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diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/manifesto.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/manifesto.html index 787898f..167770f 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/manifesto.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/manifesto.html @@ -1,13 +1,25 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>The GNU Manifesto - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +a.ftn { font-size: .94em; } +--></style> <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> <h2>The GNU Manifesto</h2> +<div class="thin"></div> +<div class="introduction"> <p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written -by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> in 1985 to +by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> in 1985 to ask for support in developing the GNU operating system. Part of the text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through 1987, it was updated in minor ways to account for developments; since then, @@ -20,7 +32,7 @@ added since 1993 help clarify these points.</p> <p>If you want to install the GNU/Linux system, we recommend you use one of the <a href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux distributions</a>. For how to contribute, -see <a href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p> +see <a href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a>.</p> <p>The GNU Project is part of the Free Software Movement, a campaign for <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom for users of @@ -29,13 +41,15 @@ software</a>. It is a mistake to associate GNU with the term who disagree with the Free Software Movement's ethical values. They use it to promote an <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral approach</a> to the same field.</p> +<hr class="no-display" /> +</div> <h3 id="whats-gnu">What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!</h3> <p> GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give -it away free to everyone who can use it.<a href="#f1">(1)</a> Several +it away free to everyone who can use it <a class="ftn" href="#f1">[1]</a>. Several other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p> @@ -94,7 +108,7 @@ institution where such things are done for me against my will.</p> decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent -me from giving GNU away.<a href="#f2a">(2)</a></p> +me from giving GNU away <a class="ftn" href="#f2a">[2]</a>.</p> <h3 id="compatible">Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix</h3> @@ -143,7 +157,7 @@ talk to, this is an important happiness that money cannot replace.</p> <h3 id="contribute">How You Can Contribute</h3> -<blockquote> +<div class="comment"> <p> (Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects">High Priority Projects @@ -152,7 +166,7 @@ Wanted list</a>, the general task list for GNU software packages. For other ways to help, see <a href="/help/help.html">the guide to helping the GNU operating system</a>.) </p> -</blockquote> +</div> <p> I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and @@ -191,7 +205,7 @@ the need to make a living in another way.</p> <p> Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system -software free, just like air.<a href="#f2">(3)</a></p> +software free, just like air <a class="ftn" href="#f2">[3]</a>.</p> <p> This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix @@ -237,18 +251,19 @@ breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free.</p> <h3 id="rebutted-objections">Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's Goals</h3> -<p id="support"> +<dl> +<dt id="support"> <strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means -they can't rely on any support.”</strong></p> +they can't rely on any support.”</strong></dt> -<p> +<dt> <strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing -the support.”</strong></p> - +the support.”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without service, a company to provide just service to people who have -obtained GNU free ought to be profitable.<a href="#f3">(4)</a></p> +obtained GNU free ought to be profitable <a class="ftn" href="#f3">[4]</a>.</p> <p> We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming @@ -279,15 +294,15 @@ to buy the service having got the product free. The service companies will compete in quality and price; users will not be tied to any particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service should be able to use the program without paying for the service.</p> +</dd> -<p id="advertising"> +<dt id="advertising"> <strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and -you must charge for the program to support that.”</strong></p> - -<p> +you must charge for the program to support that.”</strong></dt> +<dt> <strong>“It's no use advertising a program people can get -free.”</strong></p> - +free.”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But @@ -301,12 +316,13 @@ who benefit from the advertising pay for it.</p> On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates -don't want to let the free market decide this?<a href="#f4">(5)</a></p> +don't want to let the free market decide this? <a class="ftn" href="#f4">[5]</a></p> +</dd> -<p id="competitive"> +<dt id="competitive"> <strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get -a competitive edge.”</strong></p> - +a competitive edge.”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of competition. You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but @@ -319,23 +335,25 @@ selling operating systems.</p> <p> I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many -manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.<a href="#f5">(6)</a></p> +manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each <a class="ftn" href="#f5">[6]</a>.</p> +</dd> -<p id="deserve"> +<dt id="deserve"> <strong>“Don't programmers deserve a reward for their -creativity?”</strong></p> - +creativity?”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution. Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society is free to use the results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be punished if they restrict the use of these programs.</p> +</dd> -<p id="reward"> +<dt id="reward"> <strong>“Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for -his creativity?”</strong></p> - +his creativity?”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are @@ -358,10 +376,11 @@ everyone hoards information, I am required to consider it wrong for one to do so. Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one's creativity does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that creativity.</p> +</dd> -<p id="starve"> -<strong>“Won't programmers starve?”</strong></p> - +<dt id="starve"> +<strong>“Won't programmers starve?”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making @@ -381,7 +400,7 @@ now.</p> <p> Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software. -It is the most common basis<a href="#f8">(7)</a> because it brings in +It is the most common basis <a class="ftn" href="#f8">[7]</a> because it brings in the most money. If it were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would move to other bases of organization which are now used less often. @@ -394,11 +413,12 @@ considered an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they now do. If programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice either. (In practice they would still make considerably more than that.)</p> +</dd> -<p id="right-to-control"> +<dt id="right-to-control"> <strong>“Don't people have a right to control how their -creativity is used?”</strong></p> - +creativity is used?”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> “Control over the use of one's ideas” really constitutes control over other people's lives; and it is usually used to make @@ -406,7 +426,7 @@ their lives more difficult.</p> <p> People who have studied the issue of intellectual property -rights<a href="#f6">(8)</a> carefully (such as lawyers) say that there +rights <a class="ftn" href="#f6">[8]</a> carefully (such as lawyers) say that there is no intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.</p> @@ -448,11 +468,12 @@ used rather than read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in which a person who enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so regardless of whether the law enables him to.</p> +</dd> -<p id="competition"> +<dt id="competition"> <strong>“Competition makes things get done -better.”</strong></p> - +better.”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this @@ -468,11 +489,12 @@ in a fist fight. Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem to object to fights; he just regulates them (“For every ten yards you run, you can fire one shot”). He really ought to break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight.</p> +</dd> -<p id="stop-programming"> +<dt id="stop-programming"> <strong>“Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary -incentive?”</strong></p> - +incentive?”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some @@ -503,18 +525,20 @@ than riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they will come to expect and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly if the high-paying ones are banned.</p> +</dd> -<p id="desperate"> +<dt id="desperate"> <strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand -that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to obey.”</strong></p> - +that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to obey.”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand. Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!</p> +</dd> -<p id="living"> -<strong>“Programmers need to make a living somehow.”</strong></p> - +<dt id="living"> +<strong>“Programmers need to make a living somehow.”</strong></dt> +<dd> <p> In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a @@ -533,7 +557,7 @@ also employ programmers.</p> <p> People with new ideas could distribute programs as -freeware<a href="#f7">(9)</a>, asking for donations from satisfied +freeware <a class="ftn" href="#f7">[9]</a>, asking for donations from satisfied users, or selling handholding services. I have met people who are already working this way successfully.</p> @@ -570,6 +594,10 @@ the group's members would like to use.</p> <li>Users who care which projects their share is spent on can choose this for themselves.</li> </ul> +</dd> +</dl> +<div class="column-limit"></div> + <p> In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the postscarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to @@ -588,9 +616,9 @@ The main causes of this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against competition. Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the area of software production. We must do this, in order for technical gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.</p> +<div class="column-limit"></div> - -<h3 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3> +<h3 id="footnotes" class="footnote">Footnotes</h3> <!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of revisions over time. And if a new footnote is added, the references @@ -619,7 +647,7 @@ talking about free software. See Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li> <li id="f2">This is another place I failed to distinguish -carefully between the two different meanings of “free”. +carefully between the two different meanings of “free.” The statement as it stands is not false—you can get copies of GNU software at no charge, from your friends or over the net. But it does suggest the wrong idea.</li> @@ -629,7 +657,7 @@ suggest the wrong idea.</li> <li id="f4">Although it is a charity rather than a company, the Free Software Foundation for 10 years raised most of its funds from its distribution service. You -can <a href="/order/order.html">order things from the FSF</a> +can <a href="https://shop.fsf.org/">order things from the FSF</a> to support its work. </li> @@ -648,7 +676,7 @@ in a free software world.</li> <li id="f6">In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing it was to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual -property”. That term is obviously biased; more subtle is the +property.” That term is obviously biased; more subtle is the fact that it lumps together various disparate laws which raise very different issues. Nowadays I urge people to reject the term “intellectual property” entirely, lest it lead others to @@ -658,7 +686,7 @@ See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">further explanation</a> of how this term spreads confusion and bias.</li> <li id="f7">Subsequently we learned to distinguish -between “free software” and “freeware”. The +between “free software” and “freeware.” The term “freeware” means software you are free to redistribute, but usually you are not free to study and change the source code, so most of it is not free software. See @@ -666,10 +694,11 @@ source code, so most of it is not free software. See Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li> </ol> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -687,13 +716,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -714,7 +743,7 @@ of this article.</p> There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> -<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015 +<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> <p> @@ -731,10 +760,10 @@ Modified versions may not be made. <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2015/06/02 12:55:15 $ +$Date: 2021/11/02 17:24:59 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> |