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+<!-- This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman.
+
+Free Software Foundation
+
+51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
+
+Boston, MA 02110-1335
+Copyright C 2002, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted
+worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is
+preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations
+of this book from the original English into another language provided
+the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and
+the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all
+copies.
+
+ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9
+Cover design by Rob Myers.
+
+Cover photograph by Peter Hinely.
+ -->
+
+
+ <a name="The-Initial-Announcement-of-the-GNU-Operating-System">
+ </a>
+ <h1 class="chapter">
+  3. The Initial Announcement of the GNU Operating System
+ </h1>
+ <p>
+  This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by
+Richard Stallman on 27 September 1983.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from
+this initial plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until
+January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts of free software
+were not clarified until a few years later.
+ </p>
+ <a name="index-GNU_002c-initial-announcement">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-MIT-1">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-Unix-compatibility_002c-announcement-of">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-RMS_002c-Richard-Stallman_002c-often-referred-to-as-_0028see-also-Stallman_0029">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-GNU_002c-operating-system-parts-3">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-Empire-game">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-games_002c-Empire">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-C-programs">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-C-compiler">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-yacc">
+ </a>
+ <p>
+  <tt>
+   From mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
+   <br>
+    From:
+    <code>
+     RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
+    </code>
+    <br>
+     Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
+     <br>
+      Subject: new Unix implementation
+      <br>
+       Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST
+       <br>
+        Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA
+       </br>
+      </br>
+     </br>
+    </br>
+   </br>
+  </tt>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  Free Unix!
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu’s Not Unix), and
+give it away free
+  <a href="#FOOT11" name="DOCF11">
+   (11)
+  </a>
+  to everyone who can use it.  Contributions of 
+time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to
+write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
+assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text
+formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
+other things. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
+normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
+on-line and hardcopy documentation.
+ </p>
+ <a name="index-Chaosnet-_0028see-also-MIT_0029">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-MIT_002c-Chaosnet">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-UUCP">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-Lisp_002c-programs">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-Lisp_002c-Lisp_002dbased-window-system">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-MIT_002c-Chaosnet-1">
+ </a>
+ <p>
+  GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
+Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
+experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to
+have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
+filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
+eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp
+programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen.  Both C and
+Lisp will be available as system programming languages.  We will have
+network software based on MIT’s chaosnet protocol, far superior to
+UUCP. We may also have something compatible with UUCP.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  Who Am I?
+ </p>
+ <a name="index-Stallman_002c-Richard-1">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-Emacs_002c-GNU-3">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-Emacs-3">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-MIT_002c-AI-_0028Artificial-Intelligence_0029-Lab-2">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-ITS-_0028Incompatible-Timesharing-System_0029-3">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-Lisp_002c-Lisp-Machine-operating-system">
+ </a>
+ <p>
+  I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters,
+the Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating
+system.  I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In
+addition I have implemented one crashproof file system and two window
+systems for Lisp machines.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  Why I Must Write GNU
+ </p>
+ <a name="index-Golden-Rule">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-citizen-values_002c-Golden-Rule">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-nondisclosure-agreements-3">
+ </a>
+ <p>
+  I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
+agreement.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  So that I can continue to use computers without violating my
+principles, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free
+software so that I will be able to get along without any software that
+is not free.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  How You Can Contribute
+ </p>
+ <a name="index-development_002c-contributions-and-donations-1">
+ </a>
+ <a name="index-call-to-action_002c-initial-announcement">
+ </a>
+ <p>
+  I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
+money.  I’m asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a
+machine. But we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you
+donate machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The
+machine had better be able to operate in a residential area, and not
+require sophisticated cooling or power.
+ </p>
+ <a name="index-Unix-compatibility_002c-ease-of-contribution-because-of">
+ </a>
+ <p>
+  Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible
+duplicate of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects,
+such part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together. But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work with
+the rest of GNU.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full
+or part time. The salary won’t be high, but I’m looking for people for
+whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I
+view this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full
+energies to working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living
+in another way.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  For more information, contact me.
+  <br>
+   Arpanet mail:
+   <br>
+    RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA
+   </br>
+  </br>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  Usenet:
+  <br>
+   ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ
+  ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ
+   <a name="index-MIT-2">
+   </a>
+  </br>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  US Snail:
+  <br>
+   Richard Stallman
+   <br>
+    166 Prospect St
+    <br>
+     Cambridge, MA 02139
+     <a name="index-GNU_002c-initial-announcement-1">
+     </a>
+     <a name="index-MIT-3">
+     </a>
+    </br>
+   </br>
+  </br>
+ </p>
+ <div class="footnote">
+  <hr>
+   <h3>
+    Footnotes
+   </h3>
+   <h3>
+    <a href="#DOCF11" name="FOOT11">
+     (11)
+    </a>
+   </h3>
+   <p>
+    The wording here was careless. The
+intention was that nobody would have to pay for
+    <em>
+     permission
+    </em>
+    to
+use the GNU system. But the words don’t make this clear, and people
+often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should always be
+distributed at little or no charge. That was never the intent.
+   </p>
+  </hr>
+ </div>
+ <hr size="2"/>
+