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+# readable-stream
+
+A new class of streams for Node.js
+
+This module provides the new Stream base classes introduced in Node
+v0.10, for use in Node v0.8.  You can use it to have programs that
+have to work with node v0.8, while being forward-compatible for v0.10
+and beyond.  When you drop support for v0.8, you can remove this
+module, and only use the native streams.
+
+This is almost exactly the same codebase as appears in Node v0.10.
+However:
+
+1. The exported object is actually the Readable class.  Decorating the
+   native `stream` module would be global pollution.
+2. In v0.10, you can safely use `base64` as an argument to
+   `setEncoding` in Readable streams.  However, in v0.8, the
+   StringDecoder class has no `end()` method, which is problematic for
+   Base64.  So, don't use that, because it'll break and be weird.
+
+Other than that, the API is the same as `require('stream')` in v0.10,
+so the API docs are reproduced below.
+
+----------
+
+    Stability: 2 - Unstable
+
+A stream is an abstract interface implemented by various objects in
+Node.  For example a request to an HTTP server is a stream, as is
+stdout. Streams are readable, writable, or both. All streams are
+instances of [EventEmitter][]
+
+You can load the Stream base classes by doing `require('stream')`.
+There are base classes provided for Readable streams, Writable
+streams, Duplex streams, and Transform streams.
+
+## Compatibility
+
+In earlier versions of Node, the Readable stream interface was
+simpler, but also less powerful and less useful.
+
+* Rather than waiting for you to call the `read()` method, `'data'`
+  events would start emitting immediately.  If you needed to do some
+  I/O to decide how to handle data, then you had to store the chunks
+  in some kind of buffer so that they would not be lost.
+* The `pause()` method was advisory, rather than guaranteed.  This
+  meant that you still had to be prepared to receive `'data'` events
+  even when the stream was in a paused state.
+
+In Node v0.10, the Readable class described below was added.  For
+backwards compatibility with older Node programs, Readable streams
+switch into "old mode" when a `'data'` event handler is added, or when
+the `pause()` or `resume()` methods are called.  The effect is that,
+even if you are not using the new `read()` method and `'readable'`
+event, you no longer have to worry about losing `'data'` chunks.
+
+Most programs will continue to function normally.  However, this
+introduces an edge case in the following conditions:
+
+* No `'data'` event handler is added.
+* The `pause()` and `resume()` methods are never called.
+
+For example, consider the following code:
+
+```javascript
+// WARNING!  BROKEN!
+net.createServer(function(socket) {
+
+  // we add an 'end' method, but never consume the data
+  socket.on('end', function() {
+    // It will never get here.
+    socket.end('I got your message (but didnt read it)\n');
+  });
+
+}).listen(1337);
+```
+
+In versions of node prior to v0.10, the incoming message data would be
+simply discarded.  However, in Node v0.10 and beyond, the socket will
+remain paused forever.
+
+The workaround in this situation is to call the `resume()` method to
+trigger "old mode" behavior:
+
+```javascript
+// Workaround
+net.createServer(function(socket) {
+
+  socket.on('end', function() {
+    socket.end('I got your message (but didnt read it)\n');
+  });
+
+  // start the flow of data, discarding it.
+  socket.resume();
+
+}).listen(1337);
+```
+
+In addition to new Readable streams switching into old-mode, pre-v0.10
+style streams can be wrapped in a Readable class using the `wrap()`
+method.
+
+## Class: stream.Readable
+
+<!--type=class-->
+
+A `Readable Stream` has the following methods, members, and events.
+
+Note that `stream.Readable` is an abstract class designed to be
+extended with an underlying implementation of the `_read(size)`
+method. (See below.)
+
+### new stream.Readable([options])
+
+* `options` {Object}
+  * `highWaterMark` {Number} The maximum number of bytes to store in
+    the internal buffer before ceasing to read from the underlying
+    resource.  Default=16kb
+  * `encoding` {String} If specified, then buffers will be decoded to
+    strings using the specified encoding.  Default=null
+  * `objectMode` {Boolean} Whether this stream should behave
+    as a stream of objects. Meaning that stream.read(n) returns
+    a single value instead of a Buffer of size n
+
+In classes that extend the Readable class, make sure to call the
+constructor so that the buffering settings can be properly
+initialized.
+
+### readable.\_read(size)
+
+* `size` {Number} Number of bytes to read asynchronously
+
+Note: **This function should NOT be called directly.**  It should be
+implemented by child classes, and called by the internal Readable
+class methods only.
+
+All Readable stream implementations must provide a `_read` method
+to fetch data from the underlying resource.
+
+This method is prefixed with an underscore because it is internal to
+the class that defines it, and should not be called directly by user
+programs.  However, you **are** expected to override this method in
+your own extension classes.
+
+When data is available, put it into the read queue by calling
+`readable.push(chunk)`.  If `push` returns false, then you should stop
+reading.  When `_read` is called again, you should start pushing more
+data.
+
+The `size` argument is advisory.  Implementations where a "read" is a
+single call that returns data can use this to know how much data to
+fetch.  Implementations where that is not relevant, such as TCP or
+TLS, may ignore this argument, and simply provide data whenever it
+becomes available.  There is no need, for example to "wait" until
+`size` bytes are available before calling `stream.push(chunk)`.
+
+### readable.push(chunk)
+
+* `chunk` {Buffer | null | String} Chunk of data to push into the read queue
+* return {Boolean} Whether or not more pushes should be performed
+
+Note: **This function should be called by Readable implementors, NOT
+by consumers of Readable subclasses.**  The `_read()` function will not
+be called again until at least one `push(chunk)` call is made.  If no
+data is available, then you MAY call `push('')` (an empty string) to
+allow a future `_read` call, without adding any data to the queue.
+
+The `Readable` class works by putting data into a read queue to be
+pulled out later by calling the `read()` method when the `'readable'`
+event fires.
+
+The `push()` method will explicitly insert some data into the read
+queue.  If it is called with `null` then it will signal the end of the
+data.
+
+In some cases, you may be wrapping a lower-level source which has some
+sort of pause/resume mechanism, and a data callback.  In those cases,
+you could wrap the low-level source object by doing something like
+this:
+
+```javascript
+// source is an object with readStop() and readStart() methods,
+// and an `ondata` member that gets called when it has data, and
+// an `onend` member that gets called when the data is over.
+
+var stream = new Readable();
+
+source.ondata = function(chunk) {
+  // if push() returns false, then we need to stop reading from source
+  if (!stream.push(chunk))
+    source.readStop();
+};
+
+source.onend = function() {
+  stream.push(null);
+};
+
+// _read will be called when the stream wants to pull more data in
+// the advisory size argument is ignored in this case.
+stream._read = function(n) {
+  source.readStart();
+};
+```
+
+### readable.unshift(chunk)
+
+* `chunk` {Buffer | null | String} Chunk of data to unshift onto the read queue
+* return {Boolean} Whether or not more pushes should be performed
+
+This is the corollary of `readable.push(chunk)`.  Rather than putting
+the data at the *end* of the read queue, it puts it at the *front* of
+the read queue.
+
+This is useful in certain use-cases where a stream is being consumed
+by a parser, which needs to "un-consume" some data that it has
+optimistically pulled out of the source.
+
+```javascript
+// A parser for a simple data protocol.
+// The "header" is a JSON object, followed by 2 \n characters, and
+// then a message body.
+//
+// Note: This can be done more simply as a Transform stream.  See below.
+
+function SimpleProtocol(source, options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof SimpleProtocol))
+    return new SimpleProtocol(options);
+
+  Readable.call(this, options);
+  this._inBody = false;
+  this._sawFirstCr = false;
+
+  // source is a readable stream, such as a socket or file
+  this._source = source;
+
+  var self = this;
+  source.on('end', function() {
+    self.push(null);
+  });
+
+  // give it a kick whenever the source is readable
+  // read(0) will not consume any bytes
+  source.on('readable', function() {
+    self.read(0);
+  });
+
+  this._rawHeader = [];
+  this.header = null;
+}
+
+SimpleProtocol.prototype = Object.create(
+  Readable.prototype, { constructor: { value: SimpleProtocol }});
+
+SimpleProtocol.prototype._read = function(n) {
+  if (!this._inBody) {
+    var chunk = this._source.read();
+
+    // if the source doesn't have data, we don't have data yet.
+    if (chunk === null)
+      return this.push('');
+
+    // check if the chunk has a \n\n
+    var split = -1;
+    for (var i = 0; i < chunk.length; i++) {
+      if (chunk[i] === 10) { // '\n'
+        if (this._sawFirstCr) {
+          split = i;
+          break;
+        } else {
+          this._sawFirstCr = true;
+        }
+      } else {
+        this._sawFirstCr = false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (split === -1) {
+      // still waiting for the \n\n
+      // stash the chunk, and try again.
+      this._rawHeader.push(chunk);
+      this.push('');
+    } else {
+      this._inBody = true;
+      var h = chunk.slice(0, split);
+      this._rawHeader.push(h);
+      var header = Buffer.concat(this._rawHeader).toString();
+      try {
+        this.header = JSON.parse(header);
+      } catch (er) {
+        this.emit('error', new Error('invalid simple protocol data'));
+        return;
+      }
+      // now, because we got some extra data, unshift the rest
+      // back into the read queue so that our consumer will see it.
+      var b = chunk.slice(split);
+      this.unshift(b);
+
+      // and let them know that we are done parsing the header.
+      this.emit('header', this.header);
+    }
+  } else {
+    // from there on, just provide the data to our consumer.
+    // careful not to push(null), since that would indicate EOF.
+    var chunk = this._source.read();
+    if (chunk) this.push(chunk);
+  }
+};
+
+// Usage:
+var parser = new SimpleProtocol(source);
+// Now parser is a readable stream that will emit 'header'
+// with the parsed header data.
+```
+
+### readable.wrap(stream)
+
+* `stream` {Stream} An "old style" readable stream
+
+If you are using an older Node library that emits `'data'` events and
+has a `pause()` method that is advisory only, then you can use the
+`wrap()` method to create a Readable stream that uses the old stream
+as its data source.
+
+For example:
+
+```javascript
+var OldReader = require('./old-api-module.js').OldReader;
+var oreader = new OldReader;
+var Readable = require('stream').Readable;
+var myReader = new Readable().wrap(oreader);
+
+myReader.on('readable', function() {
+  myReader.read(); // etc.
+});
+```
+
+### Event: 'readable'
+
+When there is data ready to be consumed, this event will fire.
+
+When this event emits, call the `read()` method to consume the data.
+
+### Event: 'end'
+
+Emitted when the stream has received an EOF (FIN in TCP terminology).
+Indicates that no more `'data'` events will happen. If the stream is
+also writable, it may be possible to continue writing.
+
+### Event: 'data'
+
+The `'data'` event emits either a `Buffer` (by default) or a string if
+`setEncoding()` was used.
+
+Note that adding a `'data'` event listener will switch the Readable
+stream into "old mode", where data is emitted as soon as it is
+available, rather than waiting for you to call `read()` to consume it.
+
+### Event: 'error'
+
+Emitted if there was an error receiving data.
+
+### Event: 'close'
+
+Emitted when the underlying resource (for example, the backing file
+descriptor) has been closed. Not all streams will emit this.
+
+### readable.setEncoding(encoding)
+
+Makes the `'data'` event emit a string instead of a `Buffer`. `encoding`
+can be `'utf8'`, `'utf16le'` (`'ucs2'`), `'ascii'`, or `'hex'`.
+
+The encoding can also be set by specifying an `encoding` field to the
+constructor.
+
+### readable.read([size])
+
+* `size` {Number | null} Optional number of bytes to read.
+* Return: {Buffer | String | null}
+
+Note: **This function SHOULD be called by Readable stream users.**
+
+Call this method to consume data once the `'readable'` event is
+emitted.
+
+The `size` argument will set a minimum number of bytes that you are
+interested in.  If not set, then the entire content of the internal
+buffer is returned.
+
+If there is no data to consume, or if there are fewer bytes in the
+internal buffer than the `size` argument, then `null` is returned, and
+a future `'readable'` event will be emitted when more is available.
+
+Calling `stream.read(0)` will always return `null`, and will trigger a
+refresh of the internal buffer, but otherwise be a no-op.
+
+### readable.pipe(destination, [options])
+
+* `destination` {Writable Stream}
+* `options` {Object} Optional
+  * `end` {Boolean} Default=true
+
+Connects this readable stream to `destination` WriteStream. Incoming
+data on this stream gets written to `destination`.  Properly manages
+back-pressure so that a slow destination will not be overwhelmed by a
+fast readable stream.
+
+This function returns the `destination` stream.
+
+For example, emulating the Unix `cat` command:
+
+    process.stdin.pipe(process.stdout);
+
+By default `end()` is called on the destination when the source stream
+emits `end`, so that `destination` is no longer writable. Pass `{ end:
+false }` as `options` to keep the destination stream open.
+
+This keeps `writer` open so that "Goodbye" can be written at the
+end.
+
+    reader.pipe(writer, { end: false });
+    reader.on("end", function() {
+      writer.end("Goodbye\n");
+    });
+
+Note that `process.stderr` and `process.stdout` are never closed until
+the process exits, regardless of the specified options.
+
+### readable.unpipe([destination])
+
+* `destination` {Writable Stream} Optional
+
+Undo a previously established `pipe()`.  If no destination is
+provided, then all previously established pipes are removed.
+
+### readable.pause()
+
+Switches the readable stream into "old mode", where data is emitted
+using a `'data'` event rather than being buffered for consumption via
+the `read()` method.
+
+Ceases the flow of data.  No `'data'` events are emitted while the
+stream is in a paused state.
+
+### readable.resume()
+
+Switches the readable stream into "old mode", where data is emitted
+using a `'data'` event rather than being buffered for consumption via
+the `read()` method.
+
+Resumes the incoming `'data'` events after a `pause()`.
+
+
+## Class: stream.Writable
+
+<!--type=class-->
+
+A `Writable` Stream has the following methods, members, and events.
+
+Note that `stream.Writable` is an abstract class designed to be
+extended with an underlying implementation of the
+`_write(chunk, encoding, cb)` method. (See below.)
+
+### new stream.Writable([options])
+
+* `options` {Object}
+  * `highWaterMark` {Number} Buffer level when `write()` starts
+    returning false. Default=16kb
+  * `decodeStrings` {Boolean} Whether or not to decode strings into
+    Buffers before passing them to `_write()`.  Default=true
+
+In classes that extend the Writable class, make sure to call the
+constructor so that the buffering settings can be properly
+initialized.
+
+### writable.\_write(chunk, encoding, callback)
+
+* `chunk` {Buffer | String} The chunk to be written.  Will always
+  be a buffer unless the `decodeStrings` option was set to `false`.
+* `encoding` {String} If the chunk is a string, then this is the
+  encoding type.  Ignore chunk is a buffer.  Note that chunk will
+  **always** be a buffer unless the `decodeStrings` option is
+  explicitly set to `false`.
+* `callback` {Function} Call this function (optionally with an error
+  argument) when you are done processing the supplied chunk.
+
+All Writable stream implementations must provide a `_write` method to
+send data to the underlying resource.
+
+Note: **This function MUST NOT be called directly.**  It should be
+implemented by child classes, and called by the internal Writable
+class methods only.
+
+Call the callback using the standard `callback(error)` pattern to
+signal that the write completed successfully or with an error.
+
+If the `decodeStrings` flag is set in the constructor options, then
+`chunk` may be a string rather than a Buffer, and `encoding` will
+indicate the sort of string that it is.  This is to support
+implementations that have an optimized handling for certain string
+data encodings.  If you do not explicitly set the `decodeStrings`
+option to `false`, then you can safely ignore the `encoding` argument,
+and assume that `chunk` will always be a Buffer.
+
+This method is prefixed with an underscore because it is internal to
+the class that defines it, and should not be called directly by user
+programs.  However, you **are** expected to override this method in
+your own extension classes.
+
+
+### writable.write(chunk, [encoding], [callback])
+
+* `chunk` {Buffer | String} Data to be written
+* `encoding` {String} Optional.  If `chunk` is a string, then encoding
+  defaults to `'utf8'`
+* `callback` {Function} Optional.  Called when this chunk is
+  successfully written.
+* Returns {Boolean}
+
+Writes `chunk` to the stream.  Returns `true` if the data has been
+flushed to the underlying resource.  Returns `false` to indicate that
+the buffer is full, and the data will be sent out in the future. The
+`'drain'` event will indicate when the buffer is empty again.
+
+The specifics of when `write()` will return false, is determined by
+the `highWaterMark` option provided to the constructor.
+
+### writable.end([chunk], [encoding], [callback])
+
+* `chunk` {Buffer | String} Optional final data to be written
+* `encoding` {String} Optional.  If `chunk` is a string, then encoding
+  defaults to `'utf8'`
+* `callback` {Function} Optional.  Called when the final chunk is
+  successfully written.
+
+Call this method to signal the end of the data being written to the
+stream.
+
+### Event: 'drain'
+
+Emitted when the stream's write queue empties and it's safe to write
+without buffering again. Listen for it when `stream.write()` returns
+`false`.
+
+### Event: 'close'
+
+Emitted when the underlying resource (for example, the backing file
+descriptor) has been closed. Not all streams will emit this.
+
+### Event: 'finish'
+
+When `end()` is called and there are no more chunks to write, this
+event is emitted.
+
+### Event: 'pipe'
+
+* `source` {Readable Stream}
+
+Emitted when the stream is passed to a readable stream's pipe method.
+
+### Event 'unpipe'
+
+* `source` {Readable Stream}
+
+Emitted when a previously established `pipe()` is removed using the
+source Readable stream's `unpipe()` method.
+
+## Class: stream.Duplex
+
+<!--type=class-->
+
+A "duplex" stream is one that is both Readable and Writable, such as a
+TCP socket connection.
+
+Note that `stream.Duplex` is an abstract class designed to be
+extended with an underlying implementation of the `_read(size)`
+and `_write(chunk, encoding, callback)` methods as you would with a Readable or
+Writable stream class.
+
+Since JavaScript doesn't have multiple prototypal inheritance, this
+class prototypally inherits from Readable, and then parasitically from
+Writable.  It is thus up to the user to implement both the lowlevel
+`_read(n)` method as well as the lowlevel `_write(chunk, encoding, cb)` method
+on extension duplex classes.
+
+### new stream.Duplex(options)
+
+* `options` {Object} Passed to both Writable and Readable
+  constructors. Also has the following fields:
+  * `allowHalfOpen` {Boolean} Default=true.  If set to `false`, then
+    the stream will automatically end the readable side when the
+    writable side ends and vice versa.
+
+In classes that extend the Duplex class, make sure to call the
+constructor so that the buffering settings can be properly
+initialized.
+
+## Class: stream.Transform
+
+A "transform" stream is a duplex stream where the output is causally
+connected in some way to the input, such as a zlib stream or a crypto
+stream.
+
+There is no requirement that the output be the same size as the input,
+the same number of chunks, or arrive at the same time.  For example, a
+Hash stream will only ever have a single chunk of output which is
+provided when the input is ended.  A zlib stream will either produce
+much smaller or much larger than its input.
+
+Rather than implement the `_read()` and `_write()` methods, Transform
+classes must implement the `_transform()` method, and may optionally
+also implement the `_flush()` method.  (See below.)
+
+### new stream.Transform([options])
+
+* `options` {Object} Passed to both Writable and Readable
+  constructors.
+
+In classes that extend the Transform class, make sure to call the
+constructor so that the buffering settings can be properly
+initialized.
+
+### transform.\_transform(chunk, encoding, callback)
+
+* `chunk` {Buffer | String} The chunk to be transformed.  Will always
+  be a buffer unless the `decodeStrings` option was set to `false`.
+* `encoding` {String} If the chunk is a string, then this is the
+  encoding type.  (Ignore if `decodeStrings` chunk is a buffer.)
+* `callback` {Function} Call this function (optionally with an error
+  argument) when you are done processing the supplied chunk.
+
+Note: **This function MUST NOT be called directly.**  It should be
+implemented by child classes, and called by the internal Transform
+class methods only.
+
+All Transform stream implementations must provide a `_transform`
+method to accept input and produce output.
+
+`_transform` should do whatever has to be done in this specific
+Transform class, to handle the bytes being written, and pass them off
+to the readable portion of the interface.  Do asynchronous I/O,
+process things, and so on.
+
+Call `transform.push(outputChunk)` 0 or more times to generate output
+from this input chunk, depending on how much data you want to output
+as a result of this chunk.
+
+Call the callback function only when the current chunk is completely
+consumed.  Note that there may or may not be output as a result of any
+particular input chunk.
+
+This method is prefixed with an underscore because it is internal to
+the class that defines it, and should not be called directly by user
+programs.  However, you **are** expected to override this method in
+your own extension classes.
+
+### transform.\_flush(callback)
+
+* `callback` {Function} Call this function (optionally with an error
+  argument) when you are done flushing any remaining data.
+
+Note: **This function MUST NOT be called directly.**  It MAY be implemented
+by child classes, and if so, will be called by the internal Transform
+class methods only.
+
+In some cases, your transform operation may need to emit a bit more
+data at the end of the stream.  For example, a `Zlib` compression
+stream will store up some internal state so that it can optimally
+compress the output.  At the end, however, it needs to do the best it
+can with what is left, so that the data will be complete.
+
+In those cases, you can implement a `_flush` method, which will be
+called at the very end, after all the written data is consumed, but
+before emitting `end` to signal the end of the readable side.  Just
+like with `_transform`, call `transform.push(chunk)` zero or more
+times, as appropriate, and call `callback` when the flush operation is
+complete.
+
+This method is prefixed with an underscore because it is internal to
+the class that defines it, and should not be called directly by user
+programs.  However, you **are** expected to override this method in
+your own extension classes.
+
+### Example: `SimpleProtocol` parser
+
+The example above of a simple protocol parser can be implemented much
+more simply by using the higher level `Transform` stream class.
+
+In this example, rather than providing the input as an argument, it
+would be piped into the parser, which is a more idiomatic Node stream
+approach.
+
+```javascript
+function SimpleProtocol(options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof SimpleProtocol))
+    return new SimpleProtocol(options);
+
+  Transform.call(this, options);
+  this._inBody = false;
+  this._sawFirstCr = false;
+  this._rawHeader = [];
+  this.header = null;
+}
+
+SimpleProtocol.prototype = Object.create(
+  Transform.prototype, { constructor: { value: SimpleProtocol }});
+
+SimpleProtocol.prototype._transform = function(chunk, encoding, done) {
+  if (!this._inBody) {
+    // check if the chunk has a \n\n
+    var split = -1;
+    for (var i = 0; i < chunk.length; i++) {
+      if (chunk[i] === 10) { // '\n'
+        if (this._sawFirstCr) {
+          split = i;
+          break;
+        } else {
+          this._sawFirstCr = true;
+        }
+      } else {
+        this._sawFirstCr = false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (split === -1) {
+      // still waiting for the \n\n
+      // stash the chunk, and try again.
+      this._rawHeader.push(chunk);
+    } else {
+      this._inBody = true;
+      var h = chunk.slice(0, split);
+      this._rawHeader.push(h);
+      var header = Buffer.concat(this._rawHeader).toString();
+      try {
+        this.header = JSON.parse(header);
+      } catch (er) {
+        this.emit('error', new Error('invalid simple protocol data'));
+        return;
+      }
+      // and let them know that we are done parsing the header.
+      this.emit('header', this.header);
+
+      // now, because we got some extra data, emit this first.
+      this.push(b);
+    }
+  } else {
+    // from there on, just provide the data to our consumer as-is.
+    this.push(b);
+  }
+  done();
+};
+
+var parser = new SimpleProtocol();
+source.pipe(parser)
+
+// Now parser is a readable stream that will emit 'header'
+// with the parsed header data.
+```
+
+
+## Class: stream.PassThrough
+
+This is a trivial implementation of a `Transform` stream that simply
+passes the input bytes across to the output.  Its purpose is mainly
+for examples and testing, but there are occasionally use cases where
+it can come in handy.
+
+
+[EventEmitter]: events.html#events_class_events_eventemitter