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+# qs
+
+A querystring parsing and stringifying library with some added security.
+
+[![Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/hapijs/qs.svg)](http://travis-ci.org/hapijs/qs)
+
+Lead Maintainer: [Nathan LaFreniere](https://github.com/nlf)
+
+The **qs** module was originally created and maintained by [TJ Holowaychuk](https://github.com/visionmedia/node-querystring).
+
+## Usage
+
+```javascript
+var Qs = require('qs');
+
+var obj = Qs.parse('a=c');    // { a: 'c' }
+var str = Qs.stringify(obj);  // 'a=c'
+```
+
+### Parsing Objects
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse(string, [options]);
+```
+
+**qs** allows you to create nested objects within your query strings, by surrounding the name of sub-keys with square brackets `[]`.
+For example, the string `'foo[bar]=baz'` converts to:
+
+```javascript
+{
+  foo: {
+    bar: 'baz'
+  }
+}
+```
+
+When using the `plainObjects` option the parsed value is returned as a plain object, created via `Object.create(null)` and as such you should be aware that prototype methods will not exist on it and a user may set those names to whatever value they like:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a.hasOwnProperty=b', { plainObjects: true });
+// { a: { hasOwnProperty: 'b' } }
+```
+
+By default parameters that would overwrite properties on the object prototype are ignored, if you wish to keep the data from those fields either use `plainObjects` as mentioned above, or set `allowPrototypes` to `true` which will allow user input to overwrite those properties. *WARNING* It is generally a bad idea to enable this option as it can cause problems when attempting to use the properties that have been overwritten. Always be careful with this option.
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a.hasOwnProperty=b', { allowPrototypes: true });
+// { a: { hasOwnProperty: 'b' } }
+```
+
+URI encoded strings work too:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a%5Bb%5D=c');
+// { a: { b: 'c' } }
+```
+
+You can also nest your objects, like `'foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'`:
+
+```javascript
+{
+  foo: {
+    bar: {
+      baz: 'foobarbaz'
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+By default, when nesting objects **qs** will only parse up to 5 children deep. This means if you attempt to parse a string like
+`'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j'` your resulting object will be:
+
+```javascript
+{
+  a: {
+    b: {
+      c: {
+        d: {
+          e: {
+            f: {
+              '[g][h][i]': 'j'
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+This depth can be overridden by passing a `depth` option to `Qs.parse(string, [options])`:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j', { depth: 1 });
+// { a: { b: { '[c][d][e][f][g][h][i]': 'j' } } }
+```
+
+The depth limit helps mitigate abuse when **qs** is used to parse user input, and it is recommended to keep it a reasonably small number.
+
+For similar reasons, by default **qs** will only parse up to 1000 parameters. This can be overridden by passing a `parameterLimit` option:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a=b&c=d', { parameterLimit: 1 });
+// { a: 'b' }
+```
+
+An optional delimiter can also be passed:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a=b;c=d', { delimiter: ';' });
+// { a: 'b', c: 'd' }
+```
+
+Delimiters can be a regular expression too:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a=b;c=d,e=f', { delimiter: /[;,]/ });
+// { a: 'b', c: 'd', e: 'f' }
+```
+
+Option `allowDots` can be used to enable dot notation:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a.b=c', { allowDots: true });
+// { a: { b: 'c' } }
+```
+
+### Parsing Arrays
+
+**qs** can also parse arrays using a similar `[]` notation:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a[]=b&a[]=c');
+// { a: ['b', 'c'] }
+```
+
+You may specify an index as well:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a[1]=c&a[0]=b');
+// { a: ['b', 'c'] }
+```
+
+Note that the only difference between an index in an array and a key in an object is that the value between the brackets must be a number
+to create an array. When creating arrays with specific indices, **qs** will compact a sparse array to only the existing values preserving
+their order:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a[1]=b&a[15]=c');
+// { a: ['b', 'c'] }
+```
+
+Note that an empty string is also a value, and will be preserved:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a[]=&a[]=b');
+// { a: ['', 'b'] }
+Qs.parse('a[0]=b&a[1]=&a[2]=c');
+// { a: ['b', '', 'c'] }
+```
+
+**qs** will also limit specifying indices in an array to a maximum index of `20`. Any array members with an index of greater than `20` will
+instead be converted to an object with the index as the key:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a[100]=b');
+// { a: { '100': 'b' } }
+```
+
+This limit can be overridden by passing an `arrayLimit` option:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a[1]=b', { arrayLimit: 0 });
+// { a: { '1': 'b' } }
+```
+
+To disable array parsing entirely, set `parseArrays` to `false`.
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a[]=b', { parseArrays: false });
+// { a: { '0': 'b' } }
+```
+
+If you mix notations, **qs** will merge the two items into an object:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a[0]=b&a[b]=c');
+// { a: { '0': 'b', b: 'c' } }
+```
+
+You can also create arrays of objects:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a[][b]=c');
+// { a: [{ b: 'c' }] }
+```
+
+### Stringifying
+
+```javascript
+Qs.stringify(object, [options]);
+```
+
+When stringifying, **qs** always URI encodes output. Objects are stringified as you would expect:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.stringify({ a: 'b' });
+// 'a=b'
+Qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } });
+// 'a%5Bb%5D=c'
+```
+
+Examples beyond this point will be shown as though the output is not URI encoded for clarity. Please note that the return values in these cases *will* be URI encoded during real usage.
+
+When arrays are stringified, by default they are given explicit indices:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] });
+// 'a[0]=b&a[1]=c&a[2]=d'
+```
+
+You may override this by setting the `indices` option to `false`:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] }, { indices: false });
+// 'a=b&a=c&a=d'
+```
+
+You may use the `arrayFormat` option to specify the format of the output array
+
+```javascript
+Qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'indices' })
+// 'a[0]=b&a[1]=c'
+Qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'brackets' })
+// 'a[]=b&a[]=c'
+Qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'repeat' })
+// 'a=b&a=c'
+```
+
+Empty strings and null values will omit the value, but the equals sign (=) remains in place:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.stringify({ a: '' });
+// 'a='
+```
+
+Properties that are set to `undefined` will be omitted entirely:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.stringify({ a: null, b: undefined });
+// 'a='
+```
+
+The delimiter may be overridden with stringify as well:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd' }, { delimiter: ';' });
+// 'a=b;c=d'
+```
+
+Finally, you can use the `filter` option to restrict which keys will be included in the stringified output.
+If you pass a function, it will be called for each key to obtain the replacement value. Otherwise, if you
+pass an array, it will be used to select properties and array indices for stringification:
+
+```javascript
+function filterFunc(prefix, value) {
+  if (prefix == 'b') {
+    // Return an `undefined` value to omit a property.
+    return;
+  }
+  if (prefix == 'e[f]') {
+    return value.getTime();
+  }
+  if (prefix == 'e[g][0]') {
+    return value * 2;
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+Qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd', e: { f: new Date(123), g: [2] } }, { filter: filterFunc })
+// 'a=b&c=d&e[f]=123&e[g][0]=4'
+Qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd', e: 'f' }, { filter: ['a', 'e'] })
+// 'a=b&e=f'
+Qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'], e: 'f' }, { filter: ['a', 0, 2] })
+// 'a[0]=b&a[2]=d'
+```
+
+### Handling of `null` values
+
+By default, `null` values are treated like empty strings:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.stringify({ a: null, b: '' });
+// 'a=&b='
+```
+
+Parsing does not distinguish between parameters with and without equal signs. Both are converted to empty strings.
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a&b=')
+// { a: '', b: '' }
+```
+
+To distinguish between `null` values and empty strings use the `strictNullHandling` flag. In the result string the `null`
+values have no `=` sign:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.stringify({ a: null, b: '' }, { strictNullHandling: true });
+// 'a&b='
+```
+
+To parse values without `=` back to `null` use the `strictNullHandling` flag:
+
+```javascript
+Qs.parse('a&b=', { strictNullHandling: true });
+// { a: null, b: '' }
+
+```
+
+To completely skip rendering keys with `null` values, use the `skipNulls` flag:
+
+```javascript
+qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: null}, { skipNulls: true })
+// 'a=b'
+```