doc: clarified & split up contribution docs

- clarified the role of "collaborators"
- split out a governance doc
- split out a collaborator guide
- cleaned up the contributing doc
- cleaned up the readme & added collaborators list

PR-URL: https://github.com/iojs/io.js/pull/233
Reviewed-By: Chris Dickinson <christopher.s.dickinson@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Mikeal Rogers <mikeal.rogers@gmail.com>

(Note: no explicit "LGTM" from Mikeal)

Discussed at TC meeting 2015-01-07, agreed to push further
amendments to governance to future PRs.

1 files changed, 146 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/GOVERNANCE.md b/GOVERNANCE.md
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+# io.js Project Governance
+
+## Technical Committee
+
+The io.js project is jointly governed by a Technical Committee (TC)
+which is responsible for high-level guidance of the project.
+
+The TC has final authority over this project including:
+
+* Technical direction
+* Project governance and process (including this policy)
+* Contribution policy
+* GitHub repository hosting
+* Conduct guidelines
+* Maintaining the list of additional Collaborators
+
+Initial membership invitations to the TC were given to individuals who
+had been active contributors to io.js, and who have significant
+experience with the management of the io.js project. Membership is
+expected to evolve over time according to the needs of the project.
+
+For the current list of TC members, see the project
+[README.md](./#current-project-team-members).
+
+## Collaborators
+
+The [iojs/io.js](https://github.com/iojs/io.js) GitHub repository is
+maintained by the TC and additional Collaborators who are added by the
+TC on an ongoing basis.
+
+Individuals making significant and valuable contributions are made
+Collaborators and given commit-access to the project. These
+individuals are identified by the TC and their addition as
+Collaborators is discussed during the weekly TC meeting.
+
+_Note:_ If you make a significant contribution and are not considered
+for commit-access log an issue or contact a TC member directly and it
+will be brought up in the next TC meeting.
+
+Modifications of the contents of the iojs/io.js repository are made on
+a collaborative basis. Anybody with a GitHub account may propose a
+modification via pull request and it will be considered by the project
+Collaborators. All pull requests must be reviewed and accepted by a
+Collaborator with sufficient expertise who is able to take full
+responsibility for the change. In the case of pull requests proposed
+by an existing Collaborator, an additional Collaborator is required
+for sign-off. Consensus should be sought if additional Collaborators
+participate and there is disagreement around a particular
+modification. See _Consensus Seeking Process_ below for further detail
+on the consensus model used for governance.
+
+Collaborators may opt to elevate significant or controversial
+modifications, or modifications that have not found consensus to the
+TC for discussion by assigning the ***tc-agenda*** tag to a pull
+request or issue. The TC should serve as the final arbiter where
+required.
+
+For the current list of Collaborators, see the project
+[README.md](./#current-project-team-members).
+
+A guide for Collaborators is maintained in
+[COLLABORATOR_GUIDE.md](./COLLABORATOR_GUIDE.md).
+
+## TC Membership
+
+TC seats are not time-limited.  There is no fixed size of the TC.
+However, the expected target is between 6 and 12, to ensure adequate
+coverage of important areas of expertise, balanced with the ability to
+make decisions efficiently.
+
+There is no specific set of requirements or qualifications for TC
+membership beyond these rules.
+
+The TC may add additional members to the TC by unanimous consensus.
+
+A TC member may be removed from the TC by voluntary resignation, or by
+unanimous consensus of all other TC members.
+
+Changes to TC membership should be posted in the agenda, and may be
+suggested as any other agenda item (see "TC Meetings" below).
+
+If an addition or removal is proposed during a meeting, and the full
+TC is not in attendance to participate, then the addition or removal
+is added to the agenda for the subsequent meeting.  This is to ensure
+that all members are given the opportunity to participate in all
+membership decisions.  If a TC member is unable to attend a meeting
+where a planned membership decision is being made, then their consent
+is assumed.
+
+No more than 1/3 of the TC members may be affiliated with the same
+employer.  If removal or resignation of a TC member, or a change of
+employment by a TC member, creates a situation where more than 1/3 of
+the TC membership shares an employer, then the situation must be
+immediately remedied by the resignation or removal of one or more TC
+members affiliated with the over-represented employer(s).
+
+## TC Meetings
+
+The TC meets weekly on a Google Hangout On Air. The meeting is run by
+a designated moderator approved by the TC. Each meeting should be
+published to YouTube.
+
+Items are added to the TC agenda which are considered contentious or
+are modifications of governance, contribution policy, TC membership,
+or release process.
+
+The intention of the agenda is not to approve or review all patches,
+that should happen continuously on GitHub and be handled by the larger
+group of Collaborators.
+
+Any community member or contributor can ask that something be added to
+the next meeting's agenda by logging a GitHub Issue. Any Collaborator,
+TC member or the moderator can add the item to the agenda by adding
+the ***tc-agenda*** tag to the issue.
+
+Prior to each TC meeting the moderator will share the Agenda with
+members of the TC. TC members can add any items they like to the
+agenda at the beginning of each meeting. The moderator and the TC
+cannot veto or remove items.
+
+The TC may invite persons or representatives from certain projects to
+participate in a non-voting capacity. These invitees currently are:
+
+* A representative from [build](https://github.com/node-forward/build)
+  chosen by that project.
+
+The moderator is responsible for summarizing the discussion of each
+agenda item and send it as a pull request after the meeting.
+
+## Consensus Seeking Process
+
+The TC follows a
+[Consensus Seeking](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus-seeking_decision-making)
+decision making model.
+
+When an agenda item has appeared to reach a consensus the moderator
+will ask "Does anyone object?" as a final call for dissent from the
+consensus.
+
+If an agenda item cannot reach a consensus a TC member can call for
+either a closing vote or a vote to table the issue to the next
+meeting. The call for a vote must be seconded by a majority of the TC
+or else the discussion will continue. Simple majority wins.
+
+Note that changes to TC membership require unanimous consensus.  See
+"TC Membership" above.