doc: update internal errors documentation

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/19203
Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>
Reviewed-By: Joyee Cheung <joyeec9h3@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Tobias Nießen <tniessen@tnie.de>

2 files changed, 29 insertions, 68 deletions

diff --git a/CPP_STYLE_GUIDE.md b/CPP_STYLE_GUIDE.md
index 5a275094ad..edc5f0f12e 100644
--- a/CPP_STYLE_GUIDE.md
+++ b/CPP_STYLE_GUIDE.md
@@ -256,13 +256,13 @@ env->SetMethod(target, "foo", Foo);
 exports.foo = function(str) {
   // Prefer doing the type-checks in JavaScript
   if (typeof str !== 'string') {
-    throw new errors.TypeError('ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE', 'str', 'string');
+    throw new errors.codes.ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE('str', 'string');
   }
 
   const ctx = {};
   const result = binding.foo(str, ctx);
   if (ctx.code !== undefined) {
-    throw new errors.Error('ERR_ERROR_NAME', ctx.code);
+    throw new errors.codes.ERR_ERROR_NAME(ctx.code);
   }
   return result;
 };
diff --git a/doc/guides/using-internal-errors.md b/doc/guides/using-internal-errors.md
index c03f44623a..d22fc68e0f 100644
--- a/doc/guides/using-internal-errors.md
+++ b/doc/guides/using-internal-errors.md
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ considered a `semver-major` change.
 
 ## Using internal/errors.js
 
-The `internal/errors` module exposes three custom `Error` classes that
-are intended to replace existing `Error` objects within the Node.js source.
+The `internal/errors` module exposes all custom errors as subclasses of the
+builtin errors. After being added, an error can be found in the `codes` object.
 
 For instance, an existing `Error` such as:
 
@@ -32,15 +32,15 @@ Can be replaced by first adding a new error key into the `internal/errors.js`
 file:
 
 ```js
-E('FOO', 'Expected string received %s');
+E('FOO', 'Expected string received %s', TypeError);
 ```
 
 Then replacing the existing `new TypeError` in the code:
 
 ```js
-const errors = require('internal/errors');
+const { FOO } = require('internal/errors').codes;
 // ...
-const err = new errors.TypeError('FOO', type);
+const err = new FOO(type);
 ```
 
 ## Adding new errors
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ New static error codes are added by modifying the `internal/errors.js` file
 and appending the new error codes to the end using the utility `E()` method.
 
 ```js
-E('EXAMPLE_KEY1', 'This is the error value');
-E('EXAMPLE_KEY2', (a, b) => `${a} ${b}`);
+E('EXAMPLE_KEY1', 'This is the error value', TypeError);
+E('EXAMPLE_KEY2', (a, b) => `${a} ${b}`, RangeError);
 ```
 
 The first argument passed to `E()` is the static identifier. The second
@@ -58,7 +58,24 @@ argument is either a String with optional `util.format()` style replacement
 tags (e.g. `%s`, `%d`), or a function returning a String. The optional
 additional arguments passed to the `errors.message()` function (which is
 used by the `errors.Error`, `errors.TypeError` and `errors.RangeError` classes),
-will be used to format the error message.
+will be used to format the error message. The third argument is the base class
+that the new error will extend.
+
+It is possible to create multiple derived
+classes by providing additional arguments. The other ones will be exposed as
+properties of the main class:
+
+<!-- eslint-disable no-unreachable -->
+```js
+E('EXAMPLE_KEY', 'Error message', TypeError, RangeError);
+
+// In another module
+const { EXAMPLE_KEY } = require('internal/errors').codes;
+// TypeError
+throw new EXAMPLE_KEY();
+// RangeError
+throw new EXAMPLE_KEY.RangeError();
+```
 
 ## Documenting new errors
 
@@ -115,65 +132,9 @@ likely be required.
 
 ## API
 
-### Class: errors.Error(key[, args...])
-
-* `key` {string} The static error identifier
-* `args...` {any} Zero or more optional arguments
-
-```js
-const errors = require('internal/errors');
-
-const arg1 = 'foo';
-const arg2 = 'bar';
-const myError = new errors.Error('KEY', arg1, arg2);
-throw myError;
-```
-
-The specific error message for the `myError` instance will depend on the
-associated value of `KEY` (see "Adding new errors").
-
-The `myError` object will have a `code` property equal to the `key` and a
-`name` property equal to `` `Error [${key}]` ``.
-
-### Class: errors.TypeError(key[, args...])
-
-* `key` {string} The static error identifier
-* `args...` {any} Zero or more optional arguments
-
-```js
-const errors = require('internal/errors');
-
-const arg1 = 'foo';
-const arg2 = 'bar';
-const myError = new errors.TypeError('KEY', arg1, arg2);
-throw myError;
-```
-
-The specific error message for the `myError` instance will depend on the
-associated value of `KEY` (see "Adding new errors").
-
-The `myError` object will have a `code` property equal to the `key` and a
-`name` property equal to `` `TypeError [${key}]` ``.
-
-### Class: errors.RangeError(key[, args...])
-
-* `key` {string} The static error identifier
-* `args...` {any} Zero or more optional arguments
-
-```js
-const errors = require('internal/errors');
-
-const arg1 = 'foo';
-const arg2 = 'bar';
-const myError = new errors.RangeError('KEY', arg1, arg2);
-throw myError;
-```
-
-The specific error message for the `myError` instance will depend on the
-associated value of `KEY` (see "Adding new errors").
+### Object: errors.codes
 
-The `myError` object will have a `code` property equal to the `key` and a
-`name` property equal to `` `RangeError [${key}]` ``.
+Exposes all internal error classes to be used by Node.js APIs.
 
 ### Method: errors.message(key, args)