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+The GNU Taler Merchant API Tutorial
+###################################
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+About GNU Taler
+---------------
+
+GNU Taler is an open protocol for an electronic payment system with a
+free software reference implementation. GNU Taler offers secure, fast
+and easy payment processing using well understood cryptographic
+techniques. GNU Taler allows customers to remain anonymous, while
+ensuring that merchants can be held accountable by governments. Hence,
+GNU Taler is compatible with anti-money-laundering (AML) and
+know-your-customer (KYC) regulation, as well as data protection
+regulation (such as GDPR).
+
+About this tutorial
+-------------------
+
+This tutorial addresses how to process payments using the GNU Taler
+merchant Backend. This chapter explains some basic concepts. In the
+second chapter, you will learn how to do basic payments.
+
+This version of the tutorial has examples for Python3. It uses the
+requests library for HTTP requests. Versions for other
+languages/environments are available as well.
+
+examples
+git
+If you want to look at some simple, running examples, check out these:
+
+- The `essay
+ merchant <https://git.taler.net/blog.git/tree/talerblog/blog/blog.py>`__
+ that sells single chapters of a book.
+
+- The `donation
+ page <https://git.taler.net/donations.git/tree/talerdonations/donations/donations.py>`__
+ that accepts donations for software projects and gives donation
+ receipts.
+
+- The
+ `survey <https://git.taler.net/survey.git/tree/talersurvey/survey/survey.py>`__
+ that gives users who answer a question a small reward.
+
+Architecture overview
+---------------------
+
+The Taler software stack for a merchant consists of the following main
+components:
+
+- frontend
+ A frontend which interacts with the customer’s browser. The frontend
+ enables the customer to build a shopping cart and place an order.
+ Upon payment, it triggers the respective business logic to satisfy
+ the order. This component is not included with Taler, but rather
+ assumed to exist at the merchant. This tutorial describes how to
+ develop a Taler frontend.
+
+- backend
+ A Taler-specific payment backend which makes it easy for the frontend
+ to process financial transactions with Taler. For this tutorial, you
+ will use a public sandbox backend. For production use, you must
+ either set up your own backend or ask another person to do so for
+ you.
+
+The following image illustrates the various interactions of these key
+components:
+
+|image0|
+
+The backend provides the cryptographic protocol support, stores
+Taler-specific financial information and communicates with the GNU Taler
+exchange over the Internet. The frontend accesses the backend via a
+RESTful API. As a result, the frontend never has to directly communicate
+with the exchange, and also does not deal with sensitive data. In
+particular, the merchant’s signing keys and bank account information are
+encapsulated within the Taler backend.
+
+Some functionality of the backend (the “public interface“) is also
+exposed to the customer’s browser directly. In the HTTP API, all public
+endpoints are prefixed with ``/public/``.
+
+Public Sandbox Backend and Authentication
+-----------------------------------------
+
+sandbox
+authorization
+How the frontend authenticates to the Taler backend depends on the
+configuration. See Taler Merchant Operating Manual.
+
+The public sandbox backend https://backend.demo.taler.net/ uses an API
+key in the ``Authorization`` header. The value of this header must be
+``ApiKey sandbox`` for the public sandbox backend.
+
+::
+
+ >>> import requests
+ >>> requests.get("https://backend.demo.taler.net",
+ ... headers={"Authorization": "ApiKey sandbox"})
+ <Response [200]>
+
+If an HTTP status code other than 200 is returned, something went wrong.
+You should figure out what the problem is before continuing with this
+tutorial.
+
+The sandbox backend https://backend.demo.taler.net/ uses ``KUDOS`` as an
+imaginary currency. Coins denominated in ``KUDOS`` can be withdrawn from
+https://bank.demo.taler.net/.
+
+Merchant Instances
+------------------
+
+instance
+The same Taler merchant backend server can be used by multiple separate
+merchants that are separate business entities. Each of these separate
+business entities is called a *merchant instance*, and is identified by
+an alphanumeric *instance id*. If the instance is omitted, the instance
+id ``default`` is assumed.
+
+The following merchant instances are configured on
+https://backend.demo.taler.net/:
+
+- ``GNUnet`` (The GNUnet project)
+
+- ``FSF`` (The Free Software Foundation)
+
+- ``Tor`` (The Tor Project)
+
+- ``default`` (Kudos Inc.)
+
+Note that these are fictional merchants used for our demonstrators and
+not affiliated with or officially approved by the respective projects.
+
+.. _Accepting-a-Simple-Payment:
+
+Accepting a Simple Payment
+==========================
+
+Creating an Order for a Payment
+-------------------------------
+
+order
+Payments in Taler revolve around an *order*, which is a machine-readable
+description of the business transaction for which the payment is to be
+made. Before accepting a Taler payment as a merchant you must create
+such an order.
+
+This is done by posting a JSON object to the backend’s ``/order`` API
+endpoint. At least the following fields must be given:
+
+- amount: The amount to be paid, as a string in the format
+ ``CURRENCY:DECIMAL_VALUE``, for example ``EUR:10`` for 10 Euros or
+ ``KUDOS:1.5`` for 1.5 KUDOS.
+
+- summary: A human-readable summary for what the payment is about. The
+ summary should be short enough to fit into titles, though no hard
+ limit is enforced.
+
+- fulfillment_url: A URL that will be displayed once the payment is
+ completed. For digital goods, this should be a page that displays the
+ product that was purchased. On successful payment, the wallet
+ automatically appends the ``order_id`` as a query parameter, as well
+ as the ``session_sig`` for session-bound payments (discussed later).
+
+Orders can have many more fields, see `The Taler Order
+Format <#The-Taler-Order-Format>`__.
+
+After successfully ``POST``\ ing to ``/order``, an ``order_id`` will be
+returned. Together with the merchant ``instance``, the order id uniquely
+identifies the order within a merchant backend.
+
+::
+
+ >>> import requests
+ >>> order = dict(order=dict(amount="KUDOS:10",
+ ... summary="Donation",
+ ... fulfillment_url="https://example.com/thanks.html"))
+ >>> order_resp = requests.post("https://backend.demo.taler.net/order", json=order,
+ ... headers={"Authorization": "ApiKey sandbox"})
+ <Response [200]>
+
+The backend will fill in some details missing in the order, such as the
+address of the merchant instance. The full details are called the
+*contract terms*. contract terms
+
+Checking Payment Status and Prompting for Payment
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+The status of a payment can be checked with the ``/check-payment``
+endpoint. If the payment is yet to be completed by the customer,
+``/check-payment`` will give the frontend a URL (the
+payment_redirect_url) that will trigger the customer’s wallet to execute
+the payment.
+
+Note that the only way to obtain the payment_redirect_url is to check
+the status of the payment, even if you know that the user did not pay
+yet.
+
+::
+
+ >>> import requests
+ >>> r = requests.get("https://backend.demo.taler.net/check-payment",
+ ... params=dict(order_id=order_resp.json()["order_id"]),
+ ... headers={"Authorization": "ApiKey sandbox"})
+ >>> print(r.json())
+
+If the paid field in the response is ``true``, the other fields in the
+response will be different. Once the payment was completed by the user,
+the response will contain the following fields:
+
+- paid: Set to true.
+
+- contract_terms: The full contract terms of the order.
+
+- refunded: ``true`` if a (possibly partial) refund was granted for
+ this purchase.
+
+- refunded_amount: Amount that was refunded
+
+- last_session_id: Last session ID used by the customer’s wallet. See
+ `Session-Bound Payments <#Session_002dBound-Payments>`__.
+
+Once the frontend has confirmed that the payment was successful, it
+usually needs to trigger the business logic for the merchant to fulfill
+the merchant’s obligations under the contract.
+
+.. _Giving-Refunds:
+
+Giving Refunds
+==============
+
+refunds
+A refund in GNU Taler is a way to “undo” a payment. It needs to be
+authorized by the merchant. Refunds can be for any fraction of the
+original amount paid, but they cannot exceed the original payment.
+Refunds are time-limited and can only happen while the exchange holds
+funds for a particular payment in escrow. The time during which a refund
+is possible can be controlled by setting the ``refund_deadline`` in an
+order. The default value for this refund deadline is specified in the
+configuration of the merchant’s backend.
+
+The frontend can instruct the merchant backend to authorize a refund by
+``POST``\ ing to the ``/refund`` endpoint.
+
+The refund request JSON object has the following fields:
+
+- order_id: Identifies for which order a customer should be refunded.
+
+- instance: Merchant instance to use.
+
+- refund: Amount to be refunded. If a previous refund was authorized
+ for the same order, the new amount must be higher, otherwise the
+ operation has no effect. The value indicates the total amount to be
+ refunded, *not* an increase in the refund.
+
+- reason: Human-readable justification for the refund. The reason is
+ only used by the Back Office and is not exposed to the customer.
+
+If the request is successful (indicated by HTTP status code 200), the
+response includes a ``refund_redirect_url``. The frontend must redirect
+the customer’s browser to that URL to allow the refund to be processed
+by the wallet.
+
+This code snipped illustrates giving a refund:
+
+::
+
+ >>> import requests
+ >>> refund_req = dict(order_id="2018.058.21.46.06-024C85K189H8P",
+ ... refund="KUDOS:10",
+ ... instance="default",
+ ... reason="Customer did not like the product")
+ >>> requests.post("https://backend.demo.taler.net/refund", json=refund_req,
+ ... headers={"Authorization": "ApiKey sandbox"})
+ <Response [200]>
+
+.. _Giving-Customers-Tips:
+
+Giving Customers Tips
+=====================
+
+tips
+GNU Taler allows Web sites to grant small amounts directly to the
+visitor. The idea is that some sites may want incentivize actions such
+as filling out a survey or trying a new feature. It is important to note
+that tips are not enforceable for the visitor, as there is no contract.
+It is simply a voluntary gesture of appreciation of the site to its
+visitor. However, once a tip has been granted, the visitor obtains full
+control over the funds provided by the site.
+
+The “merchant” backend of the site must be properly configured for
+tipping, and sufficient funds must be made available for tipping See
+Taler Merchant Operating Manual.
+
+To check if tipping is configured properly and if there are sufficient
+funds available for tipping, query the ``/tip-query`` endpoint:
+
+::
+
+ >>> import requests
+ >>> requests.get("https://backend.demo.taler.net/tip-query?instance=default",
+ ... headers={"Authorization": "ApiKey sandbox"})
+ <Response [200]>
+
+authorize tip
+To authorize a tip, ``POST`` to ``/tip-authorize``. The following fields
+are recognized in the JSON request object:
+
+- amount: Amount that should be given to the visitor as a tip.
+
+- instance: Merchant instance that grants the tip (each instance may
+ have its own independend tipping funds configured).
+
+- justification: Description of why the tip was granted. Human-readable
+ text not exposed to the customer, but used by the Back Office.
+
+- next_url: The URL that the user’s browser should be redirected to by
+ the wallet, once the tip has been processed.
+
+The response from the backend contains a ``tip_redirect_url``. The
+customer’s browser must be redirected to this URL for the wallet to pick
+up the tip. pick up tip
+
+This code snipped illustrates giving a tip:
+
+::
+
+ >>> import requests
+ >>> tip_req = dict(amount="KUDOS:0.5",
+ ... instance="default",
+ ... justification="User filled out survey",
+ ... next_url="https://merchant.com/thanks.html")
+ >>> requests.post("https://backend.demo.taler.net/tip-authorize", json=tip_req,
+ ... headers={"Authorization": "ApiKey sandbox"})
+ <Response [200]>
+
+.. _Advanced-topics:
+
+Advanced topics
+===============
+
+.. _Detecting-the-Presence-of-the-Taler-Wallet:
+
+Detecting the Presence of the Taler Wallet
+------------------------------------------
+
+wallet
+Taler offers ways to detect whether a user has the wallet installed in
+their browser. This allows Web sites to adapt accordingly. Note that not
+all platforms can do presence detection reliably. Some platforms might
+have a Taler wallet installed as a separate App instead of using a Web
+extension. In these cases, presence detection will fail. Thus, sites may
+want to allow users to request Taler payments even if a wallet could not
+be detected, especially for visitors using mobiles.
+
+Presence detection without JavaScript
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Presence detection without JavaScript is based on CSS classes. You can
+hide or show elements selectively depending on whether the wallet is
+detected or not.
+
+In order to work correctly, a special fallback stylesheet must be
+included that will be used when the wallet is not present. The
+stylesheet can be put into any file, but must be included via a ``link``
+tag with the ``id`` attribute set to ``taler-presence-stylesheet``. If a
+wallet is present, it will “hijack” this stylesheet to change how
+elements with the following classes are rendered:
+
+The following CSS classes can be used:
+
+``taler-installed-hide``
+ A CSS rule will set the ``display`` property for this class to
+ ``none`` once the Taler wallet is installed and enabled. If the
+ wallet is not installed, ``display`` will be ``inherit``.
+
+``taler-installed-show``
+ A CSS rule will set the ``display`` property for this class to
+ ``inherit`` once the Taler wallet is installed and enabled. If the
+ wallet is not installed, ``display`` will be ``none``.
+
+The following is a complete example:
+
+::
+
+ <!DOCTYPE html>
+ <html data-taler-nojs="true">
+ <head>
+ <title>Tutorial</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet"
+ type="text/css"
+ href="/web-common/taler-fallback.css"
+ id="taler-presence-stylesheet" />
+ </head>
+ <body>
+ <p class="taler-installed-hide">
+ No wallet found.
+ </p>
+ <p class="taler-installed-show">
+ Wallet found!
+ </p>
+ </body>
+ </html>
+
+The ``taler-fallback.css`` is part of the Taler’s *web-common*
+repository, available at
+https://git.taler.net/web-common.git/tree/taler-fallback.css. You may
+have to adjust the ``href`` attribute in the HTML code above to point to
+the correct location of the ``taler-fallback.css`` file on your Web
+site.
+
+Detection with JavaScript
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The following functions are defined in the ``taler`` namespace of the
+``taler-wallet-lib`` helper library available at
+https://git.taler.net/web-common.git/tree/taler-wallet-lib.js.
+
+``onPresent(callback: () => void)``
+ Adds a callback to be called when support for Taler payments is
+ detected.
+
+``onAbsent(callback: () => void)``
+ Adds a callback to be called when support for Taler payments is
+ disabled.
+
+Note that the registered callbacks may be called more than once. This
+may happen if a user disables or enables the wallet in the browser’s
+extension settings while a shop’s frontend page is open.
+
+.. _Integration-with-the-Back-Office:
+
+Integration with the Back Office
+--------------------------------
+
+Taler ships a Back Office application as a stand-alone Web application.
+The Back Office has its own documentation at
+https://docs.taler.net/backoffice/html/manual.html.
+
+Developers wishing to tightly integrate back office support for
+Taler-based payments into an existing back office application should
+focus on the wire transfer tracking and transaction history sections of
+the Taler Backend API specification at
+https://docs.taler.net/api/api-merchant.html
+
+.. _Session_002dBound-Payments:
+
+Session-Bound Payments
+----------------------
+
+session
+Sometimes checking if an order has been paid for is not enough. For
+example, when selling access to online media, the publisher may want to
+be paid for exactly the same product by each customer. Taler supports
+this model by allowing the mechant to check whether the “payment
+receipt” is available on the user’s current device. This prevents users
+from easily sharing media access by transmitting a link to the
+fulfillment page. Of course sophisticated users could share payment
+receipts as well, but this is not as easy as sharing a link, and in this
+case they are more likely to just share the media directly.
+
+To use this feature, the merchant must first assign the user’s current
+browser an ephemeral ``session_id``, usually via a session cookie. When
+executing or re-playing a payment, the wallet will receive an additional
+signature (``session_sig``). This signature certifies that the wallet
+showed a payment receipt for the respective order in the current
+session. cookie
+
+Session-bound payments are triggerd by passing the ``session_id``
+parameter to the ``/check-payment`` endpoint. The wallet will then
+redirect to the fulfillment page, but include an additional
+``session_sig`` parameter. The frontend can query ``/check-payment``
+with both the ``session_id`` and the ``session_sig`` to verify that the
+signature is correct.
+
+The last session ID that was successfuly used to prove that the payment
+receipt is in the user’s wallet is also available as ``last_session_id``
+in the response to ``/check-payment``.
+
+.. _Product-Identification:
+
+Product Identification
+----------------------
+
+resource url
+In some situations the user may have paid for some digital good, but the
+frontend does not know the exact order ID, and thus cannot instruct the
+wallet to reveil the existing payment receipt. This is common for simple
+shops without a login system. In this case, the user would be prompted
+for payment again, even though they already purchased the product.
+
+To allow the wallet to instead find the existing payment receipt, the
+shop must use a unique fulfillment URL for each product. Then, the
+frontend must provide an additional ``resource_url`` parameter to to
+``/check-payment``. It should identify this unique fulfillment URL for
+the product. The wallet will then check whether it has paid for a
+contract with the same ``resource_url`` before, and if so replay the
+previous payment.
+
+.. _The-Taler-Order-Format:
+
+The Taler Order Format
+----------------------
+
+contract
+terms
+order
+A Taler order can specify many details about the payment. This section
+describes each of the fields in depth.
+
+Financial amounts are always specified as a string in the format
+``"CURRENCY:DECIMAL_VALUE"``.
+
+amount
+ amount
+ Specifies the total amount to be paid to the merchant by the
+ customer.
+
+max_fee
+ fees
+ maximum deposit fee
+ This is the maximum total amount of deposit fees that the merchant is
+ willing to pay. If the deposit fees for the coins exceed this amount,
+ the customer has to include it in the payment total. The fee is
+ specified using the same triplet used for amount.
+
+max_wire_fee
+ fees
+ maximum wire fee
+ Maximum wire fee accepted by the merchant (customer share to be
+ divided by the ’wire_fee_amortization’ factor, and further reduced if
+ deposit fees are below ’max_fee’). Default if missing is zero.
+
+wire_fee_amortization
+ fees
+ maximum fee amortization
+ Over how many customer transactions does the merchant expect to
+ amortize wire fees on average? If the exchange’s wire fee is above
+ ’max_wire_fee’, the difference is divided by this number to compute
+ the expected customer’s contribution to the wire fee. The customer’s
+ contribution may further be reduced by the difference between the
+ ’max_fee’ and the sum of the actual deposit fees. Optional, default
+ value if missing is 1. 0 and negative values are invalid and also
+ interpreted as 1.
+
+pay_url
+ pay_url
+ Which URL accepts payments. This is the URL where the wallet will
+ POST coins.
+
+fulfillment_url
+ fulfillment URL
+ Which URL should the wallet go to for obtaining the fulfillment, for
+ example the HTML or PDF of an article that was bought, or an order
+ tracking system for shipments, or a simple human-readable Web page
+ indicating the status of the contract.
+
+order_id
+ order ID
+ Alphanumeric identifier, freely definable by the merchant. Used by
+ the merchant to uniquely identify the transaction.
+
+summary
+ summary
+ Short, human-readable summary of the contract. To be used when
+ displaying the contract in just one line, for example in the
+ transaction history of the customer.
+
+timestamp
+ Time at which the offer was generated.
+
+pay_deadline
+ payment deadline
+ Timestamp of the time by which the merchant wants the exchange to
+ definitively wire the money due from this contract. Once this
+ deadline expires, the exchange will aggregate all deposits where the
+ contracts are past the refund_deadline and execute one large wire
+ payment for them. Amounts will be rounded down to the wire transfer
+ unit; if the total amount is still below the wire transfer unit, it
+ will not be disbursed.
+
+refund_deadline
+ refund deadline
+ Timestamp until which the merchant willing (and able) to give refunds
+ for the contract using Taler. Note that the Taler exchange will hold
+ the payment in escrow at least until this deadline. Until this time,
+ the merchant will be able to sign a message to trigger a refund to
+ the customer. After this time, it will no longer be possible to
+ refund the customer. Must be smaller than the pay_deadline.
+
+products
+ product description
+ Array of products that are being sold to the customer. Each entry
+ contains a tuple with the following values:
+
+ description
+ Description of the product.
+
+ quantity
+ Quantity of the items to be shipped. May specify a unit (``1 kg``)
+ or just the count.
+
+ price
+ Price for quantity units of this product shipped to the given
+ delivery_location. Note that usually the sum of all of the prices
+ should add up to the total amount of the contract, but it may be
+ different due to discounts or because individual prices are
+ unavailable.
+
+ product_id
+ Unique ID of the product in the merchant’s catalog. Can generally
+ be chosen freely as it only has meaning for the merchant, but
+ should be a number in the range :math:`[0,2^{51})`.
+
+ taxes
+ Map of applicable taxes to be paid by the merchant. The label is
+ the name of the tax, i.e. VAT, sales tax or income tax, and the
+ value is the applicable tax amount. Note that arbitrary labels are
+ permitted, as long as they are used to identify the applicable tax
+ regime. Details may be specified by the regulator. This is used to
+ declare to the customer which taxes the merchant intends to pay,
+ and can be used by the customer as a receipt. The information is
+ also likely to be used by tax audits of the merchant.
+
+ delivery_date
+ Time by which the product is to be delivered to the
+ delivery_location.
+
+ delivery_location
+ This should give a label in the locations map, specifying where
+ the item is to be delivered.
+
+ Values can be omitted if they are not applicable. For example, if a
+ purchase is about a bundle of products that have no individual prices
+ or product IDs, the product_id or price may not be specified in the
+ contract. Similarly, for virtual products delivered directly via the
+ fulfillment URI, there is no delivery location.
+
+merchant
+ address
+ This should give a label in the locations map, specifying where
+ the merchant is located.
+
+ name
+ This should give a human-readable name for the merchant’s
+ business.
+
+ jurisdiction
+ This should give a label in the locations map, specifying the
+ jurisdiction under which this contract is to be arbitrated.
+
+locations
+ location
+ Associative map of locations used in the contract. Labels for
+ locations in this map can be freely chosen and used whenever a
+ location is required in other parts of the contract. This way, if the
+ same location is required many times (such as the business address of
+ the customer or the merchant), it only needs to be listed (and
+ transmitted) once, and can otherwise be referred to via the label. A
+ non-exhaustive list of location attributes is the following:
+
+ country
+ Name of the country for delivery, as found on a postal package,
+ i.e. “France”.
+
+ state
+ Name of the state for delivery, as found on a postal package, i.e.
+ “NY”.
+
+ region
+ Name of the region for delivery, as found on a postal package.
+
+ province
+ Name of the province for delivery, as found on a postal package.
+
+ city
+ Name of the city for delivery, as found on a postal package.
+
+ ZIP code
+ ZIP code for delivery, as found on a postal package.
+
+ street
+ Street name for delivery, as found on a postal package.
+
+ street number
+ Street number (number of the house) for delivery, as found on a
+ postal package.
+
+ name receiver name for delivery, either business or person name.
+
+ Note that locations are not required to specify all of these fields,
+ and they is also allowed to have additional fields. Contract
+ renderers must render at least the fields listed above, and should
+ render fields that they do not understand as a key-value list.
+
+.. _GNU_002dLGPL:
+
+GNU-LGPL
+========
+
+license
+LGPL
+Version 2.1, February 1999
+::
+
+ Copyright © 1991, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
+
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+ [This is the first released version of the Lesser GPL. It also counts
+ as the successor of the GNU Library Public License, version 2, hence the
+ version number 2.1.]
+
+**Preamble**
+
+The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to
+share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public Licenses are
+intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software—to
+make sure the software is free for all its users.
+
+This license, the Lesser General Public License, applies to some
+specially designated software—typically libraries—of the Free Software
+Foundation and other authors who decide to use it. You can use it too,
+but we suggest you first think carefully about whether this license or
+the ordinary General Public License is the better strategy to use in any
+particular case, based on the explanations below.
+
+When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom of use, not
+price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
+have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
+this service if you wish); that you receive source code or can get it if
+you want it; that you can change the software and use pieces of it in
+new free programs; and that you are informed that you can do these
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+4. COPYING IN QUANTITY
+
+ If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
+ printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
+ Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
+ copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
+ Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
+ the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
+ you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
+ the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
+ visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
+ Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
+ the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be
+ treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
+
+ If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
+ legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
+ reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
+ pages.
+
+ If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
+ more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
+ Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
+ each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
+ network-using public has access to download using public-standard
+ network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
+ of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
+ reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
+ copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain
+ thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after
+ the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through
+ your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
+
+ It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
+ the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
+ to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
+ Document.
+
+5. MODIFICATIONS
+
+ You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
+ the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
+ the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
+ Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
+ distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
+ possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the
+ Modified Version:
+
+ A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
+ distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
+ versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
+ History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a
+ previous version if the original publisher of that version gives
+ permission.
+
+ B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
+ entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the
+ Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal
+ authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has
+ fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
+
+ C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
+ Version, as the publisher.
+
+ D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
+
+ E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
+ adjacent to the other copyright notices.
+
+ F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
+ notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version
+ under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the
+ Addendum below.
+
+ G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
+ Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license
+ notice.
+
+ H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
+
+ I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and
+ add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors,
+ and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.
+ If there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create
+ one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the
+ Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing
+ the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
+
+ J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
+ public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
+ the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
+ it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section.
+ You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
+ least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
+ publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
+
+ K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”,
+ Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
+ all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
+ acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
+
+ L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in
+ their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent
+ are not considered part of the section titles.
+
+ M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may
+ not be included in the Modified Version.
+
+ N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements”
+ or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
+
+ O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
+
+ If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
+ appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
+ material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
+ some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
+ titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s
+ license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section
+ titles.
+
+ You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains
+ nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
+ parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
+ been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of
+ a standard.
+
+ You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and
+ a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the
+ list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
+ Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
+ through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
+ already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
+ by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
+ behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one,
+ on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the
+ old one.
+
+ The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
+ License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
+ assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
+
+6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
+
+ You may combine the Document with other documents released under
+ this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
+ modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
+ of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
+ unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined
+ work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty
+ Disclaimers.
+
+ The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
+ multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
+ copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
+ but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
+ by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
+ author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique
+ number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list
+ of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
+
+ In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History”
+ in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
+ “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled
+ “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You
+ must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
+
+7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
+
+ You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
+ documents released under this License, and replace the individual
+ copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
+ that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
+ rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
+ in all other respects.
+
+ You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
+ distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
+ copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
+ License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
+ document.
+
+8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
+
+ A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
+ and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage
+ or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright
+ resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
+ of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit.
+ When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
+ apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
+ derivative works of the Document.
+
+ If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
+ copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
+ of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on
+ covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
+ electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
+ form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the
+ whole aggregate.
+
+9. TRANSLATION
+
+ Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+ distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
+ 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
+ permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
+ translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
+ original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
+ translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
+ Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
+ include the original English version of this License and the
+ original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
+ disagreement between the translation and the original version of
+ this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
+ prevail.
+
+ If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”,
+ “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
+ its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
+ title.
+
+10. TERMINATION
+
+ You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
+ except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
+ otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
+ will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
+
+ However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
+ license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
+ provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
+ finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
+ copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
+ reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
+
+ Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
+ reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
+ violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
+ received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
+ that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
+ after your receipt of the notice.
+
+ Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
+ licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
+ under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not
+ permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same
+ material does not give you any rights to use it.
+
+11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+
+ The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
+ the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
+ versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
+ differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
+ http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
+
+ Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
+ number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version
+ of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the
+ option of following the terms and conditions either of that
+ specified version or of any later version that has been published
+ (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
+ does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
+ any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software
+ Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which
+ future versions of this License can be used, that proxy’s public
+ statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to
+ choose that version for the Document.
+
+12. RELICENSING
+
+ “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any
+ World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
+ provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
+ public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
+ “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the site
+ means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
+
+ “CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
+ license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
+ corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
+ California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
+ published by that same organization.
+
+ “Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
+ in part, as part of another Document.
+
+ An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this
+ License, and if all works that were first published under this
+ License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated
+ in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or
+ invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November
+ 1, 2008.
+
+ The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
+ site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
+ 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
+
+**ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents**
+
+To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
+the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
+notices just after the title page:
+
+::
+
+ Copyright (C) year your name.
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+ under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
+ or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+ with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
+ Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+ Free Documentation License''.
+
+If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
+replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:
+
+::
+
+ with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
+ the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
+ being list.
+
+If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
+combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
+situation.
+
+If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
+software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
+their use in free software.
+
+.. _Concept-Index:
+
+Concept Index
+=============
+
+.. |image0| image:: arch-api.png
+