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diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/eldred-amicus.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/eldred-amicus.html index 107f3eb..28ddb50 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/eldred-amicus.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/eldred-amicus.html @@ -1,27 +1,44 @@ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.78 --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 --> +<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> +<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" --> +<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --> <title>FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae, Eldred v. Ashcroft - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> - +<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!-- +#content .emph-box { background: none; } +#content h3 { text-align: center; } +.signature { text-align: right; margin-right: 10%; } +.signature address { display: inline-block; text-align: left; font-style: normal; } +.infobox h4 { font-weight: normal; font-size: 1em; text-indent: -1em; } +.infobox ul, .infobox ul li { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } +--></style> <meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, GNU, Linux, freedom, software, power, rights, copyright, extension, opinion, eldred, ashcroft, mickey mouse, law, disney, sonny bono, retroactive, perpetual" /> <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" --> +<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> +<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --> +<div class="article reduced-width"> -<h2>FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae, Eldred v. Ashcroft</h2> - +<h2 class="c">FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae, Eldred v. Ashcroft</h2> <!-- original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds * revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan * with significant contributions from: Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others --> -<p> -[ This file is also available +<div class="infobox"> +<p class="c"> +[This document is also available in <a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.ps">PostScript</a> -and <a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.pdf">PDF</a> formats. ] +and <a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.pdf">PDF</a> formats.] </p> +</div> -<p style="text-align:center"> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="emph-box c" style="background: none"> +<p> No. 01-618 <br /> <br /> @@ -55,8 +72,9 @@ in Support of Petitioners</b> <br /> </p> -<ul> -<li>E<small>BEN </small>M<small>OGLEN</small> +<div class="signature"> +<address> +E<small>BEN </small>M<small>OGLEN</small> <br /> <i>Counsel of record</i> <br /> 435 West 116th Street @@ -65,12 +83,12 @@ New York, NY 10027 <br /> (212) 854-8382 <br /> <br /> Counsel for <i>Amicus Curiae</i> - -</li> -</ul> +</address> +</div> +</div> -<h3 style="text-align:center" -id="SECTION01000000000000000000">Question Presented</h3> +<div class="emph-box"> +<h3 id="SECTION01000000000000000000">Question Presented</h3> <ol> <li>Did the Court of Appeals err in holding that, under the Copyright @@ -78,45 +96,47 @@ Clause, Congress may indefinitely extend the term of existing copyrights by <i>seriatim</i> adoption of nominally “limited” extensions?</li> </ol> +</div> -<h4 id="SECTION02000000000000000000">Contents</h4> +<div class="toc"> +<h3 id="SECTION02000000000000000000">Contents</h3> <!--Table of Contents--> <ul> <li><a id="tex2html16" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION01000000000000000000">Question + href="#SECTION01000000000000000000">Question Presented</a></li> <li><a id="tex2html17" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION02000000000000000000">Contents</a></li> + href="#SECTION02000000000000000000">Contents</a></li> <li><a id="tex2html18" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION03000000000000000000">Table of + href="#SECTION03000000000000000000">Table of Authorities</a></li> <li><a id="tex2html19" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION04000000000000000000">Interest + href="#SECTION04000000000000000000">Interest of <i>Amicus Curiae</i></a></li> <li><a id="tex2html20" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION05000000000000000000">Summary of + href="#SECTION05000000000000000000">Summary of Argument</a></li> <li><a id="tex2html21" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06000000000000000000">Argument</a> + href="#SECTION06000000000000000000">Argument</a> <ul> <li><a id="tex2html22" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06010000000000000000">The Framers + href="#SECTION06010000000000000000">I. The Framers Intended Copyright to Be a Statutory Monopoly Awarded to Works of Authorship For A Strictly Limited Time</a></li> <li><a id="tex2html23" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06020000000000000000">The Historical + href="#SECTION06020000000000000000">II. The Historical Policy Embodied in the Copyright Clause is Absolutely Essential to Reconcile the Copyright Monopoly with the System of Free Expression</a> <ul> <li><a id="tex2html24" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06021000000000000000">Indefinite + href="#SECTION06021000000000000000">A. Indefinite Extension of the Term of Monopoly on Existing Works of Authorship is Incompatible with Both the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment</a></li> <li><a id="tex2html25" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06022000000000000000">The Fifth + href="#SECTION06022000000000000000">B. The Fifth Amendment Prohibits Legislative Action Such as This With Respect to Physical Property Rights, and There Is No Constitutional Justification for Permitting What Cannot Be Done with Mere Property @@ -124,99 +144,107 @@ copyrights by <i>seriatim</i> adoption of nominally </ul> </li> <li><a id="tex2html26" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06030000000000000000">Particular + href="#SECTION06030000000000000000">III. Particular Dangers of Abuse and Corruption Justify Strict Constitutional Scrutiny When the Term of Statutory Monopolies is Extended</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a id="tex2html27" - href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION07000000000000000000">Conclusion</a></li> + href="#SECTION07000000000000000000">Conclusion</a></li> </ul> <!--End of Table of Contents--> +</div> + +<div class="infobox c"> <h3 id="SECTION03000000000000000000">Table of Authorities</h3> -<p> +<div class="nocenter" style="display:inline-block"> +<h4> <i>Cases</i> -</p> +</h4> -<p> -Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919) 10 -<br /> +<ul> +<li>Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919) 10 +</li><li> Darcy v. Allen, (The Case of Monopolies), <br /> 11 Co. Rep. 84 (1603) 5 -<br /> +</li><li> Eldred v. Reno, 239 F.3d 372 (CADC 2001) 7, <i>passim</i> -<br /> +</li><li> Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone <br /> Service, Co., Inc., 499 U.S. 340 (1991) 7,11,12 -<br /> +</li><li> Goldstein v. California, 412 U.S. 546 (1973) 12 -<br /> +</li><li> Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation <br /> Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539 (1985) 9 -<br /> +</li><li> Hawaii Housing Authority v. <br /> Midkiff, 467 U.S. 229 (1984) 14 -<br /> +</li><li> New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) 10 -<br /> +</li><li> Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, <br /> 521 U.S. 844 (1997) 10 -<br /> +</li><li> San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. <br /> United States Olympic Committee, <br /> 483 U.S. 522 (1987) 9 -<br /> +</li><li> Schnapper v. Foley, 667 F.2d 102 (CADC 1981) 11 -<br /> +</li><li> Singer Mfg. Co. v. June Mfg. Co., 163 U.S. 169 (1896) 11 -<br /> +</li><li> Trademark Cases, 100 U.S. 82 (1879) 11 -<br /> +</li><li> West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, <br /> 319 U.S. 624 (1943) 10 -</p> +</li> +</ul> -<p> +<h4> <i>Constitutions, Statutes, and Regulations</i> -</p> +</h4> -<p> +<ul> +<li> U.S. Const. Art. I, §8, cl. 8 3, <i>passim</i> -<br /> +</li><li> U.S. Const. Amend. I 7, <i>passim</i> -<br /> +</li><li> U.S. Const. Amend. V 13,14 -<br /> +</li><li> Copyright Act of 1709 (Statute of Anne), <br /> 8 Anne, c. 19 6 -<br /> +</li><li> Copyright Act of 1790, 1 Stat. 124 6 -<br /> +</li><li> Sonny Bono Copyright Term <br /> Extension Act, Pub. L. No. 105-298, <br /> Title I, 112 Stat. 2827 3, <i>passim</i> -<br /> +</li><li> Statute of Monopolies, 21 Jac. I, c. 3 5 -</p> +</li> +</ul> -<p> +<h4> <i>Other Materials</i> -</p> +</h4> -<p> +<ul> +<li> Yochai Benkler, Free as the Air to Common <br /> Use: First Amendment Constraints on @@ -224,42 +252,47 @@ Use: First Amendment Constraints on Enclosure of the Public Domain, <br /> 74 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 354 (1999) 8 -<br /> +</li><li> William Blackstone, Commentaries on <br /> the Laws of England (1769) 5 -<br /> +</li><li> The Charter and General Laws of the Colony <br /> and Province of Massachusetts Bay (Boston, 1814) 6 -<br /> +</li><li> 144 Cong. Rec. H9951 (daily ed. Oct. 7, 1998) 3 -<br /> +</li><li> Thomas I. Emerson, The System of Freedom <br /> of Expression (1970) 9 -<br /> +</li><li> Max Farrand, The Records of the Federal <br /> Convention of 1787 (1937) 6 -<br /> +</li><li> George Lee Haskins, Law and Authority <br /> in Early Massachusetts (1960) 6 -<br /> +</li><li> Melville B. Nimmer, Does Copyright Abridge <br /> the First Amendment Guaranties of Free Speech <br /> and the Press?, 17 UCLA L. Rev. 1180 (1970) 8 -<br /> +</li><li> Mark Rose, Authors and Owners: <br /> The Invention of Copyright (1993) 6 -<br /> +</li><li> Cecily Violet Wedgwood, The King's Peace (1955) 5 -</p> +</li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<hr class="no-display" /> +<div class="emph-box c"> <p> No. 01-618 <br /> @@ -293,6 +326,7 @@ in Support of Petitioners</b> <br /> <br /> </p> +</div> <h3 id="SECTION04000000000000000000">Interest of <i>Amicus Curiae</i></h3> @@ -393,9 +427,9 @@ our tradition demand no less.</p> <h3 id="SECTION06000000000000000000">Argument</h3> -<h3 id="SECTION06010000000000000000">The Framers Intended Copyright +<h4 id="SECTION06010000000000000000">I. The Framers Intended Copyright to Be a Statutory Monopoly Awarded to Works of Authorship For A -Strictly Limited Time</h3> +Strictly Limited Time</h4> <p> The words “for limited Times” appear in the Copyright @@ -475,9 +509,9 @@ cessation of enlargements to the public domain, capped by the statute before the Court, which postpones the reversion on every single existing copyright for decades.</p> -<h3 id="SECTION06020000000000000000">The Historical Policy Embodied +<h4 id="SECTION06020000000000000000">II. The Historical Policy Embodied in the Copyright Clause is Absolutely Essential to Reconcile the -Copyright Monopoly with the System of Free Expression</h3> +Copyright Monopoly with the System of Free Expression</h4> <p> As important as the principle of limited time is in the general @@ -579,9 +613,9 @@ and in relation to the purposes established by the Copyright Clause itself, the Court of Appeals failed in its duty to protect the invaluable interests of the system of free expression.</p> -<h4 id="SECTION06021000000000000000">Indefinite Extension of the +<h5 id="SECTION06021000000000000000">A. Indefinite Extension of the Term of Monopoly on Existing Works of Authorship is Incompatible with -Both the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment</h4> +Both the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment</h5> <p> Precisely because the creation of exclusive rights in expressions @@ -660,11 +694,11 @@ result rejected by this Court in <i>Feist</i>: telephone directories are undeniably “writings” in the same crabbed sense that the term extension contained in the CTEA is “limited.”</p> -<h4 id="SECTION06022000000000000000">The Fifth Amendment Prohibits +<h5 id="SECTION06022000000000000000">B. The Fifth Amendment Prohibits Legislative Action Such as This With Respect to Physical Property Rights, and There Is No Constitutional Justification for Permitting What Cannot Be Done with Mere Property to be Done with Free -Expression</h4> +Expression</h5> <p> On the logic of the Court of Appeals' holding, which is apparently @@ -728,9 +762,9 @@ law in effect at the time the particular statutory monopolies at issue were granted, had it not been for unconstitutional Congressional interference.</p> -<h3 id="SECTION06030000000000000000">Particular Dangers of Abuse and +<h4 id="SECTION06030000000000000000">III. Particular Dangers of Abuse and Corruption Justify Strict Constitutional Scrutiny When the Term of -Statutory Monopolies is Extended</h3> +Statutory Monopolies is Extended</h4> <p> During the first century of our Republic, the term of copyright was @@ -778,13 +812,11 @@ decision of the Court of Appeals should be reversed.</p> <p> Respectfully submitted. -<br /> -<br /> -<br /> </p> -<ul> -<li>E<small>BEN </small>M<small>OGLEN</small> +<div class="signature"> +<address> +E<small>BEN </small>M<small>OGLEN</small> <br /> <i>Counsel of record</i> <br /> 435 West 116th Street @@ -793,12 +825,12 @@ New York, NY 10027 <br /> (212) 854-8382 <br /> <br /> Counsel for <i>Amicus Curiae</i> -</li> -</ul> +</address> +</div> +<div class="infobox"> <hr /> - -<ul> +<ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="foot151" href="#tex2html1"><sup>1</sup></a> Counsel for both parties have consented to the filing of this brief, and those consents have been filed with the Clerk of this Court. No counsel for @@ -827,11 +859,12 @@ mandated requirement of originality: Congress cannot elect to preserve books, films, or music by conveying to the conservator a statutory monopoly of copying and distribution lasting decades.</li> </ul> - +</div> +</div> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> -<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to @@ -849,13 +882,13 @@ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> - <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations -README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p> </div> @@ -886,10 +919,10 @@ notice, and the copyright notice, are preserved.</p> <p class="unprintable">Updated: <!-- timestamp start --> -$Date: 2020/12/08 22:02:36 $ +$Date: 2021/09/04 09:33:04 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> -</div> +</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> </body> </html> |