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+++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/free-sw.html
@@ -1,51 +1,27 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
-<title>What is free software?
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs principles" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>What is Free Software?
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
-.note { margin-left: 6%; margin-right: 6%; }
-@media (min-width: 48em) {
- .note { margin-top: .8em; }
-}
+.toc > ul > li { list-style-type: none; font-weight: bold; }
+.toc ul { font-weight: normal; }
+#History ~ p, #History ~ ul { font-size: 1rem; }
--></style>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." />
-
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>What is Free Software?</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
-<h2>What is free software?</h2>
-
-<div class="article">
-<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
-
-<blockquote class="note" id="fsf-licensing"><p style="font-size: 80%">
-Have a question about free software licensing not answered here?
-See our other <a href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing">licensing resources</a>,
-and if necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab
-at <a href="mailto:licensing@fsf.org">licensing@fsf.org</a>.</p>
-</blockquote>
-
-<div class="comment">
-<p>
-The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
-particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to
-time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
-about subtle issues. See the <a href="#History">History section</a>
-below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
-software.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-&ldquo;Open source&rdquo; is something different: it has a very
-different philosophy based on different values. Its practical
-definition is different too, but nearly all open source programs are
-in fact free. We explain the
-difference in <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
-Why &ldquo;Open Source&rdquo; misses the point of Free Software</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-
+<div class="important">
<p>
&ldquo;Free software&rdquo; means software that respects users'
freedom and community. Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the
@@ -53,13 +29,21 @@ freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the
software</b>. Thus, &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is a matter of
liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of
&ldquo;free&rdquo; as in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo; not as in
-&ldquo;free beer&rdquo;. We sometimes call it &ldquo;libre
+&ldquo;free beer.&rdquo; We sometimes call it &ldquo;libre
software,&rdquo; borrowing the French or Spanish word for
&ldquo;free&rdquo; as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software
is gratis.
</p>
<p>
+You may have paid money to get copies of a free program, or you may
+have obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your
+copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the software,
+even to <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>
We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With
these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control
the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the
@@ -70,8 +54,76 @@ program <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
an instrument of unjust power</a>.
</p>
-<h4> The four essential freedoms</h4>
+<p>
+&ldquo;Open source&rdquo; is something different: it has a very
+different philosophy based on different values. Its practical
+definition is different too, but nearly all open source programs are
+in fact free. We explain the
+difference in <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+Why &ldquo;Open Source&rdquo; misses the point of Free Software</a>.
+</p>
+
+<div class="toc">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<h3 class="no-display">Table of contents</h3>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="#fs-definition">The Free Software Definition</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#four-freedoms">The four essential freedoms</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#selling">Free software <em>can</em> be commercial</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#clarifying">Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#run-the-program">The freedom to run the program as you
+ wish</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#make-changes">The freedom to study the source code and make
+ changes</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#redistribute">The freedom to redistribute if you wish:
+ basic requirements</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#copyleft">Copyleft</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#packaging">Rules about packaging and distribution
+ details</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#exportcontrol">Export regulations</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#legal-details">Legal considerations</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#contracts">Contract-based licenses</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#in-practice">The Free Software Definition in Practice</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#interpretation">How we interpret these criteria</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#get-help">Get help with free licenses</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#terminology">Use the right words when talking about free
+ software</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#beyond-software">Beyond Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#History">History</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<div class="edu-note" id="fsf-licensing" role="complementary">
+<p style="font-size:80%">
+Have a question about free software licensing not answered here?
+See our other <a href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing">licensing resources</a>,
+and if necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab
+at <a href="mailto:licensing@fsf.org">licensing@fsf.org</a>.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
+
+<h3 id="fs-definition">The Free Software Definition</h3>
+
+<p>
+The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
+particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to
+time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
+about subtle issues. See the <a href="#History">History section</a>
+below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
+software.
+</p>
+<h4 id="four-freedoms">The four essential freedoms</h4>
<p>
A program is free software if the program's users have the
four essential freedoms: <a href="#f1">[1]</a>
@@ -108,8 +160,11 @@ implies users will need B, so we need to judge whether both A and B
are free. However, if we plan to modify A so that it doesn't use B,
only A needs to be free; B is not pertinent to that plan.</p>
+
+<h4 id="selling">Free software <em>can</em> be commercial</h4>
+
<p>
-&ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial&rdquo;.
+&ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial.&rdquo;
On the contrary, a free program must be available for commercial use,
commercial development, and commercial distribution. This policy is
of fundamental importance&mdash;without this, free software could not
@@ -145,20 +200,14 @@ them, is tantamount to not granting the freedoms in question, and thus
renders the program nonfree.
</p>
-<p>
-You may have paid money to get copies of a free program, or you may
-have obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your
-copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the software,
-even to <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
-</p>
-<h3>Clarifying the boundary between free and nonfree</h3>
+<h3 id="clarifying">Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree</h3>
<p>In the rest of this article we explain more precisely how far the
various freedoms need to extend, on various issues, in order for a
program to be free.</p>
-<h4>The freedom to run the program as you wish</h4>
+<h4 id="run-the-program">The freedom to run the program as you wish</h4>
<p>
The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
@@ -191,7 +240,7 @@ arbitrary nuisance code.</p>
all&rdquo; if that is what you wish. So there is no need for a
separate &ldquo;freedom not to run a program.&rdquo;</p>
-<h4>The freedom to study the source code and make changes</h4>
+<h4 id="make-changes">The freedom to study the source code and make changes</h4>
<p>
In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
@@ -203,12 +252,18 @@ as source code.
</p>
<p>
+Source code is defined as the preferred form of the program for making
+changes in. Thus, whatever form a developer changes to develop
+the program is the source code of that developer's version.
+</p>
+
+<p>
Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to
-run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash; a
-practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo;,
+run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours&mdash;a
+practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown,&rdquo;
or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure
-boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a
+boot&rdquo;&mdash;freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a
practical reality. These binaries are not free
software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
</p>
@@ -216,8 +271,8 @@ software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
<p>
One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you
-cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module &mdash; for instance, if it
-requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add &mdash; then the
+cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module&mdash;for instance, if it
+requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add&mdash;then the
license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
</p>
@@ -233,7 +288,8 @@ returns after doing nothing, or make it invoke some other program.
Thus, freedom 1 includes the &ldquo;freedom to delete the program.&rdquo;
</p>
-<h4>The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic requirements</h4>
+<h4 id="redistribute">The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic
+requirements</h4>
<p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to
redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either
@@ -254,7 +310,7 @@ notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of
releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
-a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a
+a <a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a
license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify
as a free license.
</p>
@@ -270,12 +326,12 @@ freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
make them.
</p>
-<h4>Copyleft</h4>
+<h4 id="copyleft">Copyleft</h4>
<p>
Certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
-freedoms. For example, <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
+freedoms. For example, <a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
(very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program,
you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms.
This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it
@@ -295,7 +351,7 @@ Software</a> for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo;
relate to each other.
</p>
-<h4>Rules about packaging and distribution details</h4>
+<h4 id="packaging">Rules about packaging and distribution details</h4>
<p>
Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
@@ -330,10 +386,10 @@ sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
alias for the modified version.</p>
-<h4>Export regulations</h4>
+<h4 id="exportcontrol">Export regulations</h4>
<p>
-Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
+Sometimes government export control regulations
and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to
eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
@@ -354,7 +410,7 @@ export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the
software nonfree.
</p>
-<h4>Legal considerations</h4>
+<h4 id="legal-details">Legal considerations</h4>
<p>
In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
@@ -367,7 +423,7 @@ cause, the software is not free.
<p>
A free license may not require compliance with the license of a
nonfree program. Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to
-comply with the licenses of &ldquo;all the programs you use&rdquo;, in
+comply with the licenses of &ldquo;all the programs you use,&rdquo; in
the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require
compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the
license nonfree.
@@ -378,7 +434,7 @@ It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's
law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both.
</p>
-<h4>Contract-based licenses</h4>
+<h4 id="contracts">Contract-based licenses</h4>
<p>
Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
@@ -399,23 +455,12 @@ legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
it is nonfree.
</p>
-<h4>Use the right words when talking about free software</h4>
-
-<p>
-When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
-like &ldquo;give away&rdquo; or &ldquo;for free,&rdquo; because those terms imply that
-the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such
-as &ldquo;piracy&rdquo; embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See
-<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
-are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have
-a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
-&ldquo;free software&rdquo;</a> into various languages.
-</p>
+<h3 id="in-practice">The Free Software Definition in Practice</h3>
-<h4>How we interpret these criteria</h4>
+<h4 id="interpretation">How we interpret these criteria</h4>
<p>
-Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
+Note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide
whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
@@ -428,7 +473,7 @@ a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
</p>
-<h4>Get help with free licenses</h4>
+<h4 id="get-help">Get help with free licenses</h4>
<p>
If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
@@ -452,6 +497,27 @@ help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license
and avoid various practical problems.
</p>
+<h4 id="terminology">Use the right words when talking about free software</h4>
+
+<p>
+When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
+like &ldquo;give away&rdquo; or &ldquo;for free,&rdquo; because those terms imply that
+the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such
+as &ldquo;piracy&rdquo; embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
+are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have
+a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
+&ldquo;free software&rdquo;</a> into various languages.
+</p>
+
+<p id="open-source">
+Another group uses the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean
+something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software.&rdquo; We
+prefer the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; because, once you have heard that
+it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
+word &ldquo;open&rdquo; never refers to freedom.
+</p>
+
<h3 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h3>
<p>
@@ -462,9 +528,9 @@ manuals are in effect part of the software.
<p>
The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
-practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
+practical use&mdash;that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
such as educational works and reference
-works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
+works. <a href="https://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
example.
</p>
@@ -474,18 +540,6 @@ has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/">
free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
</p>
-<h3 id="open-source">Open Source?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Another group uses the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean
-something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software&rdquo;. We
-prefer the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; because, once you have heard that
-it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
-word &ldquo;open&rdquo; <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
-never refers to freedom</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-
<h3 id="History">History</h3>
<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is
@@ -494,84 +548,84 @@ was changed.</p>
<ul>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.168&amp;r2=1.169">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.168&amp;r2=1.169">Version
1.169</a>: Explain more clearly why the four freedoms must apply
to commercial activity. Explain why the four freedoms imply the
freedom not to run the program and the freedom to delete it, so there
is no need to state those as separate requirements.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.164&amp;r2=1.165">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.164&amp;r2=1.165">Version
1.165</a>: Clarify that arbitrary annoyances in the code do not
negate freedom 0, and that freedoms 1 and 3 enable users to remove them.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.152&amp;r2=1.153">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.152&amp;r2=1.153">Version
1.153</a>: Clarify that freedom to run the program means nothing stops
you from making it run.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.140&amp;r2=1.141">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.140&amp;r2=1.141">Version
1.141</a>: Clarify which code needs to be free.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.134&amp;r2=1.135">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.134&amp;r2=1.135">Version
1.135</a>: Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program
as you wish.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.133&amp;r2=1.134">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.133&amp;r2=1.134">Version
1.134</a>: Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's functionality.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.130&amp;r2=1.131">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.130&amp;r2=1.131">Version
1.131</a>: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree license
of another program.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.128&amp;r2=1.129">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.128&amp;r2=1.129">Version
1.129</a>: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum
specifications are allowed. (This was always our policy.)</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.121&amp;r2=1.122">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.121&amp;r2=1.122">Version
1.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the
requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.117&amp;r2=1.118">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.117&amp;r2=1.118">Version
1.118</a>: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify,
not on what modifications you have made. And modifications are not limited
to &ldquo;improvements&rdquo;</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.110&amp;r2=1.111">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.110&amp;r2=1.111">Version
1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only
retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright
holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the
work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.104&amp;r2=1.105">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.104&amp;r2=1.105">Version
1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
(already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
version for your computing.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.91&amp;r2=1.92">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.91&amp;r2=1.92">Version
1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.89&amp;r2=1.90">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.89&amp;r2=1.90">Version
1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
in someone else's development project.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.88&amp;r2=1.89">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.88&amp;r2=1.89">Version
1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as
free software.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.79&amp;r2=1.80">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.79&amp;r2=1.80">Version
1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
i.e., no tivoization.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.76&amp;r2=1.77">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.76&amp;r2=1.77">Version
1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
replacement.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.73&amp;r2=1.74">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.73&amp;r2=1.74">Version
1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
in some places but not reflected everywhere:
<ul>
-<li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can
+<li>&ldquo;Improvements&rdquo; does not mean the license can
substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release.
Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li>
<li>The right to merge in existing modules
@@ -581,38 +635,38 @@ refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.56&amp;r2=1.57">Version
-1.57</a>: Add &quot;Beyond Software&quot; section.</li>
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.56&amp;r2=1.57">Version
+1.57</a>: Add &ldquo;Beyond Software&rdquo; section.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.45&amp;r2=1.46">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.45&amp;r2=1.46">Version
1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
the program for any purpose.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.40&amp;r2=1.41">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.40&amp;r2=1.41">Version
1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.39&amp;r2=1.40">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.39&amp;r2=1.40">Version
1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
available free software to create your modifications.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.38&amp;r2=1.39">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.38&amp;r2=1.39">Version
1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
provide source for versions of the software you put into public
use.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.30&amp;r2=1.31">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.30&amp;r2=1.31">Version
1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor
clarifications throughout the text.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.22&amp;r2=1.23">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.22&amp;r2=1.23">Version
1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
licenses.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.15&amp;r2=1.16">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.15&amp;r2=1.16">Version
1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
-<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.10&amp;r2=1.11">Version
+<li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.10&amp;r2=1.11">Version
1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
versions you distribute to previous developers on request.</li>
@@ -623,10 +677,11 @@ other changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its
interpretations. For instance, the list does not include changes in
asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page.
You can review the complete list of changes to the page through
-the <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
+the <a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
interface</a>.</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
-<h3 style="font-size:1em">Footnote</h3>
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
<ol>
<li id="f1">The reason they are numbered 0, 1, 2 and 3 is historical. Around
1990 there were three freedoms, numbered 1, 2 and 3. Then we realized that
@@ -634,10 +689,11 @@ the freedom to run the program needed to be mentioned explicitly.
It was clearly more basic than the other three, so it properly should
precede them. Rather than renumber the others, we made it freedom&nbsp;0.</li>
</ol>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
@@ -655,13 +711,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
&lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -682,7 +738,7 @@ of this article.</p>
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1996, 2002, 2004-2007, 2009-2019, 2021
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1996-2002, 2004-2019, 2021, 2022
Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
@@ -693,7 +749,7 @@ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/02/03 12:31:45 $
+$Date: 2022/06/25 20:55:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>