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diff --git a/examples/blog/articles/scrap1_46.html b/examples/blog/articles/scrap1_46.html index 0206a9f2..24de11a6 100644 --- a/examples/blog/articles/scrap1_46.html +++ b/examples/blog/articles/scrap1_46.html @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. +<html><!-- This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. Free Software Foundation @@ -20,8 +19,7 @@ ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 Cover design by Rob Myers. Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. - --> -<!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 + --><!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 texi2html was written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> @@ -29,17 +27,7 @@ texi2html was written by: and many others. Maintained by: Many creative people. Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> ---> -<head> -<title>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Appendix A: A Note on Software</title> - -<meta name="description" content="This is the second edition of Richard Stallman's collection of essays."> -<meta name="keywords" content="Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Appendix A: A Note on Software"> -<meta name="resource-type" content="document"> -<meta name="distribution" content="global"> -<meta name="Generator" content="texi2html 1.82"> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> -<style type="text/css"> +--><head><title>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Appendix A: A Note on Software</title><meta name="description" content="This is the second edition of Richard Stallman's collection of essays."><meta name="keywords" content="Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Appendix A: A Note on Software"><meta name="resource-type" content="document"><meta name="distribution" content="global"><meta name="Generator" content="texi2html 1.82"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><style type="text/css"> <!-- a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} @@ -55,22 +43,15 @@ span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal;} span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal;} ul.toc {list-style: none} --> -</style> -<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style.css"> - - -</head> - -<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> +</style><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style.css"></head><body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> <a name="Appendix-A"></a> - <header><div id="logo"><img src="../gnu.svg" height="100" width="100"></div><h1>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.</h1></header><section id="main"><a name="Freedom-or-Power_003f"></a> + <header><div id="logo"><a href="/"><img src="../gnu.svg" height="100" width="100"></a></div><h1>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.</h1></header><section id="main"><a name="Freedom-or-Power_003f"></a> <a name="Appendix-A_003a-A-Note-on-Software"></a> <h1 class="unnumbered"><span class="roman">Appendix A: A Note on Software</span></h1> -<p>Written by Richard E. Buckman and Joshua Gay. -<br> -</p> +<p>Written by Richard E. Buckman and Joshua Gay. +<br></p> <p>This section is intended for people who have little or no knowledge of the technical aspects of computer science. It is not necessary to read this section to understand the essays and speeches presented in this @@ -88,44 +69,36 @@ set of commands is written in a <em>programming language</em> such as C or Java. After that, a tool known as a <em>compiler</em> translates this to a lower-level language known as <em>assembly language</em>. Another tool known as an <em>assembler</em> breaks the assembly code down to the -final stage of <em>machine language</em>—the lowest level—which the +final stage of <em>machine language</em>—the lowest level—which the computer understands <em>natively</em>. </p> -<img src="code.jpg" alt="code"> - -<p>For example, consider the -“hello world” program, a common first program for people learning C, -which (when compiled and executed) prints “Hello World!” on the screen. +<img src="code.jpg" alt="code"><p>For example, consider the +“hello world” program, a common first program for people learning C, +which (when compiled and executed) prints “Hello World!” on the screen. <a name="DOCF54" href="#FOOT54">(54)</a> </p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">int main(){ +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">int main(){ printf(''Hello World!''); return 0; } -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>In the Java programming language the same program would +</pre></td></tr></table><p>In the Java programming language the same program would be written like this: </p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">public class hello { +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">public class hello { public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println(''Hello World!''); } } -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>However, in machine language, a small section of it may look similar to +</pre></td></tr></table><p>However, in machine language, a small section of it may look similar to this: </p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">1100011110111010100101001001001010101110 +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">1100011110111010100101001001001010101110 0110101010011000001111001011010101111101 0100111111111110010110110000000010100100 0100100001100101011011000110110001101111 0010000001010111011011110111001001101100 0110010000100001010000100110111101101111 -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>The above form of machine language is the most basic representation +</pre></td></tr></table><p>The above form of machine language is the most basic representation known as binary. All data in computers is made up of a series of 0-or-1 values, but a person would have much difficulty understanding the data. To make a simple change to the binary, one would have to @@ -134,22 +107,20 @@ machine language. This could be feasible for small programs like the above examples, but any interesting program would involve an exhausting effort to make simple changes. </p> -<p>As an example, imagine that we wanted to make a change to our “Hello -World” program written in C so that instead of printing “Hello World” +<p>As an example, imagine that we wanted to make a change to our “Hello +World” program written in C so that instead of printing “Hello World” in English it prints it in French. The change would be simple; here is the new program: </p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">int main() { +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">int main() { printf(''Bonjour, monde!''); return 0; } -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>It is safe to say that one can easily infer how to change the program +</pre></td></tr></table><p>It is safe to say that one can easily infer how to change the program written in the Java programming language in the same way. However, even many programmers would not know where to begin if they wanted to -change the binary representation. When we say “source code,” we do -not mean machine language that only computers can understand—we are +change the binary representation. When we say “source code,” we do +not mean machine language that only computers can understand—we are speaking of higher-level languages such as C and Java. A few other popular programming languages are C++, Perl, and Python. Some are harder than others to understand and program in, but they are all much @@ -178,28 +149,23 @@ GNU/Linux operating system. change the source code for a given program, or directly use all these tools, it is relatively easy to find someone who can. Therefore, by having the source code to a program you are usually given the power to -change, fix, customize, and learn about a program—this is a power that +change, fix, customize, and learn about a program—this is a power that you do not have if you are not given the source code. Source code is one of the requirements that makes a piece of software <em>free</em>. The other requirements will be found along with the philosophy and ideas behind them in this collection. </p><div class="footnote"> -<hr> -<h3>Footnotes</h3> +<hr><h3>Footnotes</h3> <h3><a name="FOOT54" href="#DOCF54">(54)</a></h3> <p>In other programming languages, such as Scheme, the <em>Hello World</em> program is usually not your first program. In Scheme you often start with a program like this: -</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">(define (factorial n) +</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">(define (factorial n) (if (= n 0) 1 (* n (factorial (- n 1))))) -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>This computes the factorial of a number; that is, running +</pre></td></tr></table><p>This computes the factorial of a number; that is, running <code>(factorial 5)</code>would output 120, which is computed by doing 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 * 1. </p></div> -<hr size="6"> -</body> -</html> +<hr size="6"></section></body></html> |