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<h1>Footnotes</h1>
<h3><a name="FOOT1" href="scrap1_1.html#DOCF1">(1)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
See <a href="http://freedomdefined.org">http://freedomdefined.org</a>.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT2" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF2">(2)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
The use of
<a name="index-_0060_0060hacker_002c_0027_0027-actual-meaning-of-term-_0028see-also-_0060_0060cracker_0027_0027_0029"></a>
“hacker” to mean “security breaker” is a confusion on the part of
the mass media. We hackers refuse to recognize that meaning, and
continue using the word to mean someone who loves to program, someone
who enjoys playful cleverness, or the combination of the two. See my
article, “On Hacking,” at
<a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html</a>.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT3" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF3">(3)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
As an
Atheist, I don’t follow any religious leaders, but I sometimes find I
admire something one of them has said.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT4" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF4">(4)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
In 1984 or 1985,
<a name="index-Hopkins_002c-Don"></a>
Don Hopkins (a very
imaginative fellow) mailed me a letter. On the envelope he had written
several amusing sayings, including this one: “Copyleft—all rights
reversed.” I used the word “copyleft” to name the distribution
concept I was developing at the time.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT5" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF5">(5)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
We now use the
<a name="index-FDL-_0028see-also-both-manuals-and-documentation_0029"></a>
GNU Free
Documentation License (p. @refx{FDL-pg}{
</p><h3><a name="FOOT6" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF6">(6)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
“Bourne Again Shell” is a play on the name “Bourne
Shell,” which was the usual shell on Unix.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT7" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF7">(7)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
That was written in 1998. In 2009 we no longer maintain a long
task list. The community develops free software so fast that we can’t
even keep track of it all. Instead, we have a list of High Priority
Projects, a much shorter list of projects we really want to encourage
people to write.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT8" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF8">(8)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
This license is now called
the GNU Lesser General Public License, to avoid giving the idea that
all libraries ought to use it.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT9" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF9">(9)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Eric Raymond is a prominent open source advocate; see “Why Open
Source Misses the Point” (p. @refx{OS Misses Point-pg}{
</p><h3><a name="FOOT10" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF10">(10)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Eric S. Raymond, <cite>The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and
Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary,</cite> rev. ed. (Sebastopol,
Calif.: O’Reilly, 2001), p. 23.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT11" href="scrap1_3.html#DOCF11">(11)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
The wording here was careless. The
intention was that nobody would have to pay for <em>permission</em> to
use the GNU system. But the words don’t make this clear, and people
often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should always be
distributed at little or no charge. That was never the intent.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT12" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF12">(12)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
The wording here was
careless. The intention was that nobody would have to pay for
<em>permission</em> to use the GNU system. But the words don’t make this
clear, and people often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU
should always be distributed at little or no charge. That was never
the intent; later on, the manifesto mentions the possibility of
companies providing the service of distribution for a
profit. Subsequently I have learned to distinguish carefully between
“free” in the sense of freedom and “free” in the sense of
price. Free software is software that users have the freedom to
distribute and change. Some users may obtain copies at no charge,
while others pay to obtain copies—and if the funds help support
improving the software, so much the better. The important thing is
that everyone who has a copy has the freedom to cooperate with others
in using it.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT13" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF13">(13)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
The expression
<a name="index-_0060_0060give-away-software_002c_0027_0027-misleading-use-of-term"></a>
“give away” is another indication that I had not yet clearly
separated the issue of price from that of freedom. We now recommend
avoiding this expression when talking about free software. See “Words
to Avoid (or Use with Care)” (p. @refx{Words to Avoid-pg}{
</p><h3><a name="FOOT14" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF14">(14)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the
<a name="index-High-Priority-Projects-list"></a>
High Priority Projects list, at
<a href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/">http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/</a>, and the
<a name="index-GNU-Help-Wanted-list"></a>
GNU
Help Wanted list, the general task list for GNU software packages, at
<a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1">http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1</a>. For other ways to
help, see <a href="http://gnu.org/help/help.html">http://gnu.org/help/help.html</a>.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT15" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF15">(15)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
This is another place I failed
to distinguish carefully between the two different meanings of
“free.” The statement as it stands is not false—you can get copies
of GNU software at no charge, from your friends or over the net. But
it does suggest the wrong idea.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT16" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF16">(16)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Several such companies now exist.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT17" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF17">(17)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Although it is
a charity rather than a company, the
<a name="index-FSF_002c-fundraising-1"></a>
<a name="index-FSF_002c-how-you-can-help"></a>
Free Software Foundation for 10
years raised most of its funds from its distribution service. You can
order things from the FSF to support its work.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT18" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF18">(18)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
A group
of computer companies pooled funds around 1991 to support maintenance
of the
<a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-C-compiler-_0028see-also-GNU_002c-GCC_0029-1"></a>
GNU C Compiler.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT19" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF19">(19)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
I think I was mistaken in saying
that proprietary software was the most common basis for making money
in software. It seems that actually the most common business model was
and is development of custom software. That does not offer the
possibility of collecting rents, so the business has to keep doing
real work in order to keep getting income. The custom software
business would continue to exist, more or less unchanged, in a free
software world. Therefore, I no longer expect that most paid
programmers would earn less in a free software world.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT20" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF20">(20)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing it
was to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual property.” That term
is obviously biased; more subtle is the fact that it lumps together
various disparate laws which raise very different issues. Nowadays I
urge people to reject the term “intellectual property” entirely,
lest it lead others to suppose that those laws form one coherent
issue. The way to be clear is to discuss patents, copyrights, and
<a name="index-trademarks-and_002for-trademark-law"></a>
trademarks separately. See “Did You Say ‘Intellectual Property’? It’s
a Seductive Mirage” (p. @refx{Not IPR-pg}{
</p><h3><a name="FOOT21" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF21">(21)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Subsequently we learned to distinguish between
“free software” and “freeware.” The term “freeware” means
software you are free to redistribute, but usually you are not free to
study and change the source code, so most of it is not free
software. See “Words to Avoid (or Use with Care)” (p. @refx{Words to
Avoid-pg}{
</p><h3><a name="FOOT22" href="scrap1_5.html#DOCF22">(22)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
The charges were subsequently
dismissed.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT23" href="scrap1_6.html#DOCF23">(23)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
The word “free” in “free software” refers to freedom, not to price; the price paid for a copy of a free
program may be zero, or small, or (rarely) quite large.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT24" href="scrap1_6.html#DOCF24">(24)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
The issues of pollution and traffic congestion do not
alter this conclusion. If we wish to make driving more expensive to
discourage driving in general, it is disadvantageous to do this using
toll booths, which contribute to both pollution and congestion. A tax
on gasoline is much better. Likewise, a desire to enhance safety by
limiting maximum speed is not relevant; a free-access road enhances
the average speed by avoiding stops and delays, for any given speed
limit.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT25" href="scrap1_6.html#DOCF25">(25)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
One might regard a particular computer program as a harmful thing that should not be available at all, like the
<a name="index-Lotus-Marketplace"></a>
Lotus Marketplace database of personal information, which was withdrawn from sale due to public disapproval. Most of what I say does not apply to this case, but it makes little sense to argue for having an owner on the grounds that the owner will make the program less available. The owner will not make it <em>completely</em> unavailable, as one would wish in the case of a program whose use is considered destructive.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT26" href="scrap1_6.html#DOCF26">(26)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
<a name="index-Fox-Film-Corp_002e-v_002e-Doyal"></a>
<cite>Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal,</cite> 286 US 123, 1932.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT27" href="scrap1_7.html#DOCF27">(27)</a></h3>
<a name="index-RJ-Reynolds-Tobacco-Company"></a>
<p>RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company was fined $15m in 2002 for handing out
free samples of cigarettes at events attended by children. See
<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm">http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm</a>.
</p><h3><a name="FOOT28" href="scrap1_12.html#DOCF28">(28)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Michelle Finley, “French Pols Say, ‘Open It Up,’” 24 April 2000, <a href="http://wired.com/politics/law/news/2000/04/35862">http://wired.com/politics/law/news/2000/04/35862</a>.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT29" href="scrap1_14.html#DOCF29">(29)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
See
<a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd">http://opensource.org/docs/osd</a> for the full definition.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT30" href="scrap1_14.html#DOCF30">(30)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Neal
Stephenson, <cite>In the Beginning...Was the Command Line</cite> (New York:
HarperCollins Publishers, 1999), p. 94.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT31" href="scrap1_14.html#DOCF31">(31)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Mary Jane
Irwin, “The Brave New World of Open-Source Game Design,” <cite>New
York Times,</cite> online ed., 7 February 2009,
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html">http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html</a>.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT32" href="scrap1_16.html#DOCF32">(32)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Dan Farber, “Oracle’s Ellison Nails Cloud
Computing,” 26 September 2008,
<a href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html">http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html</a>.
@end raggedright
@vglue -1pc
</p><h3><a name="FOOT33" href="scrap1_16.html#DOCF33">(33)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
An unedited transcript of American rock musician
Courtney Love’s 16 May 2000 speech to the Digital Hollywood
online-entertainment conference, in New York, is available at
<a href="http://salon.com/technology/feature/2000/06/14/love/print.html">http://salon.com/technology/feature/2000/06/14/love/print.html</a>.
@end raggedright
@vglue -1pc
</p><h3><a name="FOOT34" href="scrap1_16.html#DOCF34">(34)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
See my
article, “On Hacking,” at
<a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html</a>.
@end raggedright
@vglue -1pc
</p><h3><a name="FOOT35" href="scrap1_16.html#DOCF35">(35)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
“Directive on the patentability of
computer-implemented inventions,” 24 September 2003,
<a href="http://eupat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309">http://eupat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309</a>.
@end raggedright
@vglue -1pc
</p><h3><a name="FOOT36" href="scrap1_18.html#DOCF36">(36)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
<a name="index-Fox-Film-Corp_002e-v_002e-Doyal-1"></a>
<cite>Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal,</cite> 286 US 123, 1932.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT37" href="scrap1_18.html#DOCF37">(37)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
<cite>Congressional Record,</cite> S. 483, “The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1995,” 2 March 1995, pp. S3390–4.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT38" href="scrap1_18.html#DOCF38">(38)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
<cite>Congressional
Record,</cite> “Statement on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions,”
2 March 1995, p. S3390,
<a href="http://gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1995-03-02/pdf/CREC-1995-03-02-pt1-PgS3390-2.pdf">http://gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1995-03-02/pdf/CREC-1995-03-02-pt1-PgS3390-2.pdf</a>.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT39" href="scrap1_18.html#DOCF39">(39)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Jack Valenti was a longtime president of the Motion
Picture Association of America.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT40" href="scrap1_18.html#DOCF40">(40)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
<cite>Congressional Record,</cite> remarks of
Rep.
<a name="index-Bono_002c-Congresswoman-Mary"></a>
Bono, 7 October 1998, p. H9952, <a href="http://gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1998-10-07/pdf/CREC-1998-10-07-pt1-PgH9946.pdf">http://gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1998-10-07/pdf/CREC-1998-10-07-pt1-PgH9946.pdf</a>.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT41" href="scrap1_18.html#DOCF41">(41)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Since renamed to the unpronounceable
<a name="index-Consumer-Broadband-and-Digital-Television-Promotion-Act-_0028CBDTPA_0029-2"></a>
CBDTPA,
for which a good mnemonic is “Consume, But Don’t Try
Programming Anything,” but it really stands for the
“Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion
Act.”
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT42" href="scrap1_18.html#DOCF42">(42)</a></h3>
<p>If you would like to help, I recommend the web
sites
<a name="index-Defective-by-Design-_0028see-also-DRM_0029-2"></a>
<a href="http://defectivebydesign.org">http://defectivebydesign.org</a>, <a href="http://publicknowledge.org">http://publicknowledge.org</a>, and <a href="http://eff.org">http://eff.org</a>.
</p><h3><a name="FOOT43" href="scrap1_20.html#DOCF43">(43)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
“Nine Inch Nails Made at Least $750k from CC Release in Two Days,” posted by Cory Doctorow, 5 March 2008,
<a href="http://boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html">http://boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html</a>.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT44" href="scrap1_20.html#DOCF44">(44)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Mike Masnick,
“The Future of Music Business Models (and Those Who Are Already
There),” 25 January 2010,
<a href="http://techdirt.com/articles/20091119/1634117011.shtml">http://techdirt.com/articles/20091119/1634117011.shtml</a>.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT45" href="scrap1_20.html#DOCF45">(45)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Kevin Kelly is a commentator on digital culture
and the founder of <cite>Wired</cite> magazine.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT46" href="scrap1_20.html#DOCF46">(46)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Kevin Kelly, “1,000 True
Fans,” 4 March 2008,
<a href="http://kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php">http://kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php</a>.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT47" href="scrap1_20.html#DOCF47">(47)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
See <a href="http://mecenatglobal.org/">http://mecenatglobal.org/</a> for more information.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT48" href="scrap1_20.html#DOCF48">(48)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
The SGAE is Spain’s main copyright collective for composers, authors,
and publishers.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT49" href="scrap1_33.html#DOCF49">(49)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Brad
Stone, “Amazon Erases Orwell Books from Kindle,” <cite>New York Times,</cite> 17 July 2009, sec. B1, <a href="http://nytimes.com/2009/07/18/technology/companies/18amazon.html">http://nytimes.com/2009/07/18/technology/companies/18amazon.html</a>.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT50" href="scrap1_40.html#DOCF50">(50)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Bradley Horowitz, “The Tech Lab: Bradley Horowitz,” <cite>BBC News,</cite> 29 June 2007, <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6252716.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6252716.stm</a>.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT51" href="scrap1_40.html#DOCF51">(51)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Charles Stross, “The Tech Lab: Charles Stross,” <cite>BBC News,</cite> 10 July 2007, <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6287126.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6287126.stm</a>.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT52" href="scrap1_40.html#DOCF52">(52)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
Dave Winer, “The Tech Lab: Dave Winer,” <cite>BBC News,</cite> 14 June 2007, <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6748103.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6748103.stm</a>.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT53" href="scrap1_43.html#DOCF53">(53)</a></h3>
<p>@raggedright
William J. Mitchell, <em>City of Bits: Space, Place, and the
Infobahn</em> (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), p. 111, as quoted by
Lawrence Lessig in <em>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version
2.0</em> (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2006), p. 5.
@end raggedright
</p><h3><a name="FOOT54" href="scrap1_U.2.html#DOCF54">(54)</a></h3>
<p>In other programming languages, such as
Scheme, the <em>Hello World</em> program is usually not your first program.
In Scheme you often start with a program like this:
</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">(define (factorial n)
(if (= n 0)
1
(* n (factorial (- n 1)))))
</pre></td></tr></table>
<p>This computes the factorial of a number; that is, running
<code>(factorial 5)</code>would output 120, which is computed by doing
5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 * 1.
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