please sign up to support our <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org/"> +Please sign up to support our <a href="https://DefectiveByDesign.org/"> campaign to abolish DRM</a>.</p> <!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> @@ -758,6 +814,35 @@ a copy of it. These are answers to different questions. <!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> <!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --> +<h3 id="Freemium">“Freemium”</h3> +<!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY --> +<p> +The confusing term “freemium” is used in marketing to +describe <em>nonfree</em> software whose standard version is gratis, +with paid <em>nonfree</em> add-ons available.</p> +<p> +Using this term works against the free software movement, because it +leads people to think of “free” as meaning “zero +price.”</p> + +<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> +<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --> +<h3 id="FreeToPlay">“Free-to-play”</h3> +<!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY --> +<p> +The confusing term “free-to-play” (acronym +“F2P”) is used in marketing to describe <em>nonfree</em> +games which don't require a payment before a user starts to play. In +many of these games, doing well in the game requires paying later, so +the term “gratis-to-start” is a more accurate +description.</p> +<p> +Using this term works against the free software movement, because it +leads people to think of “free” as meaning +“zero price.”</p> + +<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> +<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --> <h3 id="Freeware">“Freeware”</h3> <!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY --> <p> @@ -803,7 +888,7 @@ Please avoid using the term “google” as a verb, meaning to search for something on the internet. “Google” is just the name of one particular search engine among others. We suggest to use the term “search the web” or (in some contexts) just -“search”. Try to use a search engine that respects your +“search.” Try to use a search engine that respects your privacy; for instance, <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/">DuckDuckGo</a> claims not to track its users. (There is no way for outsiders to verify claims of that kind.)</p> @@ -814,7 +899,7 @@ verify claims of that kind.)</p> <!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY --> <p> A hacker is someone -who <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html"> enjoys +who <a href="https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html"> enjoys playful cleverness</a>—not necessarily with computers. The programmers in the old <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> free @@ -871,7 +956,7 @@ sound very nice. So they came up with a cute, appealing name: the <p> Experience shows that these products often do <a -href="http://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2015/09/cory-doctorow-what-if-people-were-sensors-not-things-to-be-sensed/"> +href="https://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2015/09/cory-doctorow-what-if-people-were-sensors-not-things-to-be-sensed/"> spy on their users</a>. They are also tailor-made for <a href="https://archive.ieet.org/articles/rinesi20150806.html">giving people biased advice</a>. In addition, the manufacturer can <a @@ -935,7 +1020,7 @@ and legitimize proprietary software.</p> <!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY --> <p> The term “modern” makes sense from a descriptive -perspective — for instance, solely to distinguish newer periods +perspective—for instance, solely to distinguish newer periods and ways from older ones.</p> <p>It becomes a problem when it carries the presumption that older @@ -953,7 +1038,7 @@ something as currency.” For instance, human societies have monetized gold, silver, copper, printed paper, special kinds of seashells, and large rocks. However, we now see a tendency to use the word in another way, meaning “to use something as a basis for -profit”.</p> +profit.”</p> <p> That usage casts the profit as primary, and the thing used to get the profit as secondary. That attitude applied to a software project is @@ -1045,7 +1130,7 @@ Please avoid using the term “photoshop” as a verb, meaning any kind of photo manipulation or image editing in general. Photoshop is just the name of one particular image editing program, which should be avoided since it is proprietary. There are plenty of free programs -for editing images, such as the <a href="/software/gimp">GIMP</a>.</p> +for editing images, such as the <a href="https://www.gimp.org/">GIMP</a>.</p> <!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> <!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --> @@ -1072,8 +1157,8 @@ such as “sharing information with your neighbor.”</p> <p> A US judge, presiding over a trial for copyright infringement, recognized that -<a href="http://torrentfreak.com/mpaa-banned-from-using-piracy-and-theft-terms-in-hotfile-trial-131129/">“piracy” -and “theft” are smear words.</a></p> +<a href="https://torrentfreak.com/mpaa-banned-from-using-piracy-and-theft-terms-in-hotfile-trial-131129/">“piracy” +and “theft” are smear words</a>.</p> <!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> <!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --> @@ -1133,7 +1218,7 @@ that interferes with copying. From the user's point of view, this is obstruction. So we could call that malicious feature “copy obstruction.” More often it is called Digital Restrictions Management (DRM)—see the -<a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org"> Defective by Design</a> +<a href="https://DefectiveByDesign.org"> Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p> <!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> @@ -1218,6 +1303,8 @@ to noncommercial cooperation, including noncommercial redistribution of exact copies of published works, and we say this is <em>good</em>. Please don't apply that word to a practice which is harmful and dangerous.</p> +<p>When one company redistributes collected personal data to another company, +that is even less deserving of the term “sharing.”</p> <!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> <!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --> <h3 id="SharingEconomy">“Sharing economy”</h3> @@ -1232,7 +1319,7 @@ exact copies of published works. Stretching the word meaning, so we don't use it in this context.</p> <p> A more suitable term for businesses like Uber is the -“piecework service economy.”</p> +“piecework service economy” or “gig economy.”</p> <!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> <!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --> @@ -1280,9 +1367,9 @@ Wikipedia uses the term “source model” in a confused and ambiguous way. Ostensibly it refers to how a program's source is distributed, but the text confuses this with the development methodology. It distinguishes “open source” and -”shared source” as answers, but they overlap — -Microsoft uses the latter as a marketing term to cover a range of -practices, some of which are “open source”. Thus, this +”shared source” as answers, but they overlap—Microsoft +uses the latter as a marketing term to cover a range of +practices, some of which are “open source.” Thus, this term really conveys no coherent information, but it provides an opportunity to say “open source” in pages describing free software programs.</p> @@ -1315,13 +1402,13 @@ it for objective truth.</p> <p> Under the US legal system, copyright infringement is not theft. <a -href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=473&invol=207"> -Laws about theft are not applicable to copyright infringement.</a> +href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/473/207.html"> +Laws about theft are not applicable to copyright infringement</a>. The supporters of repressive copyright are making an appeal to authority—and misrepresenting what authority says.</p> <p> To refute them, you can point to this -<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2013/may/04/harper-lee-kill-mockingbird-copyright"> +<a href="https://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2013/may/04/harper-lee-kill-mockingbird-copyright"> real case</a> which shows what can properly be described as “copyright theft.”</p> <p> @@ -1335,8 +1422,8 @@ change.</p> <p> A US judge, presiding over a trial for copyright infringement, recognized that -<a href="http://torrentfreak.com/mpaa-banned-from-using-piracy-and-theft-terms-in-hotfile-trial-131129/">“piracy” -and “theft” are smear-words.</a></p> +<a href="https://torrentfreak.com/mpaa-banned-from-using-piracy-and-theft-terms-in-hotfile-trial-131129/">“piracy” +and “theft” are smear-words</a>.</p> <!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --> <!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --> @@ -1366,15 +1453,16 @@ vendors. We recommend the general term “supplier” instead. </p> <!-- GNUN-SORT-STOP --> -<hr /> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This essay is published -in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in +<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote> +M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -1392,13 +1480,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -1419,8 +1507,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, -2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1996-2018, 2020, 2021, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -1430,7 +1517,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/04/26 07:14:33 $ +$Date: 2022/09/02 23:08:04 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wsis-2003.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wsis-2003.html index 25c19a9..7c5b02d 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wsis-2003.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wsis-2003.html @@ -1,14 +1,20 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Stallman's Speech at WSIS, 16 July 2003 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/wsis-2003.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Speech at WSIS, 16 July 2003</h2> -<p> -by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a> -</p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> <p> The benefit of computers is that it's easier to copy and manipulate @@ -44,12 +50,12 @@ reject them.</p> <p> Computer users need software that respects their freedom. We call it -“free (libre) software”, meaning freedom, not gratis. You +“free (libre) software,” meaning freedom, not gratis. You have the freedom to run it, study it, change it, and redistribute it.</p> <p> -Free software means you control your computing. With non-free +Free software means you control your computing. With nonfree software, the software owners control it. They put in spy features, back doors, restrictions.</p> @@ -66,7 +72,7 @@ Software owners deliberately make programs incompatible. With free software, users can make it follow standards.</p> <p> -You need free software to train master programmers. Non-free software +You need free software to train master programmers. Nonfree software is a secret, so nobody can learn from it. Free software gives talented young people in Africa the chance to learn how to work on real software. School should also teach students the spirit of @@ -77,10 +83,11 @@ Free software is necessary for sustainable development. If everyone in your country uses a program that's secret and controlled by a single company, that's not development, that's electronic colonization.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -98,19 +105,19 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should - be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the @@ -125,20 +132,20 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2003 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2003, 2022 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:49 $ +$Date: 2022/06/11 13:47:06 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wsis.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wsis.html index a273f89..9c75b0e 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wsis.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wsis.html @@ -1,22 +1,24 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> - +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural society" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>World Summit on the Information Society - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/wsis.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> - +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>World Summit on the Information Society</h2> -<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p> - -<p><em>(Originally published on Newsforge.)</em></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> -<blockquote> +<div class="introduction"> <p>At <abbr title="World Summit on the Information Society">WSIS</abbr>, -in a climate of suppression of dissent, the score is 0-0<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 30%">-- Richard Stallman</span></p> -</blockquote> +in a climate of suppression of dissent, the score is 0-0.</p> +</div> <p>The World Summit on the Information Society is supposed to formulate plans to end the “digital divide” and make the @@ -38,14 +40,14 @@ with the internet, it responds to demands made by various governments to impose restrictions on citizens of cyberspace.</p> <p>Part of the digital divide comes from artificial obstacles to the -sharing of information. This includes the licenses of non-free +sharing of information. This includes the licenses of nonfree software, and harmfully restrictive copyright laws. The Brazilian declaration sought measures to promote free software, but the US delegation was firmly against it (remember that the Bush campaign got money from Microsoft). The outcome was a sort of draw, with the final declaration presenting free software, open source, and proprietary software as equally legitimate. The US also insisted on praising -so-called “intellectual property rights”. (That biased +so-called “intellectual property rights.” (That biased term <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty"> promotes simplistic over-generalization</a>; for the sake of clear thinking about the issues of copyright law, and about the very @@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ spoke.</p> <p>Suppression was also visible in the exclusion of certain NGOs from the summit because their focus on human rights might embarrass the governments that trample them. For instance, the -summit <a href="http://www.hrichina.org/en/content/2301"> +summit <a href="https://www.hrichina.org/en/content/2301"> refused to accredit Human Rights In China</a>, a group that criticizes the Chinese government for (among other things) censorship of the internet.</p> @@ -114,10 +116,15 @@ Microsoft to speak alongside, and before, most of the various participating governments—as if to accord that criminal corporation the standing of a state.</p> -</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> +<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"> +<hr /> +<p>Originally published on <cite>NewsForge</cite>.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -135,30 +142,47 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> -<p>Copyright © 2003 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2003, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" -href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative -Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2014/08/21 15:01:30 $ +$Date: 2021/09/16 16:56:20 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wwworst-app-store.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wwworst-app-store.html index c07a491..ea055af 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wwworst-app-store.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/wwworst-app-store.html @@ -1,15 +1,22 @@ -<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> <!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The WWWorst App Store - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +#content p { margin: .5em 0 0; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/wwworst-app-store.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<div class="reduced-width"> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The WWWorst App Store</h2> <address class="byline">by Alexandre Oliva</address> -<div class="thin"></div> <p>Picture the most abusive app store.</p> @@ -166,7 +173,7 @@ textContent can't have links; you need innerHTML for that.</p> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer" class="contentinfo"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -221,10 +228,10 @@ Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2021/04/05 18:30:56 $ +$Date: 2021/09/10 11:28:41 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/x.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/x.html index 13db816..e21c2f7 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/x.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/x.html @@ -1,20 +1,24 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing traps" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The X Window System Trap - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, freedom, Richard Stallman, rms, free software movement" /> <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Richard Stallman discusses the history of the movement to develop a free operating system." /> - <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/x.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> -<div class="reduced-width"> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The X Window System Trap</h2> <address class="byline">by Richard M. Stallman</address> -<hr class="thin" /> -<div class="article"> + <p> To copyleft or not to copyleft? That is one of the major controversies in the free software community. The idea of copyleft is @@ -154,10 +158,10 @@ equipped with more resources than scruples. With copyleft, we can defend freedom, not just for ourselves, but for our whole community.</p> </div> -</div> + </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -175,13 +179,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -202,7 +206,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2009, 2015, 2020 Richard M. Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 1998, 2009, 2021 Richard M. Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -212,10 +216,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/10/06 08:00:33 $ +$Date: 2021/09/05 10:10:14 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/yes-give-it-away.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/yes-give-it-away.html index 824500f..8300190 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/yes-give-it-away.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/yes-give-it-away.html @@ -1,24 +1,33 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Yes, Give It Away - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/yes-give-it-away.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Yes, Give It Away</h2> -<p><strong>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></strong></p> +<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></address> - <blockquote> - <p>Richard Stallman wrote this text, which was found in a file dated May +<div class="introduction"> + <p>Editor's note: This text was found in a file dated May 1983, though it is not clear whether it was written then or earlier. - In May 1983 he was privately considering plans to develop a + In May 1983 Richard Stallman was privately considering plans to develop a free operating system, but he may not yet have decided to make it a Unix-like system rather than something like the MIT Lisp Machine.</p> <p>He had not yet conceptually distinguished the two meanings of - “free;” this message is formulated in terms of gratis + “free”; this message is formulated in terms of gratis copies, but take for granted that this means users also have freedom.</p> - </blockquote> +</div> +<hr class="no-display" /> <p>One of the important reasons for giving software away free is to enable the users to change it. This allows them to make better use of @@ -54,10 +63,11 @@ restrictions are being imposed to trick their neuroses or because they are assumed in advance to be incompetent, they feel justifiable resentment. They also tend to become incompetent and neurotic as a result.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -75,13 +85,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -102,7 +112,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2015, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> +<p>Copyright © 1983, 2015, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -112,10 +122,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2016/11/18 06:31:38 $ +$Date: 2021/11/28 07:45:37 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html index ae20140..b2d6a29 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html @@ -1,20 +1,31 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs principles" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>Your Freedom Needs Free Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/your-freedom-needs-free-software.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>Your Freedom Needs Free Software</h2> +<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address> + +<div class="introduction"> <p>Many of us know that governments can threaten the human rights of software users through censorship and surveillance of the Internet. Many do not realize that the software they run on their home or work computers can be an even worse threat. Thinking of software as -‘just a tool’, they suppose that it obeys them, when in +“just a tool,” they suppose that it obeys them, when in fact it often obeys others instead.</p> +</div> <p>The software running in most computers is <a -href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">non-free, +href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">nonfree, proprietary software</a>: controlled by software companies, not by its users. Users can't check what these programs do, nor prevent them from doing what they don't want. Most people accept @@ -26,42 +37,44 @@ misdeeds. If a computer talks to a network, and you don't control the software in it, it can easily spy on you. Microsoft Windows spies on users; for instance, it reports what words a user searches for in her own files, and what other programs are installed. RealPlayer spies -too; it reports what the user plays. Cell phones are full of non-free +too; it reports what the user plays. Cell phones are full of nonfree software, which spies. Cell phones send out localizing signals even -when ‘off’, many can send out your precise GPS location +when “off,” many can send out your precise GPS location whether you wish or not, and some models can be switched on remotely as listening devices. Users can't fix these malicious features because they don't have control.</p> -<p>Some proprietary software is designed to restrict and attack its -users. <a href="http://badvista.org/">Windows Vista</a> is a big -advance in this field; the reason it requires replacement of old -hardware is that the new models are designed to support unbreakable -restrictions. Microsoft thus requires users to pay for shiny new -shackles. It is also designed to permit forced updating by corporate -authority. Hence the <a href="http://badvista.org/">BadVista.org</a> -campaign, which urges Windows users not to ‘upgrade’ to -Vista. (For the equally malicious Windows 7 and Windows 8, we now have -<a href="http://windows7sins.org/">Windows7Sins.org</a> and -<a href="http://upgradefromwindows8.org/">UpgradeFromWindows8.org</a>.) -Mac OS also contains features designed to restrict its users.</p> +<p>Some proprietary software is <a href="/proprietary/proprietary.html"> +designed to restrict and attack its users</a>. +<a href="https://badvista.fsf.org/">Windows Vista</a> was a big +advance in this field; the reason it required replacement of old +hardware is that the new models were designed to support unbreakable +restrictions. Microsoft thus required users to pay for shiny new +shackles. Vista was also designed to permit forced updating by corporate +authority. Hence the <a href="https://badvista.fsf.org/">Bad Vista</a> +campaign, which urged Windows users not to “upgrade” to +Vista. For later Windows versions, which are <a +href="/proprietary/malware-microsoft.html">even more malicious</a>, we +now have <a href="https://www.fsf.org/windows">Upgrade from Windows</a>. +Mac OS also contains features designed to <a +href="/proprietary/malware-apple.html">restrict its users</a>.</p> <p>Microsoft has installed back doors for the US government's use in the past (<a -href="http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/5/5263/1.html">reported on +href="https://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/5/5263/1.html">reported on heise.de</a>). We cannot check whether they have successors today. Other proprietary programs may or may not have back doors, but since we cannot check them, we cannot trust them.</p> <p>The only way to assure that your software is working for you is to -insist on Free/Libre software. This means users get the source code, +insist on free/libre software. This means users get the source code, are free to study and change it, and are free to redistribute it with or without changes. The <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a>, developed <a href="/gnu/gnu.html">specifically for users' freedom</a>, includes office applications, multimedia, games, and everything you really need to run a computer. -See <a href="http://www.gnewsense.org/">gNewSense.org</a> for -a <a href="/distros/distros.html">totally Free/Libre version of GNU/Linux</a>.</p> +See our list of <a href="/distros/distros.html">totally free/libre +versions of GNU/Linux</a>.</p> <p>A special problem occurs when activists for social change use proprietary software, because its developers, who control it, may be @@ -81,11 +94,12 @@ getting his data back.</p> <p>The US is not the only state that doesn't respect human rights, so keep your data on your own computer, and your backups under your own -custody—and run your computer with Free/Libre software.</p> +custody—and run your computer with free/libre software.</p> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -103,13 +117,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -130,7 +144,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 2007, 2017 Richard Stallman</p> +<p>Copyright © 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman</p> <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative @@ -140,10 +154,10 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2017/08/27 14:56:06 $ +$Date: 2021/09/22 07:26:29 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> |