1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
|
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
<title>The GNU Operating System
- GNU project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<style type="text/css" media="print,screen">
<!--
#dynamic-duo { display: none; }
@media (min-width: 48em) {
#dynamic-duo {
display: block;
float: right;
width: 20em;
max-width: 40%;
text-align: center;
padding: .9em;
margin: .3em 0 1em 1.5em;
background: #f9f9f9;
border: .3em solid #acc890;
}
#dynamic-duo p strong {
font-size: 1.3em;
}
#dynamic-duo img { width: 100%; }
}
-->
<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX = /[.](ar|fa|he)/" -->
<!--
@media (min-width: 48em) {
#dynamic-duo {
float: left;
margin: .3em 1.5em 1em 0;
}
} -->
<!--#endif -->
</style>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>The GNU Operating System</h2>
<div id="dynamic-duo">
<p><strong>Download distributions</strong></p>
<p><a href="/distros/free-distros.html">
<img src="/graphics/gnu-and-penguin-color-300x276.jpg" alt="GNU and Linux" /></a></p>
<p><em>If you're looking for a whole system to
install, see our <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">list of
GNU/Linux distributions which are entirely free software</a>.</em></p>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">About the GNU Operating System</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">A historical overview of GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">A more detailed history of GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">The initial announcement</a>
of the project</li>
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-structure.html">The Structure and
Administration of the GNU Project</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">The GNU Manifesto</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/byte-interview.html">BYTE interview with Richard
Stallman</a> (1986)</li>
<li><a href="/gnu/rms-lisp.html">My Lisp Experiences and the
Development of GNU Emacs</a> (by Richard Stallman)</li>
<li><a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEFDE123AF932A25752C0A96F948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1">
One Man's Fight for Free Software</a>, an article about Richard
Stallman and the early GNU development, published at <cite>The
New York Times</cite> on January 11, 1989. One problem with the
article is that it uses the propaganda term “intellectual
property” as if that referred to something coherent. The
term is such a confusion that talking about it <a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">makes no sense</a>. The article
is also somewhat confused in regard to Symbolics. What Stallman
did, while still working at MIT, was to write, independently,
replacement improvements comparable to the improvements that
Symbolics made in its version of the MIT Lisp Machine
System.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html">15 Years
of Free Software</a> (1999)</li>
</ul>
<p>Here are two postings that Stallman wrote for a bulletin board at
Stanford while he was visiting there in May, 1983. They show some of
his thinking on the way towards launching the development of the GNU
system. They don't use the term “free software”;
apparently he had not yet started to put those two words together.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/gnu/why-programs-should-be-shared.html">Why Programs
Should be Shared</a> (1983)</li>
<li><a href="/gnu/yes-give-it-away.html">Yes, Give It Away</a>
(1983)</li>
</ul>
<h3><a id="gnulinux"></a>GNU and Linux</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">The relationship between GNU
and Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why the ‘Linux
system’ should be called GNU/Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who
Have Never Heard of GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">A GNU/Linux FAQ</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><a id="misc"></a>Other GNU-related resources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group_list">GNU/Linux,
GNU/Hurd, and free software user groups</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><a id="elsewhere"></a>GNU elsewhere</h3>
<h4><a id="asteroid"></a>(9965) GNU</h4>
<p>Main-belt
asteroid <a href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=9965">(9965)
GNU</a>, provisionally designated as 1992 EF<sub>2</sub>, was named
after the GNU project in
the <a href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2000/MPC_20001111.pdf">Minor
Planet Circular 41571</a>. The asteroid was discovered at Kitt Peak by
Spacewatch on the 5<sup>th</sup> March 1992.</p>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
<p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
document was modified, or published.
If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
<p>Copyright © 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
$Date: 2020/05/06 01:00:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
|
