diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/scrap1_31.html')
| -rw-r--r-- | talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/scrap1_31.html | 670 |
1 files changed, 670 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/scrap1_31.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/scrap1_31.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..522c66f --- /dev/null +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/scrap1_31.html @@ -0,0 +1,670 @@ +<!-- This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. + +Free Software Foundation + +51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor + +Boston, MA 02110-1335 +Copyright C 2002, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted +worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is +preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations +of this book from the original English into another language provided +the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and +the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all +copies. + +ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 +Cover design by Rob Myers. + +Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. + --> + + + <a name="GNU-Free-Documentation-License"> + </a> + <h1 class="chapter"> + 31. GNU Free Documentation License + </h1> + <a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-_0028FDL_0029-_0028see-also-FDL_002c-manuals_002c-and-documentation_0029"> + </a> + <a name="index-Free-Documentation-License-_0028FDL_0029_002c-GNU-_0028see-also-FDL_002c-manuals_002c-and-documentation_0029"> + </a> + <a name="index-manuals-_0028see-also-manuals_002c-FDL_002c-and-documentation_0029-3"> + </a> + <a name="index-FDL-_0028see-also-both-manuals-and-documentation_0029-2"> + </a> + <p align="center"> + Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 + </p> + <table> + <tr> + <td> + </td> + <td> + <pre class="display">Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +<a href="http://fsf.org/">http://fsf.org/</a> + +Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies +of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. +</pre> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <ol> + <li> + <strong> + PREAMBLE + </strong> + <p> + The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other +functional and useful document + <em> + free + </em> + in the sense of freedom: to +assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, +with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. +Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way +to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible +for modifications made by others. + </p> + <a name="index-copyleft_002c-FDL-and"> + </a> + <p> + This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative +works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It +complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft +license designed for free software. + </p> + <p> + We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free +software, because free software needs free documentation: a free +program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the +software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; +it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or +whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License +principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. + </p> + </li> + <li> + <strong> + APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS + </strong> + <p> + This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that +contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be +distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a +world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that +work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, +refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a +licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you +copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission +under copyright law. + </p> + <p> + A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the +Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with +modifications and/or translated into another language. + </p> + <p> + A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section +of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the +publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall +subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall +directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in +part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain +any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical +connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, +commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding +them. + </p> + <p> + The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles +are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice +that says that the Document is released under this License. If a +section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not +allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero +Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant +Sections then there are none. + </p> + <p> + The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, +as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that +the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may +be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. + </p> + <p> + A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, +represented in a format whose specification is available to the +general public, that is suitable for revising the document +straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of +pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available +drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or +for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input +to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file +format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart +or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. +An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount +of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”. + </p> + <a name="index-HTML"> + </a> + <a name="index-ASCII"> + </a> + <a name="index-DTD"> + </a> + <a name="index-LaTeX"> + </a> + <a name="index-SGML"> + </a> + <a name="index-XML"> + </a> + <a name="index-PDF"> + </a> + <a name="index-PDF-1"> + </a> + <a name="index-PNG-1"> + </a> + <a name="index-XCF"> + </a> + <a name="index-JPEG-2"> + </a> + <p> + Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain + <small> + ASCII + </small> + without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input +format, SGML or XML using a publicly available +DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, +PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples +of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and +JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be +read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or +XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are +not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, +PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for +output purposes only. + </p> + <p> + The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, +plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material +this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in +formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means +the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, +preceding the beginning of the body of the text. + </p> + <p> + The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies +of the Document to the public. + </p> + <p> + A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose +title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following +text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a +specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, +“Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Title” +of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a +section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition. + </p> + <p> + The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which +states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty +Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this +License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other +implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has +no effect on the meaning of this License. + </p> + </li> + <li> + <strong> + VERBATIM COPYING + </strong> + <p> + You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either +commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the +copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies +to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other +conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use +technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further +copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept +compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough +number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. + </p> + <p> + You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and +you may publicly display copies. + </p> + </li> + <li> + <strong> + COPYING IN QUANTITY + </strong> + <p> + If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have +printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the +Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the +copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover +Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on +the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify +you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present +the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and +visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. +Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve +the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated +as verbatim copying in other respects. + </p> + <p> + If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit +legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit +reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent +pages. + </p> + <p> + If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering +more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent +copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy +a computer-network location from which the general network-using +public has access to download using public-standard network protocols +a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. +If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, +when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure +that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated +location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an +Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that +edition to the public. + </p> + <p> + It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the +Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give +them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. + </p> + </li> + <li> + <strong> + MODIFICATIONS + </strong> + <p> + You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under +the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release +the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified +Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution +and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy +of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: + </p> + <ol> + <li> + Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct +from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions +(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section +of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version +if the original publisher of that version gives permission. + </li> + <li> + List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities +responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified +Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the +Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), +unless they release you from this requirement. + </li> + <li> + State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the +Modified Version, as the publisher. + </li> + <li> + Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. + </li> + <li> + Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications +adjacent to the other copyright notices. + </li> + <li> + Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice +giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the +terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. + </li> + <li> + Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections +and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice. + </li> + <li> + Include an unaltered copy of this License. + </li> + <li> + Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add +to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and +publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If +there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one +stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as +given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified +Version as stated in the previous sentence. + </li> + <li> + Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for +public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise +the network locations given in the Document for previous versions +it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section. +You may omit a network location for a work that was published at +least four years before the Document itself, or if the original +publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. + </li> + <li> + For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve +the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the +substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or +dedications given therein. + </li> + <li> + Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, +unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers +or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. + </li> + <li> + Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section +may not be included in the Modified Version. + </li> + <li> + Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or +to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. + </li> + <li> + Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. + </li> + </ol> + <p> + If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or +appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material +copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all +of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the +list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. +These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. + </p> + <p> + You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains +nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various +parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has +been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a +standard. + </p> + <p> + You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a +passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list +of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of +Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or +through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already +includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or +by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, +you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit +permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. + </p> + <p> + The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License +give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or +imply endorsement of any Modified Version. + </p> + </li> + <li> + <strong> + COMBINING DOCUMENTS + </strong> + <p> + You may combine the Document with other documents released under this +License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified +versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the +Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and +list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its +license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. + </p> + <p> + The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and +multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single +copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but +different contents, make the title of each such section unique by +adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original +author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. +Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of +Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. + </p> + <p> + In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” +in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled +“History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, +and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all +sections Entitled “Endorsements.” + </p> + </li> + <li> + <strong> + COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS + </strong> + <p> + You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents +released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this +License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in +the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for +verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. + </p> + <p> + You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute +it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this +License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all +other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. + </p> + </li> + <li> + <strong> + AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS + </strong> + <p> + A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate +and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or +distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright +resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights +of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. +When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not +apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves +derivative works of the Document. + </p> + <p> + If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these +copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of +the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on +covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the +electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. +Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole +aggregate. + </p> + </li> + <li> + <strong> + TRANSLATION + </strong> + <p> + Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may +distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. +Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special +permission from their copyright holders, but you may include +translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the +original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a +translation of this License, and all the license notices in the +Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include +the original English version of this License and the original versions +of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between +the translation and the original version of this License or a notice +or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. + </p> + <p> + If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, +“Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve +its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual +title. + </p> + </li> + <li> + <strong> + TERMINATION + </strong> + <p> + You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document +except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt +otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and +will automatically terminate your rights under this License. + </p> + <p> + However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license +from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, +unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally +terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder +fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to +60 days after the cessation. + </p> + <p> + Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is +reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the +violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have +received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that +copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after +your receipt of the notice. + </p> + <p> + Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the +licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under +this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently +reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does +not give you any rights to use it. + </p> + </li> + <li> + <strong> + FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE + </strong> + <p> + The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions +of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new +versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may +differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See + <a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/"> + http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/ + </a> + . + </p> + <p> + Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. +If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this +License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of +following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or +of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the +Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version +number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not +as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document +specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this +License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a +version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the +Document. + </p> + </li> + <li> + <strong> + RELICENSING + </strong> + <p> + “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any +World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also +provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A +public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A +“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the +site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC +site. + </p> + <p> + “CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 +license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit +corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, +California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license +published by that same organization. + </p> + <p> + “Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or +in part, as part of another Document. + </p> + <p> + An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this +License, and if all works that were first published under this License +somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole +or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, +and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. + </p> + <p> + The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site +under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, +provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. + </p> + </li> + </ol> + <a name="ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents"> + </a> + <h2 class="heading"> + ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents + </h2> + <p> + <a name="FDL-Instructions"> + </a> + To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of +the License in the document and put the following copyright and +license notices just after the title page: + </p> + <table> + <tr> + <td> + </td> + <td> + <pre class="smallexample">Copyright (C) <var>year</var> <var>your name</var>. +Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with +no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. +A copy of the license is included in the section entitled +``GNU Free Documentation License''. +</pre> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, +replace the “with…Texts.” line with this: + </p> + <table> + <tr> + <td> + </td> + <td> + <pre class="smallexample"> with the Invariant Sections being <var>list their titles</var>, with + the Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>, and with the Back-Cover Texts + being <var>list</var>. +</pre> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. + </p> + <p> + If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of +free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, +to permit their use in free software. + <a name="index-Free-Documentation-License-_0028FDL_0029_002c-GNU-_0028see-also-FDL_002c-manuals_002c-and-documentation_0029-1"> + </a> + <a name="index-manuals-_0028see-also-manuals_002c-FDL_002c-and-documentation_0029-4"> + </a> + <a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-_0028FDL_0029-_0028see-also-FDL_002c-manuals_002c-and-documentation_0029-1"> + </a> + <a name="index-licenses-_0028see-also-Affero_002c-FDL_002c-GPL_002c-LGPL_002c-X11_002c-BSD_002c-XFree86_002c-and-lax-permissive-licenses_0029-1"> + </a> + <a name="index-FDL-_0028see-also-both-manuals-and-documentation_0029-3"> + </a> + </p> + |