@@ -128,161 +107,5 @@ Ida, professor, Graduate School of International Management, Aoyama Gakuin University

FSFSv2

This is the second edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman.
-Free Software Foundation
-51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
-Boston, MA 02110-1335 -
-Copyright © 2002, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -

ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 -
-
-Cover design by Rob Myers.
-Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. -

- - This document was generated by Christian Grothoff on February 18, 2016 using texi2html 1.82. - -
- -

Appendix B: Translations of the Term “Free Software”

The following is a list of recommended unambiguous translations of the term “free software” into various languages: -

- Afrikaans: vrye sagteware
- Albanian: software i lirë -
- Arabic: @lower 2.7pt @hbox{} -
- Belarusian: @lower 3pt @hbox{} -
- Bulgarian: @lower 3pt @hbox{} +
- Arabic: +
- Belarusian: +
- Bulgarian:
- Catalan: programari lliure -
- Chinese: @lower 0.9pt @hbox{} @kern -2pt (simplified), @lower 0.9pt @hbox{} @kern -2pt (traditional) +
- Chinese: (simplified), (traditional)
- Czech: svobodný software
- Croatian/Serbian: slobodni softver
- Danish: fri software or frit programmel
- Dutch: vrije software
- Esperanto: libera programaro
- Estonian: vaba tarkvara -
- Farsi: @lower 4.6pt @hbox{} +
- Farsi:
- Finnish: vapaa ohjelmisto
- French: logiciel libre
- German: freie Software -
- Greek: @lower 3pt @hbox{} +
- Greek:
- Hungarian: szabad szoftver -
- Icelandic: frjáls hugbúna@dh{}ur +
- Icelandic: frjáls hugbúna@dh{ur
- Ido: libera programaro
- Indonesian: perangkat lunak bebas
- Interlingua: libere programmage or libere programmario
- Irish: bog earraí saoire
- Italian: software libero -
- Japanese: @kern -0.5pt @lower 1.1pt @hbox{} or @kern -0.5pt @lower 1.1pt @hbox{} +
- Japanese: or
- Lithuanian: laisva programinė įranga
- Malay: perisian bebas
- Norwegian: fri programvare
- Polish: wolne oprogramowanie
- Portuguese: software livre
- Romanian: software liber -
- Russian: @lower 3pt @hbox{} +
- Russian:
- Sardinian: software liberu -
- Serbian/Croatian: @lower 3pt @hbox{} +
- Serbian/Croatian:
- Slovak: slobodný softvér
- Slovenian: prosto programje
- Spanish: software libre
- Swahili: Programu huru za Kompyuta
- Swedish: fri programvara, fri mjukvara
- Tagalog: malayang software -
- Tamil: @lower 3.5pt @hbox{} +
- Tamil:
- Turkish: özgür yazilim -
- Ukrainian: @kern -1pt @lower 3.1pt @hbox{} +
- Ukrainian:
- Welsh: meddalwedd rydd
- Zulu: Isoftware Ekhululekile

- - - - - - - - - - - - -

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Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.

6. Why Software Should Be Free

@begingroup -@normalbottom -@interlinepenalty = -200 -

Introduction

@@ -971,7 +966,6 @@ taking from others. I hope that the free software movement will contribute to this: at least in one area, we will replace the jungle with a more efficient system which encourages and runs on voluntary cooperation. -@endgroup

Footnotes

@@ -996,20 +990,5 @@ Lotus Marketplace database of personal information, which was withdrawn from sal

Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal, 286 US 123, 1932.

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LAWRENCE LESSIG

@let@textindent=@gobble -@def@hang{@kern-@defaultparindent}@hangindent=0pt@relax -@def@thisfootno{} -@dofootnote{@kern-10pt +

Lawrence Lessig is a Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, the director of the
Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center for Ethics, and the founder of Stanford Law
School’s Center for Internet and Society. For much of his career, he focused his
work on law and technology, especially as it affects copyright. He is the author of numerous books and has served as a board member of many -organizations,
including the Free Software Foundation.} +organizations,
including the Free Software Foundation.

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- -

- -@global@pageno = 1 -

@part Part I:
The GNU Project
and Free Software -

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Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.

Appendix A: A Note on Software

- -

Written by Richard E. Buckman and Joshua Gay. -
-

This section is intended for people who have little or no knowledge of -the technical aspects of computer science. It is not necessary to read -this section to understand the essays and speeches presented in this -book; however, it may be helpful to those readers not familiar with -some of the jargon that comes with programming and computer science. -

A computer programmer writes software, or computer programs. A -program is more or less a recipe with commands to tell the -computer what to do in order to carry out certain tasks. You are more -than likely familiar with many different programs: your Web browser, -your word processor, your email client, and the like. -

A program usually starts out as source code. This higher-level -set of commands is written in a programming language such as C -or Java. After that, a tool known as a compiler translates this -to a lower-level language known as assembly language. Another -tool known as an assembler breaks the assembly code down to the -final stage of machine language—the lowest level—which the -computer understands natively. -

- -

For example, consider the -“hello world” program, a common first program for people learning C, -which (when compiled and executed) prints “Hello World!” on the screen. -(54) -

int main(){ 
-    printf(''Hello World!''); 
-    return 0; 
-}
-

- -

In the Java programming language the same program would -be written like this: -

public class hello { 
-    public static void main(String args[]) {
-        System.out.println(''Hello World!''); 
-    } 
-}
-

- -

However, in machine language, a small section of it may look similar to -this: -

1100011110111010100101001001001010101110
-0110101010011000001111001011010101111101
-0100111111111110010110110000000010100100
-0100100001100101011011000110110001101111
-0010000001010111011011110111001001101100
-0110010000100001010000100110111101101111
-

- -

The above form of machine language is the most basic representation -known as binary. All data in computers is made up of a series of -0-or-1 values, but a person would have much difficulty understanding -the data. To make a simple change to the binary, one would have to -have an intimate knowledge of how a particular computer interprets the -machine language. This could be feasible for small programs like the -above examples, but any interesting program would involve an -exhausting effort to make simple changes. -

As an example, imagine that we wanted to make a change to our “Hello -World” program written in C so that instead of printing “Hello World” -in English it prints it in French. The change would be simple; here is -the new program: -

int main() { 
-    printf(''Bonjour, monde!''); 
-    return 0; 
-}
-

- -

It is safe to say that one can easily infer how to change the program -written in the Java programming language in the same way. However, -even many programmers would not know where to begin if they wanted to -change the binary representation. When we say “source code,” we do -not mean machine language that only computers can understand—we are -speaking of higher-level languages such as C and Java. A few other -popular programming languages are C++, Perl, and Python. Some are -harder than others to understand and program in, but they are all much -easier to work with compared to the intricate machine language -they get turned into after the programs are compiled and assembled. -

Another important concept is understanding what an operating -system is. An operating system is the software that handles input and -output, memory allocation, and task scheduling. Generally one -considers common or useful programs such as the Graphical User -Interface (GUI) to be a part of the operating system. The GNU/Linux -operating system contains a both GNU and non-GNU software, and a -kernel called Linux. The kernel handles low-level tasks -that applications depend upon such as input/output and task -scheduling. The GNU software comprises much of the rest of the -operating system, including GCC, a general-purpose compiler for many -languages; GNU Emacs, an extensible text editor with many, many -features; GNOME, the GNU desktop; GNU libc, a library that all -programs other than the kernel must use in order to communicate with -the kernel; and Bash, the GNU command interpreter that reads your -command lines. Many of these programs were pioneered by Richard -Stallman early on in the GNU Project and come with any modern -GNU/Linux operating system. -

It is important to understand that even if you cannot -change the source code for a given program, or directly use all these -tools, it is relatively easy to find someone who can. Therefore, by -having the source code to a program you are usually given the power to -change, fix, customize, and learn about a program—this is a power that -you do not have if you are not given the source code. Source -code is one of the requirements that makes a piece of software -free. The other requirements will be found along with the -philosophy and ideas behind them in this collection. -

Footnotes

(54)

In other programming languages, such as -Scheme, the Hello World program is usually not your first program. -In Scheme you often start with a program like this: -

(define (factorial n)
-  (if (= n 0) 
-      1 
-      (* n (factorial (- n 1)))))
-

- -

This computes the factorial of a number; that is, running -(factorial 5)would output 120, which is computed by doing -5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 * 1. -

- - - - - - - -

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Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.

Appendix B: Translations of the Term “Free Software”

- - - -

The following is a list of recommended unambiguous translations of -the term “free software” into various languages: -

- Afrikaans: vrye sagteware -
- Albanian: software i lirë -
- Arabic: @lower 2.7pt @hbox{} -
- Belarusian: @lower 3pt @hbox{} -
- Bulgarian: @lower 3pt @hbox{} -
- Catalan: programari lliure -
- Chinese: @lower 0.9pt @hbox{} @kern -2pt (simplified), @lower 0.9pt @hbox{} @kern -2pt (traditional) -
- Czech: svobodný software -
- Croatian/Serbian: slobodni softver -
- Danish: fri software or frit programmel -
- Dutch: vrije software -
- Esperanto: libera programaro -
- Estonian: vaba tarkvara -
- Farsi: @lower 4.6pt @hbox{} -
- Finnish: vapaa ohjelmisto -
- French: logiciel libre -
- German: freie Software -
- Greek: @lower 3pt @hbox{} -
- Hungarian: szabad szoftver -
- Icelandic: frjáls hugbúna@dh{}ur -
- Ido: libera programaro -
- Indonesian: perangkat lunak bebas -
- Interlingua: libere programmage or libere programmario -
- Irish: bog earraí saoire -
- Italian: software libero -
- Japanese: @kern -0.5pt @lower 1.1pt @hbox{} or @kern -0.5pt @lower 1.1pt @hbox{} -
- Lithuanian: laisva programinė įranga -
- Malay: perisian bebas -
- Norwegian: fri programvare -
- Polish: wolne oprogramowanie -
- Portuguese: software livre -
- Romanian: software liber -
- Russian: @lower 3pt @hbox{} -
- Sardinian: software liberu -
- Serbian/Croatian: @lower 3pt @hbox{} -
- Slovak: slobodný softvér -
- Slovenian: prosto programje -
- Spanish: software libre -
- Swahili: Programu huru za Kompyuta -
- Swedish: fri programvara, fri mjukvara -
- Tagalog: malayang software -
- Tamil: @lower 3.5pt @hbox{} -
- Turkish: özgür yazilim -
- Ukrainian: @kern -1pt @lower 3.1pt @hbox{} -
- Welsh: meddalwedd rydd -
- Zulu: Isoftware Ekhululekile - - -

- - - - - - - -

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Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.

Index

- - -

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Footnotes

(1)

@raggedright -See http://freedomdefined.org. -@end raggedright -

(2)

@raggedright -The use of - -“hacker” to mean “security breaker” is a confusion on the part of -the mass media. We hackers refuse to recognize that meaning, and -continue using the word to mean someone who loves to program, someone -who enjoys playful cleverness, or the combination of the two. See my -article, “On Hacking,” at -http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html. -@end raggedright -

(3)

@raggedright -As an -Atheist, I don’t follow any religious leaders, but I sometimes find I -admire something one of them has said. -@end raggedright -

(4)

@raggedright -In 1984 or 1985, - -Don Hopkins (a very -imaginative fellow) mailed me a letter. On the envelope he had written -several amusing sayings, including this one: “Copyleft—all rights -reversed.” I used the word “copyleft” to name the distribution -concept I was developing at the time. -@end raggedright -

(5)

@raggedright -We now use the - -GNU Free -Documentation License (p. @refx{FDL-pg}{ -

(6)

@raggedright -“Bourne Again Shell” is a play on the name “Bourne -Shell,” which was the usual shell on Unix. -@end raggedright -

(7)

@raggedright -That was written in 1998. In 2009 we no longer maintain a long -task list. The community develops free software so fast that we can’t -even keep track of it all. Instead, we have a list of High Priority -Projects, a much shorter list of projects we really want to encourage -people to write. -@end raggedright -

(8)

@raggedright -This license is now called -the GNU Lesser General Public License, to avoid giving the idea that -all libraries ought to use it. -@end raggedright -

(9)

@raggedright -Eric Raymond is a prominent open source advocate; see “Why Open -Source Misses the Point” (p. @refx{OS Misses Point-pg}{ -

(10)

@raggedright -Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and -Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, -Calif.: O’Reilly, 2001), p. 23. -@end raggedright -

(11)

@raggedright -The wording here was careless. The -intention was that nobody would have to pay for permission to -use the GNU system. But the words don’t make this clear, and people -often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should always be -distributed at little or no charge. That was never the intent. -@end raggedright -

(12)

@raggedright -The wording here was -careless. The intention was that nobody would have to pay for -permission to use the GNU system. But the words don’t make this -clear, and people often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU -should always be distributed at little or no charge. That was never -the intent; later on, the manifesto mentions the possibility of -companies providing the service of distribution for a -profit. Subsequently I have learned to distinguish carefully between -“free” in the sense of freedom and “free” in the sense of -price. Free software is software that users have the freedom to -distribute and change. Some users may obtain copies at no charge, -while others pay to obtain copies—and if the funds help support -improving the software, so much the better. The important thing is -that everyone who has a copy has the freedom to cooperate with others -in using it. -@end raggedright -

(13)

@raggedright -The expression - -“give away” is another indication that I had not yet clearly -separated the issue of price from that of freedom. We now recommend -avoiding this expression when talking about free software. See “Words -to Avoid (or Use with Care)” (p. @refx{Words to Avoid-pg}{ -

(14)

@raggedright -Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the - -High Priority Projects list, at -http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/, and the - -GNU -Help Wanted list, the general task list for GNU software packages, at -http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1. For other ways to -help, see http://gnu.org/help/help.html. -@end raggedright -

(15)

@raggedright -This is another place I failed -to distinguish carefully between the two different meanings of -“free.” The statement as it stands is not false—you can get copies -of GNU software at no charge, from your friends or over the net. But -it does suggest the wrong idea. -@end raggedright -

(16)

@raggedright -Several such companies now exist. -@end raggedright -

(17)

@raggedright -Although it is -a charity rather than a company, the - - -Free Software Foundation for 10 -years raised most of its funds from its distribution service. You can -order things from the FSF to support its work. -@end raggedright -

(18)

@raggedright -A group -of computer companies pooled funds around 1991 to support maintenance -of the - -GNU C Compiler. -@end raggedright -

(19)

@raggedright -I think I was mistaken in saying -that proprietary software was the most common basis for making money -in software. It seems that actually the most common business model was -and is development of custom software. That does not offer the -possibility of collecting rents, so the business has to keep doing -real work in order to keep getting income. The custom software -business would continue to exist, more or less unchanged, in a free -software world. Therefore, I no longer expect that most paid -programmers would earn less in a free software world. -@end raggedright -

(20)

@raggedright -In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing it -was to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual property.” That term -is obviously biased; more subtle is the fact that it lumps together -various disparate laws which raise very different issues. Nowadays I -urge people to reject the term “intellectual property” entirely, -lest it lead others to suppose that those laws form one coherent -issue. The way to be clear is to discuss patents, copyrights, and - -trademarks separately. See “Did You Say ‘Intellectual Property’? It’s -a Seductive Mirage” (p. @refx{Not IPR-pg}{ -

(21)

@raggedright -Subsequently we learned to distinguish between -“free software” and “freeware.” The term “freeware” means -software you are free to redistribute, but usually you are not free to -study and change the source code, so most of it is not free -software. See “Words to Avoid (or Use with Care)” (p. @refx{Words to -Avoid-pg}{ -

(22)

@raggedright -The charges were subsequently -dismissed. -@end raggedright -

(23)

@raggedright -The word “free” in “free software” refers to freedom, not to price; the price paid for a copy of a free -program may be zero, or small, or (rarely) quite large. -@end raggedright -

(24)

@raggedright -The issues of pollution and traffic congestion do not -alter this conclusion. If we wish to make driving more expensive to -discourage driving in general, it is disadvantageous to do this using -toll booths, which contribute to both pollution and congestion. A tax -on gasoline is much better. Likewise, a desire to enhance safety by -limiting maximum speed is not relevant; a free-access road enhances -the average speed by avoiding stops and delays, for any given speed -limit. -@end raggedright -

(25)

@raggedright -One might regard a particular computer program as a harmful thing that should not be available at all, like the - -Lotus Marketplace database of personal information, which was withdrawn from sale due to public disapproval. Most of what I say does not apply to this case, but it makes little sense to argue for having an owner on the grounds that the owner will make the program less available. The owner will not make it completely unavailable, as one would wish in the case of a program whose use is considered destructive. -@end raggedright -

(26)

@raggedright - -Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal, 286 US 123, 1932. -@end raggedright -

(27)

- -

RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company was fined $15m in 2002 for handing out -free samples of cigarettes at events attended by children. See -http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm. -

(28)

@raggedright -Michelle Finley, “French Pols Say, ‘Open It Up,’” 24 April 2000, http://wired.com/politics/law/news/2000/04/35862. -@end raggedright -

(29)

@raggedright -See -http://opensource.org/docs/osd for the full definition. -@end raggedright -

(30)

@raggedright -Neal -Stephenson, In the Beginning...Was the Command Line (New York: -HarperCollins Publishers, 1999), p. 94. -@end raggedright -

(31)

@raggedright -Mary Jane -Irwin, “The Brave New World of Open-Source Game Design,” New -York Times, online ed., 7 February 2009, -http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html. -@end raggedright -

(32)

@raggedright -Dan Farber, “Oracle’s Ellison Nails Cloud -Computing,” 26 September 2008, -http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html. -@end raggedright -@vglue -1pc -

(33)

@raggedright -An unedited transcript of American rock musician -Courtney Love’s 16 May 2000 speech to the Digital Hollywood -online-entertainment conference, in New York, is available at -http://salon.com/technology/feature/2000/06/14/love/print.html. -@end raggedright -@vglue -1pc -

(34)

@raggedright -See my -article, “On Hacking,” at -http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html. -@end raggedright -@vglue -1pc -

(35)

@raggedright -“Directive on the patentability of -computer-implemented inventions,” 24 September 2003, -http://eupat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309. -@end raggedright -@vglue -1pc -

(36)

@raggedright - -Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal, 286 US 123, 1932. -@end raggedright -

(37)

@raggedright -Congressional Record, S. 483, “The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1995,” 2 March 1995, pp. S3390–4. -@end raggedright -

(38)

@raggedright -Congressional -Record, “Statement on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions,” -2 March 1995, p. S3390, -http://gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1995-03-02/pdf/CREC-1995-03-02-pt1-PgS3390-2.pdf. -@end raggedright -

(39)

@raggedright -Jack Valenti was a longtime president of the Motion -Picture Association of America. -@end raggedright -

(40)

@raggedright -Congressional Record, remarks of -Rep. - -Bono, 7 October 1998, p. H9952, http://gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1998-10-07/pdf/CREC-1998-10-07-pt1-PgH9946.pdf. -@end raggedright -

(41)

@raggedright -Since renamed to the unpronounceable - -CBDTPA, -for which a good mnemonic is “Consume, But Don’t Try -Programming Anything,” but it really stands for the -“Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion -Act.” -@end raggedright -

(42)

If you would like to help, I recommend the web -sites - -http://defectivebydesign.org, http://publicknowledge.org, and http://eff.org. -

(43)

@raggedright -“Nine Inch Nails Made at Least $750k from CC Release in Two Days,” posted by Cory Doctorow, 5 March 2008, -http://boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html. -@end raggedright -

(44)

@raggedright -Mike Masnick, -“The Future of Music Business Models (and Those Who Are Already -There),” 25 January 2010, -http://techdirt.com/articles/20091119/1634117011.shtml. -@end raggedright -

(45)

@raggedright -Kevin Kelly is a commentator on digital culture -and the founder of Wired magazine. -@end raggedright -

(46)

@raggedright -Kevin Kelly, “1,000 True -Fans,” 4 March 2008, -http://kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php. -@end raggedright -

(47)

@raggedright -See http://mecenatglobal.org/ for more information. -@end raggedright -

(48)

@raggedright -The SGAE is Spain’s main copyright collective for composers, authors, -and publishers. -@end raggedright -

(49)

@raggedright -Brad -Stone, “Amazon Erases Orwell Books from Kindle,” New York Times, 17 July 2009, sec. B1, http://nytimes.com/2009/07/18/technology/companies/18amazon.html. -@end raggedright -

(50)

@raggedright -Bradley Horowitz, “The Tech Lab: Bradley Horowitz,” BBC News, 29 June 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6252716.stm. -@end raggedright -

(51)

@raggedright -Charles Stross, “The Tech Lab: Charles Stross,” BBC News, 10 July 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6287126.stm. -@end raggedright -

(52)

@raggedright -Dave Winer, “The Tech Lab: Dave Winer,” BBC News, 14 June 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6748103.stm. -@end raggedright -

(53)

@raggedright -William J. Mitchell, City of Bits: Space, Place, and the -Infobahn (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), p. 111, as quoted by -Lawrence Lessig in Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version -2.0 (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2006), p. 5. -@end raggedright -

(54)

In other programming languages, such as -Scheme, the Hello World program is usually not your first program. -In Scheme you often start with a program like this: -

(define (factorial n)
-  (if (= n 0) 
-      1 
-      (* n (factorial (- n 1)))))
-

- -

This computes the factorial of a number; that is, running -(factorial 5)would output 120, which is computed by doing -5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 * 1. -

- - - - -

[Contents]

[Index]

[ ? ]

- - This document was generated by Christian Grothoff on February 18, 2016 using texi2html 1.82. - -
- -

- - diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_ovr.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_ovr.html deleted file mode 100644 index ff0a548b..00000000 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_ovr.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,139 +0,0 @@ - - - - - -Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: Short Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

[Contents]

[Index]

[ ? ]

Short Table of Contents

- - - - -

[Contents]

[Index]

[ ? ]

- - This document was generated by Christian Grothoff on February 18, 2016 using texi2html 1.82. - -
- -

- - diff --git a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_top.html b/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_top.html deleted file mode 100644 index 27ab394a..00000000 --- a/src/frontend_blog/articles/scrap1_top.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,209 +0,0 @@ - - - - - -Free Software, Free Society, 2nd ed.: FSFSv2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Free Software, Free Society

Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman

Second Edition

- Richard M. Stallman
-

- -

Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted -worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is -preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations -of this book from the original English into another language provided -the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and -the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. -

ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 -
-
-Cover design by Rob Myers.
-Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. -

FSFSv2

@smallerbook -@raggedbottom -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

-
-
-
-
-
-Richard Stallman is the prophet of the free software movement. -He understood the dangers of software patents years ago. Now that -this has become a crucial issue in the world, buy this book and read -what he said.
—Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World -Wide Web -
-
-Richard Stallman is the philosopher king of software. He -single-handedly ignited what has become a world-wide movement to -create software that is Free, with a capital F. He has toiled for -years at a project that many once considered a fool’s errand, and now -that is widely seen as “inevitable.”
—Simon L. -Garfinkel, computer science author and columnist -
-
-By his hugely successful efforts to establish the idea of “Free -Software,” Stallman has made a massive contribution to the human -condition. His contribution combines elements that have technical, -social, political, and economic consequences.
—Gerald Jay -Sussman, Matsushita Professor of Electrical Engineering, MIT -
-
-RMS is the leading philosopher of software. You may dislike -some of his attitudes, but you cannot avoid his ideas. This slim -volume will make those ideas readily accessible to those who are -confused by the buzzwords of rampant commercialism. This book needs -to be widely circulated and widely read.
—Peter Salus, -computer science writer, book reviewer, and UNIX historian -
-
-Richard is the leading force of the free software movement. -This book is very important to spread the key concepts of free -software world-wide, so everyone can understand it. Free software -gives people freedom to use their creativity.
—Masayuki -Ida, professor, Graduate School of International Management, Aoyama -Gakuin University -

- -

@pageno = -3 -

- - - - - - -

[Contents]

[Index]

[ ? ]

- -

This is the second edition of Richard Stallman’s collection of essays. -

Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted -worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is -preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations -of this book from the original English into another language provided -the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and -the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. -

ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 -
-
-Cover design by Rob Myers.
-Cover photograph by Peter Hinely. -

- - -

@global@pageno = @lastnegativepageno -

- - - - -

[Contents]

[Index]

[ ? ]

- - This document was generated by Christian Grothoff on February 18, 2016 using texi2html 1.82. - -
- -

- - -- cgit v1.2.3

Foreword		-
Preface to the Second Edition		-
• Part One		-
1. The Free Software Definition		-
2. The GNU Project		-
3. The Initial Announcement of the GNU Operating System		-
4. The GNU Manifesto		-
6. Why Software Should Be Free		-
7. Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software		-
8. Releasing Free Software If You Work at a University		-
9. Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation		-
10. Selling Free Software		-
11. The Free Software Song		-
• Part Two		-
12. What’s in a Name?		-
13. Categories of Free and Nonfree Software		-
14. Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software		-
15. Did You Say “Intellectual Property”?@entrybreak{}It’s a Seductive Mirage		-
16. Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing		-
• Part Three		-
17. The Right to Read: A Dystopian Short Story		-
18. Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors		-
19. Science Must Push Copyright Aside		-
20. Freedom—or Copyright		-
21. What Is Copyleft?		-
22. Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism		-
• Part Four		-
23. Anatomy of a Trivial Patent		-
24. Software Patents and Literary Patents		-
25. The Danger of Software Patents		-
26. Microsoft’s New Monopoly		-
• Part Five		-
• Licenses Intro		-
28. The GNU General Public License		-
29. Why Upgrade to GPLv3		-
30. The GNU Lesser General Public License		-
31. GNU Free Documentation License		-
• Part Six		-
32. Can You Trust Your Computer?		-
33. Who Does That Server Really Serve?		-
34. Free but Shackled: The Java Trap		-
36. The X Window System Trap		-
38. We Can Put an End to Word Attachments		-
• Root		-
39. Thank You, Larry McVoy		-
• Part Seven		-
40. Computing “Progress”: Good and Bad		-
41. Avoiding Ruinous Compromises		-
42. Overcoming Social Inertia		-
43. Freedom or Power?		-
Appendix A: A Note on Software		-
Appendix B: Translations of the Term “Free Software”		-