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From time to - time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions - about subtle issues. See the <a href="#History">History section</a> - below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free - software. - </p> - </blockquote> - - <p> - “Free software” means software that respects users' - freedom and community. Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the - freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the - software</b>. Thus, “free software” is a matter of - liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of - “free” as in “free speech,” not as in - “free beer”. We sometimes call it “libre - software” to show we do not mean it is gratis. - </p> - - <p> - We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With - these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control - the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the - program, we call it a “nonfree” or - “proprietary” program. The nonfree program controls the - users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the - program <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"> - an instrument of unjust power</a>. - </p> - - <p> - A program is free software if the program's users have the - four essential freedoms: - </p> - - <ul> - <li>The freedom to run the program as you wish, - for any purpose (freedom 0).</li> - <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it - does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source - code is a precondition for this. - </li> - <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor - (freedom 2). - </li> - <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions - to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole - community a chance to benefit from your changes. - Access to the source code is a precondition for this. - </li> - </ul> - - <p> - A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these - freedoms. Otherwise, it is nonfree. While we can distinguish various - nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of - being free, we consider them all equally unethical.</p> - - <p>In any given scenario, these freedoms must apply to whatever code - we plan to make use of, or lead others to make use of. For instance, - consider a program A which automatically launches a program B to - handle some cases. If we plan to distribute A as it stands, that - implies users will need B, so we need to judge whether both A and B - are free. However, if we plan to modify A so that it doesn't use B, - only A needs to be free; we can ignore B.</p> - - <p>The rest of this page clarifies certain points about what makes - specific freedoms adequate or not.</p> - - <p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to - redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either - gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to - <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these - things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay - for permission to do so. - </p> - - <p> - You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them - privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they - exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to - notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way. - </p> - - <p> - The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person - or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of - overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it - with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is - the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em> - purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes, - and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it - for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her. - </p> - - <p> - The freedom to run the program as you wish means that you are not - forbidden or stopped from doing so. It has nothing to do with what - functionality the program has, or whether it is useful for what you - want to do.</p> - - <p> - The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable - forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and - unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary - for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there - is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program - (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the - freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to - make them. - </p> - - <p> - In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the - freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have - access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of - source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated - “source code” is not real source code and does not count - as source code. - </p> - - <p> - Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of - the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to - run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a - practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”, - or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure - boot” — freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a - practical reality. These binaries are not free - software even if the source code they are compiled from is free. - </p> - - <p> - One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free - subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you - cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it - requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the - license is too restrictive to qualify as free. - </p> - - <p> - Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions - as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of - releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be - a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a - license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify - as a free license. - </p> - - <p> - In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and - irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the - software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add - restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give - cause, the software is not free. - </p> - - <p> - However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free - software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central - freedoms. For example, <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> - (very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program, - you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms. - This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it - protects them. - </p> - - <p> - In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms - legally for everyone. We believe there are important reasons why - <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use - copyleft</a>. However, - <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware"> - noncopylefted free software</a> is ethical - too. See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free - Software</a> for a description of how “free software,” - “copylefted software” and other categories of software - relate to each other. - </p> - - <p> - “Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. A free - program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, - and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software - is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. - You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have - obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies, - you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to - <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>. - </p> - - <p> - Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. - If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that - someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free. - </p> - - <p> - However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, - if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified - versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. - Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the - name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your - modifications as yours. As long as these requirements are not so - burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your - changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to - the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more. - </p> - - <p> - Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you - must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, - on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one - saying that if you have distributed a - modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you - must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of - whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require release - of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use - are also acceptable. - </p> - - <p> - A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by - which the program will be invoked from other programs. That - effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it - can replace the original when invoked by those other programs. This - sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing - facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an - alias for the modified version.</p> - - <p> - Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a> - and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of - programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to - eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do - is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this - way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the - jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses - must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a - condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms. - </p> - - <p> - Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making - them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does - not restrict users. If an export regulation is actually trivial for - free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual - problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in - export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the - software nonfree. - </p> - - <p> - A free license may not require compliance with the license of a - nonfree program. Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to - comply with the licenses of “all the programs you use”, in - the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require - compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the - license nonfree. - </p> - - <p> - It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's - law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both. - </p> - - <p> - Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits - on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a - copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it - is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated - (though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software - licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger - range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways - such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree. - </p> - - <p> - We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a - contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that - copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as - legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude - it is nonfree. - </p> - - <p> - When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms - like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply that - the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such - as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See - <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that - are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have - a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of - “free software”</a> into various languages. - </p> - - <p> - Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software - definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide - whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license, - we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their - spirit as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable - restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue - in these criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue - that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer, - before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach - a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make - it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify. - </p> - - <p> - If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free - software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list - of licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not - listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at - <a href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org"><licensing@gnu.org></a>. - </p> - - <p> - If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the - Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The - proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work - for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you - find an existing free software license that meets your needs. - </p> - - <p> - If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our - help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license - and avoid various practical problems. - </p> - - <h3 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h3> - - <p> - <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>, - for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the - manuals are in effect part of the software. - </p> - - <p> - The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of - practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, - such as educational works and reference - works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known - example. - </p> - - <p> - Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software - has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/"> - free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works. - </p> - - <h3 id="open-source">Open Source?</h3> - - <p> - Another group uses the term “open source” to mean - something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We - prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that - it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. 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Freedom is the issue, the whole issue, and the only issue. <a name="index-selling_002c-free-software-3"></a> <a name="index-selling_002c-and-distribution-fees-1"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_9.html#Free-Doc" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_11.html#Song" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/serbian-croatian.jpg b/src/frontend_blog/articles/serbian-croatian.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..8066d55d --- /dev/null +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/serbian-croatian.jpg diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/song-book-jutta-scrunch-crop.jpg b/src/frontend_blog/articles/song-book-jutta-scrunch-crop.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..0147631a --- /dev/null +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/song-book-jutta-scrunch-crop.jpg diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/tamil.jpg b/src/frontend_blog/articles/tamil.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..ca5dde39 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/tamil.jpg diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/ukrainian.jpg b/src/frontend_blog/articles/ukrainian.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..79c9112d --- /dev/null +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/ukrainian.jpg |
