commit 8ce62852a9a4c3bde666082938eb84bc2ffcc258 parent b2e7752f13874446a0bb5daf1155fc99241e47f0 Author: Christian Grothoff <christian@grothoff.org> Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 23:17:45 +0100 cleanup Diffstat:
25 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 197 deletions(-)
diff --git a/2016-rff-website/gnunet.md b/2016-rff-website/gnunet.md @@ -1,128 +0,0 @@ -GNUnet -====== - -GNUnet is a mesh routing layer for end-to-end encrypted networking and a -framework for distributed applications designed to replace the old insecure -Internet protocol stack. - -In other words, GNUnet provides a strong foundation of free software for a -global, distributed network that provides security and privacy. Along with an -application for secure publication of files, it has grown to include all kinds -of basic applications for the foundation of a GNU internet. - -GNUnet is an official GNU package. GNUnet can be downloaded from [GNU](ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gnunet/) and the -[GNU mirrors](ftp://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/gnunet/). - -Why GNUnet? ------------ - -Security and privacy are virtually non-existant on today's Internet. Most -security protocols rely on some "trusted" third parties (such as certificate -authorities), which are frequently compromised. Traffic on the Internet is -routed and thus controlled by large providers, and easily censored (or blocked -entirely) at national borders. The originally decentralized web is increasingly -assimilated into services hosted at large advertising companies that mine it -for private information to be sold to advertisers. In all of these domains, -economics drives the creation of mega-corporations, which in turn has enabled -mass surveillance by authoritarian institutions. - -GNUnet's goal is to offer a way out of hierarchical networking, transitioning -into a network of equals. As each participant contributes a small amount of -resources to the common, GNUnet does not require users to give up their privacy -in order to use the network. In particular, peer-to-peer networks do not need -advertising revenue or other profits to function. However, merely -decentralizing the Internet is not sufficient, we also need security and -privacy. In fact, for individuals, privacy tends to be more important among -peers than vis-a-vis a faceless mega-corporation. Thus, GNUnet's focus is on -providing security while remaining fully decentralized. - -GNUnet is extensible and makes it easy to build new (peer-to-peer) -applications, or add alternative network transports to the base system. GNUnet -is not a classical overlay network, as GNUnet does not need TCP/IP to function: -while GNUnet peers can operate over classic Internet protocols like TCP or UDP, -they can also exchange information directly, for example over WLAN or -Bluetooth, without using IP at all. - -GNUnet and Research -------------------- - -GNUnet is not just an implementation effort, but also a research project. -Unlike many other research projects, our goal is to provide a working, -production-quality system (but we are not there yet). Providing security and -privacy in a fully decentralized setting is difficult, as many security -construction assume some kind of trusted third party. Furthermore, as GNUnet is -an open network, an adversary can actively participate. A strong adversary -might be able to run many peers, possibly even the majority of the peers. At -this point, even expensive security protocols that involve majorities fail. We -note that GNUnet does not have one "global" security model for all of its -applications; for that, our applications are too diverse in their designs and -requirements. However, we always build our components under the assumption that -there -are active, malicious participants in the network. - -Many of the key technical contributions behind GNUnet are described in detail -in our research papers. The following sections will briefly sketch some of the -key ideas for some of GNUnet's flagship applications. - - -Anonymous File-sharing ----------------------- - -Key ideas behind GNUnet's anonymous file-sharing application include an -improved content encoding (ECRS, the encoding for censorship resistant sharing) -and a new protocol for anonymous routing (gap). In gap, anonymity is provided -by making messages originating from a peer indistinguishable from messages that -the peer is routing. All peers act as routers and use link-encrypted -connections with stable bandwidth utilization to communicate with each other. -Properties of the content encoding and the routing protocol allow GNUnet to -reward contributing peers with better service using an excess-based economic -model for resource allocation. As a result, peers in GNUnet monitor each others -behavior with respect to resource usage; peers that contribute to the network -are rewarded with better service. - - -The GNU Name System -------------------- - -The GNU Name System (GNS) is a fully decentralized and censorship-resistant -public key infrastructure. Names in GNS are personal, as each user is in full -control of his ".gnu" zone. Users can delegate subdomains to the namespaces of -other users, and resolve each other's names using a privacy-preserving, -censorship-resistant secure network lookup mechanism. GNS is interoperable with -DNS, and can be used as an alternative to the X.509 PKI or the Web-of-Trust. - - -SecuShare ---------- - -Using GNS for identity management, we are currently starting to build the -foundation for fully decentralized social networking with SecuShare. Key design -goals include never storing (or transmitting) unencrypted data at third -parties, and the use of the PSYC protocol for semantic extensibility, that is, -to allow smooth migration of data to new revisions of the protocol. SecuShare -is still in its infancy, while we have worked out large parts of the design -much more code will need to be written before it can be used. Help is very -welcome. You can find additional details on the Secushare.org website. - - -Conclusion ----------- - -GNUnet continues to expand in scope and improve both in terms of technical -ideas and implementation, often thanks to discussions with developers from -related projects, such as Tor or I2P. We collaborate with these (and many -other) projects whenever it makes technical sense, as we share the same ideals -and goals: secure, private networking using free software to safeguard a free -and open society. - -While we believe that GNUnet is (or at least will become) the best solution for -(anonymous) file-sharing, GNUnet is much more than this. Our developers have -the ambition to provide a good general infrastructure for developing a wide -range of new decentralized networking applications, possibly to the point of -replacing the Internet as it is known today with a GNU network that embodies -the ideals of the GNU project. - -However, certain applications are not within the scope of the GNUnet project. -In particular, users that are looking for faster, non-anonymous file-sharing or -to anonymize their HTTP traffic should probably look elsewhere, as our goal is -not to duplicate existing applications. diff --git a/2016-rff-website/taler.md b/2016-rff-website/taler.md @@ -1,69 +0,0 @@ -[GNU Taler](https://taler.net) is a new digital payment system whose -development is currently co-funded by the RFF. GNU Taler aims to strike a -balance between radically decentralized technologies such as Bitcoin and -traditional payment methods while satisfying stricter ethical requirements such -as customer privacy, taxation of merchants and environmental consciousness -through efficiency. GNU Taler also addresses micropayments, which are infeasible -with currently used payment systems due to high transaction costs. - -Addressing the problem of micropayments is urgent. The overwhelming majority of -online journalists, bloggers and content creators currently depend on -advertisement revenue for their income. The recent surge of ad-blocking -technology is threatening to destroy this primary source of income for many -independent online journalists and bloggers. Furthermore the existing -advertisement industry is based on the Big Data business model, and users do -not only pay with their attention but also with private information about their -behavior. This threatens to move our society towards post-democracy. Our goal -is to empower consumers and content creators by giving the choice to opt for -micropayments instead of advertisement. - -Unlike many recent developments in the field of privacy-preserving online -payments, GNU Taler is not based on blockchain technology, but on Chaum-style -digital payments with additional constructions based on elliptic curve -cryptography. Our work addresses practical problems that previous incarnations -of Chaum-style digital payments suffered from. The system is entirely composed -of free software components, which facilitates adoption, standardization and -community involvement. - -From the consumer's perspective, Taler's payment model comes closer to the -expectations one has when paying with cash than with credit cards. Customers -do not need to authenticate themselves with personally identifying information -to the merchant or the payment processor. Instead, individual payments are -authorized locally on the customer's computing device. This rules out a number -of security issues associated with identity theft. We expect that this will -also lower the barrier for online transactions due to the lower risk for the -customer. With current payment solutions, the risk of identity theft -accumulates with every payment being made. With our payment system, the only -risk involved with each individual payment is the amount being payed for that -single transaction. - -In Taler, the paying customer is only required to disclose minimal private -information (as required by local law), while the merchant's transactions are -completely transparent to the state and thus taxable. Taxable merely means -that the state can obtain the necessary information about the contract to levy -common forms of income, sales or value-added taxes, not that the system imposes -any particular tax code. When customers pay, they use anonymized digital -payment tokens to sign a contract with the merchant. The digitally signed -contract is proposed by the merchant and is supposed to contain all the -information required for taxation -- which typically excludes the identity of -the customer. The Taler payment system operator will wire funds to the -merchant's bank account after the merchant presented the tokens of value signed -by the customer. The state can obtain the contract by following a chain of -cryptographic tokens, starting from a token in the wire transfer from the Taler -payment system operator to the merchant. The payment system operator only -learns the total value of a contract, but no further details about the contract -or customer. - -To pay with GNU Taler, customers need to install an electronic wallet on their -computing device. Once such a wallet is present, the fact that the user does -not have to authenticate to pay fundamentally improves usability. We already -see today that electronic wallets like GooglePay are being deployed to simplify -payments online. However, the dominant players mostly simplify credit card -transactions without actually improving privacy or security for citizens. GNU -Taler is privacy-preserving free software and both technically and legally -designed to protect the interests of its users. - -A demo of an online blog that uses GNU Taler is available at -<https://demo.taler.net/>. 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