exchange

ACM-Reference-Format.bst (93993B)

---

 %%% -*-BibTeX-*-
 %%% ====================================================================
 %%%  @BibTeX-style-file{
 %%%     author          = "Nelson H. F. Beebe, Boris Veytsman and Gerald Murray",
 %%%     version         = "1.18",
 %%%     date            = "10 July 2016",
 %%%     filename        = "ACM-Reference-Format.bst",
 %%%     email           = "beebe@math.utah.edu, beebe@acm.org,
 %%%                        beebe@computer.org, borisv@lk.net, murray@hq.acm.org",
 %%%     codetable       = "ISO/ASCII",
 %%%     keywords        = "ACM Transactions bibliography style; BibTeX",
 %%%     license         = "public domain",
 %%%     supported       = "yes",
 %%%     abstract        = "",
 %%%  }
 %%% ====================================================================
 
 %  ACM BibTeX style, ACM-Reference-Format.bst
 %  for BibTeX version 0.99c, LaTeX version 3.141
 %  ACM extensions with code cleaned up, extended, and debugged 10--15-Nov-2008
 %  Revised 17-APRIL-2008 (Nelson)
 %  Revised 13-MARCH-2011 (Boris/Gerry)
 %  Revised 23-MARCH-2011 (Boris/Gerry)
 %  Revised 27-MARCH-2011 (Boris/Gerry)
 %  Revised 15-APRIL-2011 (Boris/Gerry)
 %  Revised 27-SEPTEMBER-2011 (Boris)
 %  Revised 10-JULY-2016 (Boris)
 %  Revised 04-FEB-2017 (Boris)
 %
 %
 % History (by Nelson)
 %
 % Based on 'acmtrans' (for ACM Journals)
 % Date: 28th April 2008
 %
 % 1. Avoid 'repeating' the 'month' values.
 % 2. Avoid incorrectly italicizing the volume number.
 % 3. Avoid non italicizing certain titles (book, inproceedings etc).
 % 4. NO series if there is NO volume.
 % 5. Sorting of reference with first surname.
 % 6. Article no added for Inproceedings.
 %
 % Date: 07th May 2008
 %
 % 1. Abbreviation list added
 %
 %   Citation format: [author-last-name year]
 %             [author-last-name and author-last-name year]
 %             [author-last-name, author-last-name, and author-last-name year]
 %             [author-last-name et al. year]
 %             [author-last-name]
 %             author-last-name [year]
 %             [author-last-name and author-last-name]
 %             [author-last-name et al.]
 %             [year] or [year,year]
 %             year or year,year
 %
 %   Reference list ordering: alphabetical by author or whatever passes
 %    for author in the absence of one.
 %
 % Features of the old acmtrans.bst:
 % =================================
 %
 % - all authors appear last name first.
 % - all pages are listed xx-xx, (no pp.) and are at the end of the reference
 % - publishers are identified as publisher, address
 % - conferences papers (inproceedings) may give city of conference,
 %   date of conference, and journal that the proceedings appear in.
 % - months abbreviated to max four letters (eg. Mar.)
 % - volume of a series indicated after the title of the series
 % - editors appear after edited title and are identified by a trailing "Eds."
 %   not in parentheses.  Editor names are not given in small caps.
 %   (unless there is no author line)
 % - names terminated with a period even if there is no first name.
 % - editions are indicated trailing after the work, not in parentheses.
 % - "et al." citations have a protected period to avoid bad spacing (jrh)
 % - "address" required when publisher given
 % - series (roman) and volume are in a sentence separate from (book-)title
 %
 %
 % Features of chicago.bst:
 % =======================
 %
 % - full names used in citations, but abbreviated citations are available
 %   (see above)
 % - if an entry has a "month", then the month and year are also printed
 %   as part of that bibitem.
 % - all conjunctions use "and" instead of "\&"
 % - major modification from Chicago Manual of Style (13th ed.) is that
 %   only the first author in a reference appears last name first-
 %   additional authors appear as J. Q. Public.
 % - pages are listed as "pp. xx-xx" in all entry types except
 %   article entries.
 % - book, inbook, and manual use "location: publisher" (or organization)
 %   for address and publisher. All other types list publishers separately.
 % - "pp." are used to identify page numbers for all entry types except
 %   articles.
 % - organization is used as a citation label if neither author nor editor
 %   is present (for manuals).
 % - "et al." is used for long author and editor lists, or when "others"
 %   is used.
 %
 % Modifications and bug fixes from newapa.bst:
 % ===========================================
 %
 %   - added month, year to bib entries if month is present
 %   - fixed bug with In proceedings, added necessary comma after title
 %   - all conjunctions changed to "and" from "\&"
 %   - fixed bug with author labels in my.full.label: "et al." now is
 %        generated when "others" is an author name
 %   - major modification from Chicago Manual of Style (13th ed.) is that
 %     only the first author in a reference appears last name first-
 %     additional authors appear as J. Q. Public.
 %   - pages are listed as "pp. xx-xx" in all entry types except
 %     article entries. Unnecessary (IMHO) "()" around page numbers
 %     were removed, and page numbers now don't end with a period.
 %   - created chicago.sty for use with this bibstyle (required).
 %   - fixed bugs in FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} for missing volume,
 %     number, and /or pages. Renamed to format.journal.volume.number.
 %   - fixed bug in formatting booktitles: additional period an error if
 %     book has a volume.
 %   - fixed bug: editors usually given redundant period before next clause
 %     (format.editors.dot) removed.
 %   - added label support for organizations, if both author and editor
 %     are missing (from alpha.bst). If organization is too long, then
 %     the key field is used for abbreviated citations.
 %   - In proceedings or books of several volumes, no comma was written
 %     between the "Volume x" and the page numbers (this was intentional
 %     in newapa.bst). Fixed.
 %   - Some journals may not have volumes/numbers, only month/year (eg.
 %     IEEE Computer). Fixed bug in article style that assumed volume/number
 %     was always present.
 %
 % Original documentation for newapa.sty:
 % =====================================
 %
 % This version was made by modifying the master file made by
 % Oren Patashnik (PATASHNIK@SCORE.STANFORD.EDU), and the 'named' BibTeX
 % style of Peter F. Patel-Schneider.
 %
 % Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved.
 % Copying of this file is authorized only if either
 % (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or
 % (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than 'newapa.bst'.
 % There are undoubtably bugs in this style.  If you make bug fixes,
 % improvements, etc.  please let me know.  My e-mail address is:
 %    spencer@cgrg.ohio.state.edu or 71160.3141@compuserve.com
 %
 % This style was made from 'plain.bst', 'named.bst', and 'apalike.bst',
 % with lots of tweaking to make it look like APA style, along with tips
 % from Young Ryu and Brian Reiser's modifications of 'apalike.bst'.
 %
 %
 % Start of ACM-Reference-Format-Journals.bst
 %
 % Note: Many of the new bibentry 'fields' will only work with the
 % 'ACM-Reference-Format-Journals.bst' file. Legacy .bib files (which will, in all probability,
 % NOT contain these new fields) will _still_ work with the ACM-Reference-Format-Journals.bst.
 %
 %
 ENTRY
   { address
     advisor
     archiveprefix
     author
     booktitle
     chapter
     city        % jtb: added
     date        % jtb: added
     edition
     editor
     eprint
     howpublished
     institution
     journal
     key
     month
     note
     number
     organization
     pages
     primaryclass
     publisher
     school
     series
     title
     type
     volume
     year
         % New keys recognized
         issue         % UTAH: used in, e.g., ACM SIGSAM Bulletin and ACM Communications in Computer Algebra
         articleno
 	eid           
         day           % UTAH: needed for newspapers, weeklies, bi-weeklies
         doi           % UTAH
         url           % UTAH
         bookpages     % UTAH
         numpages
         lastaccessed  % UTAH: used only for @Misc{...}
         coden         % UTAH
         isbn          % UTAH
         isbn-13       % UTAH
         issn          % UTAH
         lccn          % UTAH
   }
   {}
   { label.year extra.label sort.year sort.label }
 
 INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }
 
 INTEGERS { show-isbn-10-and-13 }  % initialized below in begin.bib
 
 INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }
 
 INTEGERS { multiresult }
 
 INTEGERS { len }
 
 INTEGERS { last.extra.num }
 
 STRINGS { s t t.org u }
 
 STRINGS { last.label next.extra }
 
 STRINGS { p1 p2 p3 page.count }
 
 FUNCTION { not }
 {
     { #0 }
     { #1 }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { and }
 {
     'skip$
     { pop$ #0 }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { or }
 {
    { pop$ #1 }
     'skip$
   if$
 }
 
 
 FUNCTION { dump.stack.1 }
 {
     duplicate$ "STACK[top] = [" swap$ * "]" * warning$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { dump.stack.2 }
 {
     duplicate$ "STACK[top  ] = [" swap$ * "]" * warning$
     swap$
     duplicate$ "STACK[top-1] = [" swap$ * "]" * warning$
     swap$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { empty.or.unknown }
 {
   %% Examine the top stack entry, and push 1 if it is empty, or
   %% consists only of whitespace, or is a string beginning with two
   %% queries (??), and otherwise, push 0.
   %%
   %% This function provides a replacement for empty$, with the
   %% convenient feature that unknown values marked by two leading
   %% queries are treated the same as missing values, and thus, do not
   %% appear in the output .bbl file, and yet, their presence in .bib
   %% file(s) serves to mark values which are temporarily missing, but
   %% are expected to be filled in eventually once more data is
   %% obtained.  The TeX User Group and BibNet bibliography archives
   %% make extensive use of this practice.
   %%
   %% An empty string cannot serve the same purpose, because just as in
   %% statistics data processing, an unknown value is not the same as an
   %% empty value.
   %%
   %% At entry: stack = ... top:[string]
   %% At exit:  stack = ... top:[0 or 1]
 
   duplicate$ empty$
     { pop$ #1 }
     { #1 #2 substring$ "??" = }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { writeln }
 {
   %% In BibTeX style files, the sequences
   %%
   %%     ... "one" "two" output
   %%     ... "one" "two" output.xxx
   %%
   %% ship "one" to the output file, possibly following by punctuation,
   %% leaving the stack with
   %%
   %%     ... "two"
   %%
   %% There is thus a one-string lag in output processing that must be
   %% carefully handled to avoid duplicating a string in the output
   %% file.  Unless otherwise noted, all output.xxx functions leave
   %% just one new string on the stack, and that model should be born
   %% in mind when reading or writing function code.
   %%
   %% BibTeX's asynchronous buffering of output from strings from the
   %% stack is confusing because newline$ bypasses the buffer.  It
   %% would have been so much easier for newline to be a character
   %% rather than a state of the output-in-progress.
   %%
   %% The documentation in btxhak.dvi is WRONG:  it says
   %%
   %%    newline$ Writes onto the bbl file what's accumulated in the
   %%             output buffer. It writes a blank line if and only
   %%             if the output buffer is empty. Since write$ does
   %%             reasonable line breaking, you should use this
   %%             function only when you want a blank line or an
   %%             explicit line break.
   %%
   %%    write$   Pops the top (string) literal and writes it on the
   %%             output buffer (which will result in stuff being
   %%             written onto the bbl file when the buffer fills
   %%             up).
   %%
   %% Examination of the BibTeX source code shows that write$ does
   %% indeed behave as claimed, but newline$ sends a newline character
   %% directly to the output file, leaving the stack unchanged.  The
   %% first line "Writes onto ... buffer." is therefore wrong.
   %%
   %% The original BibTeX style files almost always use "write$ newline$"
   %% in that order, so it makes sense to hide that pair in a private
   %% function like this one, named after a statement in Pascal,
   %% the programming language embedded in the BibTeX Web program.
 
   write$                % output top-of-stack string
   newline$              % immediate write of newline (not via stack)
 }
 
 FUNCTION { init.state.consts }
 {
   #0 'before.all :=
   #1 'mid.sentence :=
   #2 'after.sentence :=
   #3 'after.block :=
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.nonnull }
 { % Stack in: ... R S T  Stack out: ... R T   File out: S<comma><space>
   's :=
   output.state mid.sentence =
     {
       ", " * write$
     }
     {
       output.state after.block =
         {
           add.period$ writeln
           "\newblock " write$
         }
         {
           output.state before.all =
             {
               write$
             }
             {
               add.period$ " " * write$
             }
           if$
         }
       if$
       mid.sentence 'output.state :=
     }
   if$
   s
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.nonnull.dot.space }
 { % Stack in: ... R S T  Stack out: ... R T   File out: S<dot><space>
   's :=
   output.state mid.sentence =           % { "<DEBUG output.nonnull.dot.space>. " * write$ }
     {
       ". " * write$
     }
     {
       output.state after.block =
         {
           add.period$ writeln "\newblock " write$
         }
         {
           output.state before.all =
             {
               write$
             }
             {
               add.period$ " " * write$
             }
           if$
         }
       if$
       mid.sentence 'output.state :=
     }
   if$
   s
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.nonnull.remove }
 { % Stack in: ... R S T  Stack out: ... R T   File out: S<space>
   's :=
   output.state mid.sentence =
     {
       " " * write$
     }
     {
       output.state after.block =
         {
           add.period$ writeln "\newblock " write$
         }
         {
           output.state before.all =
             {
               write$
             }
             {
               add.period$ " " * write$
             }
           if$
         }
       if$
       mid.sentence 'output.state :=
     }
   if$
   s
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.nonnull.removenospace }
 { % Stack in: ... R S T  Stack out: ... R T   File out: S
   's :=
   output.state mid.sentence =
     {
       "" * write$
     }
     {
       output.state after.block =
         {
           add.period$ writeln "\newblock " write$
         }
         {
           output.state before.all =
             {
               write$
             }
             {
               add.period$ " " * write$
             }
           if$
         }
       if$
       mid.sentence 'output.state :=
     }
   if$
   s
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output }
 { % discard top token if empty, else like output.nonnull
   duplicate$ empty.or.unknown
     'pop$
     'output.nonnull
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.dot.space }
 { % discard top token if empty, else like output.nonnull.dot.space
   duplicate$ empty.or.unknown
     'pop$
     'output.nonnull.dot.space
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.removenospace }
 { % discard top token if empty, else like output.nonnull.removenospace
   duplicate$ empty.or.unknown
     'pop$
     'output.nonnull.removenospace
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.check }
 { % like output, but warn if key name on top-of-stack is not set
   't :=
   duplicate$ empty.or.unknown
     { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
     'output.nonnull
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { bibinfo.output.check }
 { % like output.check, adding bibinfo field
   't :=
   duplicate$ empty.or.unknown
     { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
     { "\bibinfo{" t "}{" * * swap$ * "}" *
       output.nonnull }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.check.dot.space }
 { % like output.dot.space, but warn if key name on top-of-stack is not set
   't :=
   duplicate$ empty.or.unknown
     { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
     'output.nonnull.dot.space
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { fin.block }
 { % functionally, but not logically, identical to fin.entry
    add.period$
    writeln
 }
 
 FUNCTION { fin.entry }
 {
    add.period$
    writeln
 }
 
 FUNCTION { new.sentence }
 { % update sentence state, with neither output nor stack change
   output.state after.block =
     'skip$
     {
       output.state before.all =
         'skip$
         { after.sentence 'output.state := }
       if$
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { fin.sentence }
 {
    add.period$
    write$
    new.sentence
    ""
 }
 
 FUNCTION { new.block }
 {
   output.state before.all =
     'skip$
     { after.block 'output.state := }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.coden }       % UTAH
 { % output non-empty CODEN as one-line sentence (stack untouched)
   coden empty.or.unknown
     { }
     { "\showCODEN{" coden * "}" * writeln }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.articleno }
 {
   articleno empty.or.unknown not eid empty.or.unknown not and
      { "Both articleno and eid are defined for " cite$ * warning$ }
      'skip$
   if$
   articleno empty.or.unknown eid empty.or.unknown and
      { "" }
      {
         numpages empty.or.unknown
           { "articleno or eid field, but no numpages field, in " 
             cite$ * warning$ }
           { }
         if$
         eid empty.or.unknown 
           { "Article \bibinfo{articleno}{" articleno * "}" * }
           { "Article \bibinfo{articleno}{" eid * "}" * }
         if$
      }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.year }
 { % push year string or "????" onto output stack
   %% Because year is a mandatory field, we always force SOMETHING
   %% to be output
   "\bibinfo{year}{"
   year empty.or.unknown
     { "????" }
     { year }
   if$
   *  "}" *
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.day.month }
 { % push "day month " or "month " or "" onto output stack
   day empty.or.unknown
     {
       month empty.or.unknown
         { "" }
         { "\bibinfo{date}{" month * "} " *}
       if$
     }
     {
       month empty.or.unknown
         { "" }
         { "\bibinfo{date}{" day * " " * month * "} " *}
       if$
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.day.month.year }     % UTAH
 { % if month is empty, push "" else push "(MON.)" or "(DD MON.)"
   % Needed for frequent periodicals: 2008. ... New York Times C-1, C-2, C-17 (23 Oct.)
   % acm-*.bst addition: prefix parenthesized date string with
   % ", Article nnn "
   articleno empty.or.unknown eid empty.or.unknown and
     { "" }
     { output.state after.block =
        {", " format.articleno * }
        { format.articleno  }
       if$
     }
   if$
   " (" * format.day.month * format.year * ")" *
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.day.month.year }     % UTAH
 { % if month is empty value, do nothing; else output stack top and
   % leave with new top string "(MON.)" or "(DD MON.)"
   % Needed for frequent periodicals: 2008. ... New York Times C-1, C-2, C-17 (23 Oct.)
   format.day.month.year
   output.nonnull.remove
 }
 
 FUNCTION { strip.doi } % UTAH
 { % Strip any Web address prefix to recover the bare DOI, leaving the
   % result on the output stack, as recommended by CrossRef DOI
   % documentation.
   % For example, reduce "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1534530.1534545" to
   % "10.1145/1534530.1534545".  That is later typeset and displayed as
   % doi:10.1145/1534530.1534545 as the LAST item in the reference list
   % entry.  Publisher Web sites wrap this with a suitable link to a real
   % URL to resolve the DOI, and the master https://doi.org/ address is
   % preferred, since publisher-specific URLs can disappear in response
   % to economic events.  All journals are encouraged by the DOI
   % authorities to use that typeset format and link procedures for
   % uniformity across all publications that include DOIs in reference
   % lists.
   % The numeric prefix is guaranteed to start with "10.", so we use
   % that as a test.
   % 2017-02-04 Added stripping of https:// (Boris)
   doi #1 #3 substring$ "10." =
     { doi }
     {
       doi 't :=  % get modifiable copy of DOI
 
       % Change https:// to http:// to strip both prefixes (BV)
 
       t #1 #8 substring$ "https://" =
         { "http://"  t #9 t text.length$ #8 - substring$ * 't := }
         { }
       if$
 
       t #1 #7 substring$ "http://" =
         {
             t #8 t text.length$ #7 - substring$ 't :=
 
             "INTERNAL STYLE-FILE ERROR" 's :=
 
             % search for next "/" and assign its suffix to s
 
             { t text.length$ }
             {
               t #1 #1 substring$ "/" =
                 {
                   % save rest of string as true DOI (should be 10.xxxx/yyyy)
                   t #2 t text.length$ #1 - substring$ 's :=
                   "" 't :=    % empty string t terminates the loop
                 }
                 {
                   % discard first character and continue loop: t <= substring(t,2,last)
                   t #2 t text.length$ #1 - substring$ 't :=
                 }
               if$
             }
             while$
 
             % check for valid DOI (should be 10.xxxx/yyyy)
             s #1 #3 substring$ "10." =
               { }
               { "unrecognized DOI substring " s * " in DOI value [" * doi * "]" * warning$ }
             if$
 
             s   % push the stripped DOI on the output stack
 
         }
         {
           "unrecognized DOI value [" doi * "]" * warning$
           doi   % push the unrecognized original DOI on the output stack
         }
       if$
     }
   if$
 }
 
 %
 % Change by BV: added standard prefix to URL
 %
 FUNCTION { output.doi } % UTAH
 { % output non-empty DOI as one-line sentence (stack untouched)
   doi empty.or.unknown
     { }
     {
       %% NB: We want URLs at beginning of line to reduce likelihood of
       %% BibTeX's nasty line wrapping after column 79, which then requires
       %% manual (or automated) editing of the .bbl file to repair.
       %% The \url{} macro strips percent-newlines, and is thus safe in
       %% the presence of the line wrapping, but \path|...| and
       %% \verb|...| do not.
       "\showDOI{%" writeln
       "\url{https://doi.org/" strip.doi * "}}" * writeln
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.isbn }                % UTAH
 { % output non-empty ISBN-10 and/or ISBN-13 as one-line sentences (stack untouched)
   show-isbn-10-and-13
     {
       %% show both 10- and 13-digit ISBNs
       isbn empty.or.unknown
         { }
         {
           "\showISBNx{" isbn * "}" * writeln
         }
       if$
       isbn-13 empty.or.unknown
         { }
         {
           "\showISBNxiii{" isbn-13 * "}" * writeln
         }
       if$
     }
     {
       %% show 10-digit ISBNs only if 13-digit ISBNs not available
       isbn-13 empty.or.unknown
         {
           isbn empty.or.unknown
             { }
             {
               "\showISBNx{" isbn * "}" * writeln
             }
           if$
         }
         {
           "\showISBNxiii{" isbn-13 * "}" * writeln
         }
       if$
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.issn } % UTAH
 { % output non-empty ISSN as one-line sentence (stack untouched)
   issn empty.or.unknown
     { }
     { "\showISSN{" issn * "}" * writeln }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.issue }
 { % output non-empty issue number as a one-line sentence (stack untouched)
   issue empty.or.unknown
     { }
     { "Issue " issue * "." * writeln }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.lccn } % UTAH
 { % return with stack untouched
   lccn empty.or.unknown
     { }
     { "\showLCCN{" lccn * "}" * writeln }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.note } % UTAH
 { % return with stack empty
   note empty.or.unknown
     { }
     { "\shownote{" note add.period$ * "}" * writeln }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.note.check } % UTAH
 { % return with stack empty
   note empty.or.unknown
     { "empty note in " cite$ * warning$ }
     { "\shownote{" note add.period$ * "}" * writeln }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.eprint } %
 { % return with stack empty
   eprint empty.or.unknown
     { }
     { "\showeprint"
          archiveprefix empty.or.unknown
            { }
            { "["  archiveprefix "l" change.case$ "]" * * * }
          if$
          "{" *
          primaryclass empty.or.unknown
            { }
            { primaryclass "/" * *}
          if$
          eprint "}" * *
          writeln
     }
   if$
 }
 
 
 %
 % Changes by BV 2011/04/15.  Do not output
 % url if doi is defined
 %
 FUNCTION { output.url } % UTAH
 { % return with stack untouched
   % output URL and associated lastaccessed fields
   doi empty.or.unknown
   {
     url empty.or.unknown
       { }
       {
           %% NB: We want URLs at beginning of line to reduce likelihood of
           %% BibTeX's nasty line wrapping after column 79, which would require
           %% manual (or automated) editing of the .bbl file to repair.  However,
           %% the \url{} macro handles the unwrapping job automatically.
           "\showURL{%" writeln
           lastaccessed empty.or.unknown
             { "" }
             { "Retrieved " lastaccessed * " from " * }
           if$
 
           %% The URL field may contain a semicolon-separated list of Web
           %% addresses, and we locate and wrap each of them in \url{...}.
           %% The simplistic approach of putting the entire list into the
           %% macro argument is that the semicolons are typeset in a
           %% typewriter font, and no space follows them.
           %%
           %% We therefore replace the original code
           %%    "\url{" * url * "}}" * writeln
           %% with this character-at-a-time loop:
 
           "\url{" *
 
           url 't :=                       % get modifiable copy of URL list
 
           { t text.length$ }
           {
             t #1 #1 substring$ ";" =
               {                         % then split argument at separator
                 "};" * writeln
                 "\url{"
               }
               {                         % else concatenate nonblank character to argument
                 t #1 #1 substring$ " " =
                   { }
                   { t #1 #1 substring$ * }
                 if$
               }
             if$
 
             t #2 t text.length$ #1 - substring$ 't :=
           }
           while$
 
           "}}" * writeln
       }
     if$
   }
   { }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.year.check }
 { % warn if year empty, else output top string and leave " YEAR<label>" on stack in mid-sentence
   year empty.or.unknown
      { "empty year in " cite$ * warning$ }
      { write$
        " \bibinfo{year}{" year * "}"  *
        "\natexlab{" extra.label * "}" * *
        mid.sentence 'output.state :=
      }
   if$
 }
 
 
 FUNCTION { le }
 {
   %% test whether first number is less than or equal to second number
   %% stack in:  n1 n2
   %% stack out: if n1 <= n2 then 1 else 0
 
   %% "DEBUG: le " cite$ * warning$
   > { #0 } { #1 } if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { ge }
 {
   %% test whether first number is greater than or equal to second number
   %% stack in:  n1 n2
   %% stack out: if n1 >= n2 then 1 else 0
 
   %% "DEBUG: ge " cite$ * warning$
   < { #0 } { #1 } if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { is.leading.digit }
 {
   %% test whether first character of string is a digit
   %% stack in:  string
   %% stack out: if first-char-is-digit then 1 else 0
 
   #1 #1 substring$                      % replace string by string[1:1]
   duplicate$                            % string[1:1] string[1:1]
   chr.to.int$
   "0" chr.to.int$ swap$ le              % "0" <= string[1:1] --> 0-or-1
   swap$                                 % 0-or-1 string[1:1]
   chr.to.int$
   "9" chr.to.int$ le                    % string[1:1} <= "9" --> 0-or-1
   and
 }
 
 FUNCTION { skip.digits }
 {
   %% skip over leading digits in string
   %% stack in:  string
   %% stack out: rest-of-string leading-digits
 
   %% "DEBUG: enter skip.digits " cite$ * warning$
 
   %% dump.stack.1
 
   duplicate$
   't :=
   't.org :=
   "" 'u :=
 
   { t text.length$ }
   {
     %% "=================DEBUG: skip.digits   t = [" t * "]" * warning$
     t is.leading.digit
       { t #2 t text.length$ #1 - substring$ }
       {
         t 'u :=
         ""
       }
     if$
     't :=
   }
   while$
 
   u                                                             % rest of string
   t.org #1 t.org text.length$ u text.length$ - substring$       % leading digits
 
   %% "DEBUG: t.org = [" t.org * "]" * warning$
   %% "DEBUG: u     = [" u * "]" * warning$
 
   %% dump.stack.2
 
   %% "DEBUG: leave skip.digits " cite$ * warning$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { skip.nondigits }
 {
   %% skip over leading nondigits in string
   %% stack in:  string
   %% stack out: rest-of-string
 
   %% "DEBUG: enter skip.nondigits " cite$ * warning$
 
   't :=
   "" 'u :=
 
   { t text.length$ }
   {
     %% "=================DEBUG: skip.nondigits   t = [" t * "]" * warning$
     t is.leading.digit
       {
         t 'u :=
         ""
       }
       { t #2 t text.length$ #1 - substring$ }
     if$
     't :=
   }
   while$
 
   u                     % rest of string
 
   %% dump.stack.1
   %% "DEBUG: leave skip.nondigits " cite$ * warning$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { parse.next.number }
 {
   %% stack in:  string
   %% stack out: rest-of-string next-numeric-part-of-string
   %% Example:
   %% stack in:  "123:1--123:59"
   %% stack out: ":1--123:59" "123"
 
   's :=
   s skip.nondigits 's :=
   s skip.digits
 }
 
 FUNCTION { reduce.pages.to.page.count }
 {
   %% Stack in:  arbitrary-and-unused
   %% Stack out: unchanged
   %%
   %% For the new-style pagination with article number and numpages or
   %% pages, we expect to have BibTeX entries containing something like
   %%     articleno = "17",
   %%     pages     = "1--23",
   %% with output "Article 17, 23 pages",
   %% or
   %%     articleno = "17",
   %%     numpages  = "23",
   %% with output "Article 17, 23 pages",
   %% or
   %%     articleno = "17",
   %%     pages     = "17:1--17:23",
   %% with output "Article 17, 23 pages",
   %%
   %% If articleno is missing or empty, then we should output "1--23",
   %% "23" (with a warning of a missing articleno), or "17:1--17:23",
   %% respectively.
 
   %% "DEBUG: enter reduce.pages.to.page.count " cite$ * warning$
 
   %% "DEBUG: pages = [" pages * "]" * warning$
 
   pages
   parse.next.number 'p1 :=
   parse.next.number 'p2 :=
   parse.next.number 'p3 :=
   parse.next.number 'page.count :=
 
   duplicate$
   empty.or.unknown
     {  }
     {
       duplicate$ "unexpected trailing garbage [" swap$ *
       "] after n:p1--n:p2 in pages = [" *
       pages *
       "] in " *
       cite$ *
       warning$
     }
   if$
 
   pop$
 
   %% "DEBUG: reduce.pages.to.page.count: "
   %% " p1 = " p1 * *
   %% " p2 = " p2 * *
   %% " p3 = " p3 * *
   %% " p4 = " page.count * *
   %% " in " cite$ * * warning$
 
   p1 p3 =   p2 "1" =   and   numpages empty.or.unknown   and
     { "INFO: reduced pages = [" pages * "] to numpages = [" * page.count * "]" * warning$ }
     {
       numpages empty.or.unknown
         { pages }
         { numpages }
       if$
       'page.count :=
     }
   if$
 
   p1 "1" =   p3 empty.or.unknown   and   numpages empty.or.unknown   and
     {
       p2 'page.count :=
       "INFO: reduced pages = [" pages * "] to numpages = [" * page.count * "]" * warning$
     }
     {
       numpages empty.or.unknown
         { pages }
         { numpages }
       if$
       'page.count :=
     }
   if$
 
   %% "DEBUG: leave reduce.pages.to.page.count " cite$ * warning$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { new.block.checkb }
 { % issue a new.block only if at least one of top two stack strings is not empty
   empty.or.unknown
   swap$ empty.or.unknown
   and
     'skip$
     'new.block
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { field.or.null }
 { % convert empty value to null string, else return value
   duplicate$ empty.or.unknown
     { pop$ "" }
     'skip$
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { emphasize }
 { % emphasize a non-empty top string on the stack (WITHOUT italic correction)
   duplicate$ empty.or.unknown
     { pop$ "" }
     { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { emphasize.with.italic.correction }
 { % convert empty string to null string, or emphasize with a trailing italic correction
   duplicate$ empty.or.unknown
     { pop$ "" }
     { "{\em " swap$ * "\/}" * }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { comma }
 { % convert empty string to null string, or brace string and add trailing comma
   duplicate$ empty.or.unknown
     { pop$ "" }
     { "{" swap$ * "}," * }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.names }
 {
   % Format bibliographical entries with the first author last name first,
   % and subsequent authors with initials followed by last name.
   % All names are formatted in this routine.
 
   's :=
   #1 'nameptr :=               % nameptr = 1;
   s num.names$ 'numnames :=    % numnames = num.name$(s);
   numnames 'namesleft :=
     { namesleft #0 > }
     { nameptr #1 =
         %NO: BAD ORDER: {"{" s nameptr "{ff~}{ll}{, jj}{, vv}" format.name$ * "}" * 't := }
         %NO: BAD ORDER: {"{" s nameptr "{ff~}{ll}{, jj}{, vv}" format.name$ * "}" * 't := }
         {"\bibinfo{person}{" s nameptr "{ff }{vv }{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ * "}" * 't := }
         {"\bibinfo{person}{" s nameptr "{ff }{vv }{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ * "}" * 't := }
       if$
       nameptr #1 >
         {
           namesleft #1 >
             { ", " * t * }
             {
               numnames #2 >
                 { "," * }
                 'skip$
               if$
               t "\bibinfo{person}{others}" =
                 { " {et~al\mbox{.}}" * } % jrh: avoid spacing problems
                 { " {and} " * t * } % from Chicago Manual of Style
               if$
             }
           if$
         }
         't
       if$
       nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=          % nameptr += 1;
       namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=      % namesleft =- 1;
     }
   while$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { my.full.label }
 {
   's :=
   #1 'nameptr :=               % nameptr = 1;
   s num.names$ 'numnames :=    % numnames = num.name$(s);
   numnames 'namesleft :=
     { namesleft #0 > }
 
     { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ 't :=  % get the next name
       nameptr #1 >
         {
           namesleft #1 >
             { ", " * t * }
             {
               numnames #2 >
                 { "," * }
                 'skip$
               if$
               t "others" =
                 { " et~al\mbox{.}" * } % jrh: avoid spacing problems
                 { " and " * t * } % from Chicago Manual of Style
               if$
             }
           if$
         }
         't
       if$
       nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=          % nameptr += 1;
       namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=      % namesleft =- 1;
     }
   while$
 
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.names.fml }
 {
   % Format names in "familiar" format, with first initial followed by
   % last name. Like format.names, ALL names are formatted.
   % jtb: The names are NOT put in small caps
 
   's :=
   #1 'nameptr :=               % nameptr = 1;
   s num.names$ 'numnames :=    % numnames = num.name$(s);
   numnames 'namesleft :=
     { namesleft #0 > }
 
     {
       "\bibinfo{person}{" s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ * "}" * 't :=
 
       nameptr #1 >
         {
           namesleft #1 >
             { ", " * t * }
             {
               numnames #2 >
                 { "," * }
                 'skip$
               if$
               t "\bibinfo{person}{others}" =
                 { " {et~al\mbox{.}}" * }
                 { " {and} " * t * }
               if$
             }
           if$
         }
         't
       if$
       nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=          % nameptr += 1;
       namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=      % namesleft =- 1;
     }
   while$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.authors }
 {
   author empty.or.unknown
     { "" }
     {
       "\bibfield{author}{"
       author format.names add.period$ * "}" *} % jtb: add period if none before
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.key }
 {
   empty.or.unknown
     { key field.or.null }
     { "" }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.no.key }
 {
   empty.or.unknown
     { "" }
     { "" }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.editors.fml }
 {
   % Format editor names for use in the "in" types: inbook, incollection,
   % inproceedings: first initial, then last names. When editors are the
   % LABEL for an entry, then format.editor is used which lists editors
   % by last name first.
 
   editor empty.or.unknown
     { "" }
     {
       "\bibfield{editor}{"
       editor format.names.fml
       *  "}" *
       editor num.names$ #1 >
         { " (Eds.)" * }
         { " (Ed.)" * }
       if$
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.editors }
 { % format editor names for use in labels, last names first.
   editor empty.or.unknown
     { "" }
     {
       "\bibfield{editor}{"
       editor format.names
       *  "}" *
       editor num.names$ #1 >
         { " (Eds.)." * }
         { " (Ed.)." * }
       if$
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.articletitle }
 {
   title empty.or.unknown
     { "" }
     % Use this to preserve lettercase in titles:
     { "\showarticletitle{" title * "}" * }
     % Use this for downcase title style:
     % { \showarticletitle{" title "t" change.case$ * "}" * }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.title }
 {
   title empty.or.unknown
     { "" }
     % Use this to preserve lettercase in titles:
     { "\bibinfo{title}{" title * "}" * }
     % Use this for downcase title style:
     % { title "t" change.case$ }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { n.dashify }
 {
   't :=
   ""
     { t empty.or.unknown not }
     {
       t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
         {
           t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
             { "--" *
               t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
             }
             {
               { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
               {
                 "-" *
                 t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
               }
               while$
             }
           if$
         }
         {
           t #1 #1 substring$ *
           t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
         }
       if$
     }
   while$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.btitle }
 {
   "\bibinfo{booktitle}{"
   edition empty.or.unknown
   { title emphasize }
   { title empty.or.unknown
     { title emphasize } % jtb: what is this supposed to do ?!?
     { "{\em " title * "\/} (\bibinfo{edition}{" * edition "l" change.case$ *
     "} ed.)" * } % jtb: no parens for ed.
     if$
   }
   if$
   * "}" *
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.emphasize.booktitle }
 { % push "" or "{\em booktitle}" or "{\em booktitle}, (second ed.)" on stack
   "\bibinfo{booktitle}{"
   edition empty.or.unknown
     { booktitle emphasize }
     { booktitle empty.or.unknown
       { "" }
       { "{\em " booktitle * "} (\bibinfo{edition}{" *
       edition "l" change.case$ * "} ed.)" * }
       if$
     }
   if$
   * "}" *
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.city }
 {
   % jtb: if the preceding string (the title of the conference) is non-empty,
   % jtb: append the location, otherwise leave empty (so as to trigger the
   % jtb: error message in output.check
 
   duplicate$ empty.or.unknown
     { }
     {
       city empty.or.unknown
         {
           date empty.or.unknown
             { }
             { " (" * date * ")" * }
           if$
         }
         {
           date empty.or.unknown
             { " (" * city * ")" * }
             { " (" * city * ", " * date * ")" * }
           if$
         }
       if$
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { tie.or.space.connect }
 {
   duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
     { "~" }
     { " " }
   if$
   swap$ * *
 }
 
 FUNCTION { either.or.check }
 {
   empty.or.unknown
     'pop$
     { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.bvolume }
 {
   % jtb: If there is a series, this is added and the volume trails after it.
   % jtb: Otherwise, "Vol" is Capitalized.
 
   volume empty.or.unknown
     { "" }
     {
       series empty.or.unknown
         { "Vol.~\bibinfo{volume}{" volume "}" * *}
         { "\bibinfo{series}{" series "}, " * *
           "Vol.~\bibinfo{volume}{" volume "}" * * *}
       if$
       "volume and number" number either.or.check
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.bvolume.noseries }
 {
   volume empty.or.unknown
     { "" }
     { "Vol.~\bibinfo{volume}{" volume "}" * *
       "volume and number" number either.or.check
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.series }
 {
   series empty.or.unknown
     {""}
     {" {\em (\bibinfo{series}{" * series "})}" *}
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.number.series }
 {
   volume empty.or.unknown
     {
       number empty.or.unknown
         {
           volume empty.or.unknown
           { "" }
           {
             series empty.or.unknown
               { "" }
               { " (\bibinfo{series}{" series * "})" * }
             if$
           }
           if$
         }                                       %    { series field.or.null }
         {
           output.state mid.sentence =
             { "Number" }                        % gnp - changed to mixed case always
             { "Number" }
           if$
           number tie.or.space.connect series empty.or.unknown
             { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }
             { " in \bibinfo{series}{" * series * "}" * }
           if$
         }
       if$
     }
     {
       ""
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { multi.page.check }
 {
   't :=
   #0 'multiresult :=
     { multiresult not
       t empty.or.unknown not
       and
     }
     { t #1 #1 substring$
       duplicate$ "-" =
       swap$ duplicate$ "," =
       swap$ "+" =
       or or
     { #1 'multiresult := }
     { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
       if$
     }
   while$
   multiresult
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.pages }
 {
   pages empty.or.unknown
     { "" }
     { "\bibinfo{pages}{"
       pages multi.page.check
         { pages n.dashify } % gnp - removed () % jtb: removed pp.
         { pages }
       if$
       * "}" *
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.pages.check.without.articleno }
 { %% format pages field only if articleno is absent
   %% Stack out: pages-specification
   numpages missing$ pages missing$ and
     { "page numbers missing in both pages and numpages fields in " cite$ * warning$ }
     { }
   if$
 
   articleno empty.or.unknown eid empty.or.unknown and
     {
       pages missing$
         { numpages }
         { format.pages }
       if$
     }
     { "" }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.pages.check }
 {
   pages empty.or.unknown
     { "page numbers missing in " cite$ * warning$ "" }
     { pages n.dashify }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.bookpages }
 {
   bookpages empty.or.unknown
     { "" }
     { bookpages "book pages" tie.or.space.connect }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.named.pages }
 {
   pages empty.or.unknown
     { "" }
     { format.pages "pages" tie.or.space.connect }
   if$
 }
 
 %
 % Changed by Boris Veytsman, 2011-03-13
 % Now the word "pages" is printed even if
 % there field pages is not empty.
 %
 
 FUNCTION { format.page.count }
 {
   page.count empty.or.unknown
     { "" }
     { "\bibinfo{numpages}{" page.count * "}~pages" * }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.articleno.numpages }
 {
   %% There are seven possible outputs, depending on which fields are set.
   %%
   %% These four are handled here:
   %%
   %%     articleno, numpages, pages     -> "Article articleno-value, numpages-value pages"
   %%     articleno, numpages            -> "Article articleno-value, numpages-value pages"
   %%     articleno, pages               -> "Article articleno-value, reduced-pages-value pages"
   %%     articleno                      -> "Article articleno-value" and warn about missing numpages
   %%
   %% The remaining three have already been handled by
   %% format.pages.check.without.articleno:
   %%
   %%     numpages, pages                -> "pages-value"
   %%     numpages                       -> "numpages-value"
   %%     pages                          -> "pages-value"
 
   articleno empty.or.unknown eid empty.or.unknown and
     {
       numpages empty.or.unknown
         { }
         { "numpages field, but no articleno or eid field, in "
 	  cite$ * warning$ }
       if$
       ""
     }
     {
       numpages empty.or.unknown
         {
           pages empty.or.unknown
             {
               "articleno or eid, but no pages or numpages field in "
 	         cite$ * warning$
               "" 'page.count :=
             }
             { reduce.pages.to.page.count }
           if$
         }
         { numpages 'page.count := }
       if$
 
       %% The Article number is now handled in format.day.month.year because
       %% ACM prefers the style "Digital Libraries 12, 3, Article 5 (July 2008)"
       %% over "Digital Libraries 12, 3 (July 2008), Article 5"
       %% format.articleno output
       format.page.count
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION {calc.format.page.count}
 {
   numpages empty.or.unknown
    {
      pages empty.or.unknown
         {
         "" 'page.count :=
         }
         { reduce.pages.to.page.count }
      if$
    }
    { numpages 'page.count := }
   if$
   format.page.count
 }
 
 
 
 FUNCTION { format.journal.volume.number.day.month.year }
 {
   % By Young (and Spencer)
   % GNP - fixed bugs with missing volume, number, and/or pages
   %
   % Format journal, volume, number, pages for article types.
   %
   journal empty.or.unknown
     { "no journal in " cite$ * warning$
       "" }
 %    { journal emphasize.with.italic.correction }
      {
        "\bibinfo{journal}{"
            journal "Journal of the ACM" =
        { "{\it J. ACM}" }
        {
            journal "American Mathematical Society Translations" =
        { "{\it Amer. Math. Soc. Transl.}" }
        {
            journal "Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society" =
        { "{\it Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.}" }
        {
            journal "Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society" =
        { "{\it Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.}" }
        {
            journal "Transactions of the American Mathematical Society" =
        { "{\it Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.}" }
        {
            journal "Communications of the {ACM}" =
        { "{\it Commun. {ACM}}" }
        {
            journal "{ACM} Computing Surveys" =
        { "{\it Comput. Surveys}" }
        {
            journal "{ACM} Transactions on Mathematical Software" =
        { "{\it {ACM} Trans. Math. Software}" }
        {
            journal "{ACM} {SIGNUM} Newsletter" =
        { "{\it {ACM} {SIGNUM} Newslett.}" }
        {
            journal "American Journal of Sociology" =
        { "{\it Amer. J. Sociology}" }
        {
            journal "Journal of the American Statistical Association" =
        { "{\it J. Amer. Statist. Assoc.}" }
        {
            journal "Applied Mathematics and Computation" =
        { "{\it Appl. Math. Comput.}" }
        {
            journal "American Mathematical Monthly" =
        { "{\it Amer. Math. Monthly}" }
        {
            journal "British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology" =
        { "{\it Brit. J. Math. Statist. Psych.}" }
        {
            journal "Canadian Mathematical Bulletin" =
        { "{\it Canad. Math. Bull.}" }
        {
            journal "Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics" =
        { "{\it J. Comput. Appl. Math.}" }
        {
            journal "Journal of Computational Physics" =
        { "{\it J. Comput. Phys.}" }
        {
            journal "Computers and Structures" =
        { "{\it Comput. \& Structures}" }
        {
            journal "The Computer Journal" =
        { "{\it Comput. J.}" }
        {
            journal "Journal of Computer and System Sciences" =
        { "{\it J. Comput. System Sci.}" }
        {
            journal "Contemporary Mathematics" =
        { "{\it Contemp. Math.}" }
        {
            journal "Crelle's Journal" =
        { "{\it Crelle's J.}" }
        {
            journal "Giornale di Mathematiche" =
        { "{\it Giorn. Mat.}" }
        {
            journal "{IEEE} Transactions on Computers" =
        { "{\it {IEEE} Trans. Comput.}" }
        {
            journal "{IEEE} Transactions on Automatic Control" =
        { "{\it {IEEE} Trans. Automat. Control}" }
        {
            journal "Proceedings of the {IEEE}" =
        { "{\it Proc. {IEEE}}" }
        {
            journal "{IEEE} Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems" =
        { "{\it {IEEE} Trans. Aerospace Electron. Systems}" }
        {
            journal "{IMA} Journal of Numerical Analysis" =
        { "{\it {IMA} J. Numer. Anal.}" }
        {
            journal "Information Processing Letters" =
        { "{\it Inform. Process. Lett.}" }
        {
            journal "Journal of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications" =
        { "{\it J. Inst. Math. Appl.}" }
        {
            journal "International Journal of Control" =
        { "{\it Internat. J. Control}" }
        {
            journal "International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering" =
        { "{\it Internat. J. Numer. Methods Engrg.}" }
        {
            journal "International Journal of Supercomputing Applications" =
        { "{\it Internat. J. Supercomputing Applic.}" }
        {
            journal "Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards" =
        { "{\it J. Res. Nat. Bur. Standards}" }
        {
            journal "Linear Algebra and its Applications" =
        { "{\it Linear Algebra Appl.}" }
        {
            journal "Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications" =
        { "{\it J. Math. Anal. Appl.}" }
        {
            journal "Mathematische Annalen" =
        { "{\it Math. Ann.}" }
        {
            journal "Journal of Mathematical Physics" =
        { "{\it J. Math. Phys.}" }
        {
            journal "Mathematics of Computation" =
        { "{\it Math. Comp.}" }
        {
            journal "Mathematica Scandinavica" =
        { "{\it Math. Scand.}" }
        {
            journal "Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation" =
        { "{\it Math. Tables Aids Comput.}" }
        {
            journal "Numerische Mathematik" =
        { "{\it Numer. Math.}" }
        {
            journal "Pacific Journal of Mathematics" =
        { "{\it Pacific J. Math.}" }
        {
            journal "Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing" =
        { "{\it J. Parallel and Distrib. Comput.}" }
        {
            journal "Parallel Computing" =
        { "{\it Parallel Comput.}" }
        {
            journal "Philosophical Magazine" =
        { "{\it Philos. Mag.}" }
        {
            journal "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA" =
        { "{\it Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.}" }
        {
            journal "Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, Oxford, Series (2)" =
        { "{\it Quart. J. Math. Oxford Ser. (2)}" }
        {
            journal "Quarterly of Applied Mathematics" =
        { "{\it Quart. Appl. Math.}" }
        {
            journal "Review of the International Statisical Institute" =
        { "{\it Rev. Inst. Internat. Statist.}" }
        {
            journal "Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics" =
        { "{\it J. Soc. Indust. Appl. Math.}" }
        {
            journal "Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Series B, Numerical Analysis" =
        { "{\it J. Soc. Indust. Appl. Math. Ser. B Numer. Anal.}" }
        {
            journal "{SIAM} Journal on Algebraic and Discrete Methods" =
        { "{\it {SIAM} J. Algebraic Discrete Methods}" }
        {
            journal "{SIAM} Journal on Applied Mathematics" =
        { "{\it {SIAM} J. Appl. Math.}" }
        {
            journal "{SIAM} Journal on Computing" =
        { "{\it {SIAM} J. Comput.}" }
        {
            journal "{SIAM} Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications" =
        { "{\it {SIAM} J. Matrix Anal. Appl.}" }
        {
            journal "{SIAM} Journal on Numerical Analysis" =
        { "{\it {SIAM} J. Numer. Anal.}" }
        {
            journal "{SIAM} Review" =
        { "{\it {SIAM} Rev.}" }
        {
            journal "{SIAM} Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing" =
        { "{\it {SIAM} J. Sci. Statist. Comput.}" }
        {
            journal "Software Practice and Experience" =
        { "{\it Software Prac. Experience}" }
        {
            journal "Statistical Science" =
        { "{\it Statist. Sci.}" }
        {
            journal "{USSR} Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics" =
        { "{\it {U. S. S. R.} Comput. Math. and Math. Phys.}" }
        {
            journal "Journal of {VLSI} and Computer Systems" =
        { "{\it J. {VLSI} Comput. Syst.}" }
        {
            journal "Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik" =
        { "{\it Z. Angew. Math. Mech.}" }
        {
            journal "Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Mathematik und Physik" =
        { "{\it Z. Angew. Math. Phys.}" }
        {
            journal "ACM Computing Surveys" =
        { "{\it Comput. Surveys}" }
        {
            journal "ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software" =
        { "{\it ACM Trans. Math. Software}" }
        {
            journal "ACM {SIGNUM} Newsletter" =
        { "{\it ACM {SIGNUM} Newslett.}" }
        {
            journal "IEEE Transactions on Computers" =
        { "{\it IEEE Trans. Comput.}" }
        {
            journal "IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control" =
        { "{\it IEEE Trans. Automat. Control}" }
        {
            journal "Proceedings of the IEEE" =
        { "{\it Proc. IEEE}" }
        {
            journal "IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems" =
        { "{\it IEEE Trans. Aerospace Electron. Systems}" }
        {
            journal "IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis" =
        { "{\it IMA J. Numer. Anal.}" }
        {
            journal "SIAM Journal on Algebraic and Discrete Methods" =
        { "{\it SIAM J. Algebraic Discrete Methods}" }
        {
            journal "SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics" =
        { "{\it SIAM J. Appl. Math.}" }
        {
            journal "SIAM Journal on Computing" =
        { "{\it SIAM J. Comput.}" }
        {
            journal "SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications" =
        { "{\it SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl.}" }
        {
            journal "SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis" =
        { "{\it SIAM J. Numer. Anal.}" }
        {
            journal "SIAM Review" =
        { "{\it SIAM Rev.}" }
        {
            journal "SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing" =
        { "{\it SIAM J. Sci. Statist. Comput.}" }
        {
            journal "USSR Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics" =
        { "{\it U. S. S. R. Comput. Math. and Math. Phys.}" }
        {
            journal "Journal of VLSI and Computer Systems" =
        { "{\it J. VLSI Comput. Syst.}" }
        {
            journal "Communications of the ACM" =
        { "{\it Commun. ACM}" }
        %% If no match with cases needing special handling, just output journal name
        {  journal emphasize.with.italic.correction  }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
            }
      if$
      * "}" *
          }
     if$
 
   number empty.or.unknown
     {
       volume empty.or.unknown
         { "no number and no volume in " cite$ * warning$ "" * }
         { " " * " \bibinfo{volume}{" * volume * "}" * }
       if$
     }
     {
       volume empty.or.unknown
         {
           "unusual to have number, but no volume, for " cite$ * warning$
           " \bibinfo{number}{" * number * "}" *
         }
         { " \bibinfo{volume}{" * volume  * "}, \bibinfo{number}{" *
           number * "}" *}
       if$
     }
   if$
   after.block 'output.state :=
 
   % Sometimes proceedings are published in journals
   % In this case we do not want to put year, day and month here
 
   type$ "inproceedings" =
     { }
     {format.day.month.year * }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.chapter.pages }
 {
   chapter empty.or.unknown
     'format.pages
     { type empty.or.unknown
         { "Chapter" } % gnp - changed to mixed case
         { type "t" change.case$ }
       if$
       chapter tie.or.space.connect
       pages empty.or.unknown
         {"page numbers missing in " cite$ * warning$} % gnp - added check
         { ", " * format.pages * }
       if$
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.in.emphasize.booktitle }
 { % jtb: format for collections or proceedings not appearing in a journal
   booktitle empty.or.unknown
   { "" }
   { "In " format.emphasize.booktitle * }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.in.booktitle }
 { % jtb: format for proceedings appearing in a journal
   booktitle empty.or.unknown
   { "" }
   { "In \bibinfo{booktitle}{" booktitle * "}" * }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.in.ed.booktitle }
 {
   booktitle empty.or.unknown
   { "" }
   { editor empty.or.unknown
     { "In " format.emphasize.booktitle * }
                 % jtb: swapped editor location
     { "In " format.emphasize.booktitle * ", " * format.editors.fml * }
     if$
   }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.thesis.type }
 { % call with default type on stack top
   type empty.or.unknown
     'skip$    % use default type
     {
       pop$    % discard default type
       % NO: it is silly to have to brace protect every degree type!:  type "t" change.case$
       type
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.tr.number }
 {
   "\bibinfo{type}{"
   type empty.or.unknown
     { "{T}echnical {R}eport" }
     'type
   if$
   "}" * *
   number empty.or.unknown
     { "t" change.case$ }
     %% LOOKS BAD: { "." * number tie.or.space.connect }
     %% Prefer "Research report RJ687." to "Research report. RJ687."
     { number tie.or.space.connect }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.advisor }
 {
   advisor empty.or.unknown
     { "" }
     { "Advisor(s) " advisor * }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.article.crossref }
 { "See"
   "\citeN{" * crossref * "}" *
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.crossref.editor }
 {
   editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
   editor num.names$ duplicate$
   #2 >
     { pop$ " et~al\mbox{.}" * }         % jrh: avoid spacing problems
     { #2 <
     'skip$
     { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
         { " et~al\mbox{.}" * }          % jrh: avoid spacing problems
         { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
       if$
     }
       if$
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.book.crossref }
 {
   volume empty.or.unknown
     { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
       "In "
     }
     { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect % gnp - changed to mixed case
       " of " *
     }
   if$
   editor empty.or.unknown
   editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
   or
     { key empty.or.unknown
     { series empty.or.unknown
         { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
           crossref * warning$
           "" *
         }
         { "{\em " * series * "\/}" * }
       if$
     }
     { key * }
       if$
     }
     { format.crossref.editor * }
   if$
   " \citeN{" * crossref * "}" *
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.incoll.inproc.crossref }
 { "See"
   " \citeN{" * crossref * "}" *
 }
 
 FUNCTION { format.lab.names }
 {
   % format.lab.names:
   %
   % determines "short" names for the abbreviated author information.
   % "Long" labels are created in calc.label, using the routine my.full.label
   % to format author and editor fields.
   %
   % There are 4 cases for labels.   (n=3 in the example)
   % a) one author             Foo
   % b) one to n               Foo, Bar and Baz
   % c) use of "and others"    Foo, Bar et al.
   % d) more than n            Foo et al.
 
   's :=
   s num.names$ 'numnames :=
   numnames #2 >    % change number to number of others allowed before
                    % forcing "et al".
     { s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ " et~al\mbox{.}" * } % jrh: \mbox{} added
     {
       numnames #1 - 'namesleft :=
       #2 'nameptr :=
       s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
         { namesleft #0 > }
         { nameptr numnames =
             { s nameptr "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
                 { " et~al\mbox{.}" * }          % jrh: avoid spacing problems
                 { " and " * s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
               if$
             }
             { ", " * s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
           if$
           nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
           namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
         }
       while$
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { author.key.label }
 {
   author empty.or.unknown
     { key empty.or.unknown
           { "no key, author in " cite$ * warning$
             cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
          'key
       if$
     }
     { author format.lab.names }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { editor.key.organization.label }
 { % added - gnp. Provide label formatting by organization if editor is null.
   editor empty.or.unknown
     { organization empty.or.unknown
         { key empty.or.unknown
             { "no key, editor or organization in " cite$ * warning$
               cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
             'key
           if$
         }
         { organization }
       if$
     }
     { editor format.lab.names }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { author.editor.key.label }
 {
   author empty.or.unknown
     { editor empty.or.unknown
           { key empty.or.unknown
                { "no key, author, or editor in " cite$ * warning$
                  cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
              'key
            if$
          }
           { editor format.lab.names }
       if$
     }
     { author format.lab.names }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { author.editor.key.organization.label }
 { % added - gnp. Provide label formatting by organization if author is null.
   author empty.or.unknown
     { editor empty.or.unknown
         { organization empty.or.unknown
             { key empty.or.unknown
                { "no key, author, editor or organization in " cite$ * warning$
                  cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
                'key
               if$
             }
             { organization }
           if$
         }
         { editor format.lab.names }
       if$
     }
     { author format.lab.names }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { calc.basic.label }
 {
   type$ "book" =
   type$ "inbook" =
   or
   type$ "article" =
   or
     'author.editor.key.label
     { type$ "proceedings" =
       type$ "periodical" =
       or
         'editor.key.organization.label
         { type$ "manual" =
             'author.editor.key.organization.label
             'author.key.label
           if$
         }
       if$
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { calc.label }
 {
   % Changed - GNP. See also author.editor.organization.sort, editor.organization.sort
   % Form label for BibTeX entry. The classification of which fields are used
   % for which type of entry (book, inbook, etc.) are taken from alpha.bst.
   % The change here from newapa is to also include organization as a
   % citation label if author or editor is missing.
 
   calc.basic.label
 
   author empty.or.unknown  % generate the full label citation information.
     {
       editor empty.or.unknown
         {
           organization empty.or.unknown
             {
               key empty.or.unknown
                 {
                   "no author, editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
                   "??"
                 }
                 { key }
               if$
             }
             { organization }
           if$
         }
         { editor my.full.label }
       if$
     }
     { author my.full.label }
   if$
 
   % leave label on the stack, to be popped when required.
 
   "}{" * swap$ * "}{" *
   %  year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ *
   %
   % save the year for sort processing afterwards (adding a, b, c, etc.)
   %
   year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$
   'label.year :=
 }
 
 
 FUNCTION { output.bibitem }
 {
   newline$
   "\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{" write$
   calc.label write$
   sort.year write$
   "}]%" writeln
   "        {" write$
   cite$ write$
   "}" writeln
   ""
   before.all 'output.state :=
 }
 
 
 FUNCTION { output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint }
 { % enter and return with stack empty
   %% We switch now from buffered output to output of complete lines, so
   %% that the Issue .. URL data have their own lines, and are less likely
   %% to be line-wrapped by BibTeX's short-sighted algorithm, which wraps
   %% lines longer than 79 characters, backtracking to what it thinks is
   %% a break point in the string.  Any such wrapping MUST be undone to
   %% prevent percent-newline from appearing in DOIs and URLs.  The
   %% output data are intentionally wrapped in \showxxx{} macros at
   %% beginning of line, and that supply their own punctuation (if they
   %% are not defined to suppress output entirely), to make it easier for
   %% other software to recover them from .bbl files.
   %%
   %% It also makes it possible to later change the macro definitions
   %% to suppress particular output values, or alter their appearance.
   %%
   %% Note that it is possible for theses, technical reports, and
   %% manuals to have ISBNs, and anything that has an ISBN may also
   %% have an ISSN.  When there are no values for these keys, there
   %% is no output generated for them here.
 
   "\newblock" writeln
   after.block 'output.state :=
 
   output.issue
   output.isbn
   output.coden  % CODEN is functionally like ISSN, so output them sequentially
   output.issn
   output.lccn
   output.doi    % DOI is ALWAYS last according to CrossRef DOI documentation
   output.eprint
   output.url    % but ACM wants URL last
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note }
 { % enter with stack empty, return with empty string on stack
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint
   note empty.or.unknown
     { }
     {
       "\newblock" writeln
       output.note
     }
   if$
   ""
 }
 
 FUNCTION { output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note.check }
 { % enter with stack empty, return with empty string on stack
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint
   note empty.or.unknown
     { }
     {
       "\newblock" writeln
       output.note.check
     }
   if$
   ""
 }
 
 FUNCTION { article }
 {
   output.bibitem
 
   author empty.or.unknown
     {
       editor empty.or.unknown
         { "neither author and editor supplied for " cite$ * warning$ }
         { format.editors "editor" output.check }
       if$
     }
     { format.authors "author" output.check }
   if$
 
   author format.no.key output       % added
   output.year.check                 % added
   new.block
   format.articletitle "title" output.check
   new.block
   howpublished empty.or.unknown
     { }
     { "\bibinfo{howpublished}{" howpublished "}" * * output }
   if$
 
   crossref missing$
     { format.journal.volume.number.day.month.year output}
     {
       "cross reference in @Article{...} is unusual" warning$
       format.article.crossref output.nonnull
     }
   if$
 
   format.pages.check.without.articleno output
   format.articleno.numpages output
   fin.block
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note
   fin.entry
 }
 
 FUNCTION { book }
 {
   output.bibitem
   author empty.or.unknown
     { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
     { format.authors output.nonnull
       crossref missing$
         { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
         'skip$
       if$
     }
   if$
   output.year.check       % added
   new.block
   format.btitle "title" output.check
   crossref missing$
     { new.sentence              % jtb: start a new sentence for series/volume
       format.bvolume output
       new.block
       format.number.series output
       new.sentence
       publisher "publisher" bibinfo.output.check
       address "address" bibinfo.output.check    % jtb: require address
       fin.sentence
       pages empty.or.unknown
         { format.bookpages }    % use bookpages when pages empty
         { format.pages.check "pages" tie.or.space.connect }
       if$
       output
     }
     { new.block
       format.book.crossref output.nonnull
     }
   if$
   fin.block
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note
   fin.entry
 }
 
 FUNCTION { booklet }
 {
   output.bibitem
   format.authors output
   author format.key output          % added
   output.year.check                 % added
   new.block
   format.title "title" output.check
   new.block
     howpublished empty.or.unknown
     { }
     { "\bibinfo{howpublished}{" howpublished "}" * * output }
   if$
   address output
   fin.block
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note
   fin.entry
 }
 
 FUNCTION { inbook }
 {
   output.bibitem
   author empty.or.unknown
     { format.editors
       "author and editor" output.check
     }
     { format.authors output.nonnull
       crossref missing$
     { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
     'skip$
       if$
     }
   if$
   output.year.check                 % added
   new.block
   format.btitle "title" output.check
   crossref missing$
     { new.sentence              % jtb: start a new sentence for series/volume
       format.bvolume output
       new.block
       format.number.series output
       new.sentence
       publisher "publisher" bibinfo.output.check
       address "address" bibinfo.output.check    % jtb: require address
       format.bookpages output
       format.chapter.pages
       "chapter and pages" output.check  % jtb: moved from before publisher
     }
     {
       format.bookpages output
       format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
       new.block
       format.book.crossref output.nonnull
     }
   if$
   fin.block
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note
   fin.entry
 }
 
 FUNCTION { incollection }
 {
   output.bibitem
   format.authors "author" output.check
   author format.key output       % added
   output.year.check              % added
   new.block
   format.articletitle "title" output.check
   new.block
   crossref missing$
     { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
       new.sentence                % jtb: start a new sentence for series/volume
       format.bvolume output
       format.number.series output
       new.sentence
       publisher "publisher" bibinfo.output.check
       address "address" bibinfo.output.check      % jtb: require address
       format.bookpages output
       format.chapter.pages output % gnp - was special.output.nonnull
                                   % left out comma before page numbers
                                   % jtb: moved from before publisher
     }
     {
       format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
       format.chapter.pages output
     }
   if$
   fin.block
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note
   fin.entry
 }
 
 FUNCTION { inproceedings }
 {
   output.bibitem
   format.authors "author" output.check
   author format.key output            % added
   output.year.check                   % added
   new.block
   format.articletitle "title" output.check
   howpublished empty.or.unknown
     { }
     { "\bibinfo{howpublished}{" howpublished "}" * * output.dot.space }
   if$
   crossref missing$
     {
       journal missing$          % jtb: proceedings appearing in journals
         { format.in.emphasize.booktitle format.city "booktitle"  output.check.dot.space
           format.series output.removenospace
           format.editors.fml output % BV 2011/09/27 Moved dot to comma
           format.bvolume.noseries output
           new.sentence
           organization output
           publisher "publisher" bibinfo.output.check % jtb: require publisher (?)
           address "address" bibinfo.output.check  % jtb: require address
           format.bookpages output
         }
         {
            format.in.booktitle format.city "booktitle" output.check
            format.editors.fml output
            new.sentence
            format.journal.volume.number.day.month.year output
         }
       if$
       format.articleno output
       format.pages.check.without.articleno output
     }
     {
       format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
       format.articleno output
       format.pages.check.without.articleno output
     }
   if$
   format.articleno.numpages output
   fin.block
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note
   fin.entry
 }
 
 FUNCTION { conference } { inproceedings }
 
 FUNCTION { manual }
 {
   output.bibitem
   author empty.or.unknown
     { editor empty.or.unknown
       { organization "organization" output.check
         organization format.key output }  % if all else fails, use key
       { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
       if$
     }
     { format.authors output.nonnull }
     if$
   output.year.check                 % added
   new.block
   format.btitle "title" output.check
   organization address new.block.checkb
   % jtb: back to normal style: organization, address
   organization "organization" output.check
   address output
   fin.block
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note
   fin.entry
 }
 
 FUNCTION { mastersthesis }
 {
   output.bibitem
   format.authors "author" output.check
   author format.key output          % added
   output.year.check                 % added
   new.block
   format.title emphasize "title" output.check  % NB: ACM style requires emphasized thesis title
   new.block
   "\bibinfo{thesistype}{Master's\ thesis}" format.thesis.type output
   new.sentence
   school "school" bibinfo.output.check
   address empty.or.unknown
      { }
      { "\bibinfo{address}{" address * "}" * output }
   if$
   new.block
   format.advisor output
   fin.block
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note
   fin.entry
 }
 
 FUNCTION { misc }
 {
   output.bibitem
   format.authors output
   author format.key output            % added
   output.year.check                   % added
   title howpublished new.block.checkb
   format.title output
   new.block
   howpublished empty.or.unknown
     { }
     { "\bibinfo{howpublished}{" howpublished "}" * * output }
   if$
   "" output.nonnull.dot.space
   output.day.month.year
   calc.format.page.count output
   fin.block
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note
   fin.entry
 }
 
 FUNCTION { online } { misc }
 
 FUNCTION { game } { misc }
 
 
 FUNCTION { phdthesis }
 {
   output.bibitem
   format.authors "author" output.check
   author format.key output          % added
   output.year.check                 % added
   new.block
   format.title emphasize "title" output.check  % NB: ACM style requires emphasized thesis title
   new.block
   "\bibinfo{thesistype}{Ph.D. Dissertation}" format.thesis.type output
   new.sentence
   school "school" bibinfo.output.check
   address empty.or.unknown
      { }
      { "\bibinfo{address}{" address * "}" * output }
   if$
   new.block
   format.advisor output
   fin.block
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note
   fin.entry
 }
 
 FUNCTION {format.date}
 { year empty.or.unknown
     { month empty.or.unknown
         {
           ""                    % output empty date if year/month both empty
           day empty.or.unknown
             {  }
             { "there's a day but no month or year in " cite$ * warning$ }
           if$
         }
         { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$
           month
           day empty.or.unknown
             { }
             { " " * day * }
           if$
         }
       if$
     }
     { month empty.or.unknown
         {
           year                  % output only year if month empty
           day empty.or.unknown
             {  }
             { "there's a day and year but no month in " cite$ * warning$ }
           if$
         }
         {
           month " " *
           day empty.or.unknown
             { }
             { day * ", " * }
           if$
           year *
         }
       if$
     }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION {new.block.checka}
 {
   empty.or.unknown
     'skip$
     'new.block
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { periodical }
 {
   output.bibitem
   editor empty.or.unknown
     { organization output }
     { format.editors output.nonnull }
   if$
   new.block
   output.year.check
   new.sentence
   format.articletitle "title" output.check
   format.journal.volume.number.day.month.year output
   calc.format.page.count output
   fin.entry
 }
 
 FUNCTION { proceedings }
 {
   output.bibitem
   editor empty.or.unknown
     { organization output
       organization format.key output }  % gnp - changed from author format.key
     { format.editors output.nonnull }
   if$
   % author format.key output             % gnp - removed (should be either
   %                                        editor or organization
   output.year.check                    % added (newapa)
   new.block
   format.btitle format.city "title" output.check        % jtb: added city
   new.sentence
   format.bvolume output
   format.number.series output
   new.sentence
   organization output
   % jtb: normal order: publisher, address
   publisher empty.or.unknown
      { }
      { "\bibinfo{publisher}{" publisher * "}" * output }
   if$
   address empty.or.unknown
      { }
      { "\bibinfo{address}{" address * "}" * output }
   if$
   fin.block
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note
   fin.entry
 }
 
 FUNCTION { techreport }
 {
   output.bibitem
   format.authors "author" output.check
   author format.key output             % added
   output.year.check                    % added
   new.block
   format.btitle "title" output.check
   new.block
 %   format.tr.number output               % jtb: moved month ...
   format.tr.number output new.sentence    % Gerry  - need dot 2011/09/28
   institution "institution" bibinfo.output.check
   address empty.or.unknown
     { }
     { "\bibinfo{address}{" address "}" * * output }
   if$
   new.sentence
   format.named.pages output
   % ACM omits year at end in transactions style
   % format.day.month.year output.nonnull.dot.space  % jtb: ... to here (no parens)
   fin.block
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note
   fin.entry
 }
 
 FUNCTION { unpublished }
 {
   output.bibitem
   format.authors
   "author" output.check
   author format.key output              % added
   output.year.check                     % added
   new.block
   format.title "title" output.check
   fin.sentence
   output.day.month.year                 % UTAH
   calc.format.page.count output
   fin.block
   output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note.check
   fin.entry
 }
 
 FUNCTION { default.type } { misc }
 
 %%% ACM journal-style month definitions: full name if 1--5 letters, else
 %%% abbreviation of 3 or 4 characters and a dot
 
 MACRO {jan}             {"Jan."}
 
 MACRO {feb}             {"Feb."}
 
 MACRO {mar}             {"March"}
 
 MACRO {apr}             {"April"}
 
 MACRO {may}             {"May"}
 
 MACRO {jun}             {"June"}
 
 MACRO {jul}             {"July"}
 
 MACRO {aug}             {"Aug."}
 
 MACRO {sep}             {"Sept."}
 
 MACRO {oct}             {"Oct."}
 
 MACRO {nov}             {"Nov."}
 
 MACRO {dec}             {"Dec."}
 
 
 %%% ====================================================================
 %%%                 I M P O R T A N T   C H A N G E
 %%%
 %%% For the 2009 release of the official acm-*.bst files, there are to
 %%% be NO predefined journal abbreviations in those style files.
 %%%
 %%% ACM may later develop an official list of mappings of full journal
 %%% names of commonly-cited journals to ACM-preferred abbreviations, but
 %%% authors should consider that use of any of these commented-out
 %%% abbreviations is DEPRECATED unless the BibTeX file itself provides
 %%% its own @String{name = "value"} definitions.
 %%%
 %%% Use of journal (and publisher and address) @String{...}
 %%% abbreviations, as opposed to explicit value assignments such as
 %%% journal = "J. ACM" and publisher = "IEEE", is preferred in
 %%% bibliographic databases, because it makes it easier for journal
 %%% production staff to replace those definitions by publisher-preferred
 %%% abbreviations when articles are typeset for publication.
 %%%
 %%% For historical reasons, and because some of these abbreviations are
 %%% used in other (non-ACM) bibliography style files, they are preserved
 %%% here in comments.  Future releases of the acm*-.bst files are likely
 %%% to remove them entirely.
 %%% ====================================================================
 %%%
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {acmcs}           {"ACM Comput. Surv."}                   % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {acmlett}         {"ACM Lett. Program. Lang. Syst."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {acta}            {"Acta Inf."}                           % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ai}              {"Artificial Intelligence"}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {al}              {"Ada Lett."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {acr}             {"Adv. Comput. Res."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {bit}             {"Bit"}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {cacm}            {"Commun. ACM"}                         % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {cj}              {"Comput. J."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {cn}              {"Comput. Netw."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {cl}              {"Comput. Lang."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ibmjrd}          {"IBM J. Res. and Development"}         % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ibmsj}           {"IBM Systems Journal"}                 % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ict}             {"Inf. Contr."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ieebcs}          {"IEE/BCS Softw. Eng. J."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ieees}           {"IEEE Softw."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ieeese}          {"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."}             % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ieeetc}          {"IEEE Trans. Comput."}                 % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ieeetcad}        {"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"} % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ieeetpds}        {"IEEE Trans. Parall. Distrib. Syst."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ieeetit}         {"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ipl}             {"Inf. Process. Lett."}                 % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {icp}             {"Inf. Comput."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ist}             {"Inf. Softw. Tech."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ijsa}            {"Int. J. Supercomput. Appl."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ijpp}            {"Int. J. Parallel Program."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {jacm}            {"J. ACM"}                              % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: % MACRO {jcss}          {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"} % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {jcss}            {"J. Comput. Syst. Sci."}               % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {jlp}             {"J. Logic Program."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {jfp}             {"J. Funct. Program."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {jsmrp}           {"J. Softw. Maint. Res. Pract."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {jss}             {"J. Syst. Softw."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {jlc}             {"J. Logic and Comput."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {jlsc}            {"J. Lisp Symb. Comput."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {lpls}            {"Lett. Program. Lang. Syst."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {mor}             {"Math. Oper. Res."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {mscs}            {"Math. Struct. Comput. Sci."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {mst}             {"Math. Syst. Theor."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {ngc}             {"New Gen. Comput."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {scp}             {"Sci. Comput. Program."}               % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {sicomp}          {"SIAM J. Comput."}                     % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {spe}             {"Softw. Pract. Exper."}
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {tocs}            {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."}            % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {tods}            {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."}           % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {tog}             {"ACM Trans. Graphics"}                 % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {toms}            {"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."}             % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {toois}           {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."}        % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {toplas}          {"ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst."}     % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {tcs}             {"Theor. Comput. Sci."}                 % original BibTeX
 %%% DEPRECATED:
 %%% DEPRECATED: MACRO {tr}              {"Tech. Rep."}
 %%% ====================================================================
 
 READ
 
 FUNCTION { sortify }
 {
   purify$
   "l" change.case$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { chop.word }
 {
   's :=
   'len :=
   s #1 len substring$ =
     { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
     's
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { sort.format.names }
 {
   's :=
   #1 'nameptr :=
   ""
   s num.names$ 'numnames :=
   numnames 'namesleft :=
     { namesleft #0 > }
     { nameptr #1 >
           { "   " * }
          'skip$
       if$
   %      s nameptr "{ff{ } }{ll{ }}{  vv{ }}{  jj{ }}" format.name$ 't :=
       s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{  f{ }}{  jj{ }}" format.name$ 't :=
       nameptr numnames = t "others" = and
           { " et~al" * }
           { t sortify * }
       if$
       nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
       namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
     }
   while$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { sort.format.title }
 {
   't :=
   "A " #2
     "An " #3
       "The " #4 t chop.word
     chop.word
   chop.word
   sortify
   #1 global.max$ substring$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { author.sort }
 {
   author empty.or.unknown
     { key empty.or.unknown
          { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
            "" }
          { key sortify }
       if$
     }
     { author sort.format.names }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { author.editor.sort }
 {
   author empty.or.unknown
     {
       editor empty.or.unknown
          {
            key empty.or.unknown
              { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
                ""
              }
              { key sortify }
            if$
          }
          { editor sort.format.names }
       if$
     }
     { author sort.format.names }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { editor.organization.sort }
 {
   % added - GNP. Stack editor or organization for sorting (from alpha.bst).
   % Unlike alpha.bst, we need entire names, not abbreviations
 
   editor empty.or.unknown
     { organization empty.or.unknown
         { key empty.or.unknown
             { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
               ""
             }
             { key sortify }
           if$
         }
         { organization sortify }
       if$
     }
     { editor sort.format.names }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { author.editor.organization.sort }
 {
   % added - GNP. Stack author or organization for sorting (from alpha.bst).
   % Unlike alpha.bst, we need entire names, not abbreviations
 
   author empty.or.unknown
     {
       editor empty.or.unknown
         { organization empty.or.unknown
             { key empty.or.unknown
                 { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
                 ""
                 }
                 { key sortify }
               if$
             }
             { organization sortify }
           if$
         }
         { editor sort.format.names }
       if$
     }
     { author sort.format.names }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { presort }
 {
   % Presort creates the bibentry's label via a call to calc.label, and then
   % sorts the entries based on entry type. Chicago.bst adds support for
   % including organizations as the sort key; the following is stolen from
   % alpha.bst.
 
   calc.label sortify % recalculate bibitem label
   year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % add year
   "    "
   *
   type$ "book" =
   type$ "inbook" =
   or
   type$ "article" =
   or
     'author.editor.sort
     { type$ "proceedings" =
       type$ "periodical" =
       or
         'editor.organization.sort
         { type$ "manual" =
             'author.editor.organization.sort
             'author.sort
           if$
         }
       if$
     }
   if$
   #1 entry.max$ substring$        % added for newapa
   'sort.label :=                  % added for newapa
   sort.label                      % added for newapa
   *
   "    "
   *
   title field.or.null
   sort.format.title
   *
   #1 entry.max$ substring$
   'sort.key$ :=
 }
 
 ITERATE { presort }
 
 SORT             % by label, year, author/editor, title
 
 FUNCTION { initialize.extra.label.stuff }
 { #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label :=
   "" 'next.extra :=
   #0 'last.extra.num :=
 }
 
 FUNCTION { forward.pass }
 {
   % Pass through all entries, comparing current entry to last one.
   % Need to concatenate year to the stack (done by calc.label) to determine
   % if two entries are the same (see presort)
 
   last.label
   % OLD:calc.label year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % add year
   % NEW:
   calc.basic.label year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % add year
   #1 entry.max$ substring$ =     % are they equal?
      { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num :=
        last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label :=
      }
      { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num :=
        "" 'extra.label :=
        % OLD: calc.label year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % add year
        % NEW:
        calc.basic.label year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % add year
        #1 entry.max$ substring$ 'last.label := % assign to last.label
      }
   if$
 }
 
 FUNCTION { reverse.pass }
 {
   next.extra "b" =
     { "a" 'extra.label := }
      'skip$
   if$
   label.year extra.label * 'sort.year :=
   extra.label 'next.extra :=
 }
 
 EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff}
 
 ITERATE {forward.pass}
 
 REVERSE {reverse.pass}
 
 FUNCTION { bib.sort.order }
 {
   sort.label
   "    "
   *
   year field.or.null sortify
   *
   "    "
   *
   title field.or.null
   sort.format.title
   *
   #1 entry.max$ substring$
   'sort.key$ :=
 }
 
 ITERATE { bib.sort.order }
 
 SORT             % by sort.label, year, title --- giving final bib. order.
 
 FUNCTION { begin.bib }
 {
   %% Set to #0 show 13-digit ISBN in preference to 10-digit ISBN.
   %% Set to #1 to show both 10-digit and 13-digit ISBNs.
   #1 'show-isbn-10-and-13 :=
 
   "%%% -*-BibTeX-*-" writeln
   "%%% Do NOT edit. File created by BibTeX with style" writeln
   "%%% ACM-Reference-Format-Journals [18-Jan-2012]." writeln
   "" writeln
 
   preamble$ empty.or.unknown
     'skip$
     { preamble$ writeln }
   if$
   "\begin{thebibliography}{00}" writeln
   ""                                                                         writeln
   "%%% ====================================================================" writeln
   "%%% NOTE TO THE USER: you can override these defaults by providing"       writeln
   "%%% customized versions of any of these macros before the \bibliography"  writeln
   "%%% command.  Each of them MUST provide its own final punctuation,"       writeln
   "%%% except for \shownote{}, \showDOI{}, and \showURL{}.  The latter two"  writeln
   "%%% do not use final punctuation, in order to avoid confusing it with"    writeln
   "%%% the Web address."                                                     writeln
   "%%%"                                                                      writeln
   "%%% To suppress output of a particular field, define its macro to expand" writeln
   "%%% to an empty string, or better, \unskip, like this:"                   writeln
   "%%%"                                                                      writeln
   "%%% \newcommand{\showDOI}[1]{\unskip}   % LaTeX syntax"                   writeln
   "%%%"                                                                      writeln
   "%%% \def \showDOI #1{\unskip}           % plain TeX syntax"               writeln
   "%%%"                                                                      writeln
   "%%% ====================================================================" writeln
   ""                                                                         writeln
 
   %% ACM publications do not use CODEN, ISSN, and LCCN data, so their default
   %% macro wrappers expand to \unskip, discarding their values and unwanted
   %% space.
   %%
   %% For other publications, prior definitions like these may be useful:
   %%
   %%     Plain TeX:
   %%         \def \showCODEN     #1{CODEN #1.}
   %%         \def \showISSN      #1{ISSN #1.}
   %%         \def \showLCCN      #1{LCCN #1.}
   %%
   %%     LaTeX:
   %%         \newcommand{\showCODEN}[1]{CODEN #1.}
   %%         \newcommand{\showISSN}[1]#1{ISSN #1.}
   %%         \newcommand{\showLCCN}[1]{LCCN #1.}
 
   "\ifx \showCODEN    \undefined \def \showCODEN     #1{\unskip}     \fi" writeln
   "\ifx \showDOI      \undefined \def \showDOI       #1{#1}\fi" writeln
   % ACM styles omit ISBNs, but they can be included by suitable definitions of
   % \showISBNx and \showISBNxiii before the .bbl file is read
   "\ifx \showISBNx    \undefined \def \showISBNx     #1{\unskip}     \fi" writeln
   "\ifx \showISBNxiii \undefined \def \showISBNxiii  #1{\unskip}     \fi" writeln
   "\ifx \showISSN     \undefined \def \showISSN      #1{\unskip}     \fi" writeln
   "\ifx \showLCCN     \undefined \def \showLCCN      #1{\unskip}     \fi" writeln
   "\ifx \shownote     \undefined \def \shownote      #1{#1}          \fi" writeln % NB: final period supplied by add.period$ above
   "\ifx \showarticletitle \undefined \def \showarticletitle #1{#1}   \fi" writeln
   "\ifx \showURL      \undefined \def \showURL       {\relax}        \fi" writeln
   "% The following commands are used for tagged output and should be " writeln
   "% invisible to TeX" writeln
   "\providecommand\bibfield[2]{#2}" writeln
   "\providecommand\bibinfo[2]{#2}" writeln
   "\providecommand\natexlab[1]{#1}" writeln
   "\providecommand\showeprint[2][]{arXiv:#2}" writeln
 }
 
 EXECUTE {begin.bib}
 
 EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
 
 ITERATE {call.type$}
 
 FUNCTION { end.bib }
 {
   newline$
   "\end{thebibliography}"
   writeln
 }
 
 EXECUTE {end.bib}