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diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/zh/can-you-trust.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/zh/can-you-trust.html index e8bf0a7..89b84eb 100644 --- a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/zh/can-you-trust.html +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/zh/can-you-trust.html @@ -1,170 +1,597 @@ -<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/can-you-trust.en.html" --> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> +<HTML> +<HEAD> +<TITLE>能夠信賴你的電腦嗎？ - GNU 計畫 - 自由軟體基金會（FSF）</TITLE> +<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; CHARSET=big5"> +<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"> +</HEAD> +<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#1F00FF" ALINK="#FF0000" VLINK="#9900DD"> +<H3>能夠信賴你的電腦嗎？</H3> + +<P> + +<A HREF="http://www.stallman.org/"><STRONG>理查•史托曼</STRONG></A> 著 + +<P> + +<A HREF="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html"><IMG SRC="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg" + ALT=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] " + WIDTH="160" HEIGHT="200"></A> + +[ +<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical --> +<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! --> + <A HREF="/philosophy/can-you-trust.zh-cn.html">簡體中文</A> +| <A HREF="/philosophy/can-you-trust.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</A> +| <A HREF="/philosophy/can-you-trust.en.html">英文</A> +| <A HREF="/philosophy/can-you-trust.de.html">德文</A> +| <A HREF="/philosophy/can-you-trust.es.html">西班牙文</A> +<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical --> +<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! --> +] +<P> + +<em> +【本文是重要的 GNU 哲學頁面， +請不吝於提供對於本文翻譯的意見。 +<<a href="mailto:chliu@gnu.org">chliu@gnu.org</a>> +同時為了便於讀者引用查找， +於中譯文本上的每一段都附有參考標號。 +我們也歡迎關於本文的各種討論： +<<a href="mailto:chinese-translators@gnu.org">chinese-translators@gnu.org</a>> 。】 +</em> -<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" --> -<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 --> +<p> +Who should your computer take its orders from? Most people think +their computers should obey them, not obey someone else. With a plan +they call "trusted computing", large media corporations (including the +movie companies and record companies), together with computer +companies such as Microsoft and Intel, are planning to make your +computer obey them instead of you. (Microsoft's version of this +scheme is called "Palladium".) Proprietary programs have included +malicious features before, but this plan would make it universal. +<p> +<sup><b>1</b></sup> 您的電腦應該聽取誰的命令？ +大部份的人認為他們的電腦應該服從他們而不是某個其他人。 +經由一項他們稱之為“可信賴的計算”（trusted computing）的打算， +大型的媒體公司（包括電影和錄製公司） +以及像是 Microsoft 和 Intel 的電腦公司， +正打算要使您的電腦服從他們而不是您。 +（這項方案的 Microsoft 版本稱之為“安全裝備”： Palladium 。） +私權的程式在以前就已經有包括了一些惡意的功能特色（features）， +但是這項打算將會使其普遍化。 -<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! --> -<title>雿臭誑訾縑雿菔嚗 - GNU撌亦 - 芰梯蔓隞嗅粹隡</title> +<p> +Proprietary software means, fundamentally, that you don't control what +it does; you can't study the source code, or change it. It's not +surprising that clever businessmen find ways to use their control to +put you at a disadvantage. Microsoft has done this several times: one +version of Windows was designed to report to Microsoft all the +software on your hard disk; a recent "security" upgrade in Windows +Media Player required users to agree to new restrictions. But +Microsoft is not alone: the KaZaa music-sharing software is designed +so that KaZaa's business partner can rent out the use of your computer +to their clients. These malicious features are often secret, but even +once you know about them it is hard to remove them, since you don't +have the source code. +<p> +<sup><b>2</b></sup> 私權軟體在本質上即表示： +您無法控制它要做些什麼； +您不能研究源碼或是更動它。 +聰明的商人找出一些方法利用他們的控制， +來使您處於劣勢的行為並不讓人感到驚訝。 +Microsoft 已經做過許多次了： +有一個版本的 Windows 被設計來將在您的硬碟上的所有軟體回報給 +Microsoft ； +一個最近在 Windows Media Player 上的“安全” +昇級要求使用者同意新的限制（restrictions）。 +但 Microsoft 並不孤單： +KaZaa 這個音樂分享（music-sharing）軟體被設計成， +使 KaZaa 的商業夥伴可以將您的電腦的使用出租給他們的客戶。 +這些惡意的功能特色通常是隱密的， +但是就算您發現到， +也很難將它們移除， +因為您並沒有源碼。 -<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/can-you-trust.translist" --> -<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" --> -<h2>雿臭誑訾縑雿菔嚗</h2> +<p> +In the past, these were isolated incidents. "Trusted computing" would +make it pervasive. "Treacherous computing" is a more appropriate +name, because the plan is designed to make sure your computer will +systematically disobey you. In fact, it is designed to stop your +computer from functioning as a general-purpose computer. Every +operation may require explicit permission. +<p> +<sup><b>3</b></sup> 在過去， +這些都是個別〔發生〕的事件。 +“可信賴的計算”（Trusted computing）將可能使它變得普遍。 +“背判了的計算”是一個較為合適的名稱， +因為這項打算是設計用來確保您的電腦將會有系統地不服從您。 +事實上， +它是設計用來使您的電腦無法作為一台通用的計算機（general-purpose computer）。 +每一項操作都將會需要明確的許可〔才得以進行〕。 -<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> </p> +<p> +The technical idea underlying treacherous computing is that the +computer includes a digital encryption and signature device, and the +keys are kept secret from you. Proprietary programs will use this +device to control which other programs you can run, which documents or +data you can access, and what programs you can pass them to. These +programs will continually download new authorization rules through the +Internet, and impose those rules automatically on your work. If you +don't allow your computer to obtain the new rules periodically from +the Internet, some capabilities will automatically cease to function. +<p> +<sup><b>4</b></sup> 在「背判了的計算」底下的技術想法是： +電腦包括了一個數位加密（digital encryption） +以及簽章（signature）裝置， +而其鍵值（keys）對您來說則是〔無法取得的〕祕密。 +私權程式將會使用這項裝置來控制「您可以執行的其它程式」、 +「您可以儲存的文件或資料」以及「您可以傳遞的程式」。 +這些程式將會持續地經由互聯網下載新的認證規則（authorization rules）， +並且自動地將那些規則加諸到您的工作上。 +如果您不允許您的電腦定期地從互聯網取得新的規則， +〔那麼〕一些功能（capabilities）將會自動地停止作用（function）。 <p> -函菔摨霂亙砌靚賭誘嚗憭折其遢鈭箄恕銝箔隞祉菔摨霂交隞隞隞穿銝臬嗡鈭箝餈銝憿寧妍銝“臭縑韏霈∠”霈∪嚗憭批慦雿砍賂祉萄蔣敶嗅砍賂隞亙霂詨MicrosoftIntel餈瑞菔砍賂甇蝞閬雿踵函菔隞隞隞祈銝舀具嚗餈憿寞寞Microsoft祉妍銝箏斤嚗Palladium嚗銝蝔摨隞亙撠勗歇蝏砌銝鈭嗆踝餈憿寡恣撠隡雿踹嗆桅</p> +Of course, Hollywood and the record companies plan to use treacherous +computing for "DRM" (Digital Restrictions Management), so that +downloaded videos and music can be played only on one specified +computer. Sharing will be entirely impossible, at least using the +authorized files that you would get from those companies. You, the +public, ought to have both the freedom and the ability to share these +things. (I expect that someone will find a way to produce unencrypted +versions, and to upload and share them, so DRM will not entirely +succeed, but that is no excuse for the system.) <p> -銝頧臭辣冽祈捶銝唾”蝷綽冽瘜批嗅閬鈭隞銋嚗其賜蝛嗅嗆隞舀湔孵芣鈭箸曉箔鈭寞拍其隞砍笆蝔摨批嗆乩蝙典鈭踹僎銝霈拐犖唳霈嗚Microsoft撌脩餈霈詨甈∩嚗銝銝芰祉Windows隡函′銝頧臭辣瘙亦Microsoft嚗銝銝芣餈Windows -Media -Player“摰”蝥扯瘙冽瑕啁嗆⊥狡雿撟園芣Microsoft銝摰嗉瘀KaZaa喃鈭怨蔓隞嗡蝙KaZaa銝隡隡游臭誑撠函菔雿輻冽箇蝏隞隞祉摰Ｘ瑯餈鈭嗆賡撣豢舫撖嚗雿臬停蝞典唬嚗銋敺曉摰隞祉宏歹銝箸典僎瘝⊥皞隞</p> +<sup><b>5</b></sup> 當然， +好萊塢（Hollywood）以及錄製公司打算要將「背判了的計算」用到“DRM” +（數位限制管理： Digital Restrictions Management）上， +這樣一來下載的錄像品（videos）和音樂就只能夠在一台指定的電腦上播放。 +分享將是完全的不可能， +至少使用您可能從那些公司下載的認證檔案是如此。 +您，也就是公眾， +應當同時擁有自由和能力來分享這些事物。 +（我期望將有某個人能找出一個製作出沒有加密版本的方法， +並且上載分享它們， +這樣子 DRM 將不會完全地成功， +但那不能作為這個體系〔合理化〕的藉口。） + <p> -刻鳴餈鈭賣臬迨蝡鈭隞嗚“臭縑韏霈∠”撠航賭蝙摰敺桅“霈∠”臭銝芣游蝘堆銝箄砲霈∪舐冽亦＆靽函菔撠隡蝟餌唬隞具鈭摰銝嚗摰霈曇恣舐冽乩蝙函菔瘜雿銝箔圈函霈∠箸亦具瘥銝憿寞雿賭閬蝖桃霈詨舀銵</p> +Making sharing impossible is bad enough, but it gets worse. There are +plans to use the same facility for email and documents--resulting in +email that disappears in two weeks, or documents that can only be read +on the computers in one company. <p> -舀霈∠舀單荔菔隡撣行銝銝芣啣撖隞亙蝑曉鋆蝵殷嗅亙笆其撖銝蝔摨撠隡雿輻刻砲鋆蝵格交批嗆典臭誑扯芯蝔摨典臭誑霈輸桀芯獢唳桐誑撠唳格獢隡蝏芯蝔摨餈鈭蝔摨撠隡蝏剖啁曹蝵銝頧賣啁閫嚗撟嗡芸典啣餈鈭閫撘箏唳函撌乩銋銝憒其霈豢函菔摰唬鈭蝵敺啗嚗銋鈭賢隡芸典啣甇Ｗ極雿</p> +<sup><b>6</b></sup> 使得分享變得不可能已經是夠糟的了， +但還有更糟的。 +他們打算要使用同樣的設施（facility）到電子郵件和文件上 -- +造成電子郵件會在兩個星期內消失， +或是文件只可以在一間公司內的電腦上被閱讀。 + <p> -敶塚憟質勗隞亙敶嗅砍豢蝞撠霈∠摨典唳啣嗥恣嚗DRM嚗銝嚗餈瑚乩頧賜閫憸喃撠勗芾賢其唳摰菔銝剜整鈭怠臬其航賜鈭嚗喳雿輻冽其鈭砍貉瑕隞嗆航瑞剁銋撠望臬砌嚗摨敶嗆交芰勗賢亙鈭怨鈭鈭押嚗鈭箄賣曉唬銝芸嗡瘝⊥撖祉寞嚗撟嗡銝隡鈭怠嚗餈瘀DRM撠銝賢蝠摨嚗雿航銋銝航砲蝟餌</p> +Imagine if you get an email from your boss telling you to do something +that you think is risky; a month later, when it backfires, you can't +use the email to show that the decision was not yours. "Getting it in +writing" doesn't protect you when the order is written in disappearing +ink. <p> -雿踹鈭怠敺銝航賢歇蝏憭蝟蝟鈭嚗雿餈渡隞隞祈霈∪函萄桐辣獢銝雿輻典瑞芣—霈拍萄桐辣其舅銝芣瘨憭梧臬芾賢其銝芸砍詨菔銝霂餅獢</p> +<sup><b>7</b></sup> 設想如果您從您的老闆那裡收到一封電子郵件， +要求您去做一件您認為太過於冒險的事； +一個月後， +這事情與〔他的〕預期相反時， +您無法使用那封電子郵件來顯示那個決定並不是您所作出的。 +當這個命令是以會消失的墨水撰寫時， +“白紙黑字地寫下來”並不足以保護您。 + <p> -霈暹喳其輸嗅唬撠萄桐辣嚗閬瘙典餃銝隞嗆刻恕銝箸憌拍鈭嚗銝銝芣嚗憌拍鈭嚗典湔瘜雿輻券撠萄桐辣亙蝷箏喳撟嗡舀其箇敶賭誘臭誑隡瘨憭梁憓冽偌啣塚“賜爾暺摮啣銝”撟嗡頞喃誑靽斗具</p> +Imagine if you get an email from your boss stating a policy that is +illegal or morally outrageous, such as to shred your company's audit +documents, or to allow a dangerous threat to your country to move +forward unchecked. Today you can send this to a reporter and expose +the activity. With treacherous computing, the reporter won't be able +to read the document; her computer will refuse to obey her. +Treacherous computing becomes a paradise for corruption. <p> -霈暹喳其輸嗅唬撠萄桐辣嚗餈唬銝銝芾鈭瘜敺敺瑞輻嚗臬砍貊摰⊥豢隞嗡腺餈蝣蝥豢綽臬霈訾銝芸笆賢振銝仿憡鈭銝璉亙啁誧蝏剛銵隞憭抬典臭誑撠餈蝐颱蝏圈餉扇撟嗆霂交暑具雿舀鈭霈∠銋嚗霈啗撠瘜霂餉隞賣獢嚗憟寧菔撠隡蝏隞憟嫘霈∠撠韐亦憭拙</p> +<sup><b>8</b></sup> 設想如果您自您的老闆那裡收到一封電子郵件， +陳述了一個違反了法律或道德的政策， +像是將您的公司的帳簿丟進碎紙機， +或是允許一個對您的國家的嚴重威脅繼續進行而不受檢查。 +在今天您可以將這類事情送給〔新聞〕記者並揭露這個活動。 +但是經由「背判了的計算」， +記者將無法閱讀這份文件， +她的電腦將會拒絕服從她。 +「背判了的計算」變成了舞弊的天堂。 + <p> -霂詨Microsoft -Word餈瑞獢憭撌亙瘀臭誑典典獢嗡蝙刻霈∠嚗隞亦＆靽銝銋蝡鈭獢憭撌亙瑟瘜霂餉鈭獢隞憭拇隞砍憿颱憭批瘞亥曆閫Υord澆蝘撖嚗隞亙嗡箏臭誑霂蓄ord獢芰望獢憭撌亙瑯憒Word典典獢嗡蝙刻霈∠嚗芰梯蔓隞嗥冗箏瘝⊥箔撘箏臭誑霂餉鈭獢頧臭辣—喃噶隞砍敺堆餈瑞蝔摨喃隡鋡怠蝳扳啣瘜獢蝳甇Ｕ</p> +Word processors such as Microsoft Word could use treacherous computing +when they save your documents, to make sure no competing word +processors can read them. Today we must figure out the secrets of +Word format by laborious experiments in order to make free word +processors read Word documents. If Word encrypts documents using +treacherous computing when saving them, the free software community +won't have a chance of developing software to read them--and if we +could, such programs might even be forbidden by the Digital Millennium +Copyright Act. <p> -雿輻刻霈∠蝔摨隡蝏剖唬鈭蝵銝頧賣啁閫嚗撟嗡撠餈鈭閫芸典啣撩唳函撌乩銋銝憒Microsoft舐賣踹銝甈Ｘ典冽隞賣獢銝剜霂渡鈭嚗隞隞砍臭誑箸唳隞歹霂菔蝏霈拐遙雿鈭粹霂駁隞賣獢瘥啁菔其頧賭唳隞文賢萄霂交隞扎函餈啣隡憒撠霂氬銝銋怠<sup><a -href="#TransNote1">1</a></sup>銝剜餈啁瘀鋡怨蕭皞舀Ｗ颯冽航質芸楛賣瘜霂餃</p> +<sup><b>9</b></sup> 像是 Microsoft Word 的文書處理器， +可以在當它們儲存您的文件時使用「背判了的計算」， +以確保沒有與之競爭的文書處理器可以閱讀它們。 +今天我們必須費力地嚐試來理解 Word 格式〔為何〕， +以製作出可以閱讀 Word 文件的自由文書處理器。 +如果 Word 在當它儲存文件時使用「背判了的計算」， +自由軟體社群將不會有機會開發出可以閱讀它們的軟體 -- +即便我們辦得到， +這樣子的程式甚至也會被“數位千禧年版權法案” +（Digital Millennium Copyright Act）所禁止。 + <p> -其霈訾喉典臭誑蝛嗉霈∠蝔摨鈭嚗蝛嗡蝙典隞砌隞箔銋隞隞瘀嗅喳臬虫蝙典隞研喃蝙冽鈭嚗亙摰隞砌舀Ｙ嚗雿舀函單瘜霂乩漱臭誑靽蹂銝行典敺靘韏鈭餈鈭蝔摨嚗典停鋡怠Ｖ嚗銝隞隞祆璆敺敺嚗嗅隞隞砍停臭誑渲砲鈭斗餈鈭摨函摨撠隡芸典蝥改銝撠敺銝—隞隞砍臭隡蝏冽臬西蝥抒押</p> +Programs that use treacherous computing will continually download new +authorization rules through the Internet, and impose those rules +automatically on your work. If Microsoft, or the US government, does +not like what you said in a document you wrote, they could post new +instructions telling all computers to refuse to let anyone read that +document. Each computer would obey when it downloads the new +instructions. Your writing would be subject to 1984-style retroactive +erasure. You might be unable to read it yourself. <p> -隞憭拇典臭誑銝颱蝙其頧臭辣仿踹鋡怠隞祇嗚憒其蝙沁NU/Linux臬嗡芰望雿蝟餌嚗撟嗡憒券踹摰鋆銝摨函摨嚗銋典停∩函菔雿銝箝憒銝銝芾芰梁摨嗆踝蝷曉箇蝔摨撠隡摰文鳴嗅典停臭誑雿輻其耨甇餈研其臭誑券芰梁雿蝟餌銝餈銵芰梁摨函摨撌亙瘀賜嗉瑚頞喃誑蝏典函芰梧雿舀霈詨冽琿賢刻銋</p> +<sup><b>10</b></sup> 使用「背判了的計算」的程式， +將會持續地自互聯網下載新的認證規則， +並且將這些自動地加諸到您的工作上。 +如果 Microsoft 或是美國政府不喜歡在某份您所撰寫的文件中所說的事， +他們可以發出新的指示， +告訴所有的電腦拒絕讓任何人閱讀那份文件。 +每一台電腦在它下載了新的指示後都將會遵守。 +您的著述將會受到有如小說《一九八四》中所描述的（1984-style） +「追溯既往而有效的刪去」（retroactive erasure）。 +【《一九八四》（1984）是英國作家喬治•歐威爾（George Orwell） +於一九四九年發表的科幻小說； +相對應的則是赫胥黎（Aldous Huxley） +於一九三二年所發表的《美麗新世界》（Brave New World） -- +它也是《勇敢 GNU 世界》（Brave GNU World）名稱的由來。】 +您有可能連您自己都無法閱讀它。 + <p> -霈∠撠芰望雿蝟餌芰勗函摨摮蝏剔蔭鈭梢拍憓堆銝箸冽霈詨寞祆瘜扯摰隞研銝鈭祉霈∠隡閬瘙雿蝟餌望摰砍豢蝖格芰梁雿蝟餌航賢瘜摰鋆銝鈭祉霈∠隡閬瘙瘥銝芰摨質鋡急雿蝟餌撘蝖格冽瘜刻瑞雿蝟餌銝餈銵芰梁摨函摨憒函鈭閫鈭憒雿撖嫣嚗撟嗡霂鈭隞鈭綽航賣舐舐蔽</p> +You might think you can find out what nasty things a treacherous +computing application does, study how painful they are, and decide +whether to accept them. It would be short-sighted and foolish to +accept, but the point is that the deal you think you are making won't +stand still. Once you come depend on using the program, you are +hooked and they know it; then they can change the deal. Some +applications will automatically download upgrades that will do +something different--and they won't give you a choice about whether to +upgrade. <p> -銝鈭蝢賜瘜敺霈株瘙菔賣舀霈∠嚗撟嗡蝳甇Ｗ抒菔餈亙唬蝵CBDTPA嚗隞祉妍銋銝箸韐孵停憟踝銝閬霂蝻蝔摨瘜獢嚗<sup><a -href="#TransNote2">2</a></sup>撠望臬嗡葉銋銝雿臬喃蝙隞隞砍僎瘝⊥冽敺銝撘箏嗆典Ｗ啗霈∠嚗餈思蝙雿亙餈臬楊憭抒隞憭拐犖隞祉撣訾蝙汾ord澆獢乩漱瘚嚗賜嗉隡霈詨桅嚗霂瑁<a -href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">“隞砍臭誑蝏蝏雿輻汾ord隞”</a>嚗憒芣霈∠箏典臭誑霂餅啁Word獢嚗霈詨鈭箏隡Ｗ啣嚗憒隞隞砍笆甇斤霈方芣臭葵鈭箄銝綽冽銝剁銝箔萄嗉霈∠嚗隞砍憿餃Ｙ其韏瘀箸隞祇雿押</p> +<sup><b>11</b></sup> 您也許會想： +您可以看穿「“背判了的計算”的程式在做的卑鄙事」， +研究〔使用它們〕將會付出什麼代價， +然後再來決定是否要使用它們。 +接受將會是短視而且愚蠢的， +重點在於您認為您所作出的協議並不會保持不變。 +一旦您變得依賴於使用〔那些〕程式， +您就被套牢了（hooked）， +而且他們清楚得很； +然後他們就可以更動這項協議。 +一些應用程式將會自動地下載「將會做出某些不一樣的事情的」昇級 -- +而他們可不會給您一個是否要昇級的選擇。 + <p> -喃霈∠游靽⊥荔霂瑁<a -href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html</a></p> +Today you can avoid being restricted by proprietary software by not +using it. If you run GNU/Linux or another free operating system, and +if you avoid installing proprietary applications on it, then you are +in charge of what your computer does. If a free program has a +malicious feature, other developers in the community will take it out, +and you can use the corrected version. You can also run free +application programs and tools on non-free operating systems; this +falls short of fully giving you freedom, but many users do it. <p> -閬餅∟霈∠撠隡閬憭折祆蝏蝏韏瑟乓隞祇閬函撣桀抬霂瑟舀<a -href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">蝻粹瑟扯挽霈</a>嚗摰涌SF銝撖寞啣嗥恣瘣餃具</p> +<sup><b>12</b></sup> 今天您可以經由不去使用它來避免被私權軟體所限制。 +如果您執行 GNU/Linux 或是其它的自由作業系統， +並且如果您避免在它上面安裝私權應用程式， +那麼您就換得了〔完全地掌握〕您的電腦做些什麼〔的自由〕。 +如果一個自由程式有一個惡意的功能特色， +在社群裡的其他程式員將會把它除去， +然後您就可以使用修正過的版本了。 +您也可以在不自由的作業系統上執行自由的應用程式和工具； +這並不足以給予您完全的自由， +但是有許多使用者這麼做。 -<h3>霈</h3> +<p> +Treacherous computing puts the existence of free operating systems and +free applications at risk, because you may not be able to run them at +all. Some versions of treacherous computing would require the +operating system to be specifically authorized by a particular +company. Free operating systems could not be installed. Some +versions of treacherous computing would require every program to be +specifically authorized by the operating system developer. You could +not run free applications on such a system. If you did figure out +how, and told someone, that could be a crime. +<p> +<sup><b>13</b></sup> 「背判了的計算」 +將自由作業系統和自由應用程式的存續置於危險的境地， +因為您將根本無法執行它們。 +一些版本的「背判了的計算」， +將會需要作業系統被某個特定的公司明確地給予認證。 +自由的作業系統將無法被安裝。 +一些版本的「背判了的計算」， +將會需要每一個程式都要被作業系統開發者明確地給予認證。 +您無法在這樣的一個作業系統上執行自由的應用程式。 +如果您真的瞭解了要如何做， +並且告訴了某人， +那可能是一種犯罪行為。 -<ol> -<li><p> -霈∠箏券雿輻“臭縑霈∠”餈銝航祗嗆銝冽—霂瑚閫嗡舅蝘冽餈瑟扼</p></li> +<p> +There are proposals already for US laws that would require all computers to +support treacherous computing, and to prohibit connecting old computers to +the Internet. The CBDTPA (we call it the Consume But Don't Try Programming +Act) is one of them. But even if they don't legally force you to switch to +treacherous computing, the pressure to accept it may be enormous. Today +people often use Word format for communication, although this causes +several sorts of problems (see <a +href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">"We Can Put an End to Word +Attachments"</a>). If only a treacherous computing machine can read the +latest Word documents, many people will switch to it, if they view the +situation only in terms of individual action (take it or leave it). To +oppose treacherous computing, we must join together and confront the +situation as a collective choice. +<p> +<sup><b>14</b></sup> 已經有一些在美國法律上的提議： +要求所有的電腦都支持「背判了的計算」， +並且禁止將舊電腦連結到互聯網上。 +CBDTPA （我們稱它為“消費就好，不要試著編寫程式”法案： +Consume But Don't Try Programming Act）就是其中之一。 +但是即使他們並沒有在法律上強制您切換到「背判了的計算」， +〔被迫〕接受它的壓力還是很大。 +今天人們通常使用 Word 格式來通信， +雖然這會造成許多類型的問題。 +（請見 <a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">“我們可以終結使用 Word 附加檔案”：We Can Put an End to Word Attachments</a>） +〔但是〕如果只有「背判了的計算」的機器可以閱讀最新的 Word 文件， +並且如果他們所看到的形勢只是以個別的動作（接受或離開）來表現時， +許多人將會切換到它。 +為了反制「背判了的計算」， +我們必須結合在一起面對這個形勢， +以作為我們集體的選擇。 -<li><p> -GNU撌亦撣GNU Privacy -Guard嚗GPG嚗蝔摨嚗摰臭銝芸唬砍撖亙撖隞亙啣蝑曉舐蝔摨嚗典臭誑典亙摰函撖萄桐辣鈭閫銝銝GPG銝霈∠銝舀函嚗餈瑕臭誑皜銝銝芣臬葬拐犖虫銝芸笆鈭箔賑臬甇文梢押</p> <p> -敶鈭箔蝙沁PG蝏其隞賢撖獢嚗撟嗡其蝙沁PG亥圾撖嚗蝏臭隞賣典臭誑霂颯頧砍憭嗥喳甈∪撖撟嗅典啣蝏嗡鈭箇閫撖獢銝銝芾霈∠摨函摨航賭霈拇典典撟銝霂餉鈭摮嚗雿臭隡霈拇典嗡箔隞賢臭誑典嗡孵雿輻函閫撖獢GPG餈銝芾芰梯蔓隞嗅嚗霈拙典賭蛹冽瑟剁<em>隞隞</em>雿輻<em>摰</em>霈∠航挽霈⊥仿嗅嗥冽瘀<em>摰</em>拍<em>隞隞</em></p></li> +For further information about treacherous computing, see <a +href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html"><http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html></a>. +<p> +<sup><b>15</b></sup> 關於「背判了的計算」的更多資訊， +請見 <a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html"><http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html></a> 。 -<li><p id="beneficial"> -霈∠舀單釣鈭靚霈箏嗅末憭隞隞祈挈撣豢舀迤蝖桃嚗雿臬僎銝閬</p> <p> -憭批啁′隞嗡瘀霈∠蝖砌辣賢其摰喟桃雿航鈭賭蝙典嗡寞銋賢摰堆撟嗡閬霈∠蝖砌辣餈銝剝渡撌桀撠望航霈∠撣衣冽瑟嗅嚗摰銝箔霈∠箄憭雿賬</p> +To block treacherous computing will require large numbers of citizens to +organize. We need your help! The <a href="http://www.eff.org">Electronic +Frontier Foundation</a> and <a href="http://www.publicknowledge.org">Public +Knowledge</a> are campaigning against treacherous computing, and so is the +FSF-sponsored <a href="http://www.digitalspeech.org">Digital Speech +Project</a>. Please visit these Web sites so you can sign up to support +their work. <p> -隞隞祈秩舐嚗霂渡銋舐曉其韏瘀雿敺唬銋嚗霈∠撠望臬亙內隞祈芰梁霈∪嚗嗥其鈭敺桐頞喲憟賢亙隞砍笆憭勗餌芰梁瘜冽</p></li> +<sup><b>16</b></sup> 要阻擋「背判了的計算」將會需要很大數目的公民組織起來。 +我們需要您的幫助！ +<a href="http://www.eff.org">電子先鋒基金會（Electronic Frontier Foundation）</a> 和 +<a href="http://www.publicknowledge.org">公眾知識（Public Knowledge）</a> +正在發起對抗「背判了的計算」的活動， +由自由軟體基金會資助的 +<a href="http://www.digitalspeech.org">數位言論計畫（Digital Speech Project）</a> +也有參與。 +請拜訪這些網站， +這樣您就可以簽名來支持他們的工作了。 -<li><p> -Microsoft靘摰斤雿銝箔蝘摰冽畾蛛撟嗡摰蝘啣撠賢脩瘥嚗雿航格曄內餈憿孵恐蝘唳舫霂舐專icrosoft -Research2002撟10雿瞍蝷箸曄餈唬摰斤銝憿寡潭荔唳雿蝟餌嗅函摨餈隡蝏抒賒餈銵嚗銋嚗瘥頧臭辣銋賢蝏抒賒啣摰隞砌憭抵賢鈭</p> <p> -敶Microsoft撌亙刻霈箔摰斤詨喟“摰”塚隞隞祆撟嗡舀隞祇撣貊冽亥”蝷箇摰函嚗靽斗函箏典其唾鈭拍靘菜啜隞隞祆臭文冽冽箏其唳格瑁銝鋡急其誑隞鈭箔撣孵餈銵霈輸柴瞍蝷箔葉銝撘撟餌舐箔唬葵摰斤靽摰蝘撖蝐餃嚗“蝚砌寧撖”“冽瑞撖”—雿臬撠“冽瑞撖”鈭撘瘀隡潔霂啣典斤獢園餈銝芣寡靚研</p> +You can also help by writing to the public affairs offices of Intel, +IBM, HP/Compaq, or anyone you have bought a computer from, explaining +that you don't want to be pressured to buy "trusted" computing systems +so you don't want them to produce any. This can bring consumer power +to bear. If you do this on your own, please send copies of your +letters to the organizations above. <p> -瞍蝷箔葉憸蝜唬蝙典隞祈啣冽嗥撣訾雿輻典啁嗡摮潘“餃”“嗆隞”“甈粹”隞亙“臭縑韏”摰隞砌銝剜瓷銝銝芣舀隞祇撣貊冽亥”蝷箇“餃”撟嗡舀鈭箄曇隡文拿剁舀刻曇憭園喃嚗“嗆隞”舐望刻芸楛摰鋆隞嚗餈隞隡鈭箔撣典餃鈭嚗“甈粹”撟嗡舀鈭箸牯撉鈭剁舀函拙鈭摰斤隞亙嗡</p></li> +<sup><b>17</b></sup> 您也可以經由撰寫給 Intel 、 IBM 、 HP/Compaq +或任何您從他那裡購買電腦的人， +解釋您不想要被強迫購買“可信賴”的計算系統， +因此您不希望他們製造任何這樣子的系統。 +這可以帶給消費者維持〔自由〕的力量。 +如果您自行採取行動， +請將您的信件副本送到上述的機構。 -<li><p> -摰斤撘Ｙ憯唳餈唬餈瑞霈橘靚撘園鈭靽⊥荔靚撠勗霂亙笆典雿雿輻刻砲靽⊥臬瑟摰函批嗆餈臬笆餈餌隡衣瘜敺雿蝟餉敹萇銝蝘拙賣抒函蕃嚗撟嗡鈭銝蝘芾批嗡蝟颯霂亦頂蝏孵桅撟園箔嗥塚摰隞祆亥芸箸祉格餈銝芰格甇舀隞砍憿餅蝏</p></li> -</ol> +<p> +<h3>後記</h3> +<p> +<ol> +<li>The GNU Project distributes the GNU Privacy Guard, a program that +implements public-key encryption and digital signatures, which you can +use to send secure and private email. It is useful to explore how GPG +differs from treacherous computing, and see what makes one helpful and +the other so dangerous. +<p> +<sup><b>18</b></sup> GNU 計畫散佈了 GNU Privacy Guard （GNU 隱私守衛）， +那是一個實作了公開鍵加密（public-key encryption） +以及數位簽章的程式， +您可以使用來送出安全且祕密的電子郵件。 +瀏覽一下 GPG 是如何與「背判了的計算」不同是有用處的， +並且看看那些對於某人有幫助的事物〔為什麼〕對其他人是如此的危險。 -<hr class="thin" /> +<p> +When someone uses GPG to send you an encrypted document, and you use +GPG to decode it, the result is an unencrypted document that you can +read, forward, copy, and even re-encrypt to send it securely to +someone else. A treacherous computing application would let you read +the words on the screen, but would not let you produce an unencrypted +document that you could use in other ways. GPG, a free software +package, makes security features available to the users; they use it. +Treacherous computing is designed to impose restrictions on the users; +it uses them. +<p> +<sup><b>19</b></sup> 當某人使用 GPG 送給您一份加密的文件， +並且您使用了 GPG 來將它解碼， +〔所得到的〕結果是一份您可以閱讀、〔進一步〕傳遞、 +複製甚至再次加密並安全地送給某個其他人的解密文件。 +一個「背判了的計算」應用程式將會讓您在螢幕上閱讀這些文字， +但是不讓您〔能夠〕製作出一份可以讓您以其它方式使用的解密文件。 +GPG 這個自由軟體套件， +讓「安全的功能特色」可以為使用者所取得； +他們使用它。 +「背判了的計算」則是設計來將限制加諸到使用者身上； +它利用了他們。 -<p>2015撟湛霈∠其葵鈭箇菔銝隞“臭縑撟喳唳芋”敶Ｗ鋡怠堆嗉嚗曹摰雿嚗TPM雿銝箸靘餈蝔撉霂啣嗥恣撟喳啗◤霂券Ｗ仃韐乓甇歹霈詨砍訾蝙典嗡寞摰蚤RM桀嚗“臭縑撟喳唳芋”摰冽瓷其DRM嚗銝梯恕銝箏銝航賜其DRM瑟霈賢箸銋荔餈喟“臭縑撟喳唳芋”桀臭典臬摰喟甈∟—靘憒嚗典仿霂瘝⊥鈭箸銝凋耨嫣菔蝟餌</p> +<p> +<li>Microsoft presents palladium as a security measure, and claims that +it will protect against viruses, but this claim is evidently false. A +presentation by Microsoft Research in October 2002 stated that one of +the specifications of palladium is that existing operating systems and +applications will continue to run; therefore, viruses will continue to +be able to do all the things that they can do today. +<p> +<sup><b>20</b></sup> Microsoft 簡報了 palladium 作為一種安全手段， +並且宣稱它將會保護〔電腦〕免受病毒的侵襲， +但是證據顯示這項宣稱完全是站不住腳。 +由 Microsoft Research （研究部門）在二○○二年十月所作的一場簡報， +說明了 palladium 的其中一項規格是： +現存的作業系統以及應用程式將會繼續地採用； +因此， +病毒也將能夠繼續地做它們今天能做的所有事情。 -<p>隞伐隞砍箇蝏霈箸舐菔“臭縑撟喳唳芋”撟嗡梢抬銝瘝⊥曹摰鋆銝函頂蝏頧臭辣銝剜舀摰</p> +<p> +When Microsoft speaks of "security" in connection with palladium, they +do not mean what we normally mean by that word: protecting your +machine from things you do not want. They mean protecting your copies +of data on your machine from access by you in ways others do not want. +A slide in the presentation listed several types of secrets palladium +could be used to keep, including "third party secrets" and "user +secrets"--but it put "user secrets" in quotation marks, recognizing +that this somewhat of an absurdity in the context of palladium. +<p> +<sup><b>21</b></sup> 當 Microsoft +在談論到與 palladium 作連接的“安全”時， +他們指的「並不是」我們通常用來表示那個字的意思： +保護您的機器，使其免於受到您不想要〔的事物侵擾〕。 +他們指的是保護在您的機器上的您的資料的拷貝， +使其免於被您〔自己〕以其他人不希望的方式進行存取（access）。 +簡報中的一個幻燈片列出了數個 palladium 可能用來維護的祕密類型， +包括了“第三團體（third party）的祕密”以及“使用者的祕密” -- +但是它將“使用者的祕密”放到引號中， +「似乎」將它認知為： +就 palladium 的〔開發〕脈絡而言， +這實在有點荒謬。 -<p>餈撟嗡喟銝憭芸像餈嗡餅迫菔湔寧菔頧臭辣蝖砌辣蝟餌嚗摰隞祉典杗RM菔隞亙蝘餃函菔瘙質膠TV蝑霈曉憭其葉嚗銝餈鈭蝟餌甇憒隞祆喟瑁絲摰函雿具</p> +<p> +The presentation made frequent use of other terms that we frequently +associate with the context of security, such as "attack", "malicious +code", "spoofing", as well as "trusted". None of them means what it +normally means. "Attack" doesn't mean someone trying to hurt you, it +means you trying to copy music. "Malicious code" means code installed +by you to do what someone else doesn't want your machine to do. +"Spoofing" doesn't mean someone fooling you, it means you fooling +palladium. And so on. +<p> +<sup><b>22</b></sup> 簡報中頻繁地使用當我們談到安全時， +經常會使用到的其它字眼， +像是“攻擊”（attack）、 +“惡意的代碼”（malicious code）、 +“欺騙”（spoofing）以及“可信賴的”（trusted）。 +〔但是〕它們之中沒有一個指的是我們通常用來表示的意思。 +“攻擊”並不是指某人試圖要傷害您， +它是指您試圖要複製音樂； +“惡意的代碼”指的是由您〔自己〕所安裝的代碼， +而這代碼可能做得出某個「其他人」不希望您的機器去做的某些事； +“欺騙”並不是指某人欺騙了您， +它指的是您玩弄了 palladium 。 +諸如此類……。 -<p>餈銋銝喟餈蝔撉霂舀摰喟憒銝行霈曉摰唬餈銝芸踝撠舐冽瑁芰梁游賣批啣“臭縑撟喳唳芋”摰喳芣臬銝箏瘝∟賣啗蝔撉霂隞祈瘜摰撠交甇斤掩撠霂賭憭梯揖</p> +<p> +<li>A previous statement by the palladium developers stated the basic +premise that whoever developed or collected information should have +total control of how you use it. This would represent a revolutionary +overturn of past ideas of ethics and of the legal system, and create +an unprecedented system of control. The specific problems of these +systems are no accident; they result from the basic goal. It is the +goal we must reject. +<p> +<sup><b>23</b></sup> 由一個 palladium 開發者先前所作的聲明， +說明了它的基本根據是： +不論是誰開發或收集了資訊， +應該都對「您如何使用它」具有完全的控制權。 +這是對於過去「倫理」和「法律體系」的觀念的一種革命性的推翻， +並且創造了一種前所未見的控制體系。 +〔關於〕這些系統的特定問題並不是出於偶然； +它們是來自於〔有意識的〕基本目標。 +而這目標正是我們必須拒絕的。 -<hr class="thin" /> +</ol> +<p> +Copyright © 2002 Richard Stallman. +<p> +Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted +without royalty in any medium provided this notice is preserved. +<BR> +【本文允許在無須支付版稅， +且不變更文件內容的前提下刊登在任何形式的媒體中， +但需保留此聲明。】 +<P> -<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>祆銵其<a -href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>芰梯蔓隞塚芰曹嚗Richard -M. Stallman</cite></a></p></blockquote> +<HR> -<div class="translators-notes"> +<H4>本文被出版 +於 <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><i> +《自由軟體，自由社會：理查•馬修•史托曼的選文》</i></a> -<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.--> -<h3>霂瘜</h3> -<ol> -<li id="TransNote1">1984-style嚗霂皞航勗賢霂游振George -Orwell嚗銋瘝鄞瑕孕憡撠嚗雿1984嚗臭冽踵祥霈賢箏霂氬</li> -<li id="TransNote2">CBDTPA嚗Consumer Broadband and Digital Television -Promotion Act嚗瘨韐寡摰賢蒂啣菔典嘀瘜獢嚗嚗摰臭銝芸撩啣嗥恣瘜獢銝剜蝘唬銝慢onsume But Don't Try -Programming Act嚗瘨韐孵停憟踝銝閬霂蝻蝔摨瘜獢嚗</li> -</ol></div> -</div> - -<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> -<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" --> -<div id="footer"> -<div class="unprintable"> - -<p>霂瑕唾芰梯蔓隞嗅粹隡嚗FSF嚗&GNU銝祆折桅<a -href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>銋臭誑餈<a -href="/contact/">嗡蝟餅寞</a>蝟餉芰梯蔓隞嗅粹隡嚗FSF嚗霂瑕暹乓嗡霂舀撱箄悅蝏<a -href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a></p> - -<p> -<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, - replace it with the translation of these two: - - We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality - translations. 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