async_hooks: use typed array stack as fast path

- Communicate the current async stack length through a
  typed array field rather than a native binding method
- Add a new fixed-size `async_ids_fast_stack` typed array
  that contains the async ID stack up to a fixed limit.
  This increases performance noticeably, since most of the time
  the async ID stack will not be more than a handful of
  levels deep.
- Make the JS `pushAsyncIds()` and `popAsyncIds()` functions
  do the same thing as the native ones if the fast path
  is applicable.

Benchmarks:

    $ ./node benchmark/compare.js --new ./node --old ./node-master --runs 10 --filter next-tick process | Rscript benchmark/compare.R
    [00:03:25|% 100| 6/6 files | 20/20 runs | 1/1 configs]: Done
                                                   improvement confidence      p.value
     process/next-tick-breadth-args.js millions=4     19.72 %        *** 3.013913e-06
     process/next-tick-breadth.js millions=4          27.33 %        *** 5.847983e-11
     process/next-tick-depth-args.js millions=12      40.08 %        *** 1.237127e-13
     process/next-tick-depth.js millions=12           77.27 %        *** 1.413290e-11
     process/next-tick-exec-args.js millions=5        13.58 %        *** 1.245180e-07
     process/next-tick-exec.js millions=5             16.80 %        *** 2.961386e-07

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/17780
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>

1 files changed, 20 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/test/parallel/test-async-hooks-recursive-stack.js b/test/parallel/test-async-hooks-recursive-stack.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ab73dc1bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-async-hooks-recursive-stack.js
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+'use strict';
+require('../common');
+const assert = require('assert');
+const async_hooks = require('async_hooks');
+
+// This test verifies that the async ID stack can grow indefinitely.
+
+function recurse(n) {
+  const a = new async_hooks.AsyncResource('foobar');
+  a.emitBefore();
+  assert.strictEqual(a.asyncId(), async_hooks.executionAsyncId());
+  assert.strictEqual(a.triggerAsyncId(), async_hooks.triggerAsyncId());
+  if (n >= 0)
+    recurse(n - 1);
+  assert.strictEqual(a.asyncId(), async_hooks.executionAsyncId());
+  assert.strictEqual(a.triggerAsyncId(), async_hooks.triggerAsyncId());
+  a.emitAfter();
+}
+
+recurse(1000);