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diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_4.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_4.html index b9282ce1..96bfac91 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_4.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_4.html @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Cover design by Rob Myers. Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. --> <!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 -texi2html was written by: +texi2html was written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> @@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ few years, it was updated in minor ways to account for developments, but now it seems best to leave it unchanged as most people have seen it.<br> </p> -<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common misunderstandings -that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes added since 1993 help +<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common misunderstandings +that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes added since 1993 help clarify these points.<br> </p> <p>For up-to-date information about the available GNU software, please -see the information available on our web server, in particular our +see the information available on our web server, in particular our list of software. For how to contribute, see <a href="http://gnu.org/help">http://gnu.org/help</a>. </p></blockquote> @@ -98,11 +98,11 @@ of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed. </p> <a name="index-GNU_002c-operating-system-parts-4"></a> -<p> So far we have an +<p> So far we have an <a name="index-Emacs_002c-GNU-4"></a> <a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-Emacs-4"></a> Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor -commands, a source level debugger, a +commands, a source level debugger, a <a name="index-yacc-1"></a> yacc-compatible parser generator, a linker, and around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is @@ -110,10 +110,10 @@ nearly completed. A new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled itself and may be released this year. An initial kernel exists but many more features are needed to emulate Unix. When the kernel and compiler are finished, it will be possible to distribute a GNU system -suitable for program development. We will use +suitable for program development. We will use <a name="index-TeX-1"></a> TeX as our text -formatter, but an +formatter, but an <a name="index-nroff"></a> nroff is being worked on. We will use the free, portable X window system as well. After this we will add a portable @@ -134,14 +134,14 @@ file name completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and perhaps eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will -try to support +try to support <a name="index-UUCP-1"></a> -UUCP, +UUCP, <a name="index-MIT_002c-Chaosnet-2"></a> MIT Chaosnet, and Internet protocols for communication. </p> -<p> GNU is aimed initially at machines in the +<p> GNU is aimed initially at machines in the <a name="index-68000_002dclass-hardware-2"></a> 68000/16000 class with virtual memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run @@ -156,16 +156,16 @@ in the word “GNU” when it is the name of this project. <h3 class="subheading"> Why I Must Write GNU </h3> <a name="index-GNU_002c-motivation-to-write"></a> -<p> I consider that the +<p> I consider that the <a name="index-Golden-Rule-1"></a> Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this -way. I cannot in good conscience sign a +way. I cannot in good conscience sign a <a name="index-nondisclosure-agreements-4"></a> nondisclosure agreement or a -software license agreement. For years I worked within the +software license agreement. For years I worked within the <a name="index-AI-_0028Artificial-Intelligence_0029-Lab_002c-MIT-_0028see-also-MIT_0029-1"></a> Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities, @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ institution where such things are done for me against my will. <p> So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I -have resigned from the +have resigned from the <a name="index-MIT_002c-AI-_0028Artificial-Intelligence_0029-Lab-3"></a> AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.<a name="DOCF13" href="#FOOT13">(13)</a>) for more @@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ ready to use systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not in need of sophisticated cooling or power. </p> <p> I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time -work for GNU. +work for GNU. <a name="index-Unix-compatibility_002c-ease-of-contribution-because-of-1"></a> For most projects, such part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the independently written parts would not @@ -320,9 +320,9 @@ breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free. <a name="index-GNU_002c-objections-to"></a> <a name="index-GNU_002c-user-support"></a> <a name="index-users_002c-technical-support-for-GNU"></a> -<p>{ <strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means they can’t rely on any support.”</strong> +<p>• <strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means they can’t rely on any support.”</strong> </p> -<p>{ <strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing the support.”</strong> +<p>•<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing the support.”</strong> </p> <p> If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without service, a company to provide just service to people who have @@ -355,9 +355,9 @@ particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don’t need the service should be able to use the program without paying for the service. <br> <a name="index-GNU_002c-advertising-for"></a> -{ <strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and +• <strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and you must charge for the program to support that.”</strong><br> -{ <strong>“It’s no use advertising a program people can get +• <strong>“It’s no use advertising a program people can get free.”</strong> </p> <p> There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be @@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates don’t want to let the free market decide this?<a name="DOCF17" href="#FOOT17">(17)</a> <br> <a name="index-competition_002c-impact-on"></a> -{ <strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get +• <strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get a competitive edge.”</strong> </p> <p> GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of @@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.<a name="DOCF18" href="#FOOT1 <br> <a name="index-programmers_002c-income-for-2"></a> <a name="index-programmers_002c-and-creativity-and-entitlement"></a> -{ <strong>“Don’t programmers deserve a reward for their +• <strong>“Don’t programmers deserve a reward for their creativity?”</strong> </p> <p> If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution. @@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ is free to use the results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be punished if they restrict the use of these programs. <br> -{ <strong>“Shouldn’t a programmer be able to ask for a reward for +• <strong>“Shouldn’t a programmer be able to ask for a reward for his creativity?”</strong> </p> <a name="index-programmers_002c-income-for-3"></a> @@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ choice to restrict, the harmful consequences are deliberate destruction. <a name="index-citizen-values_002c-Golden-Rule-1"></a> <p> The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to become wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become -poorer from the mutual destructiveness. This is +poorer from the mutual destructiveness. This is <a name="index-Kantian-ethics"></a> Kantian ethics; or, <a name="index-Golden-Rule-2"></a> @@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ to do so. Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one’s creativity does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that creativity. <br> -{ <strong>“Won’t programmers starve?”</strong> +• <strong>“Won’t programmers starve?”</strong> </p> <p> I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making @@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ that.) <a name="index-programmers_002c-income-for-4"></a> <br> </p> -<p>{ <strong>“Don’t people have a right to control how their creativity is used?”</strong> +<p>• <strong>“Don’t people have a right to control how their creativity is used?”</strong> </p> <a name="index-patents-1"></a> <a name="index-_0060_0060intellectual-property_002c_0027_0027-bias-and-fallacy-of-term-_0028see-also-ownership_0029"></a> @@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ regardless of whether the law enables him to. <a name="index-programmers_002c-and-creativity-and-entitlement-1"></a> <br> <a name="index-competition_002c-impact-on-1"></a> -{ <strong>“Competition makes things get done +• <strong>“Competition makes things get done better.”</strong> </p> <p> The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we @@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ yards you run, you can fire one shot”). He really ought to break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight. <br> <a name="index-programmers_002c-incentive-for-1"></a> -{ <strong>“Won’t everyone stop programming without a monetary incentive?”</strong> +• <strong>“Won’t everyone stop programming without a monetary incentive?”</strong> </p> <p> Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some @@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly if the high-paying ones are banned. <a name="index-programmers_002c-incentive-for-2"></a> <br> -{ <strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to obey.”</strong> +• <strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to obey.”</strong> </p> <p> You’re never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand. Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute! @@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute! </p> <a name="index-programmers_002c-income-for-5"></a> <a name="index-development_002c-funding-for-2"></a> -<p>{ <strong>“Programmers need to make a living somehow.”</strong> +<p>• <strong>“Programmers need to make a living somehow.”</strong> </p> <p> In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a @@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ the group’s members would like to use. </p> <p> Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay <em>x</em> percent of the price as a software tax. The government gives this to an agency - like the + like the <a name="index-National-Science-Foundation-_0028NSF_0029"></a> NSF to spend on software development. </p> @@ -617,8 +617,6 @@ NSF to spend on software development. <p> The consequences: </p> -<p>@begingroup @divide@smallskipamount by 2 -</p> <ul> <li> The computer-using community supports software development. @@ -631,8 +629,6 @@ Users who care which projects their share is spent on can choose this for themse </li></ul> -<p>@endgroup -</p> <p> In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the postscarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living. People will be free to devote themselves to activities @@ -676,17 +672,17 @@ improving the software, so much the better. The important thing is that everyone who has a copy has the freedom to cooperate with others in using it. </p><h3><a name="FOOT13" href="#DOCF13">(13)</a></h3> -<p>The expression +<p>The expression <a name="index-_0060_0060give-away-software_002c_0027_0027-misleading-use-of-term"></a> “give away” is another indication that I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price from that of freedom. We now recommend avoiding this expression when talking about free software. See “Words -to Avoid (or Use with Care)” (p. @refx{Words to Avoid-pg}{ +to Avoid (or Use with Care)” </p><h3><a name="FOOT14" href="#DOCF14">(14)</a></h3> <p>Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a name="index-High-Priority-Projects-list"></a> High Priority Projects list, at -<a href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/">http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/</a>, and the +<a href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/">http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/</a>, and the <a name="index-GNU-Help-Wanted-list"></a> GNU Help Wanted list, the general task list for GNU software packages, at @@ -702,7 +698,7 @@ it does suggest the wrong idea. <p>Several such companies now exist. </p><h3><a name="FOOT17" href="#DOCF17">(17)</a></h3> <p>Although it is -a charity rather than a company, the +a charity rather than a company, the <a name="index-FSF_002c-fundraising-1"></a> <a name="index-FSF_002c-how-you-can-help"></a> Free Software Foundation for 10 @@ -711,7 +707,7 @@ order things from the FSF to support its work. </p><h3><a name="FOOT18" href="#DOCF18">(18)</a></h3> <p>A group of computer companies pooled funds around 1991 to support maintenance -of the +of the <a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-C-compiler-_0028see-also-GNU_002c-GCC_0029-1"></a> GNU C Compiler. </p><h3><a name="FOOT19" href="#DOCF19">(19)</a></h3> @@ -734,30 +730,14 @@ lest it lead others to suppose that those laws form one coherent issue. The way to be clear is to discuss patents, copyrights, and <a name="index-trademarks-and_002for-trademark-law"></a> trademarks separately. See “Did You Say ‘Intellectual Property’? It’s -a Seductive Mirage” (p. @refx{Not IPR-pg}{ +a Seductive Mirage”. </p><h3><a name="FOOT21" href="#DOCF21">(21)</a></h3> <p>Subsequently we learned to distinguish between “free software” and “freeware.” The term “freeware” means software you are free to redistribute, but usually you are not free to study and change the source code, so most of it is not free -software. See “Words to Avoid (or Use with Care)” (p. @refx{Words to -Avoid-pg}{ +software. See “Words to Avoid (or Use with Care)”. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_3.html#Initial-Announcement" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_5.html#Why-Free" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> |