worker: refactor `worker.terminate()`

At the collaborator summit in Berlin, the behaviour of
`worker.terminate()` was discussed.

In particular, switching from a callback-based to a Promise-based API
was suggested. While investigating that possibility later, it was
discovered that `.terminate()` was unintentionally synchronous up
until now (including calling its callback synchronously).

Also, the topic of its stability has been brought up. I have performed
two manual reviews of the native codebase for compatibility with
`.terminate()`, and performed some manual fuzz testing with the test
suite. At this point, bugs with `.terminate()` should, in my opinion,
be treated like bugs in other Node.js features.
(It is possible to make Node.js crash with `.terminate()` by messing
with internals and/or built-in prototype objects, but that is already
the case without `.terminate()` as well.)

This commit:

- Makes `.terminate()` an asynchronous operation.
- Makes `.terminate()` return a `Promise`.
- Runtime-deprecates passing a callback.
- Removes a warning about its stability from the documentation.
- Eliminates an unnecessary extra function from the C++ code.

A possible alternative to returning a `Promise` would be to keep the
method synchronous and just drop the callback. Generally, providing
an asynchronous API does provide us with a bit more flexibility.

Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/summit/issues/141

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/28021
Reviewed-By: Michaël Zasso <targos@protonmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Rich Trott <rtrott@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ben Noordhuis <info@bnoordhuis.nl>
Reviewed-By: Tiancheng "Timothy" Gu <timothygu99@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>
Reviewed-By: Benjamin Gruenbaum <benjamingr@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>

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