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-<!-- This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman.
-
-Free Software Foundation
-
-51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
-
-Boston, MA 02110-1335
-Copyright C 2002, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted
-worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is
-preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations
-of this book from the original English into another language provided
-the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and
-the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all
-copies.
-
-ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9
-Cover design by Rob Myers.
-
-Cover photograph by Peter Hinely.
- -->
-
-
- <a name="What-Is-Copyleft_003f">
- </a>
- <h1 class="chapter">
-  21. What Is Copyleft?
- </h1>
- <a name="index-GPL-2">
- </a>
- <a name="index-copyleft-_0028see-also-copyright_0029-3">
- </a>
- <a name="index-copylefted-software-_0028see-also-software_0029-1">
- </a>
- <p>
-  Copyleft is a general method for making a program (or
-other work) free, and requiring all modified and extended versions of the
-program to be free as well.
- </p>
- <a name="index-public-domain-software-_0028see-also-software_0029-4">
- </a>
- <p>
-  The simplest way to make a program free software is to put it in the
-public domain, uncopyrighted. This allows people to
-share the program and their improvements, if they are so minded. But
-it also allows uncooperative people to convert the program into
-proprietary software. They can make changes, many or few,
-and distribute the result as a proprietary product. People who
-receive the program in that modified form do not have the freedom that
-the original author gave them; the middleman has stripped it away.
- </p>
- <p>
-  In the GNU Project, our aim is
-to give
-  <em>
-   all
-  </em>
-  users the freedom to redistribute and change GNU
-software. If middlemen could strip off the freedom, we might have
-many users, but those users would not have freedom. So instead of
-putting GNU software in the public domain, we “copyleft”
-it. Copyleft says that anyone who redistributes the software, with or
-without changes, must pass along the freedom to further copy and
-change it. Copyleft guarantees that every user has freedom.
- </p>
- <p>
-  Copyleft also provides an incentive for other programmers to add to
-free software. Important free programs such as the
-  <a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-C_002b_002b-compiler">
-  </a>
-  GNU C++ compiler
-exist only because of this.
- </p>
- <p>
-  Copyleft also helps programmers who want to contribute improvements to
-free software get permission to
-do so. These programmers often work for companies or universities
-that would do almost anything to get more money. A programmer may
-want to contribute her changes to the community, but her employer may
-want to turn the changes into a proprietary software product.
- </p>
- <p>
-  When we explain to the employer that it is illegal to distribute the
-improved version except as free software, the employer usually decides
-to release it as free software rather than throw it away.
- </p>
- <p>
-  To copyleft a program, we first state that it is copyrighted; then we
-add distribution terms, which are a legal instrument that gives
-everyone the rights to use, modify, and redistribute the program’s
-code,
-  <em>
-   or any program derived from it,
-  </em>
-  but only if the
-distribution terms are unchanged. Thus, the code and the freedoms
-become legally inseparable.
- </p>
- <p>
-  Proprietary software developers use copyright to take away the users’
-freedom; we use copyright to guarantee their freedom. That’s why we
-reverse the name, changing “copyright” into
-“copyleft.”
- </p>
- <p>
-  Copyleft is a way of using of the copyright on the program. It
-doesn’t mean abandoning the copyright; in fact, doing so would make
-copyleft impossible. The “left” in
-“copyleft” is not a reference to the verb “to
-leave”—only to the direction which is the inverse of
-“right.”
- </p>
- <p>
-  Copyleft is a general concept, and you can’t use a general concept
-directly; you can only use a specific implementation of the concept.
-In the GNU Project, the specific distribution terms that we use for
-most software are contained in the GNU General Public License. The GNU General Public License is often called the GNU GPL for
-short. There is also a Frequently Asked Questions page about the GNU
-GPL, at
-  <a href="http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html">
-   http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html
-  </a>
-  . You can also
-read about why the FSF gets copyright assignments from contributors,
-at
-  <a href="http://gnu.org/copyleft/why-assign.html">
-   http://gnu.org/copyleft/why-assign.html
-  </a>
-  .
- </p>
- <a name="index-libraries-_0028comp_002e_0029_002c-LGPL-and">
- </a>
- <a name="index-LGPL_002c-and-GNU-libraries">
- </a>
- <a name="index-GNU_002c-GNU-libraries">
- </a>
- <a name="index-libraries-_0028comp_002e_0029_002c-GNU-1">
- </a>
- <p>
-  An alternate form of copyleft, the GNU Lesser General Public License
-(LGPL), applies to a few (but not all) GNU libraries. To
-learn more about properly using the LGPL, please read the article
-“Why You Shouldn’t Use the Lesser GPL for Your Next Library,”
-available at
-  <a href="http://gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">
-   http://gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html
-  </a>
-  .
- </p>
- <a name="index-manuals_002c-FDL-and">
- </a>
- <a name="index-FDL-_0028see-also-both-manuals-and-documentation_0029-1">
- </a>
- <p>
-  The GNU Free Documentation License (FDL) is a form of
-copyleft intended for use on a manual, textbook or other document to
-assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
-with or without modifications, either commercially or noncommercially.
- </p>
- <p>
-  The appropriate license is included in many manuals and in each GNU
-source code distribution.
- </p>
- <p>
-  All these licenses are designed so that you can easily apply them to
-your own works, assuming you are the copyright holder. You don’t have
-to modify the license to do this, just include a copy of the license
-in the work, and add notices in the source files that refer properly
-to the license.
- </p>
- <a name="index-LGPL_002c-altering-distribution-terms-to-GPL">
- </a>
- <p>
-  Using the same distribution terms for many different programs makes it
-easy to copy code between various different programs. When they all
-have the same distribution terms, there is no problem. The Lesser
-GPL, version 2, includes a provision that lets you alter the
-distribution terms to the ordinary GPL, so that you can copy code into
-another program covered by the GPL. Version 3 of the Lesser GPL is
-built as an exception added to GPL version 3, making the compatibility
-automatic.
- </p>
- <p>
-  If you would like to copyleft your program with the GNU GPL or the GNU
-LGPL, please see the license instructions page, at
-  <a href="http://gnu.org/copyleft/gpl-howto.html">
-   http://gnu.org/copyleft/gpl-howto.html
-  </a>
-  , for advice.
-Please note that you must use the entire text of the license you
-choose. Each is an integral whole, and partial copies are not
-permitted.
- </p>
- <p>
-  If you would like to copyleft your manual with the GNU FDL, please see
-the instructions at the end of the FDL text, and the GFDL
-instructions page, at
-  <a href="http://gnu.org/copyleft/fdl-howto.html">
-   http://gnu.org/copyleft/fdl-howto.html
-  </a>
-  . Again, partial
-copies are not permitted.
-  <a name="index-copylefted-software-_0028see-also-software_0029-2">
-  </a>
-  <a name="index-copyleft-_0028see-also-copyright_0029-4">
-  </a>
-  <a name="index-GPL-3">
-  </a>
- </p>
- <hr size="2"/>
-