bootstrap: provide usable error on missing internal module

Due to how bootstrap/loaders.js itself is loaded and invoked,
stacktraces from it are munged and no longer point back to the error
source.

That resulted in the following unhelpful error if an internal module
was missing or misnamed:

```
internal/bootstrap/loaders.js:190
  return mod.compile();
             ^

TypeError: Cannot read property 'compile' of undefined
```

This changes that to at least print the id that was attempted to be
loaded:

```
internal/bootstrap/loaders.js:189
  if (!mod) throw new TypeError(`Missing internal module '${id}'`);
            ^

TypeError: Missing internal module 'internal/a'
```

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/29593
Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Gus Caplan <me@gus.host>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>

1 files changed, 3 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/lib/internal/bootstrap/loaders.js b/lib/internal/bootstrap/loaders.js
index 2889df4812..cc1157a557 100644
--- a/lib/internal/bootstrap/loaders.js
+++ b/lib/internal/bootstrap/loaders.js
@@ -186,6 +186,9 @@ function nativeModuleRequire(id) {
   }
 
   const mod = NativeModule.map.get(id);
+  // Can't load the internal errors module from here, have to use a raw error.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax
+  if (!mod) throw new TypeError(`Missing internal module '${id}'`);
   return mod.compile();
 }