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diff --git a/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/initial-announcement.html b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/initial-announcement.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..510de6c --- /dev/null +++ b/talermerchantdemos/blog/articles/en/initial-announcement.html @@ -0,0 +1,291 @@ +<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> +<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 --> +<title>Initial Announcement - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> +<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> +<h2>Initial Announcement</h2> + +<p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by +<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> on September +27, 1983.</p> + +<p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from +this initial plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until +January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts +of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> were not +clarified until a few years later.</p> + +<h3>Free Unix!</h3> + +<p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete +Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and +give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it. +Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly +needed.</p> + +<p>To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed +to write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker, +assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text +formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of +other things. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that +normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including +on-line and hardcopy documentation.</p> + +<p>GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to +Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our +experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to +have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system, +filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and +eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp +programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and +Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will have +network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol, far superior to +UUCP. We may also have something compatible with UUCP.</p> + + +<h3>Who Am I?</h3> + +<p>I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS +editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked +extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, +the Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating +system. I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In +addition I have implemented one crashproof file system and two window +systems for Lisp machines.</p> + +<h3>Why I Must Write GNU</h3> + +<p>I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I +must share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good +conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license +agreement.</p> + +<p>So that I can continue to use computers without violating my +principles, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free +software so that I will be able to get along without any software that +is not free.</p> + + +<h3>How You Can Contribute</h3> + +<p>I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and +money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p> + +<p>One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine. But +we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate +machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had +better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require +sophisticated cooling or power.</p> + +<p>Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate +of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such +part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the +independently-written parts would not work together. But for the +particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most +interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each +contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work +with the rest of GNU.</p> + +<p>If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or +part time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for +whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view +this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to +working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.</p> + + +<p>For more information, contact me.</p> + +<p>Arpanet mail:<br /> + RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p> + +<p>Usenet:<br /> + ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br /> + ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p> + +<p>US Snail:<br /> + Richard Stallman<br /> + 166 Prospect St<br /> + Cambridge, MA 02139</p> + + +<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around “free”</h4> + +<p>The wording here was careless. The intention was that nobody would +have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the +words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying +that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no +charge. That was never the intent.</p> + +<h3>Original message</h3> + +<p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its +original form.</p> + +<div dir="ltr"> +<pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.--> +From CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ +From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie +Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft +Subject: new Unix implementation +Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST +Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA + +Free Unix! + +Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete +Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and +give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it. +Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly +needed. + +To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to +write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker, +assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text +formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of +other things. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that +normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including +on-line and hardcopy documentation. + +GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical +to Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based +on our experience with other operating systems. In particular, +we plan to have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof +file system, filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent +display support, and eventually a Lisp-based window system through +which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. +Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. +We will have network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol, +far superior to UUCP. We may also have something compatible +with UUCP. + + +Who Am I? + +I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS +editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked +extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the +Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system. +I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In addition I +have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for +Lisp machines. + + +Why I Must Write GNU + +I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I +must share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good +conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license +agreement. + +So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles, +I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that +I will be able to get along without any software that is not free. + + +How You Can Contribute + +I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money. +I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work. + +One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine. But +we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate +machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had +better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require +sophisticated cooling or power. + +Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate +of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such +part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the +independently-written parts would not work together. But for the +particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most +interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each +contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work +with the rest of GNU. + +If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or +part time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for +whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view +this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to +working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way. + + +For more information, contact me. +Arpanet mail: + RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA + +Usenet: + ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ + ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ + +US Snail: + Richard Stallman + 166 Prospect St + Cambridge, MA 02139 +</pre> +</div> + +</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> +<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> +<div id="footer"> +<div class="unprintable"> + +<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to +<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. +There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> +the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent +to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> + +<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, + replace it with the translation of these two: + + We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality + translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. + Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard + to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> + <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> + + <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of + our web pages, see <a + href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations + README</a>. --> +Please see the <a +href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations +README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations +of this article.</p> +</div> + +<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to + files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should + be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this + without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. + Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the + document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the + document was modified, or published. + + If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. + Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying + years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable + year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including + being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). + + There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers + Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> + +<p>Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014 +Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> + +<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" +href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative +Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> + +<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> + +<p class="unprintable">Updated: +<!-- timestamp start --> +$Date: 2014/04/12 12:39:38 $ +<!-- timestamp end --> +</p> +</div> +</div> +</body> +</html> |