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| author | Marcello Stanisci <marcello.stanisci@inria.fr> | 2016-02-19 11:18:34 +0100 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Marcello Stanisci <marcello.stanisci@inria.fr> | 2016-02-19 11:18:34 +0100 |
| commit | cce5ba991be08b4128a5e34c2b515390f77d30f7 (patch) | |
| tree | 30ae8a9138c06e2f18ff234b741ddc9a910d07ef | |
| parent | 38bc44f67265d8ce56c6c5777097bd60c9f4337c (diff) | |
| parent | 6c15480afe13749d060331bd714ec289d32f022d (diff) | |
| download | merchant-cce5ba991be08b4128a5e34c2b515390f77d30f7.tar.gz merchant-cce5ba991be08b4128a5e34c2b515390f77d30f7.tar.bz2 merchant-cce5ba991be08b4128a5e34c2b515390f77d30f7.zip | |
Merge branch 'master' of ssh://taler.net/var/git/merchant
Conflicts:
src/frontend_blog/articles/fs-essay.html
src/frontend_blog/index.html
82 files changed, 414 insertions, 3508 deletions
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From time to - time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions - about subtle issues. See the <a href="#History">History section</a> - below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free - software. - </p> - </blockquote> - - <p> - “Free software” means software that respects users' - freedom and community. Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the - freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the - software</b>. Thus, “free software” is a matter of - liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of - “free” as in “free speech,” not as in - “free beer”. We sometimes call it “libre - software” to show we do not mean it is gratis. - </p> - - <p> - We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With - these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control - the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the - program, we call it a “nonfree” or - “proprietary” program. The nonfree program controls the - users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the - program <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"> - an instrument of unjust power</a>. - </p> - - <p> - A program is free software if the program's users have the - four essential freedoms: - </p> - - <ul> - <li>The freedom to run the program as you wish, - for any purpose (freedom 0).</li> - <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it - does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source - code is a precondition for this. - </li> - <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor - (freedom 2). - </li> - <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions - to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole - community a chance to benefit from your changes. - Access to the source code is a precondition for this. - </li> - </ul> - - <p> - A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these - freedoms. Otherwise, it is nonfree. While we can distinguish various - nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of - being free, we consider them all equally unethical.</p> - - <p>In any given scenario, these freedoms must apply to whatever code - we plan to make use of, or lead others to make use of. For instance, - consider a program A which automatically launches a program B to - handle some cases. If we plan to distribute A as it stands, that - implies users will need B, so we need to judge whether both A and B - are free. However, if we plan to modify A so that it doesn't use B, - only A needs to be free; we can ignore B.</p> - - <p>The rest of this page clarifies certain points about what makes - specific freedoms adequate or not.</p> - - <p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to - redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either - gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to - <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these - things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay - for permission to do so. - </p> - - <p> - You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them - privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they - exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to - notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way. - </p> - - <p> - The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person - or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of - overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it - with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is - the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em> - purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes, - and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it - for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her. - </p> - - <p> - The freedom to run the program as you wish means that you are not - forbidden or stopped from doing so. It has nothing to do with what - functionality the program has, or whether it is useful for what you - want to do.</p> - - <p> - The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable - forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and - unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary - for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there - is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program - (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the - freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to - make them. - </p> - - <p> - In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the - freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have - access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of - source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated - “source code” is not real source code and does not count - as source code. - </p> - - <p> - Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of - the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to - run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a - practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”, - or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure - boot” — freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a - practical reality. These binaries are not free - software even if the source code they are compiled from is free. - </p> - - <p> - One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free - subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you - cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it - requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the - license is too restrictive to qualify as free. - </p> - - <p> - Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions - as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of - releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be - a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a - license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify - as a free license. - </p> - - <p> - In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and - irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the - software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add - restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give - cause, the software is not free. - </p> - - <p> - However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free - software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central - freedoms. For example, <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> - (very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program, - you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms. - This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it - protects them. - </p> - - <p> - In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms - legally for everyone. We believe there are important reasons why - <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use - copyleft</a>. However, - <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware"> - noncopylefted free software</a> is ethical - too. See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free - Software</a> for a description of how “free software,” - “copylefted software” and other categories of software - relate to each other. - </p> - - <p> - “Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. A free - program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, - and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software - is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. - You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have - obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies, - you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to - <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>. - </p> - - <p> - Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. - If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that - someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free. - </p> - - <p> - However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, - if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified - versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. - Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the - name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your - modifications as yours. As long as these requirements are not so - burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your - changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to - the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more. - </p> - - <p> - Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you - must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, - on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one - saying that if you have distributed a - modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you - must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of - whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require release - of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use - are also acceptable. - </p> - - <p> - A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by - which the program will be invoked from other programs. That - effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it - can replace the original when invoked by those other programs. This - sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing - facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an - alias for the modified version.</p> - - <p> - Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a> - and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of - programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to - eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do - is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this - way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the - jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses - must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a - condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms. - </p> - - <p> - Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making - them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does - not restrict users. If an export regulation is actually trivial for - free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual - problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in - export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the - software nonfree. - </p> - - <p> - A free license may not require compliance with the license of a - nonfree program. Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to - comply with the licenses of “all the programs you use”, in - the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require - compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the - license nonfree. - </p> - - <p> - It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's - law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both. - </p> - - <p> - Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits - on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a - copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it - is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated - (though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software - licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger - range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways - such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree. - </p> - - <p> - We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a - contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that - copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as - legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude - it is nonfree. - </p> - - <p> - When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms - like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply that - the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such - as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See - <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that - are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have - a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of - “free software”</a> into various languages. - </p> - - <p> - Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software - definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide - whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license, - we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their - spirit as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable - restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue - in these criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue - that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer, - before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach - a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make - it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify. - </p> - - <p> - If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free - software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list - of licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not - listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at - <a href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org"><licensing@gnu.org></a>. - </p> - - <p> - If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the - Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The - proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work - for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you - find an existing free software license that meets your needs. - </p> - - <p> - If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our - help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license - and avoid various practical problems. - </p> - - <h3 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h3> - - <p> - <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>, - for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the - manuals are in effect part of the software. - </p> - - <p> - The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of - practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, - such as educational works and reference - works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known - example. - </p> - - <p> - Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software - has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/"> - free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works. - </p> - - <h3 id="open-source">Open Source?</h3> - - <p> - Another group uses the term “open source” to mean - something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We - prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that - it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The - word “open” <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> - never refers to freedom</a>. - </p> - </div> - </section> - </article> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/greek.jpg b/src/frontend_blog/articles/greek.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..409cfb1d --- /dev/null +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/greek.jpg diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/japanese-kana.jpg b/src/frontend_blog/articles/japanese-kana.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..05fd85c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/japanese-kana.jpg diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/japanese-kanji.jpg b/src/frontend_blog/articles/japanese-kanji.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..9f4310dc --- /dev/null +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/japanese-kanji.jpg diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/korean.jpg b/src/frontend_blog/articles/korean.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..93626489 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/korean.jpg diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/russian.jpg b/src/frontend_blog/articles/russian.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..851197e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/russian.jpg diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1.html deleted file mode 100644 index fc51526a..00000000 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,288 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. - -Free Software Foundation - -51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor - -Boston, MA 02110-1335 -Copyright C 2002, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted -worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is -preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations -of this book from the original English into another language provided -the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and -the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. - -ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 -Cover design by Rob Myers. - -Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. - --> -<!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 -texi2html was written by: - Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) - Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> - Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> - and many others. -Maintained by: Many creative people. -Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> ---> -<head> -<title>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: FSFSv2</title> - -<meta name="description" content="This is the second edition of Richard Stallman's collection of essays."> -<meta name="keywords" content="Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: FSFSv2"> -<meta name="resource-type" content="document"> -<meta name="distribution" content="global"> -<meta name="Generator" content="texi2html 1.82"> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> -<style type="text/css"> -<!-- -a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} -blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} -pre.display {font-family: serif} -pre.format {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} -pre.smalldisplay {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} -pre.smallformat {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} -span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal;} -span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal;} -ul.toc {list-style: none} ---> -</style> -<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style.css"> - - -</head> - -<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> - -<p>@smallerbook -@raggedbottom -</p> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<p> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<em>Richard Stallman is the prophet of the free software movement. -He understood the dangers of software patents years ago. Now that -this has become a crucial issue in the world, buy this book and read -what he said.</em><br> —<strong>Tim Berners-Lee,</strong> inventor of the World -Wide Web -<br> -<br> -<em>Richard Stallman is the philosopher king of software. He -single-handedly ignited what has become a world-wide movement to -create software that is Free, with a capital F. He has toiled for -years at a project that many once considered a fool’s errand, and now -that is widely seen as “inevitable.”</em><br> —<strong>Simon L. -Garfinkel,</strong> computer science author and columnist -<br> -<br> -<em>By his hugely successful efforts to establish the idea of “Free -Software,” Stallman has made a massive contribution to the human -condition. His contribution combines elements that have technical, -social, political, and economic consequences.</em><br> —<strong>Gerald Jay -Sussman,</strong> Matsushita Professor of Electrical Engineering, MIT -<br> -<br> -<em>RMS is the leading philosopher of software. You may dislike -some of his attitudes, but you cannot avoid his ideas. This slim -volume will make those ideas readily accessible to those who are -confused by the buzzwords of rampant commercialism. This book needs -to be widely circulated and widely read.</em><br> —<strong>Peter Salus,</strong> -computer science writer, book reviewer, and UNIX historian -<br> -<br> -<em>Richard is the leading force of the free software movement. -This book is very important to spread the key concepts of free -software world-wide, so everyone can understand it. Free software -gives people freedom to use their creativity.</em><br> —<strong>Masayuki -Ida,</strong> professor, Graduate School of International Management, Aoyama -Gakuin University -</p> - -<p>@pageno = -3 -</p> - -<a name="Top"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_48.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<a name="FSFSv2"></a> -<h1 class="settitle">FSFSv2</h1> -<p>This is the second edition of Richard Stallman’s collection of essays. -</p><p>This is the second edition of <cite>Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman.</cite><br> -Free Software Foundation<br> -51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor<br> -Boston, MA 02110-1335 -<br> -Copyright © 2002, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -</p><blockquote><p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted -worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is -preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations -of this book from the original English into another language provided -the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and -the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. -</p></blockquote> -<p>ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 -<br> -<br> -Cover design by Rob Myers.<br> -Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. -</p> -<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_1.html#Foreword">Foreword</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_2.html#Preface">Preface to the Second Edition</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• Part One</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_3.html#Definition">1. The Free Software Definition</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_4.html#GNU-Project">2. The GNU Project</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_5.html#Initial-Announcement">3. The Initial Announcement of the GNU Operating System</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_6.html#Manifesto">4. The GNU Manifesto</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_8.html#Should-Be-Free">6. Why Software Should Be Free</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_9.html#Schools">7. Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_10.html#University">8. Releasing Free Software If You Work at a University</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_11.html#Free-Doc">9. Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_12.html#Selling">10. Selling Free Software</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_13.html#Song">11. The Free Software Song</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• Part Two</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_14.html#Whats-Name">12. What’s in a Name?</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_15.html#Categories">13. Categories of Free and Nonfree Software</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_16.html#OS-Misses-Point">14. Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_17.html#Not-IPR">15. Did You Say “Intellectual Property”?@entrybreak{}It’s a Seductive Mirage</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_18.html#Words-to-Avoid">16. Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) <br>Because They Are Loaded or Confusing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• Part Three</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_19.html#Right-to-Read">17. The Right to Read: A Dystopian Short Story</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_20.html#Mis-Cop">18. Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_21.html#Push-Cop-Aside">19. Science Must Push Copyright Aside</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_22.html#Freedom-or-Copyright">20. Freedom—or Copyright</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_23.html#Copyleft">21. What Is Copyleft?</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_24.html#Pragmatic">22. Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• Part Four</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_25.html#Trivial-Patent">23. Anatomy of a Trivial Patent</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_26.html#SPLP">24. Software Patents and Literary Patents</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_27.html#DSP">25. The Danger of Software Patents</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_28.html#New-Monopoly">26. Microsoft’s New Monopoly</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• Part Five</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• Licenses Intro</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_30.html#GPL">28. The GNU General Public License</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_31.html#Why-V3">29. Why Upgrade to GPLv3</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_32.html#LGPL">30. The GNU Lesser General Public License</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_33.html#FDL">31. GNU Free Documentation License</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• Part Six</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_34.html#Can-You-Trust">32. Can You Trust Your Computer?</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_35.html#Server">33. Who Does That Server Really Serve?</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_36.html#Java-Trap">34. Free but Shackled: The Java Trap</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_38.html#X">36. The X Window System Trap</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_40.html#No-Word-Attachments">38. We Can Put an End to Word Attachments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• Root</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_41.html#McVoy">39. Thank You, Larry McVoy</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• Part Seven</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_42.html#Computing-Progress">40. Computing “Progress”: Good and Bad</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_43.html#Compromise">41. Avoiding Ruinous Compromises</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_44.html#Social-Inertia">42. Overcoming Social Inertia</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_45.html#Freedom-or-Power">43. Freedom or Power?</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_46.html#Appendix-A"><span class="roman">Appendix A: A Note on Software</span></a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="scrap1_47.html#Appendix-B"><span class="roman">Appendix B: Translations of the Term “Free Software”</span></a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> -</td></tr> -</table> - - -<p>@global@pageno = @lastnegativepageno -</p><hr size="1"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_48.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_1.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_1.html index b7d7cafc..2e1644e7 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_1.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_1.html @@ -321,20 +321,5 @@ has been extended to a definition of free cultural works<a name="DOCF1" href="#F <p>See <a href="http://freedomdefined.org">http://freedomdefined.org</a>. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.1.html#Preface" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_2.html#GNU-Project" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_10.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_10.html index 6e2e2059..1e2d49c8 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_10.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_10.html @@ -218,20 +218,5 @@ charged. Freedom is the issue, the whole issue, and the only issue. <a name="index-selling_002c-free-software-3"></a> <a name="index-selling_002c-and-distribution-fees-1"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_9.html#Free-Doc" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_11.html#Song" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_11.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_11.html index 5233a3ea..a5935074 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_11.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_11.html @@ -78,23 +78,5 @@ traditional style, please visit <a href="http://gnu.org/music/FreeSWSong.ogg">http://gnu.org/music/FreeSWSong.ogg</a>. <br> </p> <img src="song-book-jutta-scrunch-crop.jpg" alt="song-book-jutta-scrunch-crop"> - -<p>@part Part II:<br> What’s in a Name? -</p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_10.html#Selling" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_12.html#Whats-Name" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_12.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_12.html index 50ee4b6e..d2ded327 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_12.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_12.html @@ -268,20 +268,5 @@ system GNU/Linux. <p>Michelle Finley, “French Pols Say, ‘Open It Up,’” 24 April 2000, <a href="http://wired.com/politics/law/news/2000/04/35862">http://wired.com/politics/law/news/2000/04/35862</a>. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_11.html#Song" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_13.html#Categories" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_13.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_13.html index 5cf58837..b3e31df3 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_13.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_13.html @@ -522,20 +522,5 @@ Shareware does not come with permission to make a copy and install it without pa “proprietary.” <a name="index-call-to-action_002c-use-correct-terminology-_0028see-also-terminology_0029-4"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_12.html#Whats-Name" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_14.html#OS-Misses-Point" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_14.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_14.html index 28dc2669..52657419 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_14.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_14.html @@ -456,20 +456,5 @@ York Times,</cite> online ed., 7 February 2009, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html">http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html</a>. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_13.html#Categories" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_15.html#Not-IPR" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_15.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_15.html index 6e28abe3..03d5b7ab 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_15.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_15.html @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Cover design by Rob Myers. Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. --> <!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 -texi2html was written by: +texi2html was written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> @@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ Maintained by: Many creative people. Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> --> <head> -<title>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: 15. Did You Say “Intellectual Property”?@entrybreak{}It's a Seductive Mirage</title> +<title>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: 15. Did You Say ``Intellectual Property''? It's a Seductive Mirage</title> <meta name="description" content="This is the second edition of Richard Stallman's collection of essays."> -<meta name="keywords" content="Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: 15. Did You Say “Intellectual Property”?@entrybreak{}It's a Seductive Mirage"> +<meta name="keywords" content="Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: 15. Did You Say ``Intellectual Property''? It's a Seductive Mirage"> <meta name="resource-type" content="document"> <meta name="distribution" content="global"> <meta name="Generator" content="texi2html 1.82"> @@ -63,23 +63,170 @@ ul.toc {list-style: none} <body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> +<a name="OS-Misses-Point"></a> +<header><div id="logo"><img src="../gnu.svg" height="100" width="100"></div><h1>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.</h1></header><section id="main"><a name="not-ipr"></a> +<h1 class="chapter"> 15. Did You Say ``Intellectual Property''? It's a Seductive Mirage</h1> +<p>It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and +trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three +separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into +one pot and call it “intellectual property.” The +distorting and confusing term did not become common by accident. +Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it. The clearest way +out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely. +</p> +<p>According to Professor +<a name="index-Lemley_002c-Mark"></a> +Mark Lemley, now of the +Stanford Law School, +the widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is +a fashion that followed the 1967 founding of the +<a name="index-World-_0060_0060Intellectual-Property_0027_0027-Organization-_0028WIPO_0029-_0028see-also-_0060_0060intellectual-property_0027_0027_0029"></a> +World “Intellectual +Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent +years. (WIPO is formally a +<a name="index-UN-_0028United-Nations_0029"></a> +UN organization, but in fact represents the +interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) +</p> +<p>The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking +about copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property +rights for physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal +philosophies of copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law, +but only specialists know that.) These laws are in fact not much like +physical property law, but use of this term leads legislators to +change them to be more so. Since that is the change desired by the +companies that exercise copyright, patent and trademark powers, the +bias introduced by the term “intellectual property” suits them. +</p> +<p>The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often +asked me to propose some other name for the overall category—or +have proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions +include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for +Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of +“exclusive rights regimes,” but referring to restrictions +as “rights” is doublethink too. +</p> +<p>Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a +mistake to replace “intellectual property” with any other +term. A different name will not address the term’s deeper problem: +overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as +“intellectual property”—it is a mirage. The only +reason people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that +widespread use of the term has misled them. +</p> +<p>The term “intellectual property” is at best a catch-all to +lump together disparate laws. Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to +these various laws tend to assume they are based on a common +principle and function similarly. +</p> +<p>Nothing could be further from the case. +These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different +activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues. +</p> +<p>Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers +the details of expression of a work. Patent law was intended to +promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the +one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over it—a price +that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others. +</p> +<p>Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular +way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are +buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual +property,” however, have turned it into a scheme that provides +incentives for advertising. +</p> +<p>Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every +detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you +learn some fact about copyright law, you’d be wise to assume that +patent law is different. You’ll rarely go wrong! +</p> +<p>People often say “intellectual property” when they really +mean some larger or smaller category. For instance, rich countries +often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of +them. Some of these laws are “intellectual property” laws, +and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab +for that label because it has become familiar to them. By using it, +they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It would be better to use +an accurate term, such as “legislative colonization,” that +gets to the heart of the matter. +</p> +<p>Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law +professors who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the +seductiveness of the term “intellectual property,” and +make general statements that conflict with facts they know. For +example, one professor wrote in 2006: +</p> +<blockquote class="smallquotation"> +<p>Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers +of the US constitution had a principled, procompetitive attitude to +intellectual property. They knew rights might be necessary, +but…they tied congress’s hands, restricting its power in +multiple ways. +</p> +</blockquote> -<hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_14.html#OS-Misses-Point" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_16.html#Words-to-Avoid" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - +<p>That statement refers to Article I, Section 8, Clause 8, of the +<a name="index-Constitution_002c-copyright-law_002c-trademark-law_002c-patent-law_002c-and-US"></a> +US +Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That +clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law or various +others. The term “intellectual property” led that +professor to make false generalization. +</p> +<p>The term “intellectual property” also leads to simplistic +thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form +that these disparate laws have—that they create artificial +privileges for certain parties—and to disregard the details +which form their substance: the specific restrictions each law places +on the public, and the consequences that result. This simplistic focus +on the form encourages an “economistic” approach to all +these issues. +</p> +<a name="index-citizen-values_002c-production-v_002e-freedom-and-way-of-life"></a> +<p>Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined +assumptions. These include assumptions about values, such as that +amount of production matters while freedom and way of life do not, +and factual assumptions which are mostly false, such as that +copyrights on music supports musicians, or that patents on drugs +support life-saving research. +</p> +<p>Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term “intellectual +property,” the specific issues raised by the various laws become +nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics of each +law—precisely what the term “intellectual property” +encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to +copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent law +has nothing to do with this. Patent law raises issues such as whether +poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell +them cheaply to save lives; copyright law has nothing to do with such +matters. +</p> +<p>Neither of these issues is solely economic in nature, and their +noneconomic aspects are very different; using the shallow economic +overgeneralization as the basis for considering them means ignoring the +differences. Putting the two laws in the “intellectual +property” pot obstructs clear thinking about each one. +</p> +<p>Thus, any opinions about “the issue of intellectual +property” and any generalizations about this supposed category +are almost surely foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue, +you will tend to choose your opinions from a selection of sweeping +overgeneralizations, none of which is any good. +</p> +<a name="index-call-to-action_002c-use-correct-terminology-_0028see-also-terminology_0029"></a> +<p>If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or +copyrights, or trademarks, or various other different laws, the first +step is to forget the idea of lumping them together, and treat them as +separate topics. The second step is to reject the narrow perspectives +and simplistic picture the term “intellectual property” +suggests. Consider each of these issues separately, in its fullness, +and you have a chance of considering them well. +</p> +<a name="index-World-_0060_0060Intellectual-Property_0027_0027-Organization-_0028WIPO_0029-_0028see-also-_0060_0060intellectual-property_0027_0027_0029-1"></a> +<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, among other things +let’s call for changing its name. </p> + <hr size="2"> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_16.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_16.html index ad7972f5..2cfd1452 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_16.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_16.html @@ -685,8 +685,7 @@ instead. -<p>@part Part III:<br> Copyright, Copyleft -</p><div class="footnote"> +<div class="footnote"> <hr> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <h3><a name="FOOT32" href="#DOCF32">(32)</a></h3> @@ -712,20 +711,5 @@ computer-implemented inventions,” 24 September 2003, @vglue -1pc </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_15.html#Not-IPR" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_17.html#Right-to-Read" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_17.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_17.html index dea76299..f596d148 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_17.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_17.html @@ -394,20 +394,5 @@ Union for the Public Domain—an organization that aims to resist and revers </li></ul> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_16.html#Words-to-Avoid" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_18.html#Mis-Cop" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_18.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_18.html index 239ea5e1..660dec5d 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_18.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_18.html @@ -68,8 +68,7 @@ ul.toc {list-style: none} <h1 class="chapter"> 18. Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors </h1> <a name="index-Constitution_002c-copyright-and-US"></a> -<p>@begingroup -@advance@vsize by 6pt +<p> Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under the US Constitution, copyright exists to benefit users—those who read books, listen to music, watch movies, or run software—not @@ -730,7 +729,6 @@ you to accept one thing on my word alone: that authors like me don’t deserve special power over you. If you wish to reward me further for the software or books I have written, I would gratefully accept a check—but please don’t surrender your freedom in my name. -@endgroup </p><div class="footnote"> <hr> <h3>Footnotes</h3> @@ -767,20 +765,5 @@ sites <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org">http://defectivebydesign.org</a>, <a href="http://publicknowledge.org">http://publicknowledge.org</a>, and <a href="http://eff.org">http://eff.org</a>. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_17.html#Right-to-Read" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_19.html#Push-Cop-Aside" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_19.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_19.html index 698a54f1..9f64895c 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_19.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_19.html @@ -160,20 +160,5 @@ the Progress of Science.” When copyright impedes the progress of science, science must push copyright out of the way. <a name="index-libraries_002c-access-fees-and-1"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_18.html#Mis-Cop" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_20.html#Freedom-or-Copyright" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_2.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_2.html index 1d41c924..f104a7b1 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_2.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_2.html @@ -1362,20 +1362,5 @@ Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary,</cite> rev. ed. (Sebastopol, Calif.: O’Reilly, 2001), p. 23. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_1.html#Definition" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_3.html#Initial-Announcement" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_20.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_20.html index fbcfc5c9..0c7eda47 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_20.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_20.html @@ -288,20 +288,5 @@ Fans,” 4 March 2008, and publishers. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_19.html#Push-Cop-Aside" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_21.html#Copyleft" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_21.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_21.html index 354fb198..af882fe1 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_21.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_21.html @@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ leave”—only to the direction which is the inverse of <p>Copyleft is a general concept, and you can’t use a general concept directly; you can only use a specific implementation of the concept. In the GNU Project, the specific distribution terms that we use for -most software are contained in the GNU General Public License (p. @refx{GPL-pg}{). The GNU General Public License is often called the GNU GPL for +most software are contained in the GNU General Public License. The GNU General Public License is often called the GNU GPL for short. There is also a Frequently Asked Questions page about the GNU GPL, at <a href="http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html">http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html</a>. You can also read about why the FSF gets copyright assignments from contributors, @@ -143,14 +143,14 @@ at <a href="http://gnu.org/copyleft/why-assign.html">http://gnu.org/copyleft/why <a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-libraries"></a> <a name="index-libraries-_0028comp_002e_0029_002c-GNU-1"></a> <p>An alternate form of copyleft, the GNU Lesser General Public License -(LGPL) (p. @refx{LGPL-pg}{), applies to a few (but not all) GNU libraries. To +(LGPL), applies to a few (but not all) GNU libraries. To learn more about properly using the LGPL, please read the article “Why You Shouldn’t Use the Lesser GPL for Your Next Library,” available at <a href="http://gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">http://gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html</a>. </p> <a name="index-manuals_002c-FDL-and"></a> <a name="index-FDL-_0028see-also-both-manuals-and-documentation_0029-1"></a> -<p>The GNU Free Documentation License (FDL) (p. @refx{FDL-pg}{) is a form of +<p>The GNU Free Documentation License (FDL) is a form of copyleft intended for use on a manual, textbook or other document to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifications, either commercially or noncommercially. @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ choose. Each is an integral whole, and partial copies are not permitted. </p> <p>If you would like to copyleft your manual with the GNU FDL, please see -the instructions at the end of the FDL text (p. @refx{FDL Instructions-pg}{), and the GFDL +the instructions at the end of the FDL text, and the GFDL instructions page, at <a href="http://gnu.org/copyleft/fdl-howto.html">http://gnu.org/copyleft/fdl-howto.html</a>. Again, partial copies are not permitted. @@ -190,20 +190,5 @@ copies are not permitted. <a name="index-copyleft-_0028see-also-copyright_0029-4"></a> <a name="index-GPL-3"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_20.html#Freedom-or-Copyright" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_22.html#Pragmatic" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_22.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_22.html index 9dee6570..2332e07d 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_22.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_22.html @@ -232,26 +232,5 @@ will fall for anything.” ideal…just ignore them, and use copyleft all the same. <a name="index-copyleft-_0028see-also-copyright_0029-6"></a> </p> -<p>@part Part IV:<br> Software Patents:<br> Danger to Programmers -</p> -<a name="index-patents-2"></a> - -<p><a name="Patents"></a> -</p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_21.html#Copyleft" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_23.html#Trivial-Patent" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_23.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_23.html index c786a39e..53c9cd0b 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_23.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_23.html @@ -292,20 +292,5 @@ danger of software patents. </p> <a name="index-patents_002c-a-trivial-patent-1"></a> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_22.html#Pragmatic" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_24.html#SPLP" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_24.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_24.html index a1e6ff22..dac7ef7a 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_24.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_24.html @@ -259,20 +259,5 @@ issuing patents on the ideas implemented in programs. Unless this is blocked, the result will be to put all software developers in danger. <a name="index-patents_002c-analogy-between-literary-and-software-1"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_23.html#Trivial-Patent" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_25.html#DSP" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_25.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_25.html index 36d156f5..634f8d54 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_25.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_25.html @@ -1078,20 +1078,5 @@ monopolies. To restrict everyone in the country so that one company will make more money is the absolute opposite of statesmanship. <a name="index-development_002c-patents-1"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_24.html#SPLP" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_26.html#New-Monopoly" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_26.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_26.html index 4efd899a..dbaa5217 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_26.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_26.html @@ -217,26 +217,5 @@ to participate in the campaign against software patents in Europe. <a name="index-patents_002c-Microsoft-monopoly-1"></a> <a name="index-Microsoft_002c-monopoly-1"></a> </p> -<p>@part Part V:<br> The Licenses -@begingroup -@normalbottom -@interlinepenalty = -200 -</p> -<hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_25.html#DSP" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_27.html#Licenses-Introduction" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_27.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_27.html index 12e36c86..2a74d180 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_27.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_27.html @@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ modify and redistribute the software. It granted these permissions under one key condition: whoever distributed the software must pass along the authorization to modify and redistribute that same software, along with the source code making it practical to do so. Stallman -coined the term “copyleft” (see “What Is Copyleft?” on -p. @refx{Copyleft-pg}{) to describe this key twist of using the legal +coined the term “copyleft” (see “What Is Copyleft?”) +to describe this key twist of using the legal power of copyright to ensure freedom for all users. </p> <p>GNU copyleft licenses were first developed for software, and later for @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ License version 2.1 was released in February 1999. <p>At the turn of the century, free software was growing much faster than it had been previously; the documentation, however, was not keeping pace. Stallman was concerned about this failure and wrote about it in -“Free Software Needs Free Documentation” (p. @refx{Free Doc-pg}{). +“Free Software Needs Free Documentation”. </p> <p>While there are some similarities between software and documentation—they are both works that are meant for practical @@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ community studied issues raised by public comments and reported the various positions and arguments to Stallman, who decided what policy to adopt; then he wrote license text with advice and suggestions from the attorneys. The importance of the changes made are explained in -“Why Upgrade to GPLv3” (p. @refx{Why V3-pg}{). +“Why Upgrade to GPLv3”. <a name="index-Stallman_002c-Richard-5"></a> </p> <a name="index-patents_002c-GPL-version-3-and"></a> @@ -382,20 +382,5 @@ with the ideals expressed in this book. <p>@endgroup <a name="index-copyleft-_0028see-also-copyright_0029-8"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_26.html#New-Monopoly" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_28.html#GPL" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_28.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_28.html index f5292f10..9a74241e 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_28.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_28.html @@ -807,20 +807,5 @@ first, please read <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">htt <a name="index-GPL-6"></a> <a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-General-Public-License-_0028GPL_0029-_0028see-also-GPL_0029-1"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_27.html#Licenses-Introduction" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_29.html#Why-V3" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_29.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_29.html index 2bdf3756..fc485fb9 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_29.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_29.html @@ -241,20 +241,5 @@ flexibility for future GPL versions. <a name="index-call-to-action_002c-upgrade-to-GPL-version-3-1"></a> <a name="index-patents_002c-GPL-version-3-and-5"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_28.html#GPL" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_30.html#LGPL" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_3.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_3.html index e3a0f7e2..6554c9ae 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_3.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_3.html @@ -85,7 +85,8 @@ were not clarified until a few years later. <a name="index-C-programs"></a> <a name="index-C-compiler"></a> <a name="index-yacc"></a> -<p> @hyphenpenalty=10000 @parskip=.66@baselineskip @parindent=0pt +<p> +<tt> From mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ<br> From: <code>RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie</code><br> Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft<br> @@ -203,7 +204,9 @@ Arpanet mail:<br> Cambridge, MA 02139 <a name="index-GNU_002c-initial-announcement-1"></a> <a name="index-MIT-3"></a> -</p><div class="footnote"> +</p> +</tt> +<div class="footnote"> <hr> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <h3><a name="FOOT11" href="#DOCF11">(11)</a></h3> @@ -214,20 +217,5 @@ often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no charge. That was never the intent. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_2.html#GNU-Project" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_4.html#Manifesto" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_30.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_30.html index 4ae17b3c..b4160783 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_30.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_30.html @@ -261,20 +261,5 @@ Library. <a name="index-LGPL-1"></a> <a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-Lesser-General-Public-License-_0028LGPL_0029-_0028see-also-LGPL_0029-1"></a> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_29.html#Why-V3" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_31.html#FDL" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_31.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_31.html index f5fa0654..6f324c42 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_31.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_31.html @@ -569,22 +569,5 @@ to permit their use in free software. <a name="index-licenses-_0028see-also-Affero_002c-FDL_002c-GPL_002c-LGPL_002c-X11_002c-BSD_002c-XFree86_002c-and-lax-permissive-licenses_0029-1"></a> <a name="index-FDL-_0028see-also-both-manuals-and-documentation_0029-3"></a> </p> -<p>@part Part VI:<br> Traps and Challenges -</p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_30.html#LGPL" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_32.html#Can-You-Trust" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_32.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_32.html index 6920b38c..02943266 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_32.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_32.html @@ -320,20 +320,5 @@ goal we must reject. <a name="index-proprietary-software-_0028see-also-software_0029-2"></a> <a name="index-Palladium-2"></a> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_31.html#FDL" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_33.html#Server" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_33.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_33.html index 300895bd..6ec98d49 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_33.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_33.html @@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ user, have four essential freedoms: (0) to run the program as you wish, (1) to study and change the source code so it does what you wish, (2) to redistribute exact copies, and (3) to redistribute copies of your modified versions. (See “The Free -Software Definition,” on p. @refx{Definition-pg}{.) +Software Definition,”.) </p> <p>With free software, we, the users, take back control of our computing. Proprietary software still exists, but we can exclude it @@ -417,20 +417,5 @@ a free program, for your freedom’s sake. Stone, “Amazon Erases Orwell Books from Kindle,” <cite>New York Times,</cite> 17 July 2009, sec. B1, <a href="http://nytimes.com/2009/07/18/technology/companies/18amazon.html">http://nytimes.com/2009/07/18/technology/companies/18amazon.html</a>. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_32.html#Can-You-Trust" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_34.html#Java-Trap" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_34.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_34.html index 1b459f5d..53ca1d4d 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_34.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_34.html @@ -255,20 +255,5 @@ run on free facilities from the start. <a name="index-traps_002c-nonfree-dependencies-1"></a> <a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-Classpath-1"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_33.html#Server" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_35.html#JavaScript-Trap" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_35.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_35.html index 1c7ef952..190f467e 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_35.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_35.html @@ -279,20 +279,5 @@ recommend putting the license notice between two notes of this form: <a name="index-traps_002c-JavaScript-1"></a> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_34.html#Java-Trap" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_36.html#X" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_36.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_36.html index fc7fb8c7..af52af84 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_36.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_36.html @@ -217,20 +217,5 @@ community. <a name="index-X-Window-System-6"></a> <a name="index-traps_002c-X-Window-System-1"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_35.html#JavaScript-Trap" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_37.html#Root-of-Problem" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_37.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_37.html index 49a214c5..549484c6 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_37.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_37.html @@ -254,20 +254,5 @@ patents from software will be easy given sufficient political will. (See <a href="http://www.endsoftpatents.org">http://www.endsoftpatents.org</a>.) <a name="index-Zittrain_002c-Jonathan-1"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_36.html#X" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_38.html#No-Word-Attachments" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_38.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_38.html index 26c74024..bf497342 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_38.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_38.html @@ -242,20 +242,5 @@ replies to cover those as well. <a name="index-Microsoft_002c-Word-_0028see-also-Word_0029-1"></a> <a name="index-Word_002c-attachments-1"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_37.html#Root-of-Problem" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_39.html#McVoy" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_39.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_39.html index 86eabf4c..5c83063d 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_39.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_39.html @@ -168,22 +168,5 @@ get a place in your life. <a name="index-McVoy_002c-Larry-1"></a> <a name="index-nonfree-software_002c-danger-of-1"></a> </p> -<p>@part Part VII:<br> An Assessment and a Look Ahead -</p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_38.html#No-Word-Attachments" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_40.html#Computing-Progress" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_4.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_4.html index b9282ce1..96bfac91 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_4.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_4.html @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Cover design by Rob Myers. Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. --> <!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 -texi2html was written by: +texi2html was written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> @@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ few years, it was updated in minor ways to account for developments, but now it seems best to leave it unchanged as most people have seen it.<br> </p> -<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common misunderstandings -that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes added since 1993 help +<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common misunderstandings +that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes added since 1993 help clarify these points.<br> </p> <p>For up-to-date information about the available GNU software, please -see the information available on our web server, in particular our +see the information available on our web server, in particular our list of software. For how to contribute, see <a href="http://gnu.org/help">http://gnu.org/help</a>. </p></blockquote> @@ -98,11 +98,11 @@ of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed. </p> <a name="index-GNU_002c-operating-system-parts-4"></a> -<p> So far we have an +<p> So far we have an <a name="index-Emacs_002c-GNU-4"></a> <a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-Emacs-4"></a> Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor -commands, a source level debugger, a +commands, a source level debugger, a <a name="index-yacc-1"></a> yacc-compatible parser generator, a linker, and around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is @@ -110,10 +110,10 @@ nearly completed. A new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled itself and may be released this year. An initial kernel exists but many more features are needed to emulate Unix. When the kernel and compiler are finished, it will be possible to distribute a GNU system -suitable for program development. We will use +suitable for program development. We will use <a name="index-TeX-1"></a> TeX as our text -formatter, but an +formatter, but an <a name="index-nroff"></a> nroff is being worked on. We will use the free, portable X window system as well. After this we will add a portable @@ -134,14 +134,14 @@ file name completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and perhaps eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will -try to support +try to support <a name="index-UUCP-1"></a> -UUCP, +UUCP, <a name="index-MIT_002c-Chaosnet-2"></a> MIT Chaosnet, and Internet protocols for communication. </p> -<p> GNU is aimed initially at machines in the +<p> GNU is aimed initially at machines in the <a name="index-68000_002dclass-hardware-2"></a> 68000/16000 class with virtual memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run @@ -156,16 +156,16 @@ in the word “GNU” when it is the name of this project. <h3 class="subheading"> Why I Must Write GNU </h3> <a name="index-GNU_002c-motivation-to-write"></a> -<p> I consider that the +<p> I consider that the <a name="index-Golden-Rule-1"></a> Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this -way. I cannot in good conscience sign a +way. I cannot in good conscience sign a <a name="index-nondisclosure-agreements-4"></a> nondisclosure agreement or a -software license agreement. For years I worked within the +software license agreement. For years I worked within the <a name="index-AI-_0028Artificial-Intelligence_0029-Lab_002c-MIT-_0028see-also-MIT_0029-1"></a> Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities, @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ institution where such things are done for me against my will. <p> So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I -have resigned from the +have resigned from the <a name="index-MIT_002c-AI-_0028Artificial-Intelligence_0029-Lab-3"></a> AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.<a name="DOCF13" href="#FOOT13">(13)</a>) for more @@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ ready to use systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not in need of sophisticated cooling or power. </p> <p> I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time -work for GNU. +work for GNU. <a name="index-Unix-compatibility_002c-ease-of-contribution-because-of-1"></a> For most projects, such part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the independently written parts would not @@ -320,9 +320,9 @@ breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free. <a name="index-GNU_002c-objections-to"></a> <a name="index-GNU_002c-user-support"></a> <a name="index-users_002c-technical-support-for-GNU"></a> -<p>{ <strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means they can’t rely on any support.”</strong> +<p>• <strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means they can’t rely on any support.”</strong> </p> -<p>{ <strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing the support.”</strong> +<p>•<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing the support.”</strong> </p> <p> If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without service, a company to provide just service to people who have @@ -355,9 +355,9 @@ particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don’t need the service should be able to use the program without paying for the service. <br> <a name="index-GNU_002c-advertising-for"></a> -{ <strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and +• <strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and you must charge for the program to support that.”</strong><br> -{ <strong>“It’s no use advertising a program people can get +• <strong>“It’s no use advertising a program people can get free.”</strong> </p> <p> There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be @@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates don’t want to let the free market decide this?<a name="DOCF17" href="#FOOT17">(17)</a> <br> <a name="index-competition_002c-impact-on"></a> -{ <strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get +• <strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get a competitive edge.”</strong> </p> <p> GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of @@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.<a name="DOCF18" href="#FOOT1 <br> <a name="index-programmers_002c-income-for-2"></a> <a name="index-programmers_002c-and-creativity-and-entitlement"></a> -{ <strong>“Don’t programmers deserve a reward for their +• <strong>“Don’t programmers deserve a reward for their creativity?”</strong> </p> <p> If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution. @@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ is free to use the results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be punished if they restrict the use of these programs. <br> -{ <strong>“Shouldn’t a programmer be able to ask for a reward for +• <strong>“Shouldn’t a programmer be able to ask for a reward for his creativity?”</strong> </p> <a name="index-programmers_002c-income-for-3"></a> @@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ choice to restrict, the harmful consequences are deliberate destruction. <a name="index-citizen-values_002c-Golden-Rule-1"></a> <p> The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to become wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become -poorer from the mutual destructiveness. This is +poorer from the mutual destructiveness. This is <a name="index-Kantian-ethics"></a> Kantian ethics; or, <a name="index-Golden-Rule-2"></a> @@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ to do so. Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one’s creativity does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that creativity. <br> -{ <strong>“Won’t programmers starve?”</strong> +• <strong>“Won’t programmers starve?”</strong> </p> <p> I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making @@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ that.) <a name="index-programmers_002c-income-for-4"></a> <br> </p> -<p>{ <strong>“Don’t people have a right to control how their creativity is used?”</strong> +<p>• <strong>“Don’t people have a right to control how their creativity is used?”</strong> </p> <a name="index-patents-1"></a> <a name="index-_0060_0060intellectual-property_002c_0027_0027-bias-and-fallacy-of-term-_0028see-also-ownership_0029"></a> @@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ regardless of whether the law enables him to. <a name="index-programmers_002c-and-creativity-and-entitlement-1"></a> <br> <a name="index-competition_002c-impact-on-1"></a> -{ <strong>“Competition makes things get done +• <strong>“Competition makes things get done better.”</strong> </p> <p> The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we @@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ yards you run, you can fire one shot”). He really ought to break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight. <br> <a name="index-programmers_002c-incentive-for-1"></a> -{ <strong>“Won’t everyone stop programming without a monetary incentive?”</strong> +• <strong>“Won’t everyone stop programming without a monetary incentive?”</strong> </p> <p> Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some @@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly if the high-paying ones are banned. <a name="index-programmers_002c-incentive-for-2"></a> <br> -{ <strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to obey.”</strong> +• <strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to obey.”</strong> </p> <p> You’re never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand. Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute! @@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute! </p> <a name="index-programmers_002c-income-for-5"></a> <a name="index-development_002c-funding-for-2"></a> -<p>{ <strong>“Programmers need to make a living somehow.”</strong> +<p>• <strong>“Programmers need to make a living somehow.”</strong> </p> <p> In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a @@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ the group’s members would like to use. </p> <p> Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay <em>x</em> percent of the price as a software tax. The government gives this to an agency - like the + like the <a name="index-National-Science-Foundation-_0028NSF_0029"></a> NSF to spend on software development. </p> @@ -617,8 +617,6 @@ NSF to spend on software development. <p> The consequences: </p> -<p>@begingroup @divide@smallskipamount by 2 -</p> <ul> <li> The computer-using community supports software development. @@ -631,8 +629,6 @@ Users who care which projects their share is spent on can choose this for themse </li></ul> -<p>@endgroup -</p> <p> In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the postscarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living. People will be free to devote themselves to activities @@ -676,17 +672,17 @@ improving the software, so much the better. The important thing is that everyone who has a copy has the freedom to cooperate with others in using it. </p><h3><a name="FOOT13" href="#DOCF13">(13)</a></h3> -<p>The expression +<p>The expression <a name="index-_0060_0060give-away-software_002c_0027_0027-misleading-use-of-term"></a> “give away” is another indication that I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price from that of freedom. We now recommend avoiding this expression when talking about free software. See “Words -to Avoid (or Use with Care)” (p. @refx{Words to Avoid-pg}{ +to Avoid (or Use with Care)” </p><h3><a name="FOOT14" href="#DOCF14">(14)</a></h3> <p>Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a name="index-High-Priority-Projects-list"></a> High Priority Projects list, at -<a href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/">http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/</a>, and the +<a href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/">http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/</a>, and the <a name="index-GNU-Help-Wanted-list"></a> GNU Help Wanted list, the general task list for GNU software packages, at @@ -702,7 +698,7 @@ it does suggest the wrong idea. <p>Several such companies now exist. </p><h3><a name="FOOT17" href="#DOCF17">(17)</a></h3> <p>Although it is -a charity rather than a company, the +a charity rather than a company, the <a name="index-FSF_002c-fundraising-1"></a> <a name="index-FSF_002c-how-you-can-help"></a> Free Software Foundation for 10 @@ -711,7 +707,7 @@ order things from the FSF to support its work. </p><h3><a name="FOOT18" href="#DOCF18">(18)</a></h3> <p>A group of computer companies pooled funds around 1991 to support maintenance -of the +of the <a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-C-compiler-_0028see-also-GNU_002c-GCC_0029-1"></a> GNU C Compiler. </p><h3><a name="FOOT19" href="#DOCF19">(19)</a></h3> @@ -734,30 +730,14 @@ lest it lead others to suppose that those laws form one coherent issue. The way to be clear is to discuss patents, copyrights, and <a name="index-trademarks-and_002for-trademark-law"></a> trademarks separately. See “Did You Say ‘Intellectual Property’? It’s -a Seductive Mirage” (p. @refx{Not IPR-pg}{ +a Seductive Mirage”. </p><h3><a name="FOOT21" href="#DOCF21">(21)</a></h3> <p>Subsequently we learned to distinguish between “free software” and “freeware.” The term “freeware” means software you are free to redistribute, but usually you are not free to study and change the source code, so most of it is not free -software. See “Words to Avoid (or Use with Care)” (p. @refx{Words to -Avoid-pg}{ +software. See “Words to Avoid (or Use with Care)”. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_3.html#Initial-Announcement" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_5.html#Why-Free" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_40.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_40.html index beeae1b9..16c308bc 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_40.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_40.html @@ -210,20 +210,5 @@ them. <p>Dave Winer, “The Tech Lab: Dave Winer,” <cite>BBC News,</cite> 14 June 2007, <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6748103.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6748103.stm</a>. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_39.html#McVoy" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_41.html#Compromise" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_41.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_41.html index ef45fc41..219c2993 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_41.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_41.html @@ -234,20 +234,5 @@ wrong place. Compromise is essential to achieve an ambitious goal, but beware of compromises that lead away from the goal. <a name="index-compromises_002c-avoiding-ruinous-1"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_40.html#Computing-Progress" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_42.html#Social-Inertia" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_42.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_42.html index be5eb68d..66c30567 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_42.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_42.html @@ -123,20 +123,5 @@ need to do to overcome the inertia, we will make more progress. </p> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_41.html#Compromise" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_43.html#Freedom-or-Power" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_43.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_43.html index 3c0e8123..0610579e 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_43.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_43.html @@ -170,20 +170,5 @@ Lawrence Lessig in <em>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version 2.0</em> (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2006), p. 5. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_42.html#Social-Inertia" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.2.html#Appendix-A" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_44.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_44.html deleted file mode 100644 index 46854275..00000000 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_44.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,163 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. 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Overcoming Social Inertia</h1> - -<a name="index-citizen-values_002c-convenience-v_002e-7"></a> -<a name="index-citizen-values_002c-social-inertia-v_002e"></a> -<a name="index-Windows_002c-social-inertia_002c-short_002dterm-convenience_002c-and-_0028see-also-citizen-values_0029"></a> -<p>Almost two decades have passed since the combination of GNU and Linux -first made it possible to use a PC in freedom. We have come a long way -since then. Now you can even buy a laptop with GNU/Linux preinstalled -from more than one hardware vendor—although the systems they ship -are not entirely free software. So what holds us back from total -success? -</p> - -<p>The main obstacle to the triumph of software freedom is social -inertia. It exists in many forms, and you have surely seen some of -them. Examples include devices that only work on Windows and -commercial web sites accessible only with Windows. If you value -short-term convenience instead of freedom, you might consider these -reason enough to use Windows. Most companies currently run Windows, so -students who think short-term want to learn how to use it and ask -their schools to teach it. Schools teach Windows, produce graduates -that are used to using Windows, and this encourages businesses to use -Windows. -</p> -<p>Microsoft actively nurtures this inertia: it encourages schools to -inculcate dependency on Windows, and contracts to set up web sites -that then turn out to work only with Internet Explorer. -</p> -<p>A few years ago, Microsoft ads argued that Windows was cheaper to run -than GNU/Linux. Their comparisons were debunked, but it is worth -noting the deeper flaw in their argument, the implicit premise which -cites a form of social inertia: “Currently, more technical people -know Windows than GNU/Linux.” People who value their freedom would -not give it up to save money, but many business executives believe -ideologically that everything they possess, even their freedom, should -be for sale. -</p> -<p>Social inertia consists of people who have given in to social inertia. -When you surrender to social inertia, you become part of the pressure -it exerts on others; when you resist it, you reduce it. We conquer -social inertia by identifying it, and resolving not to be part of -it. -</p> -<p>Here a weakness holds our community back: most GNU/Linux users have -never even heard the ideas of freedom that motivated the development -of GNU, so they still judge matters based on short-term convenience -rather than on their freedom. This makes them vulnerable to being led -by the nose by social inertia, so that they become part of the -inertia. -</p> -<a name="index-call-to-action_002c-talk-about-freedom-1"></a> -<p>To build our community’s strength to resist, we need to talk about -free software and freedom—not merely about the practical benefits -that open source supporters cite. As more people recognize what they -need to do to overcome the inertia, we will make more progress. -</p> - -<hr size="6"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_43.html#Compromise" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_45.html#Freedom-or-Power" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_48.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_45.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_45.html deleted file mode 100644 index ce609d53..00000000 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_45.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,210 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. 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Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations -of this book from the original English into another language provided -the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and -the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. - -ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 -Cover design by Rob Myers. - -Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. - --> -<!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 -texi2html was written by: - Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) - Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> - Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> - and many others. -Maintained by: Many creative people. -Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> ---> -<head> -<title>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: 43. Freedom or Power?</title> - -<meta name="description" content="This is the second edition of Richard Stallman's collection of essays."> -<meta name="keywords" content="Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: 43. 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Freedom or Power?</h1> - -<p>Written by -<a name="index-Kuhn_002c-Bradley-M_002e"></a> -Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard Stallman. -<br> -<em>The love of liberty is the love of others; the love of power is the love of ourselves.</em> -</p><a name="index-Hazlitt_002c-William"></a> -<p align="right">—William Hazlitt -</p><br> -<a name="index-proprietary-software_002c-freedom-or-power_003f"></a> -<p>In the free software movement, we stand for freedom for the users of -software. We formulated our views by looking at what freedoms are -necessary for a good way of life, and permit useful programs to foster -a community of goodwill, cooperation, and collaboration. Our criteria -for free software specify the freedoms that a program’s users need so -that they can cooperate in a community. -</p> -<p>We stand for freedom for programmers as well as for other users. -Most of us are programmers, and we want freedom for ourselves as well -as for you. But each of us uses software written by others, and we -want freedom when using that software, not just when using our own -code. We stand for freedom for all users, whether they program often, -occasionally, or not at all. -</p> -<p>However, one so-called freedom that we do not advocate is the -“freedom to choose any license you want for software you -write.” We reject this because it is really a form of power, -not a freedom. -</p> -<p>This oft overlooked distinction is crucial. Freedom is being able to make -decisions that affect mainly you; power is being able to make decisions -that affect others more than you. If we confuse power with freedom, we -will fail to uphold real freedom. -</p> -<a name="index-developers_002c-copyright-law-favors"></a> -<p>Making a program proprietary is an exercise of power. Copyright law -today grants software developers that power, so they and only they -choose the rules to impose on everyone else—a relatively small -number of people make the basic software decisions for all users, -typically by denying their freedom. When users lack the -freedoms that define free software, they can’t tell what the -software is doing, can’t check for back doors, can’t monitor possible -viruses and worms, can’t find out what personal information is being -reported (or stop the reports, even if they do find out). If it breaks, -they can’t fix it; they have to wait for the developer to exercise its -power to do so. If it simply isn’t quite what they need, they are stuck -with it. They can’t help each other improve it. -</p> -<a name="index-Microsoft_002c-freedom-or-power_003f"></a> -<p>Proprietary software developers are often businesses. We in the free -software movement are not opposed to business, but we have seen what -happens when a software business has the “freedom” to -impose arbitrary rules on the users of software. Microsoft is an -egregious example of how denying users’ freedoms can lead to direct -harm, but it is not the only example. Even when there is no monopoly, -proprietary software harms society. A choice of masters is not -freedom. -</p> -<p>Discussions of rights and rules for software have often concentrated -on the interests of programmers alone. Few people in the world -program regularly, and fewer still are -<a name="index-ownership_002c-developers_0027-interests-v_002e-public_0027s-prosperity-and-freedom-1"></a> -owners of proprietary software -businesses. But the entire developed world now needs and uses -software, so software developers now control the way it lives, -does business, communicates, and is entertained. The ethical and -political issues are not addressed by the slogan of “freedom of -choice (for developers only).” -<a name="index-developers_002c-copyright-law-favors-1"></a> -</p> -<p>If “code is law,”<a name="DOCF53" href="#FOOT53">(53)</a> -then the real question we face is: who should control the code you -use—you, or an elite few? We believe you are entitled to control the -software you use, and giving you that control is the goal of free -software. -</p> -<a name="index-GPL-7"></a> -<p>We believe you should decide what to do with the software you use; -however, that is not what today’s law says. Current copyright law -places us in the position of power over users of our code, whether we -like it or not. The ethical response to this situation is to proclaim -freedom for each user, just as the Bill of Rights was supposed to -exercise government power by guaranteeing each citizen’s -freedoms. That is what the GNU General Public License is for: it puts -you in control of your usage of the software while protecting you from -others who would like to take control of your decisions. -</p> -<p>As more and more users realize that code is law, and come to feel that -they too deserve freedom, they will see the importance of the freedoms -we stand for, just as more and more users have come to appreciate the -practical value of the free software we have developed. -<a name="index-proprietary-software_002c-freedom-or-power_003f-1"></a> -</p> - -<div class="footnote"> -<hr> -<h3>Footnotes</h3> -<h3><a name="FOOT53" href="#DOCF53">(53)</a></h3> -<p>William J. Mitchell, <em>City of Bits: Space, Place, and the -Infobahn</em> (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), p. 111, as quoted by -Lawrence Lessig in <em>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version -2.0</em> (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2006), p. 5. -</p></div> -<hr size="6"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_44.html#Social-Inertia" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_46.html#Appendix-A" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_48.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_46.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_46.html index a5f8a747..0206a9f2 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_46.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_46.html @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Cover design by Rob Myers. Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. --> <!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 -texi2html was written by: +texi2html was written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> @@ -63,23 +63,8 @@ ul.toc {list-style: none} <body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> -<a name="Appendix-A"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_45.html#Freedom-or-Power" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_47.html#Appendix-B" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_45.html#Freedom-or-Power" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1.html#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_47.html#Appendix-B" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_48.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> + <a name="Appendix-A"></a> + <header><div id="logo"><img src="../gnu.svg" height="100" width="100"></div><h1>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.</h1></header><section id="main"><a name="Freedom-or-Power_003f"></a> <a name="Appendix-A_003a-A-Note-on-Software"></a> <h1 class="unnumbered"><span class="roman">Appendix A: A Note on Software</span></h1> @@ -96,7 +81,7 @@ some of the jargon that comes with programming and computer science. program is more or less a recipe with <em>commands</em> to tell the computer what to do in order to carry out certain tasks. You are more than likely familiar with many different programs: your Web browser, -your word processor, your email client, and the like. +your word processor, your email client, and the like. </p> <p>A program usually starts out as <em>source code</em>. This higher-level set of commands is written in a <em>programming language</em> such as C @@ -113,19 +98,19 @@ computer understands <em>natively</em>. which (when compiled and executed) prints “Hello World!” on the screen. <a name="DOCF54" href="#FOOT54">(54)</a> </p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">int main(){ - printf(''Hello World!''); - return 0; +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">int main(){ + printf(''Hello World!''); + return 0; } </pre></td></tr></table> <p>In the Java programming language the same program would be written like this: </p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">public class hello { +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">public class hello { public static void main(String args[]) { - System.out.println(''Hello World!''); - } + System.out.println(''Hello World!''); + } } </pre></td></tr></table> @@ -154,9 +139,9 @@ World” program written in C so that instead of printing “Hello World in English it prints it in French. The change would be simple; here is the new program: </p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">int main() { - printf(''Bonjour, monde!''); - return 0; +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">int main() { + printf(''Bonjour, monde!''); + return 0; } </pre></td></tr></table> @@ -168,7 +153,7 @@ not mean machine language that only computers can understand—we are speaking of higher-level languages such as C and Java. A few other popular programming languages are C++, Perl, and Python. Some are harder than others to understand and program in, but they are all much -easier to work with compared to the intricate machine language +easier to work with compared to the intricate machine language they get turned into after the programs are compiled and assembled. </p> <p>Another important concept is understanding what an <em>operating @@ -189,7 +174,7 @@ command lines. Many of these programs were pioneered by Richard Stallman early on in the GNU Project and come with any modern GNU/Linux operating system. </p> -<p>It is important to understand that even if <em>you</em> cannot +<p>It is important to understand that even if <em>you</em> cannot change the source code for a given program, or directly use all these tools, it is relatively easy to find someone who can. Therefore, by having the source code to a program you are usually given the power to @@ -203,38 +188,18 @@ philosophy and ideas behind them in this collection. <h3>Footnotes</h3> <h3><a name="FOOT54" href="#DOCF54">(54)</a></h3> <p>In other programming languages, such as -Scheme, the <em>Hello World</em> program is usually not your first program. +Scheme, the <em>Hello World</em> program is usually not your first program. In Scheme you often start with a program like this: </p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">(define (factorial n) - (if (= n 0) - 1 + (if (= n 0) + 1 (* n (factorial (- n 1))))) </pre></td></tr></table> <p>This computes the factorial of a number; that is, running -<code>(factorial 5)</code>would output 120, which is computed by doing +<code>(factorial 5)</code>would output 120, which is computed by doing 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 * 1. </p></div> <hr size="6"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_45.html#Freedom-or-Power" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_47.html#Appendix-B" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_48.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_47.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_47.html index 1d41a2c1..5aec6b10 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_47.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_47.html @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Cover design by Rob Myers. Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. --> <!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 -texi2html was written by: +texi2html was written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> @@ -41,19 +41,19 @@ Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- -a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} -blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} -pre.display {font-family: serif} -pre.format {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} -pre.smalldisplay {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} -pre.smallformat {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} -span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal;} -span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal;} 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< </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_48.html#Index" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_46.html#Appendix-A" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1.html#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_48.html#Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_48.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<a name="Appendix-B_003a-Translations-of-the-Term-_0060_0060Free-Software_0027_0027"></a> +<header><div id="logo"><img src="../gnu.svg" height="100" width="100"></div><h1>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.</h1></header><section id="main"><a name="Freedom-or-Power_003f"></a> + <a name="Appendix-B_003a-Translations-of-the-Term-_0060_0060Free-Software_0027_0027"></a> <h1 class="unnumbered"><span class="roman">Appendix B: Translations of the Term “Free Software”</span></h1> <a name="index-_0060_0060free-software_002c_0027_0027-unambiguous-translations-of-2"></a> <p>The following is a list of recommended unambiguous translations of the term “free software” into various languages:<a name="FS-Translations"></a> -</p> +</p> <ul class="toc"> <li>- Afrikaans: vrye sagteware </li><li>- Albanian: software i lirë -</li><li>- Arabic: @lower 2.7pt @hbox{<img src="arabic.jpg" alt="arabic">} -</li><li>- Belarusian: @lower 3pt @hbox{<img src="belarusian.jpg" alt="belarusian">} -</li><li>- Bulgarian: @lower 3pt @hbox{<img src="bulgarian.jpg" alt="bulgarian">} +</li><li>- Arabic: <img src="arabic.jpg" height="24" alt="arabic"> +</li><li>- Belarusian: <img src="belarusian.jpg" alt="belarusian"> +</li><li>- Bulgarian: <img src="bulgarian.jpg" alt="bulgarian"> </li><li>- Catalan: programari lliure -</li><li>- Chinese: @lower 0.9pt @hbox{<img src="chinese-simplified.jpg" alt="chinese-simplified">} @kern -2pt (simplified), @lower 0.9pt @hbox{<img src="chinese-traditional.jpg" alt="chinese-traditional">} @kern -2pt (traditional) +</li><li>- Chinese: <img src="chinese-simplified.jpg" alt="chinese-simplified"> (simplified), <img src="chinese-traditional.jpg" alt="chinese-traditional"> (traditional) </li><li>- Czech: svobodný software </li><li>- Croatian/Serbian: slobodni softver </li><li>- Danish: fri software <em>or</em> frit programmel </li><li>- Dutch: vrije software </li><li>- Esperanto: libera programaro </li><li>- Estonian: vaba tarkvara -</li><li>- Farsi: @lower 4.6pt @hbox{<img src="farsi.jpg" alt="farsi">} +</li><li>- Farsi: <img src="farsi.jpg" height="20" alt="farsi"> </li><li>- Finnish: vapaa ohjelmisto </li><li>- French: logiciel libre </li><li>- German: freie Software -</li><li>- Greek: @lower 3pt @hbox{<img src="greek.jpg" alt="greek">} +</li><li>- Greek: <img src="greek.jpg" alt="greek"> </li><li>- Hungarian: szabad szoftver -</li><li>- Icelandic: frjáls hugbúna@dh{}ur +</li><li>- Icelandic: frjáls hugbúna@dh{ur </li><li>- Ido: libera programaro </li><li>- Indonesian: perangkat lunak bebas </li><li>- Interlingua: libere programmage <em>or</em> libere programmario </li><li>- Irish: bog earraí saoire </li><li>- Italian: software libero -</li><li>- Japanese: @kern -0.5pt @lower 1.1pt @hbox{<img src="japanese-kanji.jpg" alt="japanese-kanji">} <em>or</em> @kern -0.5pt @lower 1.1pt @hbox{<img src="japanese-kana.jpg" alt="japanese-kana">} +</li><li>- Japanese: <img src="japanese-kanji.jpg" alt="japanese-kanji"> <em>or</em> <img src="japanese-kana.jpg" alt="japanese-kana"> </li><li>- Lithuanian: laisva programinė įranga </li><li>- Malay: perisian bebas </li><li>- Norwegian: fri programvare </li><li>- Polish: wolne oprogramowanie </li><li>- Portuguese: software livre </li><li>- Romanian: software liber -</li><li>- Russian: @lower 3pt @hbox{<img src="russian.jpg" alt="russian">} +</li><li>- Russian: <img src="russian.jpg" alt="russian"> </li><li>- Sardinian: software liberu -</li><li>- Serbian/Croatian: @lower 3pt @hbox{<img src="serbian-croatian.jpg" alt="serbian-croatian">} +</li><li>- Serbian/Croatian: <img src="serbian-croatian.jpg" alt="serbian-croatian"> </li><li>- Slovak: slobodný softvér </li><li>- Slovenian: prosto programje </li><li>- Spanish: software libre </li><li>- Swahili: Programu huru za Kompyuta </li><li>- Swedish: fri programvara, fri mjukvara </li><li>- Tagalog: malayang software -</li><li>- Tamil: @lower 3.5pt @hbox{<img src="tamil.jpg" alt="tamil">} +</li><li>- Tamil: <img src="tamil.jpg" height="20" alt="tamil"> </li><li>- Turkish: özgür yazilim -</li><li>- Ukrainian: @kern -1pt @lower 3.1pt @hbox{<img src="ukrainian.jpg" alt="ukrainian">} +</li><li>- Ukrainian: <img src="ukrainian.jpg" alt="ukrainian"> </li><li>- Welsh: meddalwedd rydd </li><li>- Zulu: Isoftware Ekhululekile <a name="index-_0060_0060free-software_002c_0027_0027-unambiguous-translations-of-3"></a> </li></ul> <hr size="6"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_46.html#Appendix-A" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_48.html#Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a 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</a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<a name="Index-1"></a> -<h1 class="unnumbered"><span class="roman">Index</span></h1> - - -<hr size="6"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_47.html#Appendix-B" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[ >> ]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_5.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_5.html index 8a4f0ac1..d9265caf 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_5.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_5.html @@ -377,20 +377,5 @@ able to hire your favorite programmer to fix it when it breaks. dismissed. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_4.html#Manifesto" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_6.html#Should-Be-Free" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_6.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_6.html index 0b17ddc9..8a58794c 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_6.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_6.html @@ -67,11 +67,6 @@ ul.toc {list-style: none} <header><div id="logo"><img src="../gnu.svg" height="100" width="100"></div><h1>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.</h1></header><section id="main"><a name="Why-Software-Should-Be-Free"></a> <h1 class="chapter"> 6. Why Software Should Be Free </h1> -<p>@begingroup -@normalbottom -@interlinepenalty = -200 -</p> - <a name="Introduction"></a> <h3 class="subheading"> Introduction </h3> @@ -971,7 +966,6 @@ taking from others. I hope that the free software movement will contribute to this: at least in one area, we will replace the jungle with a more efficient system which encourages and runs on voluntary cooperation. -@endgroup </p><div class="footnote"> <hr> <h3>Footnotes</h3> @@ -996,20 +990,5 @@ Lotus Marketplace database of personal information, which was withdrawn from sal <p><cite>Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal,</cite> 286 US 123, 1932. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_5.html#Why-Free" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_7.html#Schools" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_7.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_7.html index 45a495e4..20f1b32e 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_7.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_7.html @@ -163,20 +163,5 @@ free samples of cigarettes at events attended by children. See <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm">http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm</a>. </p></div> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_6.html#Should-Be-Free" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_8.html#University" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_8.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_8.html index 4f0eaa85..0a8e77aa 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_8.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_8.html @@ -198,20 +198,5 @@ freedom depends, in one instance, on you. <a name="index-call-to-action_002c-release-free-software-1"></a> <a name="index-developers_002c-universities-1"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_7.html#Schools" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_9.html#Free-Doc" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_9.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_9.html index c6cbaa2e..686a242b 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_9.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_9.html @@ -193,20 +193,5 @@ We maintain a page that lists free books available from other publishers. <a name="index-documentation-_0028see-also-both-FDL-and-manuals_0029-3"></a> <a name="index-manuals-_0028see-also-manuals_002c-FDL_002c-and-documentation_0029-2"></a> </p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_8.html#University" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_10.html#Selling" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.0.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.0.html index c7f1e3ae..8eed2140 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.0.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.0.html @@ -119,33 +119,15 @@ GPL. Using the power of copyright law, “free software” not only assu <a name="index-Lessig_002c-Lawrence"></a> <p align="right"><small>LAWRENCE LESSIG</small> </p> -<p>@let@textindent=@gobble -@def@hang{@kern-@defaultparindent}@hangindent=0pt@relax -@def@thisfootno{} -@dofootnote{@kern-10pt +<p> Lawrence Lessig is a Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, the director of the<br> Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center for Ethics, and the founder of Stanford Law<br> School’s Center for Internet and Society. For much of his career, he focused his<br> work on law and technology, especially as it affects copyright. He is the author of numerous books and has served as a board member of many -organizations,<br> including the Free Software Foundation.} +organizations,<br> including the Free Software Foundation. </p> <hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_top.html#Top" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.1.html#Preface" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.1.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.1.html index 42a0b0cc..13c847ff 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.1.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.1.html @@ -96,27 +96,5 @@ Karl Berry for technical assistance with Texinfo, Brett Smith for all other technical help and for valuable feedback, and Rob Myers for formatting the cover. </p> - -<p> - -@global@pageno = 1 -</p> -<p>@part Part I:<br> The GNU Project<br> and Free Software -</p><hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.0.html#Foreword" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_1.html#Definition" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> </body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.2.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.2.html deleted file mode 100644 index 059b4417..00000000 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.2.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,219 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. - -Free Software Foundation - -51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor - -Boston, MA 02110-1335 -Copyright C 2002, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted -worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is -preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations -of this book from the original English into another language provided -the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and -the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. - -ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 -Cover design by Rob Myers. - -Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. - --> -<!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 -texi2html was written by: - Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) - Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> - Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> - and many others. -Maintained by: Many creative people. -Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> ---> -<head> -<title>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Appendix A: A Note on Software</title> - -<meta name="description" content="This is the second edition of Richard Stallman's collection of essays."> -<meta name="keywords" content="Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Appendix A: A Note on Software"> -<meta name="resource-type" content="document"> -<meta name="distribution" content="global"> -<meta name="Generator" content="texi2html 1.82"> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> -<style type="text/css"> -<!-- -a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} -blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} -pre.display {font-family: serif} -pre.format {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} -pre.smalldisplay {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} -pre.smallformat {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} -span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal;} -span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal;} -ul.toc {list-style: none} ---> -</style> -<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style.css"> - - -</head> - -<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> - -<a name="Appendix-A"></a> -<header><div id="logo"><img src="../gnu.svg" height="100" width="100"></div><h1>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.</h1></header><section id="main"><a name="Appendix-A_003a-A-Note-on-Software"></a> -<h1 class="unnumbered"> <span class="roman">Appendix A: A Note on Software</span> </h1> - -<p>Written by Richard E. Buckman and Joshua Gay. -<br> -</p> -<p>This section is intended for people who have little or no knowledge of -the technical aspects of computer science. It is not necessary to read -this section to understand the essays and speeches presented in this -book; however, it may be helpful to those readers not familiar with -some of the jargon that comes with programming and computer science. -</p> -<p>A computer <em>programmer</em> writes software, or computer programs. A -program is more or less a recipe with <em>commands</em> to tell the -computer what to do in order to carry out certain tasks. You are more -than likely familiar with many different programs: your Web browser, -your word processor, your email client, and the like. -</p> -<p>A program usually starts out as <em>source code</em>. This higher-level -set of commands is written in a <em>programming language</em> such as C -or Java. After that, a tool known as a <em>compiler</em> translates this -to a lower-level language known as <em>assembly language</em>. Another -tool known as an <em>assembler</em> breaks the assembly code down to the -final stage of <em>machine language</em>—the lowest level—which the -computer understands <em>natively</em>. -</p> -<img src="code.jpg" alt="code"> - -<p>For example, consider the -“hello world” program, a common first program for people learning C, -which (when compiled and executed) prints “Hello World!” on the screen. -<a name="DOCF54" href="#FOOT54">(54)</a> -</p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">int main(){ - printf(''Hello World!''); - return 0; -} -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>In the Java programming language the same program would -be written like this: -</p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">public class hello { - public static void main(String args[]) { - System.out.println(''Hello World!''); - } -} -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>However, in machine language, a small section of it may look similar to -this: -</p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">1100011110111010100101001001001010101110 -0110101010011000001111001011010101111101 -0100111111111110010110110000000010100100 -0100100001100101011011000110110001101111 -0010000001010111011011110111001001101100 -0110010000100001010000100110111101101111 -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>The above form of machine language is the most basic representation -known as binary. All data in computers is made up of a series of -0-or-1 values, but a person would have much difficulty understanding -the data. To make a simple change to the binary, one would have to -have an intimate knowledge of how a particular computer interprets the -machine language. This could be feasible for small programs like the -above examples, but any interesting program would involve an -exhausting effort to make simple changes. -</p> -<p>As an example, imagine that we wanted to make a change to our “Hello -World” program written in C so that instead of printing “Hello World” -in English it prints it in French. The change would be simple; here is -the new program: -</p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">int main() { - printf(''Bonjour, monde!''); - return 0; -} -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>It is safe to say that one can easily infer how to change the program -written in the Java programming language in the same way. However, -even many programmers would not know where to begin if they wanted to -change the binary representation. When we say “source code,” we do -not mean machine language that only computers can understand—we are -speaking of higher-level languages such as C and Java. A few other -popular programming languages are C++, Perl, and Python. Some are -harder than others to understand and program in, but they are all much -easier to work with compared to the intricate machine language -they get turned into after the programs are compiled and assembled. -</p> -<p>Another important concept is understanding what an <em>operating -system</em> is. An operating system is the software that handles input and -output, memory allocation, and task scheduling. Generally one -considers common or useful programs such as the <em>Graphical User -Interface</em> (GUI) to be a part of the operating system. The GNU/Linux -operating system contains a both GNU and non-GNU software, and a -<em>kernel</em> called <em>Linux</em>. The kernel handles low-level tasks -that applications depend upon such as input/output and task -scheduling. The GNU software comprises much of the rest of the -operating system, including GCC, a general-purpose compiler for many -languages; GNU Emacs, an extensible text editor with many, many -features; GNOME, the GNU desktop; GNU libc, a library that all -programs other than the kernel must use in order to communicate with -the kernel; and Bash, the GNU command interpreter that reads your -command lines. Many of these programs were pioneered by Richard -Stallman early on in the GNU Project and come with any modern -GNU/Linux operating system. -</p> -<p>It is important to understand that even if <em>you</em> cannot -change the source code for a given program, or directly use all these -tools, it is relatively easy to find someone who can. Therefore, by -having the source code to a program you are usually given the power to -change, fix, customize, and learn about a program—this is a power that -you do not have if you are not given the source code. Source -code is one of the requirements that makes a piece of software -<em>free</em>. The other requirements will be found along with the -philosophy and ideas behind them in this collection. -</p><div class="footnote"> -<hr> -<h3>Footnotes</h3> -<h3><a name="FOOT54" href="#DOCF54">(54)</a></h3> -<p>In other programming languages, such as -Scheme, the <em>Hello World</em> program is usually not your first program. -In Scheme you often start with a program like this: -</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">(define (factorial n) - (if (= n 0) - 1 - (* n (factorial (- n 1))))) -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>This computes the factorial of a number; that is, running -<code>(factorial 5)</code>would output 120, which is computed by doing -5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 * 1. -</p></div> -<hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_43.html#Freedom-or-Power" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.3.html#Appendix-B" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.3.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.3.html deleted file mode 100644 index 5af1a136..00000000 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.3.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,142 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. - -Free Software Foundation - -51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor - -Boston, MA 02110-1335 -Copyright C 2002, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted -worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is -preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations -of this book from the original English into another language provided -the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and -the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. - -ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 -Cover design by Rob Myers. - -Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. - --> -<!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 -texi2html was written by: - Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) - Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> - Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> - and many others. -Maintained by: Many creative people. -Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> ---> -<head> -<title>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Appendix B: Translations of the Term “Free Software”</title> - -<meta name="description" content="This is the second edition of Richard Stallman's collection of essays."> -<meta name="keywords" content="Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Appendix B: Translations of the Term “Free Software”"> -<meta name="resource-type" content="document"> -<meta name="distribution" content="global"> -<meta name="Generator" content="texi2html 1.82"> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> -<style type="text/css"> -<!-- -a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} -blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} -pre.display {font-family: serif} -pre.format {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} -pre.smalldisplay {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} -pre.smallformat {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} -span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal;} -span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal;} -ul.toc {list-style: none} ---> -</style> -<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style.css"> - - -</head> - -<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> - -<a name="Appendix-B"></a> -<header><div id="logo"><img src="../gnu.svg" height="100" width="100"></div><h1>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.</h1></header><section id="main"><a name="Appendix-B_003a-Translations-of-the-Term-_0060_0060Free-Software_0027_0027"></a> -<h1 class="unnumbered"> <span class="roman">Appendix B: Translations of the Term “Free Software”</span> </h1> - - -<a name="index-_0060_0060free-software_002c_0027_0027-unambiguous-translations-of-2"></a> -<p>The following is a list of recommended unambiguous translations of -the term “free software” into various languages:<a name="FS-Translations"></a> -</p> - <ul class="toc"> -<li>- Afrikaans: vrye sagteware -</li><li>- Albanian: software i lirë -</li><li>- Arabic: @lower 2.7pt @hbox{<img src="arabic.jpg" alt="arabic">} -</li><li>- Belarusian: @lower 3pt @hbox{<img src="belarusian.jpg" alt="belarusian">} -</li><li>- Bulgarian: @lower 3pt @hbox{<img src="bulgarian.jpg" alt="bulgarian">} -</li><li>- Catalan: programari lliure -</li><li>- Chinese: @lower 0.9pt @hbox{<img src="chinese-simplified.jpg" alt="chinese-simplified">} @kern -2pt (simplified), @lower 0.9pt @hbox{<img src="chinese-traditional.jpg" alt="chinese-traditional">} @kern -2pt (traditional) -</li><li>- Czech: svobodný software -</li><li>- Croatian/Serbian: slobodni softver -</li><li>- Danish: fri software <em>or</em> frit programmel -</li><li>- Dutch: vrije software -</li><li>- Esperanto: libera programaro -</li><li>- Estonian: vaba tarkvara -</li><li>- Farsi: @lower 4.6pt @hbox{<img src="farsi.jpg" alt="farsi">} -</li><li>- Finnish: vapaa ohjelmisto -</li><li>- French: logiciel libre -</li><li>- German: freie Software -</li><li>- Greek: @lower 3pt @hbox{<img src="greek.jpg" alt="greek">} -</li><li>- Hungarian: szabad szoftver -</li><li>- Icelandic: frjáls hugbúna@dh{}ur -</li><li>- Ido: libera programaro -</li><li>- Indonesian: perangkat lunak bebas -</li><li>- Interlingua: libere programmage <em>or</em> libere programmario -</li><li>- Irish: bog earraí saoire -</li><li>- Italian: software libero -</li><li>- Japanese: @kern -0.5pt @lower 1.1pt @hbox{<img src="japanese-kanji.jpg" alt="japanese-kanji">} <em>or</em> @kern -0.5pt @lower 1.1pt @hbox{<img src="japanese-kana.jpg" alt="japanese-kana">} -</li><li>- Lithuanian: laisva programinė įranga -</li><li>- Malay: perisian bebas -</li><li>- Norwegian: fri programvare -</li><li>- Polish: wolne oprogramowanie -</li><li>- Portuguese: software livre -</li><li>- Romanian: software liber -</li><li>- Russian: @lower 3pt @hbox{<img src="russian.jpg" alt="russian">} -</li><li>- Sardinian: software liberu -</li><li>- Serbian/Croatian: @lower 3pt @hbox{<img src="serbian-croatian.jpg" alt="serbian-croatian">} -</li><li>- Slovak: slobodný softvér -</li><li>- Slovenian: prosto programje -</li><li>- Spanish: software libre -</li><li>- Swahili: Programu huru za Kompyuta -</li><li>- Swedish: fri programvara, fri mjukvara -</li><li>- Tagalog: malayang software -</li><li>- Tamil: @lower 3.5pt @hbox{<img src="tamil.jpg" alt="tamil">} -</li><li>- Turkish: özgür yazilim -</li><li>- Ukrainian: @kern -1pt @lower 3.1pt @hbox{<img src="ukrainian.jpg" alt="ukrainian">} -</li><li>- Welsh: meddalwedd rydd -</li><li>- Zulu: Isoftware Ekhululekile - -<a name="index-_0060_0060free-software_002c_0027_0027-unambiguous-translations-of-3"></a> -</li></ul> -<hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.2.html#Appendix-A" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.4.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.4.html deleted file mode 100644 index 8047ba05..00000000 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_U.4.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,88 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. 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Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations -of this book from the original English into another language provided -the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and -the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. - -ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 -Cover design by Rob Myers. - -Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. - --> -<!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 -texi2html was written by: - Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) - Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> - Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> - and many others. -Maintained by: Many creative people. -Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> ---> -<head> -<title>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Index</title> - -<meta name="description" content="This is the second edition of Richard Stallman's collection of essays."> -<meta name="keywords" content="Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Index"> -<meta name="resource-type" content="document"> -<meta name="distribution" content="global"> -<meta name="Generator" content="texi2html 1.82"> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> -<style type="text/css"> -<!-- -a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} -blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} -pre.display {font-family: serif} -pre.format {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} -pre.smalldisplay {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} -pre.smallformat {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} -span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal;} -span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal;} -ul.toc {list-style: none} ---> -</style> -<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style.css"> - - -</head> - -<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> - -<a name="Index"></a> -<header><div id="logo"><img src="../gnu.svg" height="100" width="100"></div><h1>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.</h1></header><section id="main"><a name="Index-1"></a> -<h1 class="unnumbered"> <span class="roman">Index</span> </h1> - - -<hr size="2"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.3.html#Appendix-B" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[ > ]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_fot.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_fot.html deleted file mode 100644 index 668167e4..00000000 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_fot.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,461 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. - -Free Software Foundation - -51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor - -Boston, MA 02110-1335 -Copyright C 2002, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted -worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is -preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations -of this book from the original English into another language provided -the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and -the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. - -ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 -Cover design by Rob Myers. - -Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. - --> -<!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 -texi2html was written by: - Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) - Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> - Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> - and many others. -Maintained by: Many creative people. -Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> ---> -<head> -<title>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Footnotes</title> - -<meta name="description" content="This is the second edition of Richard Stallman's collection of essays."> -<meta name="keywords" content="Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Footnotes"> -<meta name="resource-type" content="document"> -<meta name="distribution" content="global"> -<meta name="Generator" content="texi2html 1.82"> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> -<style type="text/css"> -<!-- -a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} -blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} -pre.display {font-family: serif} -pre.format {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} -pre.smalldisplay {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} -pre.smallformat {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} -span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal;} -span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal;} -ul.toc {list-style: none} ---> -</style> -<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style.css"> - - -</head> - -<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> - -<a name="SEC_Foot"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h1>Footnotes</h1> -<h3><a name="FOOT1" href="scrap1_1.html#DOCF1">(1)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -See <a href="http://freedomdefined.org">http://freedomdefined.org</a>. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT2" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF2">(2)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -The use of -<a name="index-_0060_0060hacker_002c_0027_0027-actual-meaning-of-term-_0028see-also-_0060_0060cracker_0027_0027_0029"></a> -“hacker” to mean “security breaker” is a confusion on the part of -the mass media. We hackers refuse to recognize that meaning, and -continue using the word to mean someone who loves to program, someone -who enjoys playful cleverness, or the combination of the two. See my -article, “On Hacking,” at -<a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html</a>. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT3" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF3">(3)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -As an -Atheist, I don’t follow any religious leaders, but I sometimes find I -admire something one of them has said. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT4" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF4">(4)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -In 1984 or 1985, -<a name="index-Hopkins_002c-Don"></a> -Don Hopkins (a very -imaginative fellow) mailed me a letter. On the envelope he had written -several amusing sayings, including this one: “Copyleft—all rights -reversed.” I used the word “copyleft” to name the distribution -concept I was developing at the time. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT5" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF5">(5)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -We now use the -<a name="index-FDL-_0028see-also-both-manuals-and-documentation_0029"></a> -GNU Free -Documentation License (p. @refx{FDL-pg}{ -</p><h3><a name="FOOT6" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF6">(6)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -“Bourne Again Shell” is a play on the name “Bourne -Shell,” which was the usual shell on Unix. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT7" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF7">(7)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -That was written in 1998. In 2009 we no longer maintain a long -task list. The community develops free software so fast that we can’t -even keep track of it all. Instead, we have a list of High Priority -Projects, a much shorter list of projects we really want to encourage -people to write. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT8" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF8">(8)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -This license is now called -the GNU Lesser General Public License, to avoid giving the idea that -all libraries ought to use it. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT9" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF9">(9)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Eric Raymond is a prominent open source advocate; see “Why Open -Source Misses the Point” (p. @refx{OS Misses Point-pg}{ -</p><h3><a name="FOOT10" href="scrap1_2.html#DOCF10">(10)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Eric S. Raymond, <cite>The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and -Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary,</cite> rev. ed. (Sebastopol, -Calif.: O’Reilly, 2001), p. 23. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT11" href="scrap1_3.html#DOCF11">(11)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -The wording here was careless. The -intention was that nobody would have to pay for <em>permission</em> to -use the GNU system. But the words don’t make this clear, and people -often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should always be -distributed at little or no charge. That was never the intent. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT12" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF12">(12)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -The wording here was -careless. The intention was that nobody would have to pay for -<em>permission</em> to use the GNU system. But the words don’t make this -clear, and people often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU -should always be distributed at little or no charge. That was never -the intent; later on, the manifesto mentions the possibility of -companies providing the service of distribution for a -profit. Subsequently I have learned to distinguish carefully between -“free” in the sense of freedom and “free” in the sense of -price. Free software is software that users have the freedom to -distribute and change. Some users may obtain copies at no charge, -while others pay to obtain copies—and if the funds help support -improving the software, so much the better. The important thing is -that everyone who has a copy has the freedom to cooperate with others -in using it. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT13" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF13">(13)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -The expression -<a name="index-_0060_0060give-away-software_002c_0027_0027-misleading-use-of-term"></a> -“give away” is another indication that I had not yet clearly -separated the issue of price from that of freedom. We now recommend -avoiding this expression when talking about free software. See “Words -to Avoid (or Use with Care)” (p. @refx{Words to Avoid-pg}{ -</p><h3><a name="FOOT14" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF14">(14)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the -<a name="index-High-Priority-Projects-list"></a> -High Priority Projects list, at -<a href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/">http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/</a>, and the -<a name="index-GNU-Help-Wanted-list"></a> -GNU -Help Wanted list, the general task list for GNU software packages, at -<a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1">http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1</a>. For other ways to -help, see <a href="http://gnu.org/help/help.html">http://gnu.org/help/help.html</a>. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT15" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF15">(15)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -This is another place I failed -to distinguish carefully between the two different meanings of -“free.” The statement as it stands is not false—you can get copies -of GNU software at no charge, from your friends or over the net. But -it does suggest the wrong idea. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT16" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF16">(16)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Several such companies now exist. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT17" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF17">(17)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Although it is -a charity rather than a company, the -<a name="index-FSF_002c-fundraising-1"></a> -<a name="index-FSF_002c-how-you-can-help"></a> -Free Software Foundation for 10 -years raised most of its funds from its distribution service. You can -order things from the FSF to support its work. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT18" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF18">(18)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -A group -of computer companies pooled funds around 1991 to support maintenance -of the -<a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-C-compiler-_0028see-also-GNU_002c-GCC_0029-1"></a> -GNU C Compiler. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT19" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF19">(19)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -I think I was mistaken in saying -that proprietary software was the most common basis for making money -in software. It seems that actually the most common business model was -and is development of custom software. That does not offer the -possibility of collecting rents, so the business has to keep doing -real work in order to keep getting income. The custom software -business would continue to exist, more or less unchanged, in a free -software world. Therefore, I no longer expect that most paid -programmers would earn less in a free software world. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT20" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF20">(20)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing it -was to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual property.” That term -is obviously biased; more subtle is the fact that it lumps together -various disparate laws which raise very different issues. Nowadays I -urge people to reject the term “intellectual property” entirely, -lest it lead others to suppose that those laws form one coherent -issue. The way to be clear is to discuss patents, copyrights, and -<a name="index-trademarks-and_002for-trademark-law"></a> -trademarks separately. See “Did You Say ‘Intellectual Property’? It’s -a Seductive Mirage” (p. @refx{Not IPR-pg}{ -</p><h3><a name="FOOT21" href="scrap1_4.html#DOCF21">(21)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Subsequently we learned to distinguish between -“free software” and “freeware.” The term “freeware” means -software you are free to redistribute, but usually you are not free to -study and change the source code, so most of it is not free -software. See “Words to Avoid (or Use with Care)” (p. @refx{Words to -Avoid-pg}{ -</p><h3><a name="FOOT22" href="scrap1_5.html#DOCF22">(22)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -The charges were subsequently -dismissed. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT23" href="scrap1_6.html#DOCF23">(23)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -The word “free” in “free software” refers to freedom, not to price; the price paid for a copy of a free -program may be zero, or small, or (rarely) quite large. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT24" href="scrap1_6.html#DOCF24">(24)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -The issues of pollution and traffic congestion do not -alter this conclusion. If we wish to make driving more expensive to -discourage driving in general, it is disadvantageous to do this using -toll booths, which contribute to both pollution and congestion. A tax -on gasoline is much better. Likewise, a desire to enhance safety by -limiting maximum speed is not relevant; a free-access road enhances -the average speed by avoiding stops and delays, for any given speed -limit. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT25" href="scrap1_6.html#DOCF25">(25)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -One might regard a particular computer program as a harmful thing that should not be available at all, like the -<a name="index-Lotus-Marketplace"></a> -Lotus Marketplace database of personal information, which was withdrawn from sale due to public disapproval. Most of what I say does not apply to this case, but it makes little sense to argue for having an owner on the grounds that the owner will make the program less available. The owner will not make it <em>completely</em> unavailable, as one would wish in the case of a program whose use is considered destructive. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT26" href="scrap1_6.html#DOCF26">(26)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -<a name="index-Fox-Film-Corp_002e-v_002e-Doyal"></a> -<cite>Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal,</cite> 286 US 123, 1932. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT27" href="scrap1_7.html#DOCF27">(27)</a></h3> -<a name="index-RJ-Reynolds-Tobacco-Company"></a> -<p>RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company was fined $15m in 2002 for handing out -free samples of cigarettes at events attended by children. See -<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm">http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm</a>. -</p><h3><a name="FOOT28" href="scrap1_12.html#DOCF28">(28)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Michelle Finley, “French Pols Say, ‘Open It Up,’” 24 April 2000, <a href="http://wired.com/politics/law/news/2000/04/35862">http://wired.com/politics/law/news/2000/04/35862</a>. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT29" href="scrap1_14.html#DOCF29">(29)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -See -<a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd">http://opensource.org/docs/osd</a> for the full definition. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT30" href="scrap1_14.html#DOCF30">(30)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Neal -Stephenson, <cite>In the Beginning...Was the Command Line</cite> (New York: -HarperCollins Publishers, 1999), p. 94. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT31" href="scrap1_14.html#DOCF31">(31)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Mary Jane -Irwin, “The Brave New World of Open-Source Game Design,” <cite>New -York Times,</cite> online ed., 7 February 2009, -<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html">http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html</a>. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT32" href="scrap1_16.html#DOCF32">(32)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Dan Farber, “Oracle’s Ellison Nails Cloud -Computing,” 26 September 2008, -<a href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html">http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html</a>. -@end raggedright -@vglue -1pc -</p><h3><a name="FOOT33" href="scrap1_16.html#DOCF33">(33)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -An unedited transcript of American rock musician -Courtney Love’s 16 May 2000 speech to the Digital Hollywood -online-entertainment conference, in New York, is available at -<a href="http://salon.com/technology/feature/2000/06/14/love/print.html">http://salon.com/technology/feature/2000/06/14/love/print.html</a>. -@end raggedright -@vglue -1pc -</p><h3><a name="FOOT34" href="scrap1_16.html#DOCF34">(34)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -See my -article, “On Hacking,” at -<a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html</a>. -@end raggedright -@vglue -1pc -</p><h3><a name="FOOT35" href="scrap1_16.html#DOCF35">(35)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -“Directive on the patentability of -computer-implemented inventions,” 24 September 2003, -<a href="http://eupat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309">http://eupat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309</a>. -@end raggedright -@vglue -1pc -</p><h3><a name="FOOT36" href="scrap1_18.html#DOCF36">(36)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -<a name="index-Fox-Film-Corp_002e-v_002e-Doyal-1"></a> -<cite>Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal,</cite> 286 US 123, 1932. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT37" href="scrap1_18.html#DOCF37">(37)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -<cite>Congressional Record,</cite> S. 483, “The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1995,” 2 March 1995, pp. S3390–4. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT38" href="scrap1_18.html#DOCF38">(38)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -<cite>Congressional -Record,</cite> “Statement on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions,” -2 March 1995, p. S3390, -<a href="http://gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1995-03-02/pdf/CREC-1995-03-02-pt1-PgS3390-2.pdf">http://gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1995-03-02/pdf/CREC-1995-03-02-pt1-PgS3390-2.pdf</a>. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT39" href="scrap1_18.html#DOCF39">(39)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Jack Valenti was a longtime president of the Motion -Picture Association of America. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT40" href="scrap1_18.html#DOCF40">(40)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -<cite>Congressional Record,</cite> remarks of -Rep. -<a name="index-Bono_002c-Congresswoman-Mary"></a> -Bono, 7 October 1998, p. H9952, <a href="http://gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1998-10-07/pdf/CREC-1998-10-07-pt1-PgH9946.pdf">http://gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1998-10-07/pdf/CREC-1998-10-07-pt1-PgH9946.pdf</a>. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT41" href="scrap1_18.html#DOCF41">(41)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Since renamed to the unpronounceable -<a name="index-Consumer-Broadband-and-Digital-Television-Promotion-Act-_0028CBDTPA_0029-2"></a> -CBDTPA, -for which a good mnemonic is “Consume, But Don’t Try -Programming Anything,” but it really stands for the -“Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion -Act.” -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT42" href="scrap1_18.html#DOCF42">(42)</a></h3> -<p>If you would like to help, I recommend the web -sites -<a name="index-Defective-by-Design-_0028see-also-DRM_0029-2"></a> -<a href="http://defectivebydesign.org">http://defectivebydesign.org</a>, <a href="http://publicknowledge.org">http://publicknowledge.org</a>, and <a href="http://eff.org">http://eff.org</a>. -</p><h3><a name="FOOT43" href="scrap1_20.html#DOCF43">(43)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -“Nine Inch Nails Made at Least $750k from CC Release in Two Days,” posted by Cory Doctorow, 5 March 2008, -<a href="http://boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html">http://boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html</a>. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT44" href="scrap1_20.html#DOCF44">(44)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Mike Masnick, -“The Future of Music Business Models (and Those Who Are Already -There),” 25 January 2010, -<a href="http://techdirt.com/articles/20091119/1634117011.shtml">http://techdirt.com/articles/20091119/1634117011.shtml</a>. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT45" href="scrap1_20.html#DOCF45">(45)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Kevin Kelly is a commentator on digital culture -and the founder of <cite>Wired</cite> magazine. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT46" href="scrap1_20.html#DOCF46">(46)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Kevin Kelly, “1,000 True -Fans,” 4 March 2008, -<a href="http://kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php">http://kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php</a>. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT47" href="scrap1_20.html#DOCF47">(47)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -See <a href="http://mecenatglobal.org/">http://mecenatglobal.org/</a> for more information. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT48" href="scrap1_20.html#DOCF48">(48)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -The SGAE is Spain’s main copyright collective for composers, authors, -and publishers. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT49" href="scrap1_33.html#DOCF49">(49)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Brad -Stone, “Amazon Erases Orwell Books from Kindle,” <cite>New York Times,</cite> 17 July 2009, sec. B1, <a href="http://nytimes.com/2009/07/18/technology/companies/18amazon.html">http://nytimes.com/2009/07/18/technology/companies/18amazon.html</a>. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT50" href="scrap1_40.html#DOCF50">(50)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Bradley Horowitz, “The Tech Lab: Bradley Horowitz,” <cite>BBC News,</cite> 29 June 2007, <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6252716.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6252716.stm</a>. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT51" href="scrap1_40.html#DOCF51">(51)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Charles Stross, “The Tech Lab: Charles Stross,” <cite>BBC News,</cite> 10 July 2007, <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6287126.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6287126.stm</a>. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT52" href="scrap1_40.html#DOCF52">(52)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -Dave Winer, “The Tech Lab: Dave Winer,” <cite>BBC News,</cite> 14 June 2007, <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6748103.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6748103.stm</a>. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT53" href="scrap1_43.html#DOCF53">(53)</a></h3> -<p>@raggedright -William J. Mitchell, <em>City of Bits: Space, Place, and the -Infobahn</em> (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), p. 111, as quoted by -Lawrence Lessig in <em>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version -2.0</em> (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2006), p. 5. -@end raggedright -</p><h3><a name="FOOT54" href="scrap1_U.2.html#DOCF54">(54)</a></h3> -<p>In other programming languages, such as -Scheme, the <em>Hello World</em> program is usually not your first program. -In Scheme you often start with a program like this: -</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">(define (factorial n) - (if (= n 0) - 1 - (* n (factorial (- n 1))))) -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>This computes the factorial of a number; that is, running -<code>(factorial 5)</code>would output 120, which is computed by doing -5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 * 1. -</p><hr size="1"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_ovr.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_ovr.html deleted file mode 100644 index ff0a548b..00000000 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_ovr.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,139 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. 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Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations -of this book from the original English into another language provided -the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and -the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. - -ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 -Cover design by Rob Myers. - -Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. - --> -<!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 -texi2html was written by: - Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) - Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> - Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> - and many others. -Maintained by: Many creative people. -Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> ---> -<head> -<title>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Short Table of Contents</title> - -<meta name="description" content="This is the second edition of Richard Stallman's collection of essays."> -<meta name="keywords" content="Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Short Table of Contents"> -<meta name="resource-type" content="document"> -<meta name="distribution" content="global"> -<meta name="Generator" content="texi2html 1.82"> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> -<style type="text/css"> -<!-- -a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} -blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} -pre.display {font-family: serif} -pre.format {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} -pre.smalldisplay {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} -pre.smallformat {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} -span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal;} -span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal;} -ul.toc {list-style: none} ---> -</style> -<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style.css"> - - -</head> - -<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> - -<a name="SEC_Overview"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h1>Short Table of Contents</h1> -<div class="shortcontents"> -<ul class="toc"> -<li><a name="stoc-Foreword-1" href="scrap1_U.0.html#Foreword">Foreword</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Preface-to-the-Second-Edition" href="scrap1_U.1.html#Preface">Preface to the Second Edition</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-The-Free-Software-Definition" href="scrap1_1.html#Definition">1. The Free Software Definition</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-The-GNU-Project" href="scrap1_2.html#GNU-Project">2. The GNU Project</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-The-Initial-Announcement-of-the-GNU-Operating-System" href="scrap1_3.html#Initial-Announcement">3. The Initial Announcement of the GNU Operating System</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-The-GNU-Manifesto" href="scrap1_4.html#Manifesto">4. The GNU Manifesto</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Why-Software-Should-Not-Have-Owners" href="scrap1_5.html#Why-Free">5. Why Software Should Not Have Owners</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Why-Software-Should-Be-Free" href="scrap1_6.html#Should-Be-Free">6. Why Software Should Be Free</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Why-Schools-Should-Exclusively-Use-Free-Software" href="scrap1_7.html#Schools">7. Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Releasing-Free-Software-If-You-Work-at-a-University" href="scrap1_8.html#University">8. Releasing Free Software If You Work at a University</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Why-Free-Software-Needs-Free-Documentation" href="scrap1_9.html#Free-Doc">9. Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Selling-Free-Software" href="scrap1_10.html#Selling">10. Selling Free Software</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-The-Free-Software-Song" href="scrap1_11.html#Song">11. The Free Software Song</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-What_0027s-in-a-Name_003f" href="scrap1_12.html#Whats-Name">12. What’s in a Name?</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Categories-of-Free-and-Nonfree-Software" href="scrap1_13.html#Categories">13. Categories of Free and Nonfree Software</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Why-Open-Source-Misses-the-Point-of-Free-Software" href="scrap1_14.html#OS-Misses-Point">14. Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Did-You-Say-_0060_0060Intellectual-Property_0027_0027_003f_0040entrybreak_007b_007dIt_0027s-a-Seductive-Mirage" href="scrap1_15.html#Not-IPR">15. Did You Say “Intellectual Property”?@entrybreak{}It’s a Seductive Mirage</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Words-to-Avoid-_0028or-Use-with-Care_0029--Because-They-Are-Loaded-or-Confusing" href="scrap1_16.html#Words-to-Avoid">16. Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) <br>Because They Are Loaded or Confusing</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-The-Right-to-Read_003a-A-Dystopian-Short-Story" href="scrap1_17.html#Right-to-Read">17. The Right to Read: A Dystopian Short Story</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Misinterpreting-Copyright_002d_002d_002dA-Series-of-Errors" href="scrap1_18.html#Mis-Cop">18. Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Science-Must-Push-Copyright-Aside" href="scrap1_19.html#Push-Cop-Aside">19. Science Must Push Copyright Aside</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Freedom_002d_002d_002dor-Copyright" href="scrap1_20.html#Freedom-or-Copyright">20. Freedom—or Copyright</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-What-Is-Copyleft_003f" href="scrap1_21.html#Copyleft">21. What Is Copyleft?</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Copyleft_003a-Pragmatic-Idealism" href="scrap1_22.html#Pragmatic">22. Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Anatomy-of-a-Trivial-Patent" href="scrap1_23.html#Trivial-Patent">23. Anatomy of a Trivial Patent</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Software-Patents-and-Literary-Patents" href="scrap1_24.html#SPLP">24. Software Patents and Literary Patents</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-The-Danger-of-Software-Patents" href="scrap1_25.html#DSP">25. The Danger of Software Patents</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Microsoft_0027s-New-Monopoly" href="scrap1_26.html#New-Monopoly">26. Microsoft’s New Monopoly</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Introduction-to-the-Licenses" href="scrap1_27.html#Licenses-Introduction">27. Introduction to the Licenses</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-The-GNU-General-Public-License" href="scrap1_28.html#GPL">28. The GNU General Public License</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Why-Upgrade-to-GPLv3" href="scrap1_29.html#Why-V3">29. Why Upgrade to GPLv3</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-The-GNU-Lesser-General-Public-License" href="scrap1_30.html#LGPL">30. The GNU Lesser General Public License</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License" href="scrap1_31.html#FDL">31. GNU Free Documentation License</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Can-You-Trust-Your-Computer_003f" href="scrap1_32.html#Can-You-Trust">32. Can You Trust Your Computer?</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Who-Does-That-Server-Really-Serve_003f" href="scrap1_33.html#Server">33. Who Does That Server Really Serve?</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Free-but-Shackled_003a-The-Java-Trap" href="scrap1_34.html#Java-Trap">34. Free but Shackled: The Java Trap</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-The-JavaScript-Trap" href="scrap1_35.html#JavaScript-Trap">35. The JavaScript Trap</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-The-X-Window-System-Trap" href="scrap1_36.html#X">36. The X Window System Trap</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-The-Problem-Is-Software-Controlled-by-Its-Developer" href="scrap1_37.html#Root-of-Problem">37. The Problem Is Software Controlled by Its Developer</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-We-Can-Put-an-End-to-Word-Attachments" href="scrap1_38.html#No-Word-Attachments">38. We Can Put an End to Word Attachments</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Thank-You_002c-Larry-McVoy" href="scrap1_39.html#McVoy">39. Thank You, Larry McVoy</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Computing-_0060_0060Progress_0027_0027_003a-Good-and-Bad" href="scrap1_40.html#Computing-Progress">40. Computing “Progress”: Good and Bad</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Avoiding-Ruinous-Compromises" href="scrap1_41.html#Compromise">41. Avoiding Ruinous Compromises</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Overcoming-Social-Inertia" href="scrap1_42.html#Social-Inertia">42. Overcoming Social Inertia</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Freedom-or-Power_003f" href="scrap1_43.html#Freedom-or-Power">43. Freedom or Power?</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Appendix-A_003a-A-Note-on-Software" href="scrap1_U.2.html#Appendix-A"><span class="roman">Appendix A: A Note on Software</span></a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Appendix-B_003a-Translations-of-the-Term-_0060_0060Free-Software_0027_0027" href="scrap1_U.3.html#Appendix-B"><span class="roman">Appendix B: Translations of the Term “Free Software”</span></a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Index-1" href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index"><span class="roman">Index</span></a></li> -</ul> -</div> -<hr size="1"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_top.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_top.html deleted file mode 100644 index 27ab394a..00000000 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_top.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,209 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. - -Free Software Foundation - -51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor - -Boston, MA 02110-1335 -Copyright C 2002, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted -worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is -preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations -of this book from the original English into another language provided -the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and -the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. - -ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 -Cover design by Rob Myers. - -Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. - --> -<!-- Created on February 18, 2016 by texi2html 1.82 -texi2html was written by: - Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) - Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> - Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> - and many others. -Maintained by: Many creative people. -Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> ---> -<head> -<title>Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: FSFSv2</title> - -<meta name="description" content="This is the second edition of Richard Stallman's collection of essays."> -<meta name="keywords" content="Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: FSFSv2"> -<meta name="resource-type" content="document"> -<meta name="distribution" content="global"> -<meta name="Generator" content="texi2html 1.82"> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> -<style type="text/css"> -<!-- -a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} -blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} -pre.display {font-family: serif} -pre.format {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} -pre.smalldisplay {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} -pre.smallformat {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} -span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal;} -span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal;} -ul.toc {list-style: none} ---> -</style> -<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style.css"> - - -</head> - -<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> - -<div align="center"> -<h1>Free Software, Free Society</h1> -<h2>Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</h2> -<h2>Second Edition</h2> -<strong> Richard M. Stallman </strong><br> -</div> -<hr> - -<p>This is the second edition of <cite>Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman.</cite><br> -Free Software Foundation<br> -51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor<br> -Boston, MA 02110-1335 -<br> -Copyright © 2002, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -</p><blockquote><p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted -worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is -preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations -of this book from the original English into another language provided -the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and -the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. -</p></blockquote> -<p>ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 -<br> -<br> -Cover design by Rob Myers.<br> -Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. -</p> -<h1 class="settitle">FSFSv2</h1> -<p>@smallerbook -@raggedbottom -</p> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<p> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<em>Richard Stallman is the prophet of the free software movement. -He understood the dangers of software patents years ago. Now that -this has become a crucial issue in the world, buy this book and read -what he said.</em><br> —<strong>Tim Berners-Lee,</strong> inventor of the World -Wide Web -<br> -<br> -<em>Richard Stallman is the philosopher king of software. He -single-handedly ignited what has become a world-wide movement to -create software that is Free, with a capital F. He has toiled for -years at a project that many once considered a fool’s errand, and now -that is widely seen as “inevitable.”</em><br> —<strong>Simon L. -Garfinkel,</strong> computer science author and columnist -<br> -<br> -<em>By his hugely successful efforts to establish the idea of “Free -Software,” Stallman has made a massive contribution to the human -condition. His contribution combines elements that have technical, -social, political, and economic consequences.</em><br> —<strong>Gerald Jay -Sussman,</strong> Matsushita Professor of Electrical Engineering, MIT -<br> -<br> -<em>RMS is the leading philosopher of software. You may dislike -some of his attitudes, but you cannot avoid his ideas. This slim -volume will make those ideas readily accessible to those who are -confused by the buzzwords of rampant commercialism. This book needs -to be widely circulated and widely read.</em><br> —<strong>Peter Salus,</strong> -computer science writer, book reviewer, and UNIX historian -<br> -<br> -<em>Richard is the leading force of the free software movement. -This book is very important to spread the key concepts of free -software world-wide, so everyone can understand it. Free software -gives people freedom to use their creativity.</em><br> —<strong>Masayuki -Ida,</strong> professor, Graduate School of International Management, Aoyama -Gakuin University -</p> - -<p>@pageno = -3 -</p> - -<a name="Top"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<a name="FSFSv2"></a> -<p>This is the second edition of Richard Stallman’s collection of essays. -</p><p>This is the second edition of <cite>Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman.</cite><br> -Free Software Foundation<br> -51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor<br> -Boston, MA 02110-1335 -<br> -Copyright © 2002, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -</p><blockquote><p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted -worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is -preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations -of this book from the original English into another language provided -the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and -the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. -</p></blockquote> -<p>ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 -<br> -<br> -Cover design by Rob Myers.<br> -Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. -</p> - - -<p>@global@pageno = @lastnegativepageno -</p><h2> Table of Contents</h2> -<hr size="1"> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[Contents]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_U.4.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="scrap1_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<p> - <font size="-1"> - This document was generated by <em>Christian Grothoff</em> on <em>February 18, 2016</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>. - </font> - <br> - -</p> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/serbian-croatian.jpg b/src/frontend_blog/articles/serbian-croatian.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..8066d55d --- /dev/null +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/serbian-croatian.jpg diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/song-book-jutta-scrunch-crop.jpg b/src/frontend_blog/articles/song-book-jutta-scrunch-crop.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..0147631a --- /dev/null +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/song-book-jutta-scrunch-crop.jpg diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/tamil.jpg b/src/frontend_blog/articles/tamil.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..ca5dde39 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/tamil.jpg diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/ukrainian.jpg b/src/frontend_blog/articles/ukrainian.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..79c9112d --- /dev/null +++ b/src/frontend_blog/articles/ukrainian.jpg diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/blog_lib.php b/src/frontend_blog/blog_lib.php index 39415d9d..e48d540c 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/blog_lib.php +++ b/src/frontend_blog/blog_lib.php @@ -4,12 +4,16 @@ * Take a (article's) filename and return its * teaser. It has the articles folder hardcoded */ -function get_teaser($name){ +function get_title($name){ $content = file_get_contents("articles/$name.html"); $doc = new DOMDocument(); $doc->loadHTML($content); - $teaser = $doc->getElementById("teaser"); - return $teaser; + $finder = new DOMXPath($doc); + $query_set = $finder->query("//h1[@class='chapter' or @class='unnumbered']"); + if (1 != $query_set->length) + return "No title for this item"; + // assuming all the articles are well-formed.. + return $query_set->item(0)->nodeValue; } /** @@ -17,10 +21,11 @@ function get_teaser($name){ * DOM. It has the articles folder hardcoded */ function get_article($name){ - $content = file_get_contents("articles/$name.html"); - $doc = new DOMDocument(); + $raw_content = file_get_contents("articles/$name.html"); + return $raw_content; + /*$doc = new DOMDocument(); $doc->loadHTML($content); - return $doc; + return $doc;*/ } /** diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/essay_offer.php b/src/frontend_blog/essay_cc-form.html index 03ba6101..ce3d658f 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/essay_offer.php +++ b/src/frontend_blog/essay_cc-form.html @@ -1,22 +1,30 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> <html> -<body onload="signal_taler_wallet_onload()"> -<?php - - include("../frontend_lib/merchants.php"); - include("../frontend_lib/util.php"); - include("./blog_lib.php"); - $article = get($_GET['article']); - if (null == $article){ - echo "Please land here just to buy articles"; - die(); - } - $cc_page = template("./essay_cc-payment.html", array('article' => $article)); - echo $cc_page; -?> -</body> -<script type="text/javascript"> +<head> +<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style.css"> +</head> +<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> +<header><div id="logo"><img src="../gnu.svg" height="100" width="100"></div><h1>Credit card payment</h1></header> + <section id="main"> + + <h1>Enter your details</h1> + <p>We need a few details before proceeding with credit card payment</p> + <form> + First name<br> <input type="text"></input><br> + Family name<br> <input type="text"></input><br> + Age<br> <input type="text"></input><br> + Nationality<br> <input type="text"></input><br> + Gender<br> <input type="radio" name"gender">Male</input> + <input type="radio" name="gender">Female</input><br> + <input id='article-name' type="hidden" value="{article}"></input> + </form> + <form method="post" action="essay_cc-fulfillment.php?article={article}"> + <input type="submit"></input> + </form> + + </section> + <script type="application/javascript" src="taler-presence.js"></script> + <script type="application/javascript"> function handle_contract(json_contract) { var cEvent = new CustomEvent('taler-contract', {detail: json_contract}); @@ -71,5 +79,22 @@ signal_taler_wallet_onload, false); -</script> + + + + function executePayment(H_contract, pay_url, offering_url) { + var detail = { + H_contract: H_contract, + pay_url: pay_url, + offering_url: offering_url + }; + var eve = new CustomEvent('taler-execute-payment', {detail: detail}); + document.dispatchEvent(eve); + } + </script> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + {jscode} + </script> +</body> </html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/essay_cc-payment.html b/src/frontend_blog/essay_cc-payment.html deleted file mode 100644 index fe20fb4a..00000000 --- a/src/frontend_blog/essay_cc-payment.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,44 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<!--html lang="en"> -<head> - <title>Enter your details</title> - <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css"> -</head> -<body> - <header> - <div id="logo"> - <svg height="100" width="100"> - <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" stroke="darkcyan" stroke-width="6" fill="white" /> - <text x="19" y="82" font-family="Verdana" font-size="90" fill="darkcyan">B</text> - </svg> - </div> - - <h1>Blog site demonstration</h1> - </header> - - <aside class="sidebar" id="left"> - </aside> - - <section id="main"> - <article--> - <h1>Enter your details</h1> - <p>We need a few details before proceeding with credit card payment</p> - <form> - First name<br> <input type="text"></input><br> - Family name<br> <input type="text"></input><br> - Age<br> <input type="text"></input><br> - Nationality<br> <input type="text"></input><br> - Gender<br> <input type="radio" name"gender">Male</input> - <input type="radio" name="gender">Female</input><br> - <input id='article-name' type="hidden" value="{article}"></input> - </form> - <form method="post" action="essay_cc-fulfillment.php?article={article}"> - <input type="submit"></input> - </form> - <script type="text/javascript"> - {jscode} - </script> - <!--/article> - </section> -</body> -</html--> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/essay_contract.php b/src/frontend_blog/essay_contract.php index e813d91b..29a6d0f3 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/essay_contract.php +++ b/src/frontend_blog/essay_contract.php @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ $transaction_id = rand(0, 1001); file_put_contents('/tmp/yyy', "bogus"); file_put_contents('/tmp/yyy', $MERCHANT_CURRENCY); $now = new DateTime('now'); -$teaser = get_teaser($article); +$teaser = get_title($article); $amount_value = 0; $amount_fraction = 50000; $teatax = array (); @@ -42,20 +42,11 @@ $fulfillment_url = url_rel("essay_fulfillment.php") . '×tamp=' . $now->getTimestamp() . '&tid=' . $transaction_id; -file_put_contents("/tmp/ffil", $fulfillment_url); - - $dump = "curr: " . $MERCHANT_CURRENCY . " tid: " . $transaction_id - . " desc: " . trim($teaser->nodeValue) - . " article: " . $article . " now: " . $now->getTimestamp() - . " ffil: " . $fulfillment_url . "\n"; - -file_put_contents("/tmp/dumpster_contr", $dump, FILE_APPEND); - $contract_json = generate_contract($amount_value, $amount_fraction, $MERCHANT_CURRENCY, $transaction_id, - trim($teaser->nodeValue), + trim($teaser), $article, $article, $teatax, diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/essay_fulfillment.php b/src/frontend_blog/essay_fulfillment.php index e665dc31..ddccf923 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/essay_fulfillment.php +++ b/src/frontend_blog/essay_fulfillment.php @@ -14,28 +14,6 @@ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with TALER; see the file COPYING. If not, If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/> --> -<html lang="en"> -<head> - <title>Taler's "Demo" Blog</title> - <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css"--> -</head> -<body> - <header> - <div id="logo"> - <svg height="100" width="100"> - <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" stroke="darkcyan" stroke-width="6" fill="white" /> - <text x="19" y="82" font-family="Verdana" font-size="90" fill="darkcyan">B</text> - </svg> - </div> - - <h1>Taler's "Demo" Blog</h1> - </header> - - <aside class="sidebar" id="left"> - </aside> - - <section id="main"> - <article> <?php include '../frontend_lib/util.php'; include '../frontend_lib/merchants.php'; @@ -65,19 +43,18 @@ if ("payed" != $my_payment || null === $my_payment) // 1st time if (null == $tid || null == $timestamp){ $js_code = "get_contract(\"$article\")"; - $cc_page = template("./essay_cc-payment.html", array('article' => $article, 'jscode' => $js_code)); + $cc_page = template("./essay_cc-form.html", array('article' => $article, 'jscode' => $js_code)); echo $cc_page; die(); } // restore $now = new DateTime(); $now->setTimestamp(intval($timestamp)); - $contract_rec = generate_contract(0, 50000, $MERCHANT_CURRENCY, intval($tid), - trim(get_teaser($article)->nodeValue), + trim(get_title($article)), $article, $article, array(), @@ -97,88 +74,15 @@ if ("payed" != $my_payment || null === $my_payment) die(); } $hc = json_decode($resp->body->toString(), true)['H_contract']; + file_put_contents("/tmp/hash2", $hc."\n"); $js_code = "executePayment('$hc', '$pay_url', '$offering_url')"; - $cc_page = template("./essay_cc-payment.html", array('article' => $article, 'jscode' => $js_code)); + $cc_page = template("./essay_cc-form.html", array('article' => $article, 'jscode' => $js_code)); echo $cc_page; return; } // control here == article payed -$article_doc = get_article($article); -echo $article_doc->saveHTML($article_doc->getElementById("full-article")); +$article = get_article($article); +echo $article; ?> - </article> - </section> -</body> - <script type="application/javascript" src="taler-presence.js"></script> - <script type="application/javascript"> - function handle_contract(json_contract) { - var cEvent = new CustomEvent('taler-contract', - {detail: json_contract}); - document.dispatchEvent(cEvent); - }; - - function get_contract(article) { - var contract_request = new XMLHttpRequest(); - - contract_request.open("GET", - "essay_contract.php?article=" + article, - true); - contract_request.onload = function (e) { - if (contract_request.readyState == 4) { - if (contract_request.status == 200) { - console.log("response text:", - contract_request.responseText); - handle_contract(contract_request.responseText); - } else { - alert("Failure to download contract from merchant " + - "(" + contract_request.status + "):\n" + - contract_request.responseText); - } - } - }; - contract_request.onerror = function (e) { - alert("Failure requesting the contract:\n" - + contract_request.statusText); - }; - contract_request.send(); - } - - function has_taler_wallet_cb(aEvent) - { - var article = document.getElementById('article-name'); - get_contract(article.value); - }; - - function signal_taler_wallet_onload() - { - var eve = new Event('taler-probe'); - document.dispatchEvent(eve); - }; - - document.addEventListener("taler-wallet-present", - has_taler_wallet_cb, - false); - - // Register event to be triggered by the wallet when it gets enabled while - // the user is on the payment page - document.addEventListener("taler-load", - signal_taler_wallet_onload, - false); - - - - - function executePayment(H_contract, pay_url, offering_url) { - var detail = { - H_contract: H_contract, - pay_url: pay_url, - offering_url: offering_url - }; - var eve = new CustomEvent('taler-execute-payment', {detail: detail}); - document.dispatchEvent(eve); - } - </script> - -</html> diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/index.html b/src/frontend_blog/index.html index 242aa65c..79a6b98d 100644 --- a/src/frontend_blog/index.html +++ b/src/frontend_blog/index.html @@ -54,7 +54,45 @@ copies. <br> <br> </p> - +<p> +<em>Richard Stallman is the prophet of the free software movement. +He understood the dangers of software patents years ago. Now that +this has become a crucial issue in the world, buy this book and read +what he said.</em><br> —<strong>Tim Berners-Lee,</strong> inventor of the World +Wide Web +<br> +<br> +<em>Richard Stallman is the philosopher king of software. He +single-handedly ignited what has become a world-wide movement to +create software that is Free, with a capital F. He has toiled for +years at a project that many once considered a fool’s errand, and now +that is widely seen as “inevitable.”</em><br> —<strong>Simon L. +Garfinkel,</strong> computer science author and columnist +<br> +<br> +<em>By his hugely successful efforts to establish the idea of “Free +Software,” Stallman has made a massive contribution to the human +condition. His contribution combines elements that have technical, +social, political, and economic consequences.</em><br> —<strong>Gerald Jay +Sussman,</strong> Matsushita Professor of Electrical Engineering, MIT +<br> +<br> +<em>RMS is the leading philosopher of software. You may dislike +some of his attitudes, but you cannot avoid his ideas. This slim +volume will make those ideas readily accessible to those who are +confused by the buzzwords of rampant commercialism. This book needs +to be widely circulated and widely read.</em><br> —<strong>Peter Salus,</strong> +computer science writer, book reviewer, and UNIX historian +<br> +<br> +<em>Richard is the leading force of the free software movement. +This book is very important to spread the key concepts of free +software world-wide, so everyone can understand it. Free software +gives people freedom to use their creativity.</em><br> —<strong>Masayuki +Ida,</strong> professor, Graduate School of International Management, Aoyama +Gakuin University +</p> + <h2>Chapters</h2> <!-- TODO: show this section ONLY if Taler wallet is present! --> <ul style="list-style-type:none"> <li><a name="stoc-Foreword-1" href="/essay_fulfillment.php?article=scrap1_U.0"><h3>Foreword</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Every generation has its philosopher—a writer or an artist who captures the imagination of a time. Sometimes these philosophers are recognized as such; often it takes generations before the connection is made real. But recognized or not, a time gets marked by the people who speak its ideals, whether in the whisper of a poem, or the blast of a political movement. </p></div></li> @@ -106,6 +144,49 @@ copies. <li><a name="stoc-Freedom-or-Power_003f" href="/essay_fulfillment.php?article=scrap1_43"><h3>43. Freedom or Power?</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>In the free software movement, we stand for freedom for the users of software. We formulated our views by looking at what freedoms are necessary for a good way of life, and permit useful programs to foster a community of goodwill, cooperation, and collaboration. Our criteria for free software specify the freedoms that a program’s users need so that they can cooperate in a community. </p></div></li> <li><a name="stoc-Appendix-A_003a-A-Note-on-Software" href="/essay_fulfillment.php?article=scrap1_U.2"><h3><span class="roman">Appendix A: A Note on Software</span></h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>This section is intended for people who have little or no knowledge of the technical aspects of computer science. It is not necessary to read this section to understand the essays and speeches presented in this book; however, it may be helpful to those readers not familiar with some of the jargon that comes with programming and computer science. </p></div></li> <li><a name="stoc-Appendix-B_003a-Translations-of-the-Term-_0060_0060Free-Software_0027_0027" href="/essay_fulfillment.php?article=scrap1_U.3"><span class="roman"><h3>Appendix B: Translations of the Term “Free Software”</span></h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>The following is a list of recommended unambiguous translations of the term “free software” into various languages.</p></div></li> +======= + <li><a name="stoc-The-GNU-Manifesto" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_4"><h3>4. The GNU Manifesto</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>The GNU Manifesto was written by Richard Stallman at the beginning of the GNU Project, to ask for participation and support. For the first few years, it was updated in minor ways to account for developments, but now it seems best to leave it unchanged as most people have seen it.</p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Why-Software-Should-Not-Have-Owners" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_5"><h3>5. Why Software Should Not Have Owners</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Digital information technology contributes to the world by making it easier to copy and modify information. Computers promise to make this easier for all of us. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Why-Software-Should-Be-Free" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_6"><h3>6. Why Software Should Be Free</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>The existence of software inevitably raises the question of how decisions about its use should be made. For example, suppose one individual who has a copy of a program meets another who would like a copy. It is possible for them to copy the program; who should decide whether this is done? The individuals involved? Or another party, called the “owner”? </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Why-Schools-Should-Exclusively-Use-Free-Software" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_7"><h3>7. Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>There are general reasons why all computer users should insist on free software: it gives users the freedom to control their own computers—with proprietary software, the computer does what the software owner wants it to do, not what the user wants it to do. Free software also gives users the freedom to cooperate with each other, to lead an upright life. These reasons apply to schools as they do to everyone. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Releasing-Free-Software-If-You-Work-at-a-University" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_8"><h3>8. Releasing Free Software If You Work at a University</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>In the free software movement, we believe computer users should have the freedom to change and redistribute the software that they use. The “free” in “free software” refers to freedom: it means users have the freedom to run, modify and redistribute the software. Free software contributes to human knowledge, while nonfree software does not. Universities should therefore encourage free software for the sake of advancing human knowledge, just as they should encourage scientists and other scholars to publish their work.</p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Why-Free-Software-Needs-Free-Documentation" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_9"><h3>9. Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the software—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in these systems. Many of our most important programs do not come with full manuals. Documentation is an essential part of any software package; when an important free software package does not come with a free manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Selling-Free-Software" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_10"><h3>10. Selling Free Software</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Many people believe that the spirit of the GNU Project is that you should not charge money for distributing copies of software, or that you should charge as little as possible—just enough to cover the cost. This is a misunderstanding.</p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-The-Free-Software-Song" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_11"><h3>11. The Free Software Song</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>The lyrics of “The Free Software Song” are sung to the melody of the Bulgarian folk song “Sadi moma bela loza.”</p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-What_0027s-in-a-Name_003f" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_12"><h3>12. What’s in a Name?</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Names convey meanings; our choice of names determines the meaning of what we say. An inappropriate name gives people the wrong idea. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet—but if you call it a pen, people will be rather disappointed when they try to write with it. And if you call pens “roses,” people may not realize what they are good for. If you call our operating system Linux, that conveys a mistaken idea of the system’s origin, history, and purpose. If you call it GNU/Linux, that conveys (though not in detail) an accurate idea. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Categories-of-Free-and-Nonfree-Software" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_13"><h3>13. Categories of Free and Nonfree Software</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Free software is software that comes with permission for anyone to use, copy, and/or distribute, either verbatim or with modifications, either gratis or for a fee. In particular, this means that source code must be available. “If it’s not source, it’s not software.”</p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Why-Open-Source-Misses-the-Point-of-Free-Software" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_14"><h3>14. Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>When we call software “free,” we mean that it respects the users’ essential freedoms: the freedom to run it, to study and change it, and to redistribute copies with or without changes. This is a matter of freedom, not price, so think of “free speech,” not “free beer.” </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Did-You-Say-_0060_0060Intellectual-Property_0027_0027_003f_0040entrybreak_007b_007dIt_0027s-a-Seductive-Mirage" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_15"><h3>15. Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It’s a Seductive Mirage</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p></p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Words-to-Avoid-_0028or-Use-with-Care_0029--Because-They-Are-Loaded-or-Confusing" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_16"><h3>16. Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) <br>Because They Are Loaded or Confusing</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>There are a number of words and phrases that we recommend avoiding, or avoiding in certain contexts and usages. Some are ambiguous or misleading; others presuppose a viewpoint that we hope you disagree with. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-The-Right-to-Read_003a-A-Dystopian-Short-Story" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_17"><h3>17. The Right to Read: A Dystopian Short Story</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college—when Lissa Lenz asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless she could borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There was no one she dared ask, except Dan. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Misinterpreting-Copyright_002d_002d_002dA-Series-of-Errors" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_18"><h3>18. Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under the US Constitution, copyright exists to benefit users—those who read books, listen to music, watch movies, or run software—not for the sake of publishers or authors. Yet even as people tend increasingly to reject and disobey the copyright restrictions imposed on them “for their own benefit,” the US government is adding more restrictions, and trying to frighten the public into obedience with harsh new penalties.</p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Science-Must-Push-Copyright-Aside" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_19"><h3>19. Science Must Push Copyright Aside</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>It should be a truism that the scientific literature exists to disseminate scientific knowledge, and that scientific journals exist to facilitate the process. It therefore follows that rules for use of the scientific literature should be designed to help achieve that goal. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Freedom_002d_002d_002dor-Copyright" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_20"><h3>20. Freedom—or Copyright</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Copyright was established in the age of the printing press as an industrial regulation on the business of writing and publishing. The aim was to encourage the publication of a diversity of written works. The means was to require publishers to get the author’s permission to publish recent writings. This enabled authors to get income from publishers, which facilitated and encouraged writing. The general reading public received the benefit of this, while losing little: copyright restricted only publication, not the things an ordinary reader could do. That made copyright arguably a beneficial system for the public, and therefore arguably legitimate. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-What-Is-Copyleft_003f" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_21"><h3>21. What Is Copyleft?</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Copyleft is a general method for making a program (or other work) free, and requiring all modified and extended versions of the program to be free as well.</p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Copyleft_003a-Pragmatic-Idealism" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_22"><h3>22. Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Every decision a person makes stems from the person’s values and goals. People can have many different goals and values; fame, profit, love, survival, fun, and freedom, are just some of the goals that a good person might have. When the goal is a matter of principle, we call that idealism.</p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Anatomy-of-a-Trivial-Patent" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_23"><h3>23. Anatomy of a Trivial Patent</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Programmers are well aware that many of the existing software patents cover laughably obvious ideas. Yet the patent system’s defenders often argue that these ideas are nontrivial, obvious only in hindsight. And it is surprisingly difficult to defeat them in debate. Why is that? </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Software-Patents-and-Literary-Patents" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_24"><h3>24. Software Patents and Literary Patents</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>When politicians consider the question of software patents, they are usually voting blind; not being programmers, they don’t understand what software patents really do. They often think patents are similar to copyright law (“except for some details”)—which is not the case. For instance, when I publicly asked Patrick Devedjian, then Minister for Industry in France, how France would vote on the issue of software patents, Devedjian responded with an impassioned defense of copyright law, praising Victor Hugo for his role in the adoption of copyright. (The misleading term “intellectual property” promotes this confusion—one of the reasons it should never be used.) </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-The-Danger-of-Software-Patents" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_25"><h3>25. The Danger of Software Patents</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>I’m most known for starting the free software movement and leading development of the GNU operating system—although most of the people who use the system mistakenly believe it’s Linux and think it was started by somebody else a decade later. But I’m not going to be speaking about any of that today. I’m here to talk about a legal danger to all software developers, distributors, and users: the danger of patents—on computational ideas, computational techniques, an idea for something you can do on a computer. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Microsoft_0027s-New-Monopoly" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_26"><h3>26. Microsoft’s New Monopoly</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>European legislators who endorse software patents frequently claim that those wouldn’t affect free software (or “open source”). Microsoft’s lawyers are determined to prove they are mistaken. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Introduction-to-the-Licenses" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_27"><h3>27. Introduction to the Licenses</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>This part contains the text of the latest versions of the primary GNU licenses: the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL), the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), and the GNU Free Documentation License (FDL). Though they are legal documents, they belong in this book of essays because they are concrete expressions of the ideals of free software. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-The-GNU-General-Public-License" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_28"><h3>28. The GNU General Public License</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Why-Upgrade-to-GPLv3" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_29"><h3>29. Why Upgrade to GPLv3</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Version 3 of the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) has been released, enabling free software packages to upgrade from GPL version 2. This article explains why upgrading the license is important. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-The-GNU-Lesser-General-Public-License" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_30"><h3>30. The GNU Lesser General Public License</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>This version of the GNU Lesser General Public License incorporates the terms and conditions of version 3 of the GNU General Public License, supplemented by the additional permissions listed below.</p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_31"><h3>31. GNU Free Documentation License</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Can-You-Trust-Your-Computer_003f" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_32"><h3>32. Can You Trust Your Computer?</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Who should your computer take its orders from? Most people think their computers should obey them, not obey someone else. With a plan they call “trusted computing,” large media corporations (including the movie companies and record companies), together with computer companies such as Microsoft and Intel, are planning to make your computer obey them instead of you. (Microsoft’s version of this scheme is called Palladium.) Proprietary programs have included malicious features before, but this plan would make it universal.</p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Who-Does-That-Server-Really-Serve_003f" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_33"><h3>33. Who Does That Server Really Serve?</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Digital technology can give you freedom; it can also take your freedom away. The first threat to our control over our computing came from proprietary software: software that the users cannot control because the owner (a company such as Apple or Microsoft) controls it. The owner often takes advantage of this unjust power by inserting malicious features such as spyware, back doors, and Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (referred to as “Digital Rights Management” in their propaganda). </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Free-but-Shackled_003a-The-Java-Trap" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_34"><h3>34. Free but Shackled: The Java Trap</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>If your program is free software, it is basically ethical—but there is a trap you must be on guard for. Your program, though in itself free, may be restricted by nonfree software that it depends on. Since the problem is most prominent today for Java programs, we call it the Java Trap. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-The-JavaScript-Trap" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_35"><h3>35. The JavaScript Trap</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>In the free software community, the idea that nonfree programs mistreat their users is familiar. Some of us refuse entirely to install proprietary software, and many others consider nonfreedom a strike against the program. Many users are aware that this issue applies to the plug-ins that browsers offer to install, since they can be free or nonfree. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-The-X-Window-System-Trap" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_36"><h3>36. The X Window System Trap</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>To copyleft or not to copyleft? That is one of the major controversies in the free software community. The idea of copyleft is that we should fight fire with fire—that we should use copyright to make sure our code stays free. The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) is one example of a copyleft license.</p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-The-Problem-Is-Software-Controlled-by-Its-Developer" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_37"><h3>37. The Problem Is Software Controlled by Its Developer</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>I fully agree with Jonathan Zittrain’s conclusion that we should not abandon general-purpose computers. Alas, I disagree completely with the path that led him to it. He presents serious security problems as an intolerable crisis, but I’m not convinced. Then he forecasts that users will panic in response and stampede toward restricted computers (which he calls “appliances”), but there is no sign of this happening. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-We-Can-Put-an-End-to-Word-Attachments" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_38"><h3>38. We Can Put an End to Word Attachments</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Don’t you just hate receiving Word documents in email messages? Word attachments are annoying, but, worse than that, they impede people from switching to free software. Maybe we can stop this practice with a simple collective effort. All we have to do is ask each person who sends us a Word file to reconsider that way of doing things.</p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Thank-You_002c-Larry-McVoy" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_39"><h3>39. Thank You, Larry McVoy</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>For the first time in my life, I want to thank Larry McVoy. He recently eliminated a major weakness of the free software community, by announcing the end of his campaign to entice free software projects to use and promote his nonfree software. Soon, Linux development will no longer use this program, and no longer spread the message that nonfree software is a good thing if it’s convenient. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Computing-_0060_0060Progress_0027_0027_003a-Good-and-Bad" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_40"><h3>40. Computing “Progress”: Good and Bad</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Bradley Horowitz of Yahoo proposed here that every object in our world have a unique number so that your cell phone could record everything you do—even which cans you picked up while in the supermarket.</p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Avoiding-Ruinous-Compromises" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_41"><h3>41. Avoiding Ruinous Compromises</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>The free software movement aims for a social change: to make all software free so that all software users are free and can be part of a community of cooperation. Every nonfree program gives its developer unjust power over the users. Our goal is to put an end to that injustice. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Overcoming-Social-Inertia" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_42"><h3>42. Overcoming Social Inertia</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>Almost two decades have passed since the combination of GNU and Linux first made it possible to use a PC in freedom. We have come a long way since then. Now you can even buy a laptop with GNU/Linux preinstalled from more than one hardware vendor—although the systems they ship are not entirely free software. So what holds us back from total success? </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Freedom-or-Power_003f" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_43"><h3>43. Freedom or Power?</h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>In the free software movement, we stand for freedom for the users of software. We formulated our views by looking at what freedoms are necessary for a good way of life, and permit useful programs to foster a community of goodwill, cooperation, and collaboration. Our criteria for free software specify the freedoms that a program’s users need so that they can cooperate in a community. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Appendix-A_003a-A-Note-on-Software" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_46"><h3><span class="roman">Appendix A: A Note on Software</span></h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>This section is intended for people who have little or no knowledge of the technical aspects of computer science. It is not necessary to read this section to understand the essays and speeches presented in this book; however, it may be helpful to those readers not familiar with some of the jargon that comes with programming and computer science. </p></div></li> + <li><a name="stoc-Appendix-B_003a-Translations-of-the-Term-_0060_0060Free-Software_0027_0027" href="/essay_offer.php?article=scrap1_47"><span class="roman"><h3>Appendix B: Translations of the Term “Free Software”</span></h3></a><div class="teasers_item"><p>The following is a list of recommended unambiguous translations of the term “free software” into various languages.</p></div></li> </ul> </section> </body> |
