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diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/loyal-computers.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/loyal-computers.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11960e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/loyal-computers.html @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ +<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<title>What Does It Mean for Your Computer to Be Loyal? +- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> + <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/loyal-computers.translist" --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> + +<h2>What Does It Mean for Your Computer to Be Loyal?</h2> + +<p>by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> + +<p>We say that running <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free +software</a> on your computer means that its operation is <a +href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">under your +control</a>. Implicitly this presupposes that your computer will do +what your programs tell it to do, and no more. In other words, that +your computer will be loyal to you.</p> + +<p>In 1990 we took that for granted; nowadays, many computers are +designed to be disloyal to their users. It has become necessary to +spell out what it means for your computer to be a loyal platform that +obeys your decisions, which you express by telling it to run certain +programs.</p> + +<p>Our tentative definition consists of these principles.</p> + +<dl> +<dt>Installability</dt> + +<dd> +<p>Any software that can be replaced by someone else, +the user must be empowered to replace.</p> + +<p>Thus, if the computer requires a password or some other secret in +order to replace some of the software in it, whoever sells you the +computer must tell you that secret as well.</p> +</dd> + +<dt>Neutrality towards software</dt> + +<dd> +<p>The computer will run, without prejudice, whatever software you +install in it, and let that software do whatever its code says to +do.</p> + +<p>A feature to check for signatures on the programs that run is +compatible with this principle provided the signature checking is +fully under the user's control. When that is so, the feature helps +implement the user's decisions about which programs to run, rather than +thwarting the user's decisions. By contrast, signature checking that +is not fully under the user's control violates this principle.</p> +</dd> + +<dt>Neutrality towards protocols</dt> + +<dd> +<p>The computer will communicate, without prejudice, through whatever +protocol your installed software implements, with whatever users and +whatever other networked computers you direct it to communicate +with.</p> + +<p>This means that computer does not impose one particular service rather +than another, or one protocol rather than another. It does not +require the user to get anyone else's permission to communicate via a +certain protocol.</p> +</dd> + +<dt>Neutrality towards implementations</dt> + +<dd> +<p>When the computer communicates using any given protocol, it will +support doing so, without prejudice, via whatever code you choose +(assuming the code implements the intended protocol), and it will do +nothing to help any other part of the Internet to distinguish which +code you are using or what changes you may have made in it, or to +discriminate based on your choice.</p> + +<p>This entails that the computer rejects remote attestation, that is, +that it does not permit other computers to determine over the network +whether your computer is running one particular software load. Remote +attestation gives web sites the power to compel you to connect to them +only through an application with DRM that you can't break, denying you +effective control over the software you use to communicate with them.</p> + +<p>We can comprehend remote attestation as a general scheme to allow +any web site to impose tivoization or “lockdown” on the +local software you connect to it with. Simple tivoization of a +program bars modified versions from functioning properly; that makes +the program nonfree. Remote attestation by web sites bars modified +versions from working with those sites that use it, which makes the +program effectively nonfree when using those sites. If a computer +allows web sites to bar you from using a modified program with them, +it is loyal to them, not to you.</p> +</dd> + +<dt>Neutrality towards data communicated</dt> + +<dd> +<p>When the computer receives data using whatever protocol, it will +not limit what the program can do with the data received through that +communication.</p> + +<p>Any hardware-level DRM violates this principle. For instance, the +hardware must not deliver video streams encrypted such that only the +monitor can decrypt them.</p> +</dd> + +<dt>Debugability</dt> + +<dd> +<p>The computer always permits you to analyze the operation of a +program that is running.</p> +</dd> + +<dt>Completeness</dt> + +<dd> +<p>The principles above apply to all the computer's software +interfaces and all communication the computer does. The computer must +not have any disloyal programmable facility or do any disloyal +communication.</p> + +<p>For instance, the AMT functionality in recent Intel processors runs +nonfree software that can talk to Intel remotely. Unless disabled, +this makes the system disloyal.</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p>For a computer to be fully at your service, it should come with +documentation of all the interfaces intended for software running in +the computer to use to control the computer. A documentation gap as +such doesn't mean the computer is actively disloyal, but does mean +there are some aspect of it that are not at your service. Depending +on what that aspect does, this might or might not be a real problem.</p> + +<p>We ask readers to send criticisms and suggestions about this +definition to <a href="mailto:computer-principles@gnu.org"> +<computer-principles@gnu.org></a>.</p> + +<p>Loyalty as defined here is the most basic criterion we could think +of that is meaningful. It does not require that all the software in +the computer be free. However, the presence +of <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">nonfree +software in the computer</a> is an obstacle to verifying that the +computer is loyal, or making sure it remains so.</p> + +<h3 id="History">History</h3> + +<p>Here is the list of substantive changes in this page.</p> + +<ul> + +<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/loyal-computers.html?root=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6">Version 1.6</a>: +Add installability requirement. +</li> + +<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/loyal-computers.html?root=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4">Version +1.4</a>: Full documentation is not a requirement for loyalty. +</li> +</ul> + +</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> +<div id="footer"> +<div class="unprintable"> + +<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to +<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. +There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> +the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent +to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> + +<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, + replace it with the translation of these two: + + We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality + translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. + Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard + to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> + <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> + + <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + our web pages, see <a + href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations + README</a>. --> +Please see the <a +href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +of this article.</p> +</div> + +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 2015, 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> + +<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> + +<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> + +<p class="unprintable">Updated: +<!-- timestamp start --> +$Date: 2019/03/18 17:56:19 $ +<!-- timestamp end --> +</p> +</div> +</div> +</body> +</html> |