path: root/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/gnu-linux-faq.html

<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
<title>GNU/Linux FAQ
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2 class="c">GNU/Linux FAQ</h2>

<address class="byline c">by Richard Stallman</address>

<div class="reduced-width">
<hr class="no-display" />
<div class="announcement">
<p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read
our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>, our
 page on <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a>
and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU
Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p>
</div>
<hr class="thin" />

<div class="article">
<p>
When people see that we use and recommend the name GNU/Linux for a
system that many others call just &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, they ask many questions.
Here are common questions, and our answers.</p>

<ul>

<li><a href="#why">Why do you call the system we use GNU/Linux and not Linux?</a></li>

<li><a href="#whycare">Why is the name important?</a></li>

<li><a href="#what">What is the real relationship between GNU and Linux?</a></li>

<li><a href="#howerror">How did it come about that most
    people call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#always">Should we always say
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; instead of &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#linuxalone">Would Linux have achieved
    the same success if there had been no GNU?</a></li>

<li><a href="#divide">Wouldn't it be better for the
    community if you did not divide people with this request?</a></li>

<li><a href="#freespeech">Doesn't the GNU project
    support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
    any name that individual chooses?</a></li>

<li><a href="#everyoneknows">Since everyone
    knows the role of GNU in developing the system, doesn't the
    &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo; in the name go without saying?</a></li>

<li><a href="#everyoneknows2">Since I know the role of
    GNU in this system, why does it matter what name I use?</a></li>

<li><a href="#windows">Isn't shortening
    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; just like
    shortening &ldquo;Microsoft Windows&rdquo; to
    &ldquo;Windows&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#tools">Isn't GNU a collection of programming
    tools that were included in Linux?</a></li>

<li><a href="#osvskernel">What is the difference between an operating
    system and a kernel?</a></li>

<li><a href="#house">The kernel of a system is like the foundation
    of a house.  How can a house be almost complete when it doesn't have a
    foundation?</a></li>

<li><a href="#brain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the
    system?</a></li>

<li><a href="#kernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel
    most of the work in an operating system?</a></li>

<li><a href="#nokernel">An operating system requires a kernel.
    Since the GNU Project didn't develop a kernel, how can
    the system be GNU?</a></li>

<li><a href="#notinstallable">How can GNU be an
    operating system, if I can't get something called &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
    and install it?</a></li>

<li><a href="#afterkernel">We're calling the whole
    system after the kernel, Linux.  Isn't it normal to name an
    operating system after a kernel?</a></li>

<li><a href="#feel">Can another system have &ldquo;the
    feel of Linux&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#long">The problem with
    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is that it is too long.  How about
    recommending a shorter name?</a></li>

<li><a href="#long1">How about calling the system
    &ldquo;GliNUx&rdquo; (instead of &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;)?</a></li>

<li><a href="#long2">The problem with
    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is that it is too long.  Why should
    I go to the trouble of saying &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#long3">Unfortunately,
    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is five syllables. People won't use such a
    long term. Shouldn't you find a shorter one?</a></li>

<li><a href="#long4">Stallman doesn't ask us to call him
    &ldquo;Richard Matthew Stallman&rdquo; every the time.
    So why ask us to say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; every time?</a></li>

<li><a href="#justgnu">Since Linux is a secondary
    contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system
    simply &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#trademarkfee">I would have to pay a
    fee if I use &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; in the name of a product, and
    that would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  Is it
    wrong if I use &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; without &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, to
    save the fee?</a></li>

<li><a href="#many">Many other projects contributed to the
    system as it is today; it includes TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many
    more programs.  Don't your arguments imply we have to give them
    credit too?  (But that would lead to a name so long it is
    absurd.)</a></li>

<li><a href="#systemd">systemd plays an important role in the GNU/Linux
    system as it is today; are we obligated to call it
    GNU/systemd/Linux?</a></li>

<li><a href="#others">Many other projects contributed to
    the system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it
    XYZ/Linux.  Why should we treat GNU specially?</a></li>

<li><a href="#allsmall">GNU is a small fraction of the system
    nowadays, so why should we mention it?</a></li>

<li><a href="#manycompanies">Many companies
    contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean
    we ought to call it GNU/Red&nbsp;Hat/Novell/Linux?</a></li>

<li><a href="#whyslash">Why do you write
    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; instead of &ldquo;GNU
    Linux&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#pronounce">How is the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
pronounced?</a></li>

<li><a href="#whynoslash">Why do you write
    &ldquo;GNU Emacs&rdquo; rather than &ldquo;GNU/Emacs&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#whyorder">Why &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
rather than &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#distronames0">My distro's developers call it
    &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;, but that doesn't say anything about
    what the system consists of.  Why shouldn't they call it whatever
    they like?</a></li>

<li><a href="#distronames">My distro is called
    &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; doesn't that show it's really
    Linux?</a></li>

<li><a href="#distronames1">My distro's official
    name is &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; isn't it wrong to call the
    distro anything but &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#companies">Wouldn't it be more
    effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
    call their distributions &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; rather than
    asking individuals?</a></li>

<li><a href="#reserve">Wouldn't it be better to
    reserve the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; for distributions that
    are purely free software?  After all, that is the ideal of
    GNU.</a></li>

<li><a href="#gnudist">Why not make a GNU distribution of
    Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux?</a></li>

<li><a href="#linuxgnu">Why not just say &ldquo;Linux
    is the GNU kernel&rdquo; and release some existing version of
    GNU/Linux under the name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#condemn">Did the GNU Project condemn and
    oppose use of Linux in the early days?</a></li>

<li><a href="#wait">Why did you wait so long before
    asking people to use the name GNU/Linux?</a></li>

<li><a href="#allgpled">Should the GNU/<i>name</i> convention
    be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed?</a></li>

<li><a href="#unix">Since much of GNU comes from Unix,
    shouldn't GNU give credit to Unix by using &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; in
    its name?</a></li>

<li><a href="#bsd">Should we say &ldquo;GNU/BSD&rdquo;
too?</a></li>

<li><a href="#othersys">If I install the GNU tools on
    Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows system?</a></li>

<li><a href="#justlinux">Can't Linux be used without
GNU?</a></li>

<li><a href="#howmuch">How much of the GNU system
is needed for the system to be GNU/Linux?</a></li>

<li><a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems [sic] without GNU?</a></li>

<li><a href="#usegnulinuxandandroid">Is it correct to say &ldquo;using
    Linux&rdquo; if it refers to using GNU/Linux and using Android?</a></li>

<li><a href="#helplinus">Why not call the system
    &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as
    posterboy for our community?</a></li>

<li><a href="#claimlinux">Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus
    Torvalds' work as GNU?</a></li>

<li><a href="#linusagreed">Does Linus Torvalds
    agree that Linux is just the kernel?</a></li>

<li><a href="#finishhurd">Why not finish
    the GNU Hurd kernel, release the GNU system as a whole,
    and forget the question of what to call GNU/Linux?</a></li>

<li><a href="#lost">The battle is already
    lost&mdash;society has made its decision and we can't change it,
    so why even think about it?</a></li>

<li><a href="#whatgood">Society has made its decision
    and we can't change it, so what good does it do if I say
    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#explain">Wouldn't it be better to call
    the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; and teach people its real origin
    with a ten-minute explanation?</a></li>

<li><a href="#treatment">Some people laugh at you when
    you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  Why do you subject yourself
    to this treatment?</a></li>

<li><a href="#alienate">Some people condemn you when you
    ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  Don't you lose by
    alienating them?</a></li>

<li><a href="#rename">Whatever you contributed,
    is it legitimate to rename the operating system?</a></li>

<li><a href="#force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call
    the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#whynotsue">Why not sue people who call
    the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#BSDlicense">Since you objected to the original
    BSD license's advertising requirement to give credit to the University of
    California, isn't it hypocritical to demand credit for the GNU project?</a></li>

<li><a href="#require">Shouldn't you put something in
    the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
    &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?</a></li>

<li><a href="#deserve">Since you failed to put
    something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
    &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, you deserve what happened; why are you
    complaining now?</a></li>

<li><a href="#contradict">Wouldn't you be better off
    not contradicting what so many people believe?</a></li>

<li><a href="#somanyright">Since many people call it
    &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, doesn't that make it right?</a></li>

<li><a href="#knownname">Isn't it better to call the
    system by the name most users already know?</a></li>

<li><a href="#winning">Many people care about what's convenient or
    who's winning, not about arguments of right or wrong.  Couldn't you
    get more of their support by a different road?</a></li>

</ul>
<hr class="thin" />

<dl>

<dt id="why">Why do you call the system we use GNU/Linux and not
    Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#why">#why</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>Most operating system distributions based on Linux as kernel are
basically modified versions of the GNU operating system.  We began
developing GNU in 1984, years before Linus Torvalds started to write
his kernel.  Our goal was to develop a complete free operating system.
Of course, we did not develop all the parts ourselves&mdash;but we led the way.
We developed most of the central components, forming the largest single
contribution to the whole system.  The basic vision was ours too.
<p>
In fairness, we ought to get at least equal mention.</p>

<p>See <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU System</a>
and <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who Have
Never Heard of GNU</a> for more explanation, and <a
href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">The GNU Project</a> for the
history.</p> </dd>

<dt id="whycare">Why is the name
    important? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whycare">#whycare</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>Although the developers of Linux, the kernel, are contributing to
the free software community, many of them do not care about freedom.
People who think the whole system is Linux tend to get confused and
assign to those developers a role in the history of our community
which they did not actually play.  Then they give inordinate weight to
those developers' views.
<p>
Calling the system GNU/Linux recognizes the role that our idealism
played in building our community, and
<a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">helps the public recognize the
practical importance of these ideals</a>.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="what">What is the real relationship between GNU and Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#what">#what</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>The GNU operating system and the Linux kernel are separate
software projects that do complementary jobs.  Typically they are
packaged in a <a href="/distros/distros.html">GNU/Linux distribution</a>, and used
together.</dd>

<dt id="howerror">How did it come about that most
    people call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#howerror">#howerror</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>Calling the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; is a confusion that has spread faster
than the corrective information.
<p>
The people who combined Linux with the GNU system were not aware that
that's what their activity amounted to.  They focused their attention
on the piece that was Linux and did not realize that more of the
combination was GNU.  They started calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; even though that
name did not fit what they had.  It took a few years for us to realize
what a problem this was and ask people to correct the practice.  By
that time, the confusion had a big head start.</p>
<p>
Most of the people who call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; have never heard why
that's not the right thing.  They saw others using that name and
assume it must be right.  The name &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; also spreads a false
picture of the system's origin, because people tend to suppose that
the system's history was such as to fit that name.  For
instance, they often believe its development was started by Linus
Torvalds in 1991.  This false picture tends to reinforce the idea
that the system should be called &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.</p>
<p>
Many of the questions in this file represent people's attempts to
justify the name they are accustomed to using.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="always">Should we always say
    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; instead of &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#always">#always</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Not always&mdash;only when you're talking about the whole system.  When
you're referring specifically to the kernel, you should call it
&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, the name its developer chose.
<p>
When people call the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, as a consequence
they call the whole system by the same name as the kernel.
This causes many kinds of confusion, because only experts can tell
whether a statement is about the kernel or the whole system.
By calling the whole system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and calling the kernel
&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, you avoid the ambiguity.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="linuxalone">Would Linux have
    achieved the same success if there had been no
    GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#linuxalone">#linuxalone</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
In that alternative world, there would be nothing today like the
GNU/Linux system, and probably no free operating system at all.  No
one attempted to develop a free operating system in the 1980s except
the GNU Project and (later) Berkeley CSRG, which had been specifically
asked by the GNU Project to start freeing its code.
<p>
Linus Torvalds was partly influenced by a speech about GNU in Finland
in 1990.  It's possible that even without this influence he might have
written a Unix-like kernel, but it probably would not have been free
software.  Linux became free in 1992 when Linus rereleased it under
the GNU GPL.  (See the release notes for version 0.12.)</p>
<p>
Even if Torvalds had released Linux under some other free software
license, a free kernel alone would not have made much difference to
the world.  The significance of Linux came from  fitting into a larger
framework, a complete free operating system: GNU/Linux.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="divide">Wouldn't it be better for the
    community if you did not divide people with this request? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#divide">#divide</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
When we ask people to say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, we are not dividing people.  We
are asking them to give the GNU Project credit for the GNU operating
system.  This does not criticize anyone or push anyone away.
<p>
However, there are people who do not like our saying this.  Sometimes
those people push us away in response.  On occasion they are so rude
that one wonders if they are intentionally trying to intimidate us
into silence.  It doesn't silence us, but it does tend to divide the
community, so we hope you can convince them to stop.</p>
<p>
However, this is only a secondary cause of division in our community.
The largest division in the community is between people who appreciate
free software as a social and ethical issue and consider proprietary
software a social problem (supporters of the free software movement),
and those who cite only practical benefits and present free software
only as an efficient development model (the open source movement).</p>
<p>
This disagreement is not just a matter of names&mdash;it is a matter
of differing basic values.  It is essential for the community to see
and think about this disagreement.  The names &ldquo;free
software&rdquo; and &ldquo;open source&rdquo; are the banners of the
two positions.
See <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why Open
Source misses the point of Free Software</a>.</p>
<p>
The disagreement over values partially aligns with the amount of
attention people pay to the GNU Project's role in our community.
People who value freedom are more likely to call the system
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and people who learn that the system is &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; are
more likely to pay attention to our philosophical arguments for
freedom and community (which is why the choice of name for the system
makes a real difference for society).  However, the disagreement would
probably exist even if everyone knew the system's real origin and its
proper name, because the issue is a real one.  It can only go away if
we who value freedom either persuade everyone (which won't be easy) or
are defeated entirely (let's hope not).</p>
</dd>

<dt id="freespeech">Doesn't the GNU project
          support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
          any name that individual chooses? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#freespeech">#freespeech</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Yes, indeed, we believe you have a free speech right to call the
operating system by any name you wish.  We ask that people call it
GNU/Linux as a matter of doing justice to the GNU project, to promote
the values of freedom that GNU stands for, and to inform others that
those values of freedom brought the system into existence.
</dd>

<dt id="everyoneknows">Since everyone knows the role
    of GNU in developing the system, doesn't the &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo; in the
    name go without saying? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#everyoneknows">#everyoneknows</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>Experience shows that the system's users, and the computer-using
public in general, often know nothing about the GNU system.  Most
articles about the system do not mention the name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, or the ideals
that GNU stands for.  <a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who Have Never
Heard of GNU</a> explains further.
<p>
The people who say this are probably geeks thinking of the geeks they
know.  Geeks often do know about GNU, but many have a completely wrong
idea of what GNU is.  For instance, many think it is a collection
of <a href="#tools">&ldquo;tools&rdquo;</a>, or a project to develop tools.</p>
<p>
The wording of this question, which is typical, illustrates another
common misconception.  To speak of &ldquo;GNU's role&rdquo; in developing
something assumes that GNU is a group of people.  GNU is an operating
system.  It would make sense to talk about the GNU Project's role in
this or some other activity, but not that of GNU.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="everyoneknows2">Since I know the role of GNU in this system,
    why does it matter what name I use? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#everyoneknows2">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
If your words don't reflect your knowledge, you don't teach others.
Most people who have heard of the GNU/Linux system think it is
&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that
it was intended to be &ldquo;open source&rdquo;.  If you don't tell
them, who will?
</dd>

<dt id="windows">Isn't shortening &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
    to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; just like shortening &ldquo;Microsoft Windows&rdquo; to &ldquo;Windows&rdquo;? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#windows">#windows</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
It's useful to shorten a frequently-used name, but not if the
abbreviation is misleading.
<p>
Almost everyone in developed countries really does know that the
&ldquo;Windows&rdquo; system is made by Microsoft, so shortening &ldquo;Microsoft
Windows&rdquo; to &ldquo;Windows&rdquo; does not mislead anyone as to that system's
nature and origin.  Shortening &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; does give the
wrong idea of where the system comes from.</p>
<p>
The question is itself misleading because GNU and Microsoft are
not the same kind of thing.  Microsoft is a company;
GNU is an operating system.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="tools">Isn't GNU a collection of
    programming tools that were included in Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#tools">#tools</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
People who think that Linux is an entire operating system, if they
hear about GNU at all, often get a wrong idea of what GNU is.  They
may think that GNU is the name of a collection of programs&mdash;often they
say &ldquo;programming tools&rdquo;, since some of our programming tools became
popular on their own.  The idea that &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; is the name of an operating
system is hard to fit into a conceptual framework in which that
operating system is labeled &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
<p>
The GNU Project was named after the GNU operating system&mdash;it's the project
to develop the GNU system.  (See <a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">the 1983 initial announcement</a>.)</p>
<p>
We developed programs such as GCC, GNU Emacs, GAS, GLIBC, BASH, etc.,
because we needed them for the GNU operating system.  GCC, the GNU
Compiler Collection is the compiler that we wrote for the GNU
operating system.  We, the many people working on the GNU Project,
developed Ghostscript, GNUCash, GNU Chess and GNOME for the GNU system
too.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="osvskernel">What is the difference
between an operating system and a kernel? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#osvskernel">#osvskernel</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
An operating system, as we use the term, means a collection of
programs that are sufficient to use the computer to do a wide variety
of jobs.  A general purpose operating system, to be complete, ought to
handle all the jobs that many users may want to do.
<p>
The kernel is one of the programs in an operating system&mdash;the program
that allocates the machine's resources to the other programs that are
running.  The kernel also takes care of starting and stopping other
programs.</p>
<p>
To confuse matters, some people use the term &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; to
mean &ldquo;kernel&rdquo;.  Both uses of the term go back many years.  The
use of &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; to mean &ldquo;kernel&rdquo; is found in a number of
textbooks on system design, going back to the 80s.  At the same time,
in the 80s, the &ldquo;Unix operating system&rdquo; was understood to include all
the system programs, and Berkeley's version of Unix included even
games. Since we intended GNU to be a Unix-like operating system, we
use the term &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; in the same way.</p>
<p>
Most of the time when people speak of the &ldquo;Linux operating system&rdquo;
they are using &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; in the same sense we use: they mean
the whole collection of programs.  If that's what you are referring
to, please call it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  If you mean just the kernel, then
&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; is the right name for it, but please say &ldquo;kernel&rdquo; also to
avoid ambiguity about which body of software you mean.</p>
<p>
If you prefer to use some other term such as &ldquo;system distribution&rdquo; for
the entire collection of programs, instead of &ldquo;operating system&rdquo;,
that's fine.  Then you would talk about GNU/Linux system
distributions.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="house">The kernel of a system is like the foundation of a
    house.  How can a house be almost complete when it doesn't have a
    foundation? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#house">#house</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
A kernel is not much like the foundation of a house because building
an operating system is not much like building a house.

<p>A house is built from lots of little general parts that are cut and
put together in situ.  They have to be put together from the bottom
up.  Thus, when the foundation has not been built, no substantial part
has been built; all you have is a hole in the ground.</p>

<p>
By contrast, an operating system consists of complex
components that can be developed in any order.  When you have
developed most of the components, most of the work is done.  This is
much more like the International Space Station than like a house.  If
most of the Space Station modules were in orbit but awaiting one other
essential module, that would be like the GNU system in 1992.
</p>
</dd>

<dt id="brain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#brain">#brain</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
A computer system is not much like a human body,
and no part of it plays a role comparable to that of
the brain in a human.
</dd>

<dt id="kernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an
operating system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#kernelmost">#kernelmost</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
No, many components take a lot of work.
</dd>

<dt id="nokernel">An operating system requires a kernel.
    Since the GNU Project didn't develop a kernel, how can
    the system be GNU?<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#nokernel">#nokernel</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
The people who argue that way for calling the system
&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; are using a double standard.  An operating system
requires compilers, editors, window systems, libraries, and much more
&mdash; hundreds of programs, even to match what BSD systems included
in 1983.  Since Torvalds didn't develop any of those, how can the
system be &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?

<p>
That standard is too strict, not the right way to judge the
contributions of any contributor.</p>

<p>
Linus Torvalds made an important contribution to the operating system
we use; the GNU Project started earlier and contributed much more.
The name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; gives credit to each.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="notinstallable">How can GNU be an
    operating system, if I can't get something called &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
    and install it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#notinstallable">#notinstallable</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
Many <a href="/distros/distros.html"> packaged and installable
versions of GNU</a> are available.  None of them is called simply
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, but GNU is what they basically are.

<p>
We expected to release the GNU system packaged for installation, but
this plan was overtaken by events: in 1992 others were already
packaging GNU variants containing Linux.  Starting in 1993 we
sponsored an effort to make a better and freer GNU/Linux distribution,
called <a href="/distros/common-distros.html#Debian">Debian
GNU/Linux</a>.  The founder of Debian had already chosen that name.
We did not ask him to call it just &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; because that was
to be the name of a system version with the GNU Hurd kernel&mdash;which
wasn't ready yet.</p>

<p>
The GNU Hurd kernel never became sufficiently ready; we only recommend
it to those interested in working on it.  So we never packaged GNU
with the GNU Hurd kernel.  However, Debian packaged this combination
as Debian GNU/Hurd.</p>

<p>
We are now developing an advanced Scheme-based package manager called
Guix and a complete system distribution based on it called the
<a href="/software/guix">Guix System Distribution</a> or GuixSD.
This includes repackaging a substantial part of the GNU system.</p>

<p>
We never took the last step of packaging GNU under the name
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, but that doesn't alter what kind of thing GNU is.
GNU is an operating system.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="afterkernel">We're calling the
    whole system after the kernel, Linux.  Isn't it normal to name an
    operating system after a kernel? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#afterkernel">#afterkernel</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
That practice seems to be very rare&mdash;we can't find any examples other
than the misuse of the name &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Normally an operating system is
developed as a single unified project, and the developers choose a
name for the system as a whole.  The kernel usually does not have a
name of its own&mdash;instead, people say &ldquo;the kernel of such-and-such&rdquo; or
&ldquo;the such-and-such kernel&rdquo;.
<p>
Because those two constructions are used synonymously, the expression
&ldquo;the Linux kernel&rdquo; can easily be misunderstood as meaning &ldquo;the kernel
of Linux&rdquo; and implying that Linux must be more than a kernel.  You can
avoid the possibility of this misunderstanding by saying or writing
&ldquo;the kernel, Linux&rdquo; or &ldquo;Linux, the kernel.&rdquo;</p>
</dd>

<dt id="feel">Can another system have &ldquo;the
    feel of Linux&rdquo;? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#feel">#feel</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
There is no such thing as the &ldquo;feel of Linux&rdquo; because
Linux has no user interfaces.  Like any modern kernel, Linux is a base
for running programs; user interfaces belong elsewhere in the system.
Human interaction with GNU/Linux always goes through other programs,
and the &ldquo;feel&rdquo; comes from them.
</dd>

<dt id="long">The problem with &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is that it is too long.
    How about recommending a shorter name? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long">#long</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
For a while we tried the name &ldquo;LiGNUx&rdquo;, which combines the words &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
and &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  The reaction was very bad.  People accept &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
much better.
<p>
The shortest legitimate name for this system is &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, but
we call it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; <a href="#justgnu"> for the reasons
given below</a>.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="long1">How about calling the system
    &ldquo;GliNUx&rdquo; (instead of &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;)?
   <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long1">#long1</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
<p>The name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; does not visibly appear in
&ldquo;Glinux,&rdquo; so most people would not notice it is there.
Even if it is capitalized as &ldquo;GliNUx,&rdquo; most people would
not realize that it contains a reference to GNU.</p>

<p>It would be comparable to writing &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; but
putting &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo; in print so small that most people could
not read it.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="long2">The problem with &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is that it is too long.
    Why should I go to the trouble of saying &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo;?
    <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long2">#long2</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
<p>It only takes a second to say or type &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo;.  If you
appreciate the system that we developed, can't you take one second
to recognize our work?</p>
</dd>

<dt id="long3">Unfortunately, &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is five
  syllables. People won't use such a long term. Shouldn't you find a
  shorter one?
  <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long3">#long3</a>)</span></dt>
<dd><p>Actually, &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is only four syllables.
  &ldquo;Unfortunately&rdquo; is five syllables, yet people show no
  sign of reluctance to use that word.</p></dd>

<dt id="long4">Stallman doesn't ask us to call him
    &ldquo;Richard Matthew Stallman&rdquo; every the time.
    So why ask us to say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; every time?
  <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long4">#long4</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Omitting &ldquo;Matthew&rdquo; does not misrepresent anything
important about Stallman's nature, origin, ideas or purpose.  Omitting
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; does misrepresent those things about the GNU/Linux
system.</p>

<p>This is an example of a frequent way of hiding a fallacy: to bury
it inside a misleading analogy.  A better analogy would be, &ldquo;Why
shouldn't we call Stallman &lsquo;Torvalds&rsquo;?&rdquo;
</p></dd>

<dt id="justgnu">Since Linux is a secondary
    contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system simply
    &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justgnu">#justgnu</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
It would not be false to the facts, but it is not the best thing to
do.  Here are the reasons we call that system version &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
rather than just &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;:

<ul>
<li>
It's not exactly GNU&mdash;it has a different kernel (that is, Linux).
Distinguishing GNU/Linux from GNU is useful.</li>
<li>
It would be ungentlemanly to ask people to <em>stop</em> giving any
credit to Linus Torvalds.  He did write an important component of the
system.  We want to get credit for launching and sustaining the
system's development, but this doesn't mean we should treat Linus the
same way those who call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; treat us.  We strongly
disagree with his political views, but we deal with that disagreement
honorably and openly, rather than by trying to cut him out of the
credit for his contribution to the system.</li>
<li>
Since many people know of the system as &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, if we say &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; they
may simply not recognize we're talking about the same system.  If we
say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, they can make a connection to what they have heard
about.</li>
</ul><p></p>
</dd>

<dt id="trademarkfee">I would have
    to pay a fee if I use &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; in the name of a product, and that
    would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  Is it wrong if I use &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
    without &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, to save the fee? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
There's nothing wrong in calling the system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;; basically, that's
what it is.  It is nice to give Linus Torvalds a share of the credit
as well, but you have no obligation to pay for the privilege of doing
so.
<p>
So if you want to refer to the system simply as &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, to avoid paying
the fee for calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, we won't criticize you.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="many">Many other projects contributed to
    the system as it is today; it includes TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many
    more programs.  Don't your arguments imply we have to give them credit
    too?  (But that would lead to a name so long it is
    absurd.) <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#many">#many</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
What we say is that you ought to give the system's principal developer
a share of the credit.  The principal developer is the GNU Project,
and the system is basically GNU.
<p>
If you feel even more strongly about giving credit where it is due,
you might feel that some secondary contributors also deserve credit in
the system's name.  If so, far be it from us to argue against it.  If
you feel that X11 deserves credit in the system's name, and you want
to call the system GNU/X11/Linux, please do.  If you feel that Perl
simply cries out for mention, and you want to write GNU/Linux/Perl, go
ahead.</p>
<p>
Since a long name such as GNU/X11/Apache/Linux/TeX/Perl/Python/FreeCiv
becomes absurd, at some point you will have to set a threshold and
omit the names of the many other secondary contributions.  There is no
one obvious right place to set the threshold, so wherever you set it,
we won't argue against it.</p>
<p>
Different threshold levels would lead to different choices of name for
the system.  But one name that cannot result from concerns of fairness
and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
It can't be fair to give all the credit to one secondary contribution
(Linux) while omitting the principal contribution (GNU).</p>
</dd>

<dt id="systemd">systemd plays an important role in the GNU/Linux
    system as it is today; are we obligated to call it
    GNU/systemd/Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
systemd is a fairly important component, but not as important as the
kernel (Linux), nor as important as the basis of the system as a whole
(GNU).  However, if you want to emphasize the presence of systemd
by calling the system &ldquo;GNU/systemd/Linux&rdquo;, there is nothing
wrong with doing so.
</dd>

<dt id="others">Many other projects contributed to
    the system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it
    XYZ/Linux.  Why should we treat GNU specially? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
Thousands of projects have developed programs commonly included in
today's GNU/Linux systems.  They all deserve credit for their
contributions, but they aren't the principal developers of the system
as a whole, so they don't ask to be credited as such.
<p>
GNU is different because it is more than just a contributed program,
more than just a collection of contributed programs.  GNU is the
framework on which the system was made.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="allsmall">GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays,
    so why should we mention it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#allsmall">#allsmall</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
In 2008, we found that GNU packages made up 15% of the
&ldquo;main&rdquo; repository of the gNewSense GNU/Linux distribution.
Linux made up 1.5%.  So the same argument would apply even more
strongly to calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.

<p>
GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, and Linux is an
even smaller fraction.  But they are the system's core; the system
was made by combining them.  Thus, the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
remains appropriate.
</p>
</dd>

<dt id="manycompanies">Many companies
    contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean
    we ought to call it GNU/Red&nbsp;Hat/Novell/Linux? <span
    class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
    href="#manycompanies">#manycompanies</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
<p>
GNU is not comparable to Red Hat or Novell; it is not a company, or an
organization, or even an activity.  GNU is an operating system.  (When
we speak of the GNU Project, that refers to the project to develop the
GNU system.)  The GNU/Linux system is based on GNU, and that's why GNU
ought to appear in its name.
</p>
<p>
Much of those companies' contribution to the GNU/Linux system lies in
the code they have contributed to various GNU packages including GCC
and GNOME.  Saying GNU/Linux gives credit to those companies along
with all the rest of the GNU developers.
</p>
</dd>

<dt id="whyslash">Why do you write &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
instead of &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo;? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whyslash">#whyslash</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
Following the rules of English, in the construction &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo; the
word &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; modifies &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  This can mean either &ldquo;GNU's version of
Linux&rdquo; or &ldquo;Linux, which is a GNU package.&rdquo;  Neither of those meanings
fits the situation at hand.
<p>
Linux is not a GNU package; that is, it wasn't developed under the GNU
Project's aegis or contributed specifically to the GNU Project.  Linus
Torvalds wrote Linux independently, as his own project.  So the
&ldquo;Linux, which is a GNU package&rdquo; meaning is not right.</p>
<p>
We're not talking about a distinct GNU version of Linux, the kernel.
The free GNU/Linux distros do have
a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux">separate version of
Linux</a>, since the &ldquo;standard&rdquo; version contains non-free
firmware &ldquo;blobs&rdquo;.  If this were part of the GNU Project,
it could be considered &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo;; but we would not want
to call it that, because it would be too confusing.</p>
<p>
We're talking about a version of GNU, the operating system,
distinguished by having Linux as the kernel.  A slash fits the
situation because it means &ldquo;combination.&rdquo; (Think of
&ldquo;Input/Output&rdquo;.)  This system is the combination of GNU
and Linux; hence, &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.</p>
<p>
There are other ways to express &ldquo;combination&rdquo;.  If you
think that a plus-sign is clearer, please use that.  In French, a
hyphen is clear: &ldquo;GNU-Linux&rdquo;.  In Spanish, we sometimes
say &ldquo;GNU con Linux&rdquo;.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="pronounce">How is the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
pronounced? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#pronounce">#pronounce</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Please pronounce it as &ldquo;GNU slash Linux.&rdquo;  If you don't pronounce
the slash, people will think you are saying &ldquo;GNU Linux,&rdquo;
which is <a href="#whyslash">not a suitable name for the combination</a>.
</p>
</dd>

<dt id="whynoslash">Why do you write &ldquo;GNU Emacs&rdquo;
rather than &ldquo;GNU/Emacs&rdquo;? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whynoslash">#whynoslash</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
<p>
Following the rules of English, in the construction &ldquo;GNU
Emacs&rdquo; the word &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; modifies &ldquo;Emacs&rdquo;.
That is the right way to describe a program called Emacs which is a
GNU package.</p>
<p>
&ldquo;GNU/Emacs&rdquo; would mean the combination of GNU, the
operating system, and the program Emacs.  That doesn't fit this
program, so &ldquo;GNU/Emacs&rdquo; is the wrong way to refer to it.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="whyorder">Why &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; rather
than &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whyorder">#whyorder</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
<p>
It is right and proper to mention the principal contribution first.
The GNU contribution to the system is not only bigger than Linux and
prior to Linux, we actually started the whole activity.</p>
<p>
In addition, &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; fits the fact that Linux is the
lowest level of the system and GNU fills technically higher levels.</p>
<p>
However, if you prefer to call the system &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;, that is a lot
better than what people usually do, which is to omit GNU entirely and
make it seem that the whole system is Linux.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="distronames0">My distro's developers call it
    &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;, but that doesn't say anything about
    what the system consists of.  Why shouldn't they call it whatever
    they like? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#distronames0">#distronames0</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Calling a system &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo; implies that it's a flavor
of &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; and people <a href="#distronames">understand
it that way</a>.

<p>
If they called a GNU/Linux distro &ldquo;Foobar BSD,&rdquo; you would
call that a mistake.  &ldquo;This system is not BSD,&rdquo; you
would tell them.  Well, it's not Linux either.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="distronames">My distro is called
    &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; doesn't that show it's really Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#distronames">#distronames</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
<p>It means that the people who make the &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo; distro are
repeating the common mistake. We appreciate that distributions like Debian, Dragora, Musix, Trisquel, and Venenux have adopted
GNU/Linux as part of their official name, and we hope that if you are involved with a different distribution, you will
encourage it to do the same.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="distronames1">My distro's official name is &ldquo;Foobar
    Linux&rdquo;; isn't it wrong to call the distro
    anything but &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#distronames1">#distronames1</a>)</span></dt>

<dd><p>When they spread misinformation by changing &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, and call their version of it &ldquo;Foobar
Linux&rdquo;, it's proper for you to correct the misinformation by
calling it &ldquo;Foobar GNU/Linux&rdquo;.</p></dd>

<dt id="companies">Wouldn't it be more
    effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
    call their distributions &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; rather than asking
    individuals? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#companies">#companies</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
It isn't a choice of one or the other&mdash;we ask companies and
organizations and individuals to help spread the word about this.  In
fact, we have asked all three of those companies.  Mandrake said it
would use the term &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; some of the time, but IBM
and Red Hat were unwilling to help.  One executive said, &ldquo;This
is a pure commercial decision; we expect to make more money calling it
&lsquo;Linux&rsquo;.&rdquo; In other words, that company did not care
what was right.
<p>
We can't make them do this right, but we're not the sort to give up
just because the road isn't easy.  You may not have as much influence
at your disposal as IBM or Red Hat, but you can still help.  Together
we can change the situation to the point where companies will make
more profit calling it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="reserve">Wouldn't it be better to
    reserve the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; for distributions that are purely
    free software?  After all, that is the ideal of GNU. <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#reserve">#reserve</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
The widespread practice of adding non-free software to the GNU/Linux
system is a major problem for our community.  It teaches the users
that non-free software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit
of &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Many &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; User Groups make it part of their mission to
help users use non-free add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come
and make sales pitches for them.  They adopt goals such as &ldquo;helping
the users&rdquo; of GNU/Linux (including helping them use non-free
applications and drivers), or making the system more popular even at
the cost of freedom.
<p>
The question is how to try to change this.</p>
<p>
Given that most of the community which uses GNU with Linux already
does not realize that's what it is, for us to disown these adulterated
versions, saying they are not really GNU, would not teach the users to
value freedom more.  They would not get the intended message.  They
would only respond they never thought these systems were GNU in the
first place.</p>
<p>
The way to lead these users to see a connection with freedom is
exactly the opposite: to inform them that all these system
versions <em>are</em> versions of GNU, that they all are based on a
system that exists specifically for the sake of the users' freedom.
With this understanding, they can start to recognize the distributions
that include non-free software as perverted, adulterated versions of
GNU, instead of thinking they are proper and appropriate &ldquo;versions of
Linux&rdquo;.</p>
<p>
It is very useful to start GNU/Linux User Groups, which call the
system GNU/Linux and adopt the ideals of the GNU Project as a basis
for their activities.  If the Linux User Group in your area has the
problems described above, we suggest you either campaign within the
group to change its orientation (and name) or start a new group.  The
people who focus on the more superficial goals have a right to their
views, but don't let them drag you along!</p>
</dd>

<dt id="gnudist">Why not make a GNU
    distribution of Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#gnudist">#gnudist</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
All the &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; distributions are actually versions of the GNU system
with Linux as the kernel.  The purpose of the term &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is to
communicate this point.  To develop one new distribution and call that
alone &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; would obscure the point we want to make.
<p>
As for developing a distribution of GNU/Linux, we already did this
once, when we funded the early development of Debian GNU/Linux.  To do
it again now does not seem useful; it would be a lot of work, and
unless the new distribution had substantial practical advantages over
other distributions, it would serve no purpose.</p>
<p>
Instead we help the developers of 100% free GNU/Linux distributions,
such as gNewSense and Ututo.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="linuxgnu">Why not just say &ldquo;Linux is
    the GNU kernel&rdquo; and release some existing version of GNU/Linux under
    the name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#linuxgnu">#linuxgnu</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
It might have been a good idea to adopt Linux as the GNU kernel back
in 1992.  If we had realized, then, how long it would take to get the
GNU Hurd to work, we might have done that.  (Alas, that is hindsight.)
<p>
If we were to take an existing version of GNU/Linux and relabel it as
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU system
and labeling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  That wasn't right, and we don't
want to act like that.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="condemn">Did the GNU Project condemn
    and oppose use of Linux in the early days? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#condemn">#condemn</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
We did not adopt Linux as our kernel, but we didn't condemn or oppose
it.  In 1993 we started discussing the arrangements to sponsor the
development of Debian GNU/Linux.  We also sought to cooperate with the
people who were changing some GNU packages for use with Linux.  We
wanted to include their changes in the standard releases so that these
GNU packages would work out-of-the-box in combination with Linux.  But
the changes were often ad-hoc and nonportable; they needed to be cleaned
up for installation.
<p>
The people who had made the changes showed little interest in
cooperating with us.  One of them actually told us that he didn't care
about working with the GNU Project because he was a &ldquo;Linux user&rdquo;.
That came as a shock, because the people who ported GNU packages to
other systems had generally wanted to work with us to get their
changes installed.  Yet these people, developing a system that was
primarily based on GNU, were the first (and still practically the
only) group that was unwilling to work with us.</p>
<p>
It was this experience that first showed us that people were calling a
version of the GNU system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, and that this confusion was
obstructing our work.  Asking you to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is
our response to that problem, and to the other problems caused by the
&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; misnomer.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="wait">Why did you wait so
    long before asking people to use the name GNU/Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#wait">#wait</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
<p>Actually we didn't.  We began talking privately with developers and
distributors about this in 1994, and made a more public campaign in
1996.  We will continue for as long as it's necessary.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="allgpled">Should the GNU/<i>name</i>
    convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#allgpled">#allgpled</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
We never refer to individual programs as &ldquo;GNU/<i>name</i>&rdquo;.  When a program
is a GNU package, we may call it &ldquo;GNU <i>name</i>&rdquo;.
<p>
GNU, the operating system, is made up of many different programs.
Some of the programs in GNU were written as part of the GNU Project or
specifically contributed to it; these are the GNU packages, and we
often use &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; in their names.</p>
<p>
It's up to the developers of a program to decide if they want to contribute
it and make it a GNU package.  If you have developed a program and you
would like it to be a GNU package, please write to
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>, so we can evaluate it
and decide whether we want it.</p>
<p>
It wouldn't be fair to put the name GNU on every individual program
that is released under the GPL.  If you write a program and release it
under the GPL, that doesn't mean the GNU Project wrote it or that you
wrote it for us.  For instance, the kernel, Linux, is released under
the GNU GPL, but Linus did not write it as part of the GNU Project&mdash;he
did the work independently.  If something is not a GNU package, the
GNU Project can't take credit for it, and putting &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; in its name
would be improper.</p>
<p>
In contrast, we do deserve the overall credit for the GNU operating
system as a whole, even though not for each and every program in it.
The system exists as a system because of our determination and
persistence, starting in 1984, many years before Linux was begun.</p>
<p>
The operating system in which Linux became popular was basically the
same as the GNU operating system.  It was not entirely the same,
because it had a different kernel, but it was mostly the same system.
It was a variant of GNU.  It was the GNU/Linux system.</p>
<p>
Linux continues to be used primarily in derivatives of that system&mdash;in
today's versions of the GNU/Linux system.  What gives these systems
their identity is GNU and Linux at the center of them, not particularly
Linux alone.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="unix">Since much of GNU comes
from Unix, shouldn't GNU give credit
to Unix by using &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; in its name? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#unix">#unix</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
Actually, none of GNU comes from Unix.  Unix was proprietary software
(and still is), so using any of its code in GNU would have been
illegal.  This is not a coincidence; this is why we developed GNU:
since you could not have freedom in using Unix, or any of the other
operating systems of the day, we needed a free system to replace it.
We could not copy programs, or even parts of them, from Unix;
everything had to be written afresh.
<p>
No code in GNU comes from Unix, but GNU is a Unix-compatible system;
therefore, many of the ideas and specifications of GNU do come from
Unix.  The name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, which stands for &ldquo;GNU's Not
Unix&rdquo;, is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this,
following a hacker tradition of recursive acronyms that started in the
70s.</p>
<p>
The first such recursive acronym was TINT, &ldquo;TINT Is Not
TECO&rdquo;.  The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO
(there were already many of them, for various systems), but instead of
calling it by a dull name like &ldquo;<em>somethingorother</em> TECO&rdquo;, he
thought of a clever amusing name.  (That's what hacking
means: <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">playful
cleverness</a>.)</p>
<p>
Other hackers enjoyed that name so much that we imitated the approach.
It became a tradition that, when you were writing from scratch a
program that was similar to some existing program (let's imagine its
name was &ldquo;Klever&rdquo;), you could give it a recursive acronym name, such
as &ldquo;MINK&rdquo; for &ldquo;MINK Is Not Klever.&rdquo;  In this same spirit we called our
replacement for Unix &ldquo;GNU's Not Unix&rdquo;.</p>
<p>
Historically, AT&amp;T which developed Unix did not want anyone to
give it credit by using &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; in the name of a similar
system, not even in a system 99% copied from Unix.  AT&amp;T actually
threatened to sue anyone giving AT&amp;T credit in that way.  This is
why each of the various modified versions of Unix (all proprietary,
like Unix) had a completely different name that didn't include
&ldquo;Unix&rdquo;.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="bsd">Should we say &ldquo;GNU/BSD&rdquo;
too? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#bsd">#bsd</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
We don't call the BSD systems (FreeBSD, etc.) &ldquo;GNU/BSD&rdquo; systems,
because that term does not fit the history of the BSD systems.
<p>
The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as non-free software in
the 80s, and became free in the early 90s.  A free operating system
that exists today is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU
system, or a kind of BSD system.</p>
<p>
People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a variant of GNU, as GNU/Linux
is.  It is not.  The BSD developers were inspired to make their code
free software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals
from GNU activists helped convince them to start, but the code had
little overlap with GNU.</p>
<p>
BSD systems today use some GNU packages, just as the GNU system and
its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as wholes, they are
two different systems that evolved separately.  The BSD developers did
not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system, so a name like
GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.</p>
<p>
The connection between GNU/Linux and GNU is much closer, and that's
why the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is appropriate for it.</p>
<p>
There is a version of GNU which uses the kernel from NetBSD.  Its
developers call it &ldquo;Debian GNU/NetBSD&rdquo;, but &ldquo;GNU/kernelofNetBSD&rdquo;
would be more accurate, since NetBSD is an entire system, not just
the kernel.  This is not a BSD system, since most of the system
is the same as the GNU/Linux system.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="othersys">If I install the GNU tools
on Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#othersys">#othersys</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
Not in the same sense that we mean by &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  The tools of GNU
are just a part of the GNU software, which is just a part of the GNU
system, and underneath them you would still have another complete
operating system which has no code in common with GNU.  All in all,
that's a very different situation from GNU/Linux.
</dd>

<dt id="justlinux">Can't Linux be used without GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some
appliances.  These small software systems are a far cry from the
GNU/Linux system.  Users do not install them on PCs, for instance, and
would find them rather disappointing.  It is useful to say that these
appliances run just Linux, to show how different those small platforms
are from GNU/Linux.
</dd>

<dt id="howmuch">How much of the GNU system is needed for the system
to be
GNU/Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#howmuch">#howmuch</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
&ldquo;How much&rdquo; is not a meaningful question because the GNU
system does not have precise boundaries.
<p>
GNU is an operating system maintained by a community.  It includes far
more than just the GNU software packages (of which we have a specific
list), and people add more packages constantly.  Despite these
changes, it remains the GNU system, and adding Linux to that yields
GNU/Linux.  If you use part of the GNU system and omit part, there is
no meaningful way to say &ldquo;how much&rdquo; you used.</p>
<p>
If we look at the level of packages, Linux is one important package in
the GNU/Linux system.  The inclusion of one important GNU package is
enough to justify our request for equal mention.
</p>
</dd>

<dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems [sic] without GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
There are complete systems that contain Linux and not GNU; Android is
an example.  But it is a mistake to call them &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;
systems, just as it is a mistake to call GNU a &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; system.
<p>
Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system&mdash;because
the two have very little code in common.  In fact, the only thing they
have in common is Linux.</p>
<p>
If you call the whole GNU/Linux system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;,
you will find it necessary to say things like, &ldquo;Android contains
Linux, but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux
[sic] libraries and utilities [meaning the GNU system].&rdquo;</p>
<p>
Android contains just as much of Linux as GNU/Linux does.  What it
doesn't have is the GNU system.  Android replaces that with Google
software that works quite differently.  What makes Android different
from GNU/Linux is the absence of GNU.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="usegnulinuxandandroid">Is it correct to say &ldquo;using Linux&rdquo; if it refers to using GNU/Linux and
using Android? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#usegnulinuxandandroidlinuxsyswithoutgnu">#usegnulinuxandandroidlinuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
Far from it.  That usage is so strained that
people will not understand the intended meaning.
<p>
The public will find it very strange to speak of using Android as
&ldquo;using Linux&rdquo;.  It's like having a conversation, then
saying you were conversing with the person's intestines or the
person's circulatory system.</p>
<p>
The public <em>will</em> understand the idea of &ldquo;using
Linux&rdquo; when it's really GNU/Linux, by way of the usual
misunderstanding: thinking of the whole system as
&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.</p>
<p>
Use of Android and use of GNU/Linux are totally different, as
different as driving a car and riding a bicycle.  The fact that the
first two both contain Linux is irrelevant to using them, just as the
fact that a car and a bicycle both have a structure of metal is
irrelevant to using those two.  If you wish to talk about using cars
and bikes, you wouldn't speak of &ldquo;riding metal objects&rdquo;
&mdash; not unless you're playing games with the reader.  You would
say, &ldquo;using cars and bikes.&rdquo; Likewise, the clear way to
talk about using GNU/Linux and Android is to say &ldquo;using
GNU/Linux and Android.&rdquo;</p>
</dd>

<dt id="helplinus">Why not call the system
    &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as posterboy for our
    community? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#helplinus">#helplinus</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
Linus Torvalds is the &ldquo;posterboy&rdquo; (other people's choice of word, not
ours) for his goals, not ours.  His goal is to make the system more
popular, and he believes its value to society lies merely in the
practical advantages it offers: its power, reliability and easy
availability.  He has never advocated
<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">freedom to cooperate</a> as an
ethical principle, which is why the public does not connect the name
&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; with that principle.
<p>
Linus publicly states his disagreement with the free software
movement's ideals.  He developed non-free software in his job for many
years (and said so to a large audience at a &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;World show), and
publicly invited fellow developers of Linux, the kernel, to use
non-free software to work on it with him.  He goes even further, and
rebukes people who suggest that engineers and scientists should
consider social consequences of our technical work&mdash;rejecting the
lessons society learned from the development of the atom bomb.</p>
<p>
There is nothing wrong with writing a free program for the motivations
of learning and having fun; the kernel Linus wrote for those reasons
was an important contribution to our community.  But those motivations
are not the reason why the complete free system, GNU/Linux, exists,
and they won't secure our freedom in the future.  The public needs to
know this.  Linus has the right to promote his views; however, people
should be aware that the operating system in question
stems from ideals of freedom, not from his views.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="claimlinux">Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds'
    work as GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
It would be wrong, so we don't do that.  Torvalds' work is Linux, the
kernel; we are careful not to attribute that work to the GNU Project
or label it as &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;.  When we talk about the whole
system, the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; gives him a share of the
credit.
</dd>


<dt id="linusagreed">Does Linus Torvalds
    agree that Linux is just the kernel? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
<p>He recognized this at the beginning.  The earliest Linux release notes
said, <a
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01">
&ldquo;Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)
for more info&rdquo;</a>.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="finishhurd">Why not finish the GNU Hurd kernel, release the GNU system
    as a whole, and forget the question of what to call GNU/Linux?
    <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#finishhurd">#finishhurd</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
We would like credit for the GNU operating system no matter which
kernel is used with it.

<p>Making the GNU Hurd work well enough to compete with Linux would be
a big job, and it's not clearly necessary.  The only thing ethically
wrong with Linux as a kernel is its inclusion of firmware
&ldquo;blobs&rdquo;; the best fix for that problem
is <a href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects"> developing
free replacement for the blobs</a>.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="lost">The battle is already lost&mdash;society
    has made its decision and we can't change it, so why even think about
    it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#lost">#lost</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
This isn't a battle, it is a campaign of education.  What to call the
system is not a single decision, to be made at one moment by
&ldquo;society&rdquo;: each person, each organization, can decide what
name to use.  You can't make others say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, but
you can decide to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
yourself&mdash;and by doing so, you will help educate others.
</dd>

<dt id="whatgood">Society has made its
    decision and we can't change it, so what good does it do if I say
    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
This is not an all-or-nothing situation: correct and incorrect
pictures are being spread more or less by various people.  If you call
the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, you will help others learn the system's true
history, origin, and reason for being.  You can't correct the misnomer
everywhere on your own, any more than we can, but you can help.  If
only a few hundred people see you use the term &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, you will
have educated a substantial number of people with very little work.
And some of them will spread the correction to others.
</dd>

<dt id="explain">Wouldn't it be better to call
    the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; and teach people its real origin with a ten-minute
    explanation? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#explain">#explain</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
If you help us by explaining to others in that way, we appreciate your
effort, but that is not the best method.  It is not as effective as
calling the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and uses your time inefficiently.
<p>
It is ineffective because it may not sink in, and surely will not
propagate.  Some of the people who hear your explanation will pay
attention, and they may learn a correct picture of the system's
origin.  But they are unlikely to repeat the explanation to others
whenever they talk about the system.  They will probably just call it
&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Without particularly intending to, they will help spread the
incorrect picture.</p>
<p>
It is inefficient because it takes a lot more time.  Saying and
writing &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; will take you only a few seconds a day, not
minutes, so you can afford to reach far more people that way.
Distinguishing between Linux and GNU/Linux when you write and speak is
by far the easiest way to help the GNU Project effectively.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="treatment">Some people laugh at you
    when you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  Why do you subject
    yourself to this treatment? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#treatment">#treatment</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
Calling the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; tends to give people a mistaken picture of
the system's history and reason for existence.  People who laugh at
our request probably have picked up that mistaken picture&mdash;they think
our work was done by Linus, so they laugh when we ask for credit for
it.  If they knew the truth, they probably wouldn't laugh.
<p>
Why do we take the risk of making a request that sometimes leads
people to ridicule us?  Because often it has useful results that help
the GNU Project.  We will run the risk of undeserved abuse to achieve
our goals.</p>
<p>
If you see such an ironically unfair situation occurring, please don't
sit idly by.  Please teach the laughing people the real history.  When
they see why the request is justified, those who have any sense will
stop laughing.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="alienate">Some people condemn you
    when you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  Don't you lose by
    alienating them? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#alienate">#alienate</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
Not much.  People who don't appreciate our role in developing the
system are unlikely to make substantial efforts to help us.  If they
do work that advances our goals, such as releasing free software, it
is probably for other unrelated reasons, not because we asked them.
Meanwhile, by teaching others to attribute our work to someone else,
they are undermining our ability to recruit the help of others.
<p>
It makes no sense to worry about alienating people who are already
mostly uncooperative, and it is self-defeating to be deterred from
correcting a major problem lest we anger the people who perpetuate it.
Therefore, we will continue trying to correct the misnomer.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="rename">Whatever you contributed,
    is it legitimate to rename the operating system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#rename">#rename</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
We are not renaming anything; we have been calling this system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
ever since we announced it in 1983.  The people who tried to rename
it to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; should not have done so.</dd>

<dt id="force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call
the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#force">#force</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
It would be wrong to force them, and we don't try.  We call the system
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and we ask you to do it too.
</dd>

<dt id="whynotsue">Why not sue people who call
the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whynotsue">#whynotsue</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
There are no legal grounds to sue them, but since we believe in
freedom of speech, we wouldn't want to do that anyway.  We ask people
to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; because that is the right thing to do.
</dd>

<dt id="require">Shouldn't you put something in
    the GNU GPL to require people to call the system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#require">#require</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
The purpose of the GNU GPL is to protect the users' freedom from those
who would make proprietary versions of free software.  While it is
true that those who call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; often do things that limit
the users' freedom, such as bundling non-free software with the
GNU/Linux system or even developing non-free software for such use,
the mere act of calling the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; does not, in itself, deny
users their freedom.  It seems improper to make the GPL restrict what
name people can use for the system.
</dd>

<dt id="BSDlicense">Since you objected to the original BSD license's
advertising requirement to give credit to the University of California,
isn't it hypocritical to demand credit for the GNU project? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#BSDlicense">#BSDlicense</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
It would be hypocritical to make the name GNU/Linux a license
requirement, and we don't.  We only <em>ask</em> you to give us the
credit we deserve.

<p>
Please note that there are at least <a href="/licenses/bsd.html">
two different BSD licenses</a>.  For clarity's sake, please don't use
the term &ldquo;BSD license&rdquo; without specifying which one.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="deserve">Since you failed to put
    something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;,
    you deserve what happened; why are you complaining now? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#deserve">#deserve</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
The question presupposes a rather controversial general ethical
premise: that if people do not force you to treat them fairly, you are
entitled to take advantage of them as much as you like.  In other
words, it assumes that might makes right.
<p>
We hope you disagree with that premise just as we do.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="contradict">Wouldn't you be better
    off not contradicting what so many people believe? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#contradict">#contradict</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
We don't think we should go along with large numbers of people because
they have been misled.  We hope you too will decide that truth is
important.
<p>
We could never have developed a free operating system without first
denying the belief, held by most people, that proprietary software
was legitimate and acceptable.</p>
</dd>

<dt id="somanyright">Since many people call
it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, doesn't that make it right? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
We don't think that the popularity of an error makes it the truth.
</dd>

<dt id="knownname">Isn't it better to call the
    system by the name most users already know? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#knownname">#knownname</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
Users are not incapable of learning.  Since &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
includes &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, they will recognize what you're talking
about.  If you add &ldquo;(often erroneously referred to as
&lsquo;Linux&rsquo;)&rdquo; once in a while, they will all understand.
</dd>

<dt id="winning">Many people care about what's
    convenient or who's winning, not about arguments of right or wrong.
    Couldn't you get more of their support by a different
    road? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#winning">#winning</a>)</span></dt>

<dd>
To care only about what's convenient or who's winning is an amoral
approach to life.  Non-free software is an example of that amoral
approach and thrives on it.  Thus, in the long run it would be
self-defeating for us to adopt that approach.  We will continue
talking in terms of right and wrong.
<p>
We hope that you are one of those for whom right and wrong do matter.</p>
</dd>

</dl>
</div>
</div>

</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">

<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>

<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
        replace it with the translation of these two:

        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
        to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
        &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>

        <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
        our web pages, see <a
        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
        README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>

<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
     files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
     without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
     document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
     document was modified, or published.

     If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
     Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
     years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
     year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
     being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).

     There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
     Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->

<p>Copyright &copy; 2001, 2006-2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014-2018, 2020, 2021
Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>

<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>

<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->

<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
$Date: 2021/04/07 17:55:36 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>